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1

MacKinnon, Stephen. "The Tragedy of Wuhan, 1938." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 4 (1996): 931–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0001684x.

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There is a striking disconnect between the imaginative range of interests which preoccupy historians of World Wars I and II in Europe and North America and the much more narrow political concerns of China historians working on the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45. Since Jacoby and White'sThunder Out of China(1946) and Chalmers Johnson'sPeasant Nationalism(1966), Western historiography on the Sino-Japanese War has focused not on the war itself but on the continuing political struggle for supremacy between the Communists and Nationalists. The war is seen as the key to the eventual triumph of the Com
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2

MITTER, RANA. "Classifying Citizens in Nationalist China during World War II, 1937–1941." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (2011): 243–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1100014x.

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AbstractThis paper argues that the first phase of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 saw a significant change in the relationship between state and society in China, leading to a greater use of techniques of classification of the citizenry for purposes of welfare provision and mobilization through propaganda, methods until recently more associated with the Communists than with their Nationalist rivals. The paper draws on materials from Sichuan, the key province for wartime resistance, showing that the use of identity cards and welfare provision regulations were part of a process of integrating
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Coble, Parks M. "China's “New Remembering” of the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance, 1937–1945." China Quarterly 190 (June 2007): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007001257.

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AbstractIn today's China, memory of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 is often a front page issue, a source of diplomatic friction between Beijing and Tokyo. Yet in Mao's era, public memory of this conflict virtually disappeared. Only the role of communist forces under Chairman Mao was commemorated; other memories were consigned to historical oblivion. This article examines the process by which memory of the war re-appeared in the reform era. Because the government has emphasized nationalism, the new memory of the war has stressed a patriotic nationalist narrative of heroic resistance. At the s
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Howard, Joshua H. "Chongqing's Most Wanted: Worker Mobility and Resistance in China's Nationalist Arsenals, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 37, no. 4 (2003): 955–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03004098.

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Historians of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) have concentrated on rural China to explain how the Communists mobilized the peasantry as a revolutionary force. Although clarifying the CCP's ascension to power in 1949, this focus has impeded our understanding of social change and conflict in the Nationalist controlled territories, especially the wartime capital of Chongqing. Thus, it is difficult to understand how the Nationalists exacerbated the alienation of urban social groups during the 1940s or how the CCP began to find consensus in the cities after 1946. Even standard explanations for the
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5

BOECKING, FELIX. "Unmaking the Chinese Nationalist State: Administrative Reform among Fiscal Collapse, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (2011): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000011.

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AbstractThe defeat of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 is often explained as a consequence of Nationalist fiscal incompetence during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led to the collapse of the Nationalist state. In this paper, I argue that from 1937 until 1940, GMD fiscal policy managed to preserve a degree of relative stability even though, by early 1939, the Nationalists had already lost control over ports yielding 80 per cent of Customs revenue which, during the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), had accounted for more than 40 per cent of annual centra
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Hutchings, Graham. "A Province at War: Guangxi During the Sino-Japanese Conflict, 1937–45." China Quarterly 108 (December 1986): 652–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000037127.

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On the 18 April 1936 General Li Zongren gave a stirring, patriotic interview to the Canton Gazette. In the current situation argued Li, China must stand and resist the Japanese since, “despite sacrifices, a war of resistance may pave the way for the regeneration of our nation.” He was later even more emphatic, ”… a war of resistance is essential for national regeneration.” These seem rather prescient remarks in the light of subsequent events; a new type of society did emerge in parts of China during the war against Japan. Perhaps it should be noted in passing that the form of regeneration expe
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7

Mitter, Rana. "Picturing Victory The Visual Imaginary of the War of Resistance, 1937–1947." European Journal of East Asian Studies 7, no. 2 (2008): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805808x372412.

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AbstractThe Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1947 has not been sufficiently understood as a narrative in its own right, but rather, as a transitional conflict between Nationalist and Communist rule. The examination of the visual imagery of warfare disseminated through newsprint and books is one way to reinterpret the history of this period. Through a close reading of images printed in a Shanghai newspaper, Zhonghua ribao, during the final days of the battle for the city in 1937, we see how the news was shaped to impose a narrative of order with a positive teleology at a time when China was plunged in
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8

Lary, Diana. "War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945. By Hans J. van de Ven. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. xii+377 pp. £70.00. ISBN 0-415-14571-6.]." China Quarterly 178 (June 2004): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004320291.

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This book may seem to be two books in one. In the first, we are given a cogent, superbly researched description of the creation of the Nationalist Army, of its later history in the reunification of China (1926–1937) and then of its fate during the War of Resistance (1937–1945). In the second book, a European scholar undermines one of the icons of the US presence in China, Joseph Stilwell, the salty, profane commander of US forces in China during the War, whose scathing denunciations of Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists set the stage for holding Chiang's incompetence and Nationalist corrupti
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9

Han, Eric. "A True Sino-Japanese Amity? Collaborationism and the Yokohama Chinese (1937–1945)." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 3 (2013): 587–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813000533.

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Taking the Yokohama Chinese community as an exemplary case, this article delves into linkages between Chinese diasporic identities and collaborationism during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Using published memoirs, Japanese government and police records, and local newspapers, it examines the wartime experiences of a community struggling to maintain both its Chinese identity and its position in local society. Japanese authorities did not categorically assimilate, intern, or deport this population. Instead, they enforced displays of support for collaborationist regimes in occupied China
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10

Fu, Poshek. "Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema." China Quarterly 194 (June 2008): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100800043x.

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AbstractThis article explores a little-explored subject in a critical period of the history of Hong Kong and China. Shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945, China was in the throes of civil war between the Nationalists and Communists while British colonial rule was restored in Hong Kong, The communist victory in 1949 deepened the Cold War in Asia. In this chaotic and highly volatile context, the flows and linkages between Shanghai and Hong Kong intensified as many Chinese sought refuge in the British colony. This Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus played a significant role in the rebuilding of the
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Lee, Tao-Chi. "China and Southeast Asia - Focused on China-Thailand Relations during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Korean Studies of Modern Chinese History 80 (December 31, 2018): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29323/mchina.2018.12.80.111.

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12

Hung, Chang-Tai. "The Politics of Songs: Myths and Symbols in the Chinese Communist War Music, 1937–1949." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 4 (1996): 901–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016838.

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Nie Er (1912–1935), a young Communist musician from Yunnan, could not possibly have imagined that when he wrote this patriotic song (with lyrics by the left-wing writer Tian Han [1898–1968]) for the 1935 filmChildren of Troubled Times (Fengyun ernü) it would soon become one of the most popular tunes in China. The overwhelming success of the song reflected a nation, long frustrated by imperialist (especially Japanese) aggression, thwarted