Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sinhalese language

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Sinhalese language'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sinhalese language"

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Rev, Kadigamuwe Anuruddha Thero, and Boris Mikhailovich Volkhonskii. "Russian case system against the background of the Sinhalese language tradition: linguodidactic aspect." Litera, no. 6 (June 2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.6.35913.

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The subject of this research is the relevant questions of teaching Russian language in Sri Lanka. The analysis of curriculum for teaching Russian language developed by the Maharagama National Institute of Education (Colombo) together with the leading teachers of the University of Kelaniya demonstrates that learning Russian language in Sri Lanka carries not only educational, but also universal cultural significance, which corresponds to the national objectives in the area of education and is an integral part of their solution. The biggest difficulty faced by Sinhalese students in studying Russian language is the Russian case system, which differs substantially from the grammatical system of their native language. The article examines the peculiarities of Sinhalese case system. Leaning on the extensive linguistic material, the author analyzes and classifies the key peculiarities of the Sinhalese inflection of noun. The conclusion is drawn that one of the most effective methods of teaching Russian language to Sinhalese students lies in application of comparative approach. The analysis of meanings and functions of cases, understanding the differences between the Russian and Sinhalese grammatical systems allows identifying the most effective approaches towards teaching Russian as a foreign language. The comparative approach contributes to successful learning of prepositional-case system of the Russian language, and prevents consistent grammatical errors in the speech of foreign students.
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Ariyawansa Thero, Morakandegoda. "The Structure and usages of future forms in Classical Sinhalese Literature." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jsshr.v8i2.119.

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This research paper is presented to identify the morphological and practical approaches to the future verb appearing in the prose language of classical Sinhalese. According to records, five formations of the future verb can be identified. This shows that the future verbs of the Sinhalese language were not clearly identifiable in classical literature. Therefore, it is possible to observe how different formations were used to convey the same linguistic meaning. There are two future formations in the traditional standard grammar of Sinhalese. According to the facts found in religious texts which were written in the Classical Sinhalese Period, some other formations of future verbs are realized. This research is mainly based on the qualitative research method. The data is collected from primary and secondary resources. The future forms used in the Classical Sinhalese Period are taken into account in this research. The religious texts such as Dharma Pradīpikā, Amāvaturǝ, Butsarǝɳǝ, Pūɟāvəlijə, Saddharmə Ratnāvəlijə, and Pansijəpaɳas Ɉātəkə Potə are considered as main primary resources in the research. These literary works which were written in the Classical Sinhalese Period have been selected for the research because they represent the written and spoken varieties, the standard and non-standard varieties of the Sinhalese language. The data collected from the texts is categorized and analyzed according to the relevant formations of the future tense. According to the facts found in the above-mentioned religious texts, there are five formations of future forms. They are as follows: the future form with future meaning, the future form with present meaning, the adverb of (future) time with the future verb form, the adverb of (future) time with the present verb form and the representation of the future meaning by the present form. Therefore, two future formations of traditional grammar are developed up to five in the Classical Sinhalese literature.
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Ferrer-i-Cancho, Ramon, and Savithry Namboodiripad. "Swap distance minimization in SOV languages. Cognitive and mathematical foundations." Glottometrics 55 (2023): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53482/2023_55_412.

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Distance minimization is a general principle of language. A special case of this principle in the domain of word order is swap distance minimization. This principle predicts that variations from a canonical order that are reached by fewer swaps of adjacent constituents are lest costly and thus more likely. Here we investigate the principle in the context of the triple formed by subject (S), object (O) and verb (V). We introduce the concept of word order rotation as a cognitive underpinning of that prediction. When the canonical order of a language is SOV, the principle predicts SOV < SVO, OSV < VSO, OVS < VOS, in order of increasing cognitive cost. We test the prediction in three flexible order SOV languages: Korean (Koreanic), Malayalam (Dravidian), and Sinhalese (Indo-European). Evidence of swap distance minimization is found in all three languages, but it is weaker in Sinhalese. Swap distance minimization is stronger than a preference for the canonical order in Korean and especially Malayalam.
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Bonta, Steven. "The dagoba and the gopuram: A semiotic contrastive study of the Sinhalese Buddhist and Tamil Hindu cultures." Semiotica 2020, no. 236-237 (December 16, 2020): 167–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0137.

