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Journal articles on the topic 'Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 - Atrocities'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Coble, Parks M. "China's “New Remembering” of the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance, 1937–1945." China Quarterly 190 (June 2007): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007001257.

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AbstractIn today's China, memory of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 is often a front page issue, a source of diplomatic friction between Beijing and Tokyo. Yet in Mao's era, public memory of this conflict virtually disappeared. Only the role of communist forces under Chairman Mao was commemorated; other memories were consigned to historical oblivion. This article examines the process by which memory of the war re-appeared in the reform era. Because the government has emphasized nationalism, the new memory of the war has stressed a patriotic nationalist narrative of heroic resistance. At the same time, a second major theme has been the emphasis on Japanese atrocities, virtually a “numbers game” in historical writing. Thus despite the voluminous publications which have appeared since the 1980s, the new writing on the war has stressed certain themes while neglecting others.

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2

COBLE, PARKS M. "Writing about Atrocity: Wartime Accounts and their Contemporary Uses." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (February 10, 2011): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000035.

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AbstractIn today's China, public memory of the War of Resistance against Japan, 1937–1945, is more visible than ever. Museums, movies, television programmes, and commemorations focus heavily on the victimization of the Chinese people at the hands of the Japanese invaders. Japanese atrocities, particularly the Nanjing Massacre, are at the centre of much of this remembering. But what of the wartime period? How did journalists and writers discuss Japanese atrocities? This paper finds that most wartime writing stressed the theme of ‘heroic resistance’ by the Chinese rather than China's victimization at the hands of Japanese. Exceptions to this approach included efforts to publicize Japan's action to Western audiences in the hope of gaining support for China's cause, and a related focus on the bombing of the civilian population by the Japanese. This paper suggests major differences between the current approach to remembering the war and to writing during the war itself.

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3

Jui-Te, Chang. "Nationalist Army Officers during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 4 (October 1996): 1033–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016887.

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Effective combat performance depends on the following: First, there must be a sound command structure capable of making rational decisions. Second, there must be efficient means of communication to transmit decisions through the chain of command and to give the commanders continuous control over their units. There must also be sufficient transportation to allow the units to execute their mission in a timely way. Third, there must be adequate quality and quantity of weapons and supplies commensurable with the given military mission. Fourth, there must be high-quality soldiers at all levels able to perform their duties competently. Finally, the entire military effort must be guided by clear and coherent strategic thinking.

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4

Day, Jenny Huangfu. "The War of Textbooks: Educating Children during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 46, no. 2 (2021): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2021.0011.

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5

Han, Eric. "A True Sino-Japanese Amity? Collaborationism and the Yokohama Chinese (1937–1945)." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 3 (August 2013): 587–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813000533.

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Taking the Yokohama Chinese community as an exemplary case, this article delves into linkages between Chinese diasporic identities and collaborationism during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Using published memoirs, Japanese government and police records, and local newspapers, it examines the wartime experiences of a community struggling to maintain both its Chinese identity and its position in local society. Japanese authorities did not categorically assimilate, intern, or deport this population. Instead, they enforced displays of support for collaborationist regimes in occupied China in order to manufacture what they termed “Sino-Japanese amity.” Public expressions by the Yokohama Chinese contributed to this narrative, but these Chinese were not merely puppets. They actively negotiated the meanings and practices of collaborationism to fulfill local needs. By examining their engagement with Chinese and Japanese national imperatives, this article reflects on the nature of Sino-Japanese friendship, hidden resistance, and local integration.

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6

He, Ping, Yanan Luo, Chao Guo, Gong Chen, Xinming Song, and Xiaoying Zheng. "Prenatal war exposure and schizophrenia in adulthood: evidence from the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 54, no. 3 (September 29, 2018): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1584-0.

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7

Lai, Sherman Xiaogang. "A War Within a War: The Road to the New Fourth Army Incident in January 1941." Journal of Chinese Military History 2, no. 1 (2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341249.

