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Journal articles on the topic 'Sinking speed'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 April 2024

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1

TUCKER, VANCE A. "Gliding Birds: Descending Flight of the Whitebacked Vulture, Gyps Africanus." Journal of Experimental Biology 140, no. 1 (1988): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140.1.325.

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The air speeds and sinking speeds of birds gliding at equilibrium fall in a performance area when these quantities are plotted against one another. Three curves bound the performance area: (i) a curve for minimum sinking speed at each air speed, (ii) a curve for maximum sinking speed at each air speed, and (iii) a curve dependent on the maximum lift coefficient of the wings. I have discussed curve i in a previous paper. This paper discusses the theory of curves ii and iii, which describe rapid descent in gliding birds. I used an optical tracking device (an ornithodolite) to measure air speeds

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2

Rosen, M., and A. Hedenstrom. "Gliding flight in a jackdaw: a wind tunnel study." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 6 (2001): 1153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.6.1153.

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We examined the gliding flight performance of a jackdaw Corvus monedula in a wind tunnel. The jackdaw was able to glide steadily at speeds between 6 and 11 m s(−1). The bird changed its wingspan and wing area over this speed range, and we measured the so-called glide super-polar, which is the envelope of fixed-wing glide polars over a range of forward speeds and sinking speeds. The glide super-polar was an inverted U-shape with a minimum sinking speed (V(ms)) at 7.4 m s(−1) and a speed for best glide (V(bg)) at 8.3 m s(−)). At the minimum sinking speed, the associated vertical sinking speed wa

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3

Thahir, Muhammad Agam, Irwandy Syofyan, and Isnaniah Isnaniah. "PENGUJIAN SINKING SPEED SERAT ALAMI." JURNAL PERIKANAN TROPIS 4, no. 1 (2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpt.v4i1.59.

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The aim of this study to determine the elongation of three types of natural fibers. The method used is an experiment, by directly testing samples of the rope in the aquarium. Sinking speed value of banana stem fiber is 4.8 cm / sec, pandan leaves 3.9 cm / sec, bundung grass fibers 2.6 cm / sec. The third of these natural fibers, banana stem fibers that have the potential as for natural fibre rope material fishing gear.

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Shan, Chenxu, Hao Tang, Nyatchouba Nsangue Bruno Thierry, et al. "Sinking Behavior of Netting Panels Made with Various Twine Materials, Solidity Ratios, Knot Types, and Leadline Weights in Flume Tank." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 10 (2023): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101972.

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Netting is an important component of fishing gear design, and its ability to sink determines the effectiveness of fishing gears such as purse seines, falling nets, and stick-held nets. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly investigate the sinking parameters (sinking depth and sinking speed) of the netting panel as a function of the leadline weights using various twine materials, knot types, and solidity ratios. In this study, a generalized additive model (GAM) was utilized to analyze the impact of each factor on the sinking performances of the netting. The results revealed that the sinking de

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Spilling, Kristian, Malte Heinemann, Mari Vanharanta, et al. "Respiration rate scales inversely with sinking speed of settling marine aggregates." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (2023): e0282294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282294.

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Sinking marine aggregates have been studied for a long time to understand their role in carbon sequestration. Traditionally, sinking speed and respiration rates have been treated as independent variables, but two recent papers suggest that there is a connection albeit in contrasting directions. Here we collected recently formed (<2 days old) aggregates from sediment traps mounted underneath mesocosms during two different experiments. The mesocosms were moored off Gran Canaria, Spain (~ 27.9 N; 15.4 E) in a coastal, sub-tropical and oligotrophic ecosystem. We determined the respiration rates

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Kloos, Heidi, and Guy C. Van Orden. "Can a Preschooler’s Mistaken Belief Benefit Learning?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 64, no. 3 (2005): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.64.3.195.