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AbstractHaving shown previously how a culture type can be given a unitary description in terms of a semiotic “lens” constrained by one of the Peircean Categories (“Shamanic” culture, by Firstness), we apply this methodology to a more “fine-grained” level of analysis, by comparing the Tamil and Sinhalese cultures under the assumption that one of them (Sinhalese) is in fact a “hybrid” culture-sign. Having shown in previous work that the greater South Asian microculture may be characterized as a Firstness of Thirdness (13), in this paper we provide evidence from a variety of semiotic contexts, including language, art, and religion, that the novel or “intrusive” sign in Sinhalese culture is Firstness of Secondness (12), resulting in a hybrid culture sign that may be described as 12 × 13.
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Portz, Josie. "Phantom Mobility: Coercion, Conversion, and Letter Writing in Colonial Sri Lanka." Journal for the History of Rhetoric 26, no. 2 (July 2023): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jhistrhetoric.26.2.0152.

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Abstract This article takes a pan-historiographic approach in its analysis of three collections of artifacts in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Sri Lanka: a set of contact narratives compiled by both the colonizing Portuguese and the dominant people group of the island, the Sinhalese; correspondence between King Dharmapāla and Pope Gregory XIII; and correspondence between the Sinhalese poet Alagiyavanna Mukaveti and King Philip III. In bringing together narratives of first contact between colonizers and colonized and letters from members of the Sinhalese elite requesting the restitution of land by the Portuguese colonizers, this article showcases examples in which local Sri Lankans performed rhetorical resistance through subversive means. In examining these artifacts, I offer for consideration the concept of “phantom mobility,” a rhetorical strategy that creates the appearance (and sometimes the illusion) of movement. In this rhetorical strategy, movement is conceived in terms of proximity or distance in relation to persons, places, events, etc. In this article, I suggest that phantom mobility can help illuminate how rhetors navigate colonial power dynamics in ways that expand our reading of rhetorical texts.
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DISSANAYAKE, WIMAL. "Bilingualism and creativity: modern Sinhalese poetry." World Englishes 11, no. 2-3 (July 1992): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.1992.tb00072.x.

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Gamage, Shashini. "Migration, identity, and television audiences: Sri Lankan women’s soap opera clubs and diasporic life in Melbourne." Media International Australia 176, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x20916946.

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This article examines a soap opera club of Sri Lankan Sinhalese migrant women in Melbourne and their collective engagement with television soap operas from the home country. Teledramas, as Sri Lankan Sinhalese-language soap operas are known, have a predominantly female viewership in Sri Lanka and also constitute a significant presence in the media diets of Sinhalese migrant women in Melbourne, and elsewhere in the world. Furthermore, at a women’s teledrama club affiliated to a Sri Lankan diasporic association, Sinhalese migrant women come together to exchange and archive reproduced DVDs of teledramas broadcast in Sri Lanka, bought from Sri Lankan grocery shops in Melbourne. This article builds on ethnographic research conducted at the teledrama club to show how what may appear to be an informal gathering of female teledrama fans is complexly interwoven into the expression of identity and belonging in Australian society. The article positions trans-Asia media flows in Australia within the everyday lives of migrants by examining the Sri Lankan soap opera club as a gendered space as well as a cultural space of identity, belonging and expression. This article finds that the teledrama club provided the women a symbolic national identity as an audience and the Sri Lankan narratives offered audiovisual access to the value systems of their distant geography and past.
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Baruah, Rupjyoti, Rajesh Kumar Mundotiya, and Anil Kumar Singh. "Low Resource Neural Machine Translation: Assamese to/from Other Indo-Aryan (Indic) Languages." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3469721.