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Abstract The New Fourth Army (N4A) Incident is the name given to the destruction by the Chinese Nationalist government of the headquarters of the N4A, one of the two legal armies under the command of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Sino-Japanese War, in southern Anhui province in January 1941, together with the killing of about nine thousand CCP soldiers. It was the largest and the last armed conflict between the Nationalists and the CCP during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). This article argues that this tragedy came from Joseph Stalin’s paranoia toward the West and Mao’s resulting limited pre-emptive offensives against the Nationalist government, as well as their misreading of Chiang Kai-shek during 1939-1940.

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8

Xia, Yun. "Engendering Contempt for Collaborators: Anti-Hanjian Discourse Following the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945." Journal of Women's History 25, no. 1 (2013): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2013.0006.

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9

Fedman, David. "Wartime Forestry and the “Low Temperature Lifestyle” in Late Colonial Korea, 1937–1945." Journal of Asian Studies 77, no. 2 (March 16, 2018): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911817001371.

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This article examines the emergence in colonial Korea of a command economy for forestry products following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). It does so, first, by tracing the policy mechanisms through which the colonial state commandeered forest products, especially timber, firewood, and charcoal. Second, through an analysis of the wartime promotion of a “low temperature lifestyle,” it offers a thumbnail sketch of the lived experiences and corporeal consequences of state-led efforts to rationalize fuel consumption. Considered together, these lines of analysis offer insight into not only the ecological implications of war on the Korean landscape, but also the bodily privations that defined everyday life under total war—what might be called the “slow violence” of caloric control.

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10

Zhao, Dong. "Buddhism, Nationalism and War: A Comparative Evaluation of Chinese and Japanese Buddhists‘ Reactions to the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937~1945)." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 4, no. 5 (2014): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2014.v4.381.

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11

Lim, Chaisung. "The Personnel Management of the North China Railway Company during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Keiei Shigaku (Japan Business History Review) 42, no. 1 (2007): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5029/bhsj.42.3.

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12

Eunja Youn. "Koreans in Nanjing(南京) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 ― A Statistical Analysis." DONG BANG HAK CHI ll, no. 181 (December 2017): 155–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17788/dbhc.2017..181.006.

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13

Chen, Minjie. "From Victory to Victimization: The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) as Depicted in Chinese Youth Literature." Bookbird: A Journal of International Children's Literature 47, no. 2 (2009): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bkb.0.0158.

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14

Lee, Tao-Chi. "China and Southeast Asia - Focused on China-Thailand Relations during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Korean Studies of Modern Chinese History 80 (December 31, 2018): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29323/mchina.2018.12.80.111.

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15

BOECKING, FELIX. "Unmaking the Chinese Nationalist State: Administrative Reform among Fiscal Collapse, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000011.

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AbstractThe defeat of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 is often explained as a consequence of Nationalist fiscal incompetence during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led to the collapse of the Nationalist state. In this paper, I argue that from 1937 until 1940, GMD fiscal policy managed to preserve a degree of relative stability even though, by early 1939, the Nationalists had already lost control over ports yielding 80 per cent of Customs revenue which, during the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), had accounted for more than 40 per cent of annual central government revenue. The loss of this revenue forced the Nationalists to introduce wartime fiscal instruments, taxation in kind, and transit taxes, both previously condemned as outdated and inequitable by the Nationalists. Further territorial losses led to the introduction of deficit financing, which in turn became a cause of hyperinflation. The introduction of war-time fiscal instruments led to administrative changes in the revenue-collecting agencies of the Nationalist state, and to the demise of the Maritime Customs Service as the pre-eminent revenue-collecting and anti-smuggling organization. The administrative upheavals of the war facilitated the rise of other central government organizations nominally charged with smuggling suppression, which in fact frequently engaged in trade with the Japanese-occupied areas of China. Hence, administrative reforms at a time of fiscal collapse, far from strengthening the war-time state, created one of the preconditions for the disintegration of the Nationalist state, which facilitated the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) victory in 1949.

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16

Xiaofei, Wang. "Movies Without Mercy: Race, War, and Images of Japanese People in American Films, 1942-1945." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18, no. 1 (2011): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656111x577465.