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Young children erroneously believe that differences either in mass alone or in volume alone can predict differences in sinking speed. The current study was an attempt to teach preschool children that neither mass nor volume alone is predictive for sinking speed. Instead, it is the average density of an object that can predict differences in sinking speed. Twenty-four 4-to 6-year-olds participated. In an initial phase, children’s mistaken beliefs about the effects of mass and volume on sinking speed were called to their minds. Then they were presented with demonstrations of sinking objects that

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7

Fitri, Amraini, Nofrizal Nofrizal, Romie Jhonnerie, and Fauzan Ramadhan. "Absorption and Sinking Speed of Artocarpus Stems Rope (Artocarpus sp.) and Carex Grass Rope (Carex sp.) in Freshwater and Seawater." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 27, no. 3 (2022): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jpk.27.3.354-357.

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Artocarpus stems (Artocarpus sp.) and Carex grass (Carex sp.) have not been applied to fishing gear materials. The fibers produced made into a rope, where this rope is used to absorption and sinking speed test in fresh water and sea water.The absorption of Artocarpus stems rope was 320.30% and 282,60% in fresh water and sea water. Meanwhile for sinking speed have a 5,78 cm/s and 5,08 cm/s for fresh water and sea water. For the Carex grass rope, the absorption in fresh water and sea water was 287,67% and 218,02%. Sinking speed value 2,97 cm/s and 2,67 cm/s for fresh water and sea water. The val

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Bergan, Alexander J., Gareth L. Lawson, Amy E. Maas, and Zhaohui Aleck Wang. "The effect of elevated carbon dioxide on the sinking and swimming of the shelled pteropod Limacina retroversa." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 7 (2017): 1893–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx008.

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Abstract Shelled pteropods are planktonic molluscs that may be affected by ocean acidification. Limacina retroversa from the Gulf of Maine were used to investigate the impact of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on shell condition as well as swimming and sinking behaviours. Limacina retroversa were maintained at either ambient (ca. 400 µatm) or two levels of elevated CO2 (800 and 1200 µatm) for up to 4 weeks, and then examined for changes in shell transparency, sinking speed, and swimming behaviour assessed through a variety of metrics (e.g. speed, path tortuosity, and wing beat frequency). After

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Kriest, I., and A. Oschlies. "On the treatment of particulate organic matter sinking in large-scale models of marine biogeochemical cycles." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (2008): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-55-2008.

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Abstract. Various functions have been suggested and applied to represent the sedimentation and remineralisation of particulate organic matter (POM) in numerical ocean models. Here we investigate some representations commonly used in large-scale biogeochemical models: a constant sinking speed, a sinking speed increasing with depth, a spectrum of particles with different size and different size-dependent sinking velocities, and a model that assumes a power law particle size distribution everywhere in the water column. The analysis is carried out for an idealised one-dimensional water column, und

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Kriest, I., and A. Oschlies. "On the treatment of particulate organic matter sinking in large-scale models of marine biogeochemical cycles." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (2007): 3005–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-3005-2007.

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Abstract. Various functions have been suggested and applied to represent the sedimentation and remineralisation of particulate organic matter (POM) in numerical ocean models. Here we investigate some representations commonly used in large-scale biogeochemical models: a constant sinking speed, a sinking speed increasing with depth, a spectrum of particles with different size and different size-dependent sinking velocities, and a model that assumes a power-law particle size distribution everywhere in the water column. The analysis is carried out for an idealised one-dimensional water column, und

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11

Du Clos, Kevin T., Lee Karp-Boss, Tracy A. Villareal, and Brad J. Gemmell. "Coscinodiscus wailesii mutes unsteady sinking in dark conditions." Biology Letters 15, no. 3 (2019): 20180816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0816.

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Several species of large, centric diatoms exhibit an unsteady sinking behaviour characterized by order-of-magnitude oscillations in sinking speed that occur over seconds. We show that under nutrient-depleted conditions, Coscinodiscus wailesii exhibits significantly stronger unsteady sinking behaviour in the light than in the dark. Results suggest that regulating unsteady sinking in response to irradiance as well as nutrient conditions may help C. wailesii balance its requirements for light and nutrients, which are often spatially separated.