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Machine translation (MT) systems have been built using numerous different techniques for bridging the language barriers. These techniques are broadly categorized into approaches like Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and Neural Machine Translation (NMT). End-to-end NMT systems significantly outperform SMT in translation quality on many language pairs, especially those with the adequate parallel corpus. We report comparative experiments on baseline MT systems for Assamese to other Indo-Aryan languages (in both translation directions) using the traditional Phrase-Based SMT as well as some more successful NMT architectures, namely basic sequence-to-sequence model with attention, Transformer, and finetuned Transformer. The results are evaluated using the most prominent and popular standard automatic metric BLEU (BiLingual Evaluation Understudy), as well as other well-known metrics for exploring the performance of different baseline MT systems, since this is the first such work involving Assamese. The evaluation scores are compared for SMT and NMT models for the effectiveness of bi-directional language pairs involving Assamese and other Indo-Aryan languages (Bangla, Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Odia, Sinhalese, and Urdu). The highest BLEU scores obtained are for Assamese to Sinhalese for SMT (35.63) and the Assamese to Bangla for NMT systems (seq2seq is 50.92, Transformer is 50.01, and finetuned Transformer is 50.19). We also try to relate the results with the language characteristics, distances, family trees, domains, data sizes, and sentence lengths. We find that the effect of the domain is the most important factor affecting the results for the given data domains and sizes. We compare our results with the only existing MT system for Assamese (Bing Translator) and also with pairs involving Hindi.
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Ariyadasa, Gayan, Chithramalee De Silva, and Nimalshantha Gamagedara. "Adaptation, translation and validation of Internet Addiction Test (IAT)-Sinhalese version to detect internet addiction disorder among 15-19-year-old adolescents in Colombo District, Sri Lanka." Journal of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka 29, no. 3 (October 3, 2023): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jccpsl.v29i3.8561.

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Introduction: The earth has been conceptually changed by the internet into a town of high-dimensional information networks. The internet has greatly enhanced many elements of people's lives and has integrated seamlessly into daily life. Internet addiction disorder is becoming a potentially troublesome condition that coexists with behavioural issues that are already present, particularly in adolescents.Objectives: To adapt, translate and validate a tool for detecting internet addiction disorder in adolescents aged 15-19 years in Colombo District, Sri LankaMethods: A cross-sectional validation study was conducted in which the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was adapted, translated and validated into Sinhalese language (IAT-Sinhalese version). Statistical analysis was carried out with a sample size of 228 to test the construct validity using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 239 study participants were selected as the sample to test for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Using LISREL 8.8, the statistical analysis was completed. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability methods were used to evaluate the reliability.Results: IAT-Sinhalese version demonstrated a four-factor model consisting of 20 items with the model indices of RMSEA of 0.06, CFI of 0.93, NNFI of 0.91, SRMR of 0.063 and GFI of 0.77. It had an acceptable internal consistency with Cronbach Alpha value of 0.782.Conclusions & Recommendations: IAT-Sinhalese version is a valid and reliable instrument to detect internet addiction disorder among 15-19-year-old adolescents in Sri Lanka.
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Roberts, Michael. "Language and national identity: the Sinhalese and others over the centuries." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 9, no. 2 (June 2003): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537110412331301425.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sinhalese language"

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Kanduboda, A. B. Prabath. "The Role of Animacy in Determining Noun Phrase Cases in the Sinhalese and Japanese Languages." 名古屋大学言語文化研究会, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16231.

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Rambukwella, Sassanka Harshana. "The search for nation exploring Sinhala nationalism and its others in Sri Lankan anglophone and Sinhala-language writing /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41508853.

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Ratwatte, Hemamala. "Activating vs. resetting functional categories in SLA : the acquisition of AGR and TNS in English by Sinhalese first language speakers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21478.

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This study is concerned with the acquisition of Functional categories (FCs) in a second language: a FC that is not activated in the learners native language and a FC that is activated in the L1 but with parametrically variant properties. It focuses on the development and the knowledge representation at ultimate attainment of the two types of FC's in the ILG of native speakers of Sinhalese learning English as a second language. The FC's focused on are AGR(eement) and TNS (Tense). AGR is not instantiated in Sinhala, hence, it has to be 'activated' in the L2. TNS, is activated in both languages but with parametrically variant values. It was predicted that learners carryover FCs common to the L1 and L2 together with their L1 properties. Hence, in the acquisition of English, these learners have to 'reset' the values to TNS. A series of tests was carried out to determine the knowledge representation of AGR and TNS, in the developing grammars and at near-native level. Acceptability judgements were elicited from a cross-sectional sample of learners ranging from lower-intermediate to near-native and a control group of native speakers. It was predicted that L2 learners have access to the 'Universal Grammar (UG) lexicon' and are therefore able to activate FC's not activated in the L1, and that they are also able to 'reset' values to FC's. It is assumed that the Principles of UG are universal and available to all learners. It was hypothesised that the availability of the UG lexicon will be reflected in the nature of the knowledge representation at ultimate attainment, i.e., whether the underlying competence is incomplete, divergent or complete.
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Parawahera, Nimal Pannakitti. "Phonology and morphology of modern Sinhala." Thesis, 1990. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9464.