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AbstractHistorian John Dower titles his book War Without Mercy. Similarly, wartime Hollywood showed no mercy when depicting Japanese. Negative portrayals were often based on actual atrocities, but it was racism to demonize an entire people and culture. The story of how politics in Hollywood and Washington, the conduct of war, and international relations shaped and changed film racism involves a much more complex approach than has been practiced to date. Using archives of film studios, the Production Code Administration (PCA), and governmental agencies such as the Office of War Information (OWI), this article traces the power struggle among them and a new racism which emerged after 1941. Filmmakers now projected favorable images of Chinese to distinguish their new allies from the Japanese enemy. OWI struggled to promote a liberal agenda which saw the enemy as world fascism, not the Japanese people. The article analyzes more than two dozen films to trace the complications in three types of wartime screen racism: (1) "Verbal racism," such as derogating words like "Jap." (2) "Physical racism," which dramatized and ridiculed physical characteristics of Japanese people. (3) "Psychological racism," which saw all Japanese people as cruel and treacherous.

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17

Bian, Morris L. "How Crisis Shapes Change: New Perspectives on China's Political Economy during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937?1945." History Compass 5, no. 4 (June 2007): 1091–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00443.x.

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18

Reynolds, E. Bruce. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945." Global War Studies 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5893/19498489.10.02.07.

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19

Li, Peter. "The Asian-Pacific War, 1931–1945: Japanese atrocities and the quest for post-war reconciliation." East Asia 17, no. 1 (March 1999): 108–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12140-999-0006-z.

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20

MITTER, RANA. "Classifying Citizens in Nationalist China during World War II, 1937–1941." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (March 2011): 243–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1100014x.

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AbstractThis paper argues that the first phase of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 saw a significant change in the relationship between state and society in China, leading to a greater use of techniques of classification of the citizenry for purposes of welfare provision and mobilization through propaganda, methods until recently more associated with the Communists than with their Nationalist rivals. The paper draws on materials from Sichuan, the key province for wartime resistance, showing that the use of identity cards and welfare provision regulations were part of a process of integrating refugees from occupied China into the wider wartime society, and that propaganda campaigns were deployed to persuade the local indigenous population to support wartime state initiatives. Although Nationalist efforts to mobilize the population in wartime were flawed and partial, they marked a significant change in the conception of Chinese citizenship.

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21

LIU YU. "A Study of Theaters in Nanjing as an Occupied Territory of Japan during Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)." Contemporary Film Studies 15, no. 1 (February 2019): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.15751/cofis.2019.15.1.97.

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22

Howard, Joshua H. "Chongqing's Most Wanted: Worker Mobility and Resistance in China's Nationalist Arsenals, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 37, no. 4 (October 2003): 955–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03004098.

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Historians of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) have concentrated on rural China to explain how the Communists mobilized the peasantry as a revolutionary force. Although clarifying the CCP's ascension to power in 1949, this focus has impeded our understanding of social change and conflict in the Nationalist controlled territories, especially the wartime capital of Chongqing. Thus, it is difficult to understand how the Nationalists exacerbated the alienation of urban social groups during the 1940s or how the CCP began to find consensus in the cities after 1946. Even standard explanations for the Nationalist collapse—government factionalism, hyperinflation, military blunders, and malfeasance—with their focus on government elites and institutions have rendered invisible the role of social classes as agents of historical change. The few studies of wartime labor have instead emphasized the patriotic contributions of workers and their relative passivity under the four-class bloc envisioned by the united front.

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23

Hu, Fang Yu. "Gender, Colonialism, and Education in Taiwan: Schoolgirls on the Home Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 43, no. 3 (2018): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2018.0030.

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24

Mitter, Rana. "Behind the Scenes at the Museum: Nationalism, History and Memory in the Beijing War of Resistance Museum, 1987–1997." China Quarterly 161 (March 2000): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000004033.