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Crête, M., and S. Larivière. "Estimating the costs of locomotion in snow for coyotes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 11 (2003): 1808–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-182.

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Carnivores living in areas of deep snow face additional energy expenditures during winter owing to increased locomotory costs. Such costs may vary in function of snow depth and hardness (sinking depth of animal) and travel speed. We estimated energetic costs of locomotion through snow in wild coyotes (Canis latrans) using three coyote-sized domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) to develop regression models predicting heart rate (as surrogate for energy expenditure) in relation to sinking depth and travel speed. In the absence of snow, heart rates of dogs increased linearly with travel speed (R2 = 0

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Pridmore, Peter A., and Peter H. Hoffmann. "The aerodynamic performance of the feathertail glider, Acrobates pygmaeus (Marsupialia: Acrobatidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 1 (2014): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13071.

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Photographic and videographic investigations of the aerodynamic performance of four captive adult Acrobates pygmeus are described. During short (1–4 m) glides, steep angles of descent (>45°) and large angles of attack (up to 50°) were used mid-flight, and the possums failed to achieve steady velocities. During longer (>10 m) glides steady velocities of 5.3–7.5 m s–1 were achieved, and glide angles of 21–42° and angles of attack between 36° and 45° were used. The best (lowest) glide angles used at steady velocity were similar to those documented in sugar gliders, but involved lower air sp

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14

Meng, Qiao, Ke Zhong, and Mingzhi Sun. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Airport Pavement under Impact Loading." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (2023): 5723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095723.

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The safety of the airport runway, as an infrastructure, is of considerable concern. The existing research has problems of hysteresis and unreasonable load application. In this paper, ANSYS is used to construct a coupled tire–pavement model to study the dynamic characteristics of airport asphalt pavements under impact loading. Taking the Boeing 737–800 as an example, the impact of an aircraft landing on an airport pavement is simulated by applying a dynamic load to the landing gear. The effects of tire pressure, landing pitch angle, and sinking speed on the dynamic response of the airport runwa

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15

Zhou, Jin, Jianjiang Zeng, Jichang Chen, and Mingbo Tong. "Analysis of Global Sensitivity of Landing Variables on Landing Loads and Extreme Values of the Loads in Carrier-Based Aircrafts." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2105682.

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When a carrier-based aircraft is in arrested landing on deck, the impact loads on landing gears and airframe are closely related to landing states. The distribution and extreme values of the landing loads obtained during life-cycle analysis provide an important basis for buffering parameter design and fatigue design. In this paper, the effect of the multivariate distribution was studied based on military standards and guides. By establishment of a virtual prototype, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) method is applied on sensitivity analysis of landing variables. The resul

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16

Iversen, M. H., and H. Ploug. "Temperature effects on carbon-specific respiration rate and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates – potential implications for deep ocean export processes." Biogeosciences 10, no. 6 (2013): 4073–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4073-2013.

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Abstract. Most deep ocean carbon flux profiles show low and almost constant fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the deep ocean. However, the reason for the non-changing POC fluxes at depths is unknown. This study presents direct measurements of formation, degradation, and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates from laboratory studies performed at 15 °C and 4 °C during a three-week experiment. The average carbon-specific respiration rate during the experiment was 0.12 ± 0.03 at 15 °C, and decreased 3.5-fold when the temperature was lowered to 4 °C. No direct influence of temperature on

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Iversen, M. H., and H. Ploug. "Temperature effects on carbon-specific respiration rate and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates – potential implications for deep ocean export processes." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (2013): 371–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-371-2013.

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Abstract. Most deep ocean carbon flux profiles show low and almost constant fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the deep ocean. However, the reason for the seemingly non-changing POC fluxes at depths is unknown. This study presents direct measurements of formation, degradation, and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates from laboratory studies performed at 15 °C and 4 °C during a three week experiment. The average carbon-specific respiration rate during the experiment was 0.12 ± 0.03 at 15 °C, and decreased 3.5-fold when the temperature was lowered to 4 °C. No direct influence of temp

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18

Cetin, Serkan, Akira Okada, and Yoshiyuki Uno. "Electrode Jump Motion in Linear Motor Equipped Die-Sinking EDM." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 125, no. 4 (2003): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1615793.