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This dissertation organizes the Modern Sinhala lexicon within the framework proposed by Lieber in The Organization of The Lexicon, 1981. Following Lieber, Sinhala verb, noun and affix morphemes are analysed descriptively and their lexical processes, both derivational and compounding, are examined within the theoretical parameters of that work. This dissertation argues that tense marking in verb morphology and number in noun morphology (which also includes definite and indefinite marking) are best accounted for as derivational processes in contrast to the traditionally accepted inflectional processes. It is claimed that in noun and verb categories, allomorphy is a factor in the underlying representation of the lexicon. On the other hand, allomorphy in noun number marking affixes is due to a morphological rule sensitive to class membership of nouns. Going beyond The Organization of The Lexicon which is limited to morphological rules, this study includes phonological rules operating in the lexicon. Finally, in accord with the results of this dissertation two suggestions are made: First, it is essential that a complete study of Modern Sinhala phonology include an extensive investigation of the syllable structure; Second, the concept of level ordering in the lexicon should be utilized to account for the hierarchical distribution of affixes. Support for the first suggestion rests on the morpholexical rules, while the second rests on the hierarchical distribution of affixes described by subcategorization and X-bar indexing in this study.
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Faff, R., X. Shao, F. Alqahtani, M. Atif, A. Bialek-Jaworska, A. Chen, G. Duppati, et al. "Pitching non-English language research: a dual-language application of the Pitching Research Framework." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16806.

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Yes
The global language of scholarly research is English and so the obstacle of getting noticed is montainous when the article is not written in the English language. Indeed, despite rapid advances in technology, the “tyranny of language” creates a segmentation inhibiting scholarly research and innovation generally. Mass translation of non-English language articles is neither feasible nor desirable. Our paper proposes a strategy for remedying this segmentation – such that, the work of non-English language scholars become more discoverable. The core piece of this strategy is a “reverse-engineering” [RE] application of Faff’s (2015, 2017a) “pitching research” template. More specifically, we provide access to translated versions of the “cued” template across thirty-three different languages, and most notably for this journal, including the Romanian and French languages. Further, we showcase an illustrative dual language French-English example.
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Faff, R. W., X. Shao, F. Alqahtani, M. Atif, A. Bialek-Jaworska, A. Chen, G. Duppati, et al. "Increasing the discoverability on non-English language research papers: a reverse-engineering application of the pitching research template." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16815.

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No
Discoverability or visibility is a challenge that faces all researchers worldwide – with an ever increasing supply of good research entering the scholarly marketplace; this challenge is only becoming intensified as time passes. The global language of scholarly research is English and so the obstacle of getting noticed is magnified manyfold when the article is not written in the English language. Indeed, despite rapid advances in technology, the “tyranny of language” creates a segmentation inhibiting scholarly research and innovation generally. Mass translation of non-English language articles is neither feasible nor desirable. Our paper proposes a strategy for remedying this segmentation – such that, the work of non-English language scholars become more discoverable. The core piece of this strategy is a “reverse-engineering” [RE] application of Faff’s (2015, 2017) “pitching research” template. More specifically, we provide translated versions of the “cued” template across THIRTY THREE different languages: (1) Arabic; (2) Chinese; (3) Dutch; (4) French; (5) Greek; (6) Hindi; (7) Indonesian; (8) Japanese; (9) Korean; (10) Lao; (11) Norwegian; (12) Polish; (13) Portuguese; (14) Romanian; (15) Russian; (16) Sinhalese; (17) Spanish; (18) Tamil; (19) Thai; (20) Urdu; (21) Vietnamese; (22) Myanmar; (23) German; (24) Persian; (25) Bengali; (26) Filipino; (27) Italian; (28) Afrikaans; (29) Khmer (Cambodia); (30) Danish; (31) Finnish; (32) Hebrew; (33) Turkish. Further, we showcase illustrative dual language examples of the RE strategy for the Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and French cases.
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Books on the topic "Sinhalese language"

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Dassanayake, Prashan. Sinhalese-English/English-Sinhalese dictionary & phrasebook. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2015.

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Reynolds, C. H. B. Sinhalese: Introductory course. 2nd ed. London: School of Oriental & African Studies, 1995.

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Perērā, Ṣrīni Abēguṇaratna. Dizionario Sinhalese Italiano. Palātoṭa: [Ṣrīni Abēguṇaratna Perērā], 2005.

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Geiger, Wilhelm. An etymological glossary of the Sinhalese language. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1997.

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Gunasekara, Abraham Mendis. A comprehensive grammar of the Sinhalese language. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1999.