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At Wanping, around 50 kilometres from the centre of Beijing, the shots that began the eight-year war between China and Japan were fired in 1937. On the site there now stands the Memorial Museum of the Chinese People's War of Resistance to Japan (the museum's own translation of its title, Zhongguo renmin kang-Ri zhanzheng jinianguan). Inside, a wide array of materials is displayed, but among the most prominent are the waxwork diorama reconstructions of Japanese atrocities against the Chinese. One such display shows a Japanese scientist in a white coat, intent on carrying out a gruesome bacteriological warfare experiment, plunging his scalpel into the living, trussed-up body of a Chinese peasant resistance fighter. But just in case this is not enough to drive the message home, the museum designers have added a refinement: a motor inside the waxwork of the peasant, which makes his body twitch jerkily as if in response to the scalpel, an unending series of little movements until the switch is turned off at closing time.

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25

McCord, Edward A. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 (review)." China Review International 17, no. 3 (2010): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2010.0067.

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26

Wang, Ke-wen. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945 (review)." Journal of World History 23, no. 2 (2012): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2012.0053.

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27

Michielsen, Edwin. "Fighting Fascism with ‘Verbal Bullets’: Kaji Wataru and the Antifascist Struggle in Wartime East Asia." Fascism 9, no. 1-2 (December 21, 2020): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-09010006.

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Abstract This article examines the cultural production of Kaji Wataru, founder of the Zaika Nihonjinmin hansen dōmei [Japanese People’s Antiwar League in China] to illuminate what strategies Kaji used to train prisoners-of-war and to convert Japanese soldiers as a way to counter fascism during the second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Scholars have tended to focus on unravelling the history surrounding Kaji Wataru and the Antiwar League. In doing so, they have often overlooked the constructive role his cultural works played in that history and in his antiwar thought. The author aims to show how Kaji’s reportage works, and plays, were the very media he used to develop and execute his antifascist visions and activities. The focus is on three reportage works and one play that best reflect Kaji’s antifascist strategies. Analyzing the texts, the author highlights descriptions dealing with the organization and activities of the Antiwar League as well as the cooperation with the Chinese resistance as part of the popular front in East Asia.

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28

LEE, SEUNG-JOON. "The Patriot's Scientific Diet: Nutrition science and dietary reform campaigns in China, 1910s–1950s." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 6 (February 27, 2015): 1808–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000286.

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AbstractThis article explores how nutrition science became a significant part of the nation-building project in both Republican China and the early People's Republic of China within the context of burgeoning popular concerns over bodily health and an increasing sense of urgency. Insofar as nutrition science offered a new type of expertise about what to eat and what not to eat in daily life, it entailed harnessing the state's potential persuasive power to garner willing compliance, if not tacit obedience, from the population. Unlike previous scholarship, which takes the viewpoint of government authorities and the medical elite, this article argues that popular concerns about bodily health and culinary curiosity that were prevalent in major Chinese cities helped to popularize state-led dietary reform campaigns that culminated during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and continued even after the revolutionary regime change in the 1950s.

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29

N. Mamayeva. "Yu. Chudodeyev. On the Land and in the Sky of China: Soviet Military Advisers and Volunteer Pilots in China during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945." Far Eastern Affairs 45, no. 004 (December 31, 2017): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/fea.50213824.

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30

Tanner, Harold M. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese war of 1937-1945. Mark Peattie, Edward J. Drea, and Hans van de Ven." Journal of Chinese Military History 1, no. 1 (2012): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221274512x631167.

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31

Seybolt, Peter J. "The Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945: The Current Status of Research and Publication in the People’s Republic of China, and Prospects and Problems for Foreign Researchers." Republican China 14, no. 2 (January 1989): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08932344.1989.11720141.

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32

Barnhart, Michael A. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 ed. by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea, Hans van de Ven (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 39, no. 2 (2013): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2013.0045.

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33

Benton, Gregor. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino–Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011. xxvi + 614 pp. US$65.00 (hardcover)." China Journal 67 (January 2012): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/665752.