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The effects of electrode jump parameters on machining speed and depth were experimentally investigated in linear motor equipped electrical discharge machining. A new definition named “Machining speed break point” is introduced, theoretically calculated from a proposed electrode jump and debris exclusion model, and compared with the experimental results. Additionally, an algorithm is developed to calculate the accumulation of debris in machining gap. The algorithm showed that the debris concentration in gap rises suddenly before the machining speed break point.

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19

Dong, Tingting, and Tian Li. "Numerical Comparison in Aerodynamic Drag and Noise of High-Speed Pantographs with or without Platform Sinking." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (2023): 6213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13106213.

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Flat roofs and platform sinking are two common installation configurations for high-speed pantographs. The cavity formed by the platform sinking is a potential source of aerodynamic drag and noise. In this paper, the shape of the rectangular cavity is optimized, and the aerodynamic performance of the high-speed pantograph with or without platform sinking is compared and discussed based on the optimized cavity results. The flow field and sound propagation are predicted by the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) method and the FW-H equation. The results show that the rectangular ca

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20

Barlet, A., and N. Malhomme. "Suction-ejection of a ping-pong ball in a falling water-filled cup." Emergent Scientist 6 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/emsci/2022002.

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Dropping a water-filled cup with a ping-pong ball inside to the ground expels the ball much higher than its initial height. During free fall, the absence of gravity in the reference frame of the cup makes capillary forces dominant, causing the ball to be sucked into water. At impact, the high velocity ejection is due to the strong Archimedes’ force caused by vertical acceleration. In this paper, we study the dynamics of the capillary sinking of the ball during free fall and the ejection speed at impact, using tracking and high-speed imaging. In particular, we show that at short-time, the sinki

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21

Schmidt, K., C. L. De La Rocha, M. Gallinari, and G. Cortese. "Not all calcite ballast is created equal: differing effects of foraminiferan and coccolith calcite on the formation and sinking of aggregates." Biogeosciences 11, no. 1 (2014): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-135-2014.

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Abstract. Correlation between particulate organic carbon (POC) and calcium carbonate sinking through the deep ocean has led to the idea that ballast provided by calcium carbonate is important for the export of POC from the surface ocean. While this idea is certainly to some extent true, it is worth considering in more nuance, for example, examining the different effects on the aggregation and sinking of POC of small, non-sinking calcite particles like coccoliths and large, rapidly sinking calcite like planktonic foraminiferan tests. We have done that here in a simple experiment carried out in

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Schmidt, K., C. L. De La Rocha, M. Gallinari, and G. Cortese. "Not all calcite ballast is created equal: differing effects of foraminiferan and coccolith calcite on the formation and sinking of aggregates." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (2013): 14861–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-14861-2013.

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Abstract. Correlation between particulate organic carbon (POC) and calcium carbonate sinking through the deep ocean has led to the idea that ballast provided by calcium carbonate is important for the export of POC from the surface ocean. While this idea is certainly to some extent true, it is worth considering in more nuance, for example, examining the different effects on the aggregation and sinking of POC of small, non-sinking calcite particles like coccoliths and large, rapidly sinking calcite like planktonic foraminiferan tests. We have done that here in a simple experiment carried out in

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23

Lebrato, Mario, Pedro de Jesus Mendes, Deborah K. Steinberg, et al. "Jelly biomass sinking speed reveals a fast carbon export mechanism." Limnology and Oceanography 58, no. 3 (2013): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.1113.

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Asper, Vernon L. "Measuring the flux and sinking speed of marine snow aggregates." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 34, no. 1 (1987): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90117-8.

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Millward, A. "A Preliminary Design Method for the Prediction of Squat in Shallow Water." Marine Technology and SNAME News 27, no. 01 (1990): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1990.27.1.10.