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Reynolds, C. H. B. Sinhalese, an introductory course. 2nd ed. London: School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 1995.

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Ranawake, Edwin. Spoken Sinhalese for foreigners. 6th ed. Colombo: M.D. Gunasena, 1986.

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Don M. de Z. Wickremasinghe. Sinhalese self-taught by the natural method with phonetic pronuniciation (Thimm's system). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1999.

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Karunatillake, W. S. An Introduction to spoken Sinhala. Colombo: M.D. Gunasena & Co., 1992.

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Disanayaka, J. B. Say it in Sinhala. 3rd ed. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Lake House Investments Ltd., 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sinhalese language"

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Zograph, G. A. "Sinhalese." In Languages of South Asia, 107–10. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003363705-10.

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"Sinhalese Diglossia." In Studies in South Asian Linguistics, edited by James W. Gair and Barbara C. Lust, 213–23. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095210.003.0016.

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Abstract Sinhalese, as used in Ceylon, exhibits the kind of distinction between major functional varieties for which Ferguson’s term DIGLOSSIA has been generally accepted. This chapter is an attempt to characterize those varieties on a broad scale and to point out those characteristics that seem to be most central to them. In his by now classic paper, Ferguson (1959) defines diglossia as: a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language (which may include a standard or regional standards) there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed vari ety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an ear lier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes, but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation. (p. 435)
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"About Colloquial Sinhalese Clause Structures." In Studies in South Asian Linguistics, edited by James W. Gair and Barbara C. Lust, 47–49. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095210.003.0004.

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Abstract Colloquial Sinhalese Clause Structures (CSCS) began as my Ph.D. dissertation, essentially completed in I962. At the time of writing, it was the first treatment of the language in the then-still-young framework of transformational grammar and the first extended general treatment of Sinhala syntax. At the time that it was written, there were few models for such a treatment of a language other than English-and none on that scale for any South Asian one. It did not reach publication, in a revised form, until 1970. Thus, a number of important works in that framework, including Chomsky’s Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, appeared in the meantime, so that much of CSCS already had a somewhat old-fashioned quality in theoretical terms within the rapidly developing theory of generative grammar. However, it remained the most complete principled treatment of Sinhala syntax, and it still retains much of that character, despite subsequent work done on the language in that general framework. Furthermore, many of the problems that it raised, both language specific and general, have still not found conclusive treatment, and they underlie much work in cur rent generative linguistics. From the standpoint of this volume and the chapter in this section. the relevance of CSCS is that it set the stage for much of that subsequent work by raising several important questions regarding the structure of the language in relation to general linguistic theory, and it thus formed a kind of foundation and blueprint for that later work. In essence, these issues were forced upon the researcher by unavoidable aspects of the structure of the language, for which previous genera tive work, based largely on English, provided no models.
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Staniland, Paul. "Sri Lanka." In Ordering Violence, 230–59. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501761102.003.0008.

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This chapter assesses Sri Lanka's history of armed politics. It begins by providing an overview of nationalist politics during the colonial period, primarily the emerging, but fragmented, contest between “Ceylonese” and Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism. The chapter then identifies the major shift that occurred after independence and the rise of the Sinhalese nationalist movement as the dominant project driving governments, both as a result of their own initiative and the pressures they faced from the electorate from 1948 until 1972. From the early 1970s onward, electoral competition between Sinhalese parties, while intense and hard-fought, was nevertheless centered on a broad consensus on the Sinhalese language and Buddhist religion as central to “authentic” nationalism. The left–right dimension was not very relevant to armed politics. Finally, the chapter looks at the armed orders that emerged during the Tamil revolt from the mid-1970s until 2009, mapping out the escalation of the conflict into total warfare. It concludes with implications for understanding Sri Lanka's present and future politics.
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"Sinhala, an Inda-Aryan Isolate." In Studies in South Asian Linguistics, edited by James W. Gair and Barbara C. Lust, 3–12. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095210.003.0001.