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34

Mitter, Rana. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945. Edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011. xxv + 614 pp. $65.00 ISBN 978-0-8047-6206-9." China Quarterly 207 (September 2011): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741011000877.

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35

Farrell, Brian P. "Book Review: The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937—1945. Edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2011. xxv+614 pp. US$65 hbk. ISBN 978 0 8047 6206 9." War in History 18, no. 4 (November 2011): 566–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09683445110180040809.

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36

"Symposium on the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Republican China 14, no. 2 (January 1989): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08932344.1989.11720134.

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37

Xia, Yun. "Traitors in Limbo: Chinese Trials of White Russian Spies, 1937–1948." Nationalities Papers, October 28, 2020, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2020.69.

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Abstract Following the October Revolution, tens of thousands of White Russians sought refuge in China and became inevitably involved in the escalating Sino-Japanese War (1931–1945). The Japanese deployed measures of coercion, material incentives, and ideological indoctrination to recruit White Russians for Japan’s military and political maneuvers in the China theater of WWII. With the conclusion of the war, the Chinese Nationalist government launched a legal campaign against all collaborators with Japan and labeled them hanjian, “traitors to the Han Chinese,” regardless of the race and nationality of the defendants. Based on archival materials in Chinese, English, Japanese, and Russian, this article examines the context and process of the incrimination of White Russians in China’s postwar trials of traitors. With no consular support and little diplomatic significance, the White Russians became the ideal foreigners for the Chinese government to exercise its newly recovered judicial sovereignty and to claim its legitimacy in administering justice related to war crimes. Dozens of White Russians were convicted of the crime of hanjian and sentenced to prison terms of varied lengths.

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38

Liu, Qingjun. "Reinterpreting the Chinese Revolution: The Balance between Radical and Moderate Approaches, 1937–1945." Modern China, December 6, 2020, 009770042097510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700420975102.

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The success of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by the end of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) has generally been credited to its moderate approach to mobilizing the local peasantry through appeals to anti-Japanese nationalism and programs of social justice. However, the evidence presented in this article demonstrates that during late 1939 and early 1940 in some counties of the Southwest Shanxi Base Area and other major North China base areas the CCP abandoned its moderate approach and promoted a radical and violent class struggle. Based on its experiences in 1939–1940, the CCP created a model for mobilization in early 1942 that balanced radical and moderate approaches, which was then gradually applied to all Communist base areas. This article argues that the CCP relied on a combination of two contrasting and complementary approaches—radical and moderate—both of which played an indispensable role in its success by 1945.

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39

Yang, Taoyu, and Hongquan Han. "When a Global War Befell a Global City: Recent Historiography on Wartime Shanghai." Journal of Chinese Military History, May 26, 2021, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10008.

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Abstract Shanghai was the first Chinese city to bear the full brunt of Japanese aggression during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). This historiographical article reviews the development of the study of wartime Shanghai in Chinese- and English-language academia in the past two decades. In the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai’s history during World War II has long been a favorite topic for academic historians. In the English-speaking world, however, the history of Shanghai’s wartime experience has only recently become a popular research topic. This article introduces many significant works related to wartime Shanghai, lays out important areas of inquiry, and identifies key historiographical trends. Its conclusion offers some suggestions on how the study of wartime Shanghai can be further advanced in the future.

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40

XIA, CHENXIAO. "Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Electrification: Between Colonialism and Nationalism, 1882–1952." Enterprise & Society, February 4, 2020, 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.51.

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This article traces the history of foreign direct investment in China’s electricity industry from 1882 to 1952 through the conflict between colonialism and nationalism. China’s electrification started with foreign direct investment in colonial enclaves: settlements, annexed territories, and leaseholds. Foreign direct investment contributed the majority of China’s power supply, but the penetration to China’s hinterland had faced the hurdle of nationalism on the part of both the Chinese government and the business community. Exceptions in Taiwan and Manchuria were related to Japanese colonialism, which peaked during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). After World War II, domestication was implemented by the Chinese government. This article provides a new perspective on multinationals by delineating between inward and expatriate foreign direct investment in the Chinese context.

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