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The variation of squat with speed in shallow water has been shown to be important with the sinking of the ferry Herald of Free Enterprise, yet it is not easily predictable, particularly at higher speeds. The squat characteristics of a number of ship models have been analyzed and an empirical method of predicting the squat at subcritical speeds has been devised. This method has been compared with data from the model tests of the Herald of Free Enterprise and has shown good agreement.

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Schwinger, Jörg, Nadine Goris, Jerry F. Tjiputra, et al. "Evaluation of NorESM-OC (versions 1 and 1.2), the ocean carbon-cycle stand-alone configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1)." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 8 (2016): 2589–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016.

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Abstract. Idealised and hindcast simulations performed with the stand-alone ocean carbon-cycle configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM-OC) are described and evaluated. We present simulation results of three different model configurations (two different model versions at different grid resolutions) using two different atmospheric forcing data sets. Model version NorESM-OC1 corresponds to the version that is included in the NorESM-ME1 fully coupled model, which participated in CMIP5. The main update between NorESM-OC1 and NorESM-OC1.2 is the addition of two new options for the

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Pankratenko, Alexander, and Alexander Isaev. "The Analysis of the Stress-Strain State of the System “Equipment Complex - Support - Rock Mass” in the Bottomhole Area of the Shaft." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184101038.

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The development of new deposits enterprises requires the construction of deep and super deep vertical shafts. The duration of their construction reaches 8 - 10 years with multi-billion capital investments. To reduce the payback period of these costs, it is necessary to develop and implement effective solutions to increase the speed of sinking operations through the wide introduction of brand-new mechanized equipment complexes. In response to the sinking in the bottomhole area of the shaft a complex, the following geotechnological system is being formed: "tunneling system - support - rock mass"

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Pankratenko, Alexander, Mikhail Pleshko, and Alexander Isaev. "Analytical analysis of the stress-strain state of the system “mechanized equipment complex - support – rock mass” in the bottomhole area of the shaft." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819302026.

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The development of new deposits requires the construction of deep and super deep vertical shafts. The duration of their construction reaches 8 - 10 years with multi-billion capital investments. To reduce the payback period of these costs, it is necessary to develop and implement effective solutions to increase the speed of sinking operations through the wide introduction of brand-new mechanized equipment complexes. In response to the sinking in the bottomhole area of the shaft, the following geotechnical system is being formed: “tunnelling system - support - rock mass”, the regularities of whi

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29

Liu, Hongkang, Siqi Zhou, Rongrong Chen, Zhuolun Li, Shishang Zhang, and Yatian Zhao. "Numerical Study on the Aeroacoustic Performance of Different Diversion Strategies in the Pantograph Area of High-Speed Trains at 400 km/h." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (2022): 10702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122110702.

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The speed increase in high-speed trains is a critical procedure in the promotion of high-speed railway technology. As an indispensable and complex structure of high-speed trains, the pantograph’s aerodynamic drag and noise is a significant limitation in the speed increase process of high-speed trains. In the present study, the hybrid method of large eddy simulation (LES) and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy is applied to analyze the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performances of pantograph installed in different ways, i.e., sinking platform and fairing. The results of simulation

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Keil, R. G., J. Neibauer, C. Biladeau, K. van der Elst, and A. H. Devol. "A multiproxy approach to understanding the "enhanced" flux of organic matter through the oxygen deficient waters of the Arabian Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 20 (2015): 17051–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-17051-2015.

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Abstract. Free-drifting sediment net traps were deployed 14 times at depths between 80 and 500 m for 1–3 days each during the late monsoon/intermonsoon transition in the central Arabian Sea. Two locations (19.5 and 15.5° N) were within the permanently oxygen deficient zone, and a third (11° N) had a shallow and thin oxygen minimum. The secondary nitrite maximum, which serves as a tracer of the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) zone, thinned from ∼ 250 m thick at stations 19.5 and 15.5° N to ∼ 50 m thick at station 11° N. Overall, organic carbon fluxes ranged from 13.2 g m2 yr−1 at 80 m to a minimum

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Lee, Jihoon, Chun-Woo Lee, Ludvig Karlsen, Taeho Kim, and Jeehun Song. "Which factors strongly influence the sinking speed of a demersal longline?" Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 24, no. 1 (2013): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2399.

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Gehlen, M., L. Bopp, N. Emprin, O. Aumont, C. Heinze, and O. Ragueneau. "Reconciling surface ocean productivity, export fluxes and sediment composition in a global biogeochemical ocean model." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 3 (2006): 803–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-803-2006.

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Abstract. This study focuses on an improved representation of the biological soft tissue pump in the global three-dimensional biogeochemical ocean model PISCES. We compare three parameterizations of particle dynamics: (1) the model standard version including two particle size classes, aggregation-disaggregation and prescribed sinking speed; (2) an aggregation-disaggregation model with a particle size spectrum and prognostic sinking speed; (3) a mineral ballast parameterization with no size classes, but prognostic sinking speed. In addition, the model includes a description of surface sediments

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Gehlen, M., L. Bopp, N. Emprin, O. Aumont, C. Heinze, and O. Ragueneau. "Reconciling surface ocean productivity, export fluxes and sediment composition in a global biogeochemical ocean model." Biogeosciences 3, no. 4 (2006): 521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-521-2006.

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Abstract. This study focuses on an improved representation of the biological soft tissue pump in the global three-dimensional biogeochemical ocean model PISCES. We compare three parameterizations of particle dynamics: (1) the model standard version including two particle size classes, aggregation-disaggregation and prescribed sinking speed; (2) an aggregation-disaggregation model with a particle size spectrum and prognostic sinking speed; (3) a mineral ballast parameterization with no size classes, but prognostic sinking speed. In addition, the model includes a description of surface sediments

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34

Lindemann, Christian, Andre Visser, and Patrizio Mariani. "Dynamics of phytoplankton blooms in turbulent vortex cells." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 136 (2017): 20170453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0453.

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Turbulence and coherent circulation structures, such as submesoscale and mesoscale eddies, convective plumes and Langmuir cells, play a critical role in shaping phytoplankton spatial distribution and population dynamics. We use a framework of advection–reaction–diffusion equations to investigate the effects of turbulent transport on the phytoplankton population growth and its spatial structure in a vertical two-dimensional vortex flow field. In particular, we focus on how turbulent flow velocities and sinking influence phytoplankton growth and biomass aggregation. Our results indicate that con

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Phonekeo, Sulisay, Nathan Mlot, Daria Monaenkova, David L. Hu, and Craig Tovey. "Fire ants perpetually rebuild sinking towers." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 7 (2017): 170475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170475.

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In the aftermath of a flood, fire ants, Solenopsis invicta , cluster into temporary encampments. The encampments can contain hundreds of thousands of ants and reach over 30 ants high. How do ants build such tall structures without being crushed? In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we investigate the shape and rate of construction of ant towers around a central support. The towers are bell shaped, consistent with towers of constant strength such as the Eiffel tower, where each element bears an equal load. However, unlike the Eiffel tower, the ant tower is built through a proces

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Niazi Ardekani, M., G. Sardina, L. Brandt, L. Karp-Boss, R. N. Bearon, and E. A. Variano. "Sedimentation of inertia-less prolate spheroids in homogenous isotropic turbulence with application to non-motile phytoplankton." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 831 (October 13, 2017): 655–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.670.

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Phytoplankton are the foundation of aquatic food webs. Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton draw down $\text{CO}_{2}$ at magnitudes equivalent to forests and other terrestrial plants and convert it to organic material that is then consumed by other planktonic organisms in higher trophic levels. Mechanisms that affect local concentrations and velocities are of primary significance to many encounter-based processes in the plankton, including prey–predator interactions, fertilization and aggregate formation. We report results from simulations of sinking phytoplankton, considered as elongated sph

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Praneetpongrung, Chaiya, Yasushi Fukuzawa, and Shigeru Nagasawa. "Effects of Combined Ultrasonic Vibration during the Sinking EDM Process for Cemented Carbide." Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (June 2009): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.657.

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In recent years, to improve the electrical discharge machining properties, several trials have been applied with the ultrasonic vibration system which was combined on the sinking electrical discharge machine. In this paper, the effects of the ultrasonic vibration were investigated with the designed sinking EDM machine. Some experimental parameters of tool electrode polarity, rotational workpiece speed and directions were examined during the sinking EDM process on the cemented carbide material of G5. Material removal rate, electrode wear ratio and surface roughness were estimated as the machini

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Keil, Richard G., Jacquelyn A. Neibauer, Christina Biladeau, Kelsey van der Elst, and Allan H. Devol. "A multiproxy approach to understanding the "enhanced" flux of organic matter through the oxygen-deficient waters of the Arabian Sea." Biogeosciences 13, no. 7 (2016): 2077–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2077-2016.

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Abstract. Free-drifting sediment net traps were deployed 14 times at depths between 80 and 500 m for 1–3 days each during the late monsoon–intermonsoon transition in the central Arabian Sea. Two locations (19.5 and 15.5° N) were within the permanently oxygen-deficient zone (ODZ), and a third (11° N) had a shallow and thin oxygen minimum. The secondary nitrite maximum, which serves as a tracer of the ODZ, thinned from ∼ 250 m thick at stations 19.5 and 15.5° N to ∼ 50 m thick at station 11° N. Overall, organic carbon fluxes ranged from 13.2 g m2 yr−1 at 80 m to a minimum of 1.1 g m2 yr−1 at 500

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Davenport, John. "Observations on swimming, posture and buoyancy in the giant oceanic ostracods, Gigantocypris mulleri and Macrocypridina castanea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 70, no. 1 (1990): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400034184.

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Gigantocypris is a good swimmer, capable of moving fast enough to overtake a variety of zooplanktonic Crustacea and chaetognaths. It swims smoothly without violent accelerations and decelerations. Previous reports of unstable weak swimming in this species stem from the study of overheated animals; Gigantocypris is stenothermal, adversely affected at temperatures above about 15°C. Gigantocypris is nearly neutrally buoyant (sinking speed 0·2 mm s−1) and is capable of hovering for long periods with the aid of slight movements of the propulsive antennae. When swimming quickly Gigantocypris achieve

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Loh, Chee Siong, Hiroshi Yokoi, and Tamio Arai. "Natural Heat-Sinking Control Method for High-Speed Actuation of the SMA." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 3, no. 4 (2006): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/5725.

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LEE, Minju, Seoyeoung JO, and Jihoon LEE. "Analysis for the sinking speed of purse seine using a simulation method." Journal of the Fishing Technology Institute 10, no. 1 (2017): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15399/jfti.2017.02.10.1.78.

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Lindhe-Norberg, U. M., A. P. Brooke, and W. J. Trewhella. "Soaring and non-soaring bats of the family pteropodidae (flying foxes, Pteropus spp.): wing morphology and flight performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 3 (2000): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.3.651.

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On oceanic islands, some large diurnal megachiropteran bat species (flying foxes; Pteropus spp.) frequently use thermal or slope soaring during foraging flights to save energy. We compared the flight morphology and gliding/soaring performance of soaring versus non-soaring Pteropus species, one pair on American Samoa and one pair on the Comoro Islands, and two other soaring/flap-gliding species and one non-soaring species. We predicted that the soaring species should have a lower body mass, longer wings and, hence, lower wing loadings than those species that use mainly flapping flight. This wou

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Zhu, Qi Dan, Xue Meng, and Zhi Zhang. "Simulation Research on Motion Law of Arresting Hook during Landing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.997.