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Abstract Sinhala (Sinhalese), the majority language of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) has a number of features that make it especially interesting to the scholar of South Asian languages and the South Asian linguistic area. It is the southernmost Indo-Aryan language (along with the closely related Divehi of the Maldive islands). For over two millennia it has been isolated from its sister languages of the north by both its island location and the intervening Dravidian languages of South India, with which it has been in contact, often close, throughout that time. Most important in that con nection has been Tamil, although it might be more accurate to say Tamil-Malayalam or “southern south Dravidian languages,” since much of the contact predates the split of the latter two languages. Sinhala tradition has it that the group that brought the languages with them ar rived on the date of the parinibbiina (final passing away) of the Buddha, tradition ally 544-543 B.c. As a matter of fact, somewhere around that time does appear to be a reasonable date, since we have inscriptions in old Sinhala dating from the early second or late third centuries B.c., and by that time the language had already under gone important changes that made it distinct from any of the lndo-Aryan languages of North India.
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Risk, Michael J., and Robert Sluka. "The Maldives: A Nation of Atolls." In Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean, Their Ecology and Conservation, 325–52. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195125962.003.0011.

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Abstract The Maldives are a double chain of islands in the Indian Ocean stretching for almost 1000 km south of Sri Lanka (74,75). There are more than 1200 islands (only 202 are inhabited), grouped into 19 atolls. The word atoll itself comes from Dhivehi, a Sinhalese dialect which is the language of the Maldives, and means an administrative district (4). The name Maldives is believed to have originated from the Sanskrit word malodheep, meaning garland, presumably from the appearance of the chain of islands from the deck of a ship. Marco Polo called the Maldives ‘the flower of the Indies’.
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"Sinhala Diglossia Revisited, or Diglossia Dies Hard." In Studies in South Asian Linguistics, edited by James W. Gair and Barbara C. Lust, 224–36. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095210.003.0017.

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Abstract In 1959, Charles A. Ferguson published an important paper called “Diglossia,” in which he defined diglossia as: a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of a language (which may include a standard or regional standards) there is a very divergent, highly codified, (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of another period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes, but is not used by any ector of the community for ordinary conversation. (p. 336) Subsequently, I carried out some investigations of diglossia as it obtained in Sinhala (Sinhalese), the majority and official language of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) during fieldwork in 1964-65 (Gair 1968), and I was able, some twelve years after my first observations, to observe some of the changes that had taken place in the interim. Though relatively short, that time span seemed long enough, under current conditions of rapid change, to allow some tendencies to emerge.
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8

"Subjects, Case, and INFL in Sinhala." In Studies in South Asian Linguistics, edited by James W. Gair and Barbara C. Lust, 65–86. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095210.003.0006.

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Abstract This paper was given at the conference on experiencer subjects held at the Univer sity of Wisconsin in 1988, and it appeared in the volume Experiencer Subjects in South Asian Languages, edited by Manindra K. Verma and K. P. Mohanan (CSL!, Stanford 1990). it is in an essential way a quarter-century-later approach to the same general phenomena in Sinhala that were treated as requiring “quasi trans formations” in Colloquial Sinhalese Clause Structures, and to a great extent it is an extension of the conclusion at least broached there that accounting for those phenomena required appeal to the lexicon. it is also an object lesson in the way the interaction of linguistic theory and specific language data changes in form while in some fundamental way it remains constant. it also illustrates in at least two ways the rapidity with which current linguistic theory develops and changes: first, through the differences between the treatment here and the earlier one and, second, even more by the extent to which some aspects of the theory reflected here have changed since 1988. For example, the suggestion here that the Specified Subject Constraint (SSC) could perhaps be invoked in accounting for which argument moves where would, if retained, undoubtedly be cast in terms of minimality of one sort or an other. Similarly, much recent work has fractionated !NFL, with accompanying differences in the way case is assigned.
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9

Davis, Christina P. "Tamil Speech and Ethnic Conflict in Public Spaces." In The Struggle for a Multilingual Future, 124–45. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947484.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 investigates the performative force of speaking Tamil in public spaces in Kandy and Colombo. It shows how Tamils used Sinhala and avoided Tamil to conceal or mitigate their ethnic identity. This chapter further analyzes the ideological weight of Tamil by looking at Sinhalas’ Tamil-as-a-second-language (TSL) practices at training programs administrators and police officers, as well as at a peacebuilding NGO that promotes trilingual communication. TSL classes provide a sphere of practice in which Sinhalas could comfortably speak Tamil, but on the street their use of Tamil was fraught because of its ideological association with Tamil ethnic identity and because it was perceived as a threat to the dominance of Sinhala. When Sinhala members of the NGO spoke Tamil, they used a mocking variety that reinforced negative stereotypes about Tamil people. This chapter demonstrates how ideologies and practices around speaking Tamil reflect and produce ethnic divisions.
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