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The key of a safety landing is the arresting hook can engage an arresting wire. Thus, research on motion law of arresting hook during landing is essential. The construction features and function of typical arresting hook installation is studied. Take into consideration the influence on collision process produced by the deck friction in order to build an actual model of arresting hook during landing. So we can use the model to study the motion law of arresting hook during landing for the sake of supplying a beneficial reference to design of arresting hook and successful engagement with an arres

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Čížková, Hana, Arie P. van den Berg, Wim Spakman, and Ctirad Matyska. "The viscosity of Earth’s lower mantle inferred from sinking speed of subducted lithosphere." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 200-201 (June 2012): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.02.010.

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Dong, Hang, Yonghong Liu, Ming Li, et al. "High-speed compound sinking machining of Inconel 718 using water in oil nanoemulsion." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 274 (December 2019): 116271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116271.

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Fancy, S. G., and R. G. White. "Energy expenditures for locomotion by barren-ground caribou." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 1 (1987): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-018.

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Energy expenditure during locomotion on a level treadmill, up and down slopes, and in snow was measured for barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and compared with that of other species and other subspecies of Rangifer. Highly significant (p < 0.001) linear relationships between [Formula: see text] and walking speed were found for all caribou, indicating that the net cost of walking a given distance was independent of walking speed. The net cost of locomotion (i.e., additional to the cost of standing) for six barren-ground caribou (0.068–0.095 mL O2/(g∙km)) was the lowest of any

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Kriest, I., and A. Oschlies. "MOPS-1.0: towards a model for the regulation of the global oceanic nitrogen budget by marine biogeochemical processes." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 9 (2015): 2929–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2929-2015.

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Abstract. Global models of the oceanic nitrogen cycle are subject to many uncertainties regarding the representation of the relevant biogeochemical processes and of the feedbacks between nitrogen sources and sinks that determine space- and timescales on which the global nitrogen budget is regulated. We investigate these aspects using a global model of ocean biogeochemistry that explicitly considers phosphorus and nitrogen, including pelagic denitrification and nitrogen fixation as sink and source terms of fixed nitrogen, respectively. The model explores different parameterizations of organic m

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Kriest, I., and A. Oschlies. "MOPS-1.0: modelling the regulation of the global oceanic nitrogen budget by marine biogeochemical processes." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 2 (2015): 1945–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-1945-2015.

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Abstract. Global models of the oceanic nitrogen cycle are subject to many uncertainties, among them type and form of biogeochemical processes involved in the fixed nitrogen cycle, and the spatial and temporal scales, on which the global nitrogen budget is regulated. We investigate these aspects using a global model of ocean biogeochemistry, that explicitly considers phosphorus and nitrogen, including pelagic denitrification and nitrogen fixation as sink and source terms of fixed nitrogen, respectively. The model explores different parameterizations of organic matter sinking speed, oxidant affi

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Sayol, Juan-Manuel, Henk Dijkstra, and Caroline Katsman. "Seasonal and regional variations of sinking in the subpolar North Atlantic from a high-resolution ocean model." Ocean Science 15, no. 4 (2019): 1033–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1033-2019.

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Abstract. Previous studies have indicated that most of the net sinking associated with the downward branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) must occur near the subpolar North Atlantic boundaries. In this work we have used monthly mean fields of a high-resolution ocean model (0.1∘ at the Equator) to quantify this sinking. To this end we have calculated the Eulerian net vertical transport (W∑) from the modeled vertical velocities, its seasonal variability, and its spatial distribution under repeated climatological atmospheric forcing conditions. Based on this simulation,

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Zhang, Qi Sheng, Ming Deng, Qi Wang, Yong Qiang Feng, and Rui Yang. "Dynamic Data Transmission Technique for Expendable Current Profiler." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.436.

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As an expendable profiler in marine environment, XCP (Expendable Current Profiler) is mainly to measure current speed, direction and temperature. The paper is to research dynamic sinking data transmission technique for XCP. Data transmission medium is a varnished wire with diameter of 0.1mm, length of 1,800m and two parallel wires. Transmission characteristics of varnished wires can be tested by experiment and computation. The paper is to research and design a kind of base band transmission system and analyze its characteristics and performance. By utilizing digital base band signaling transmi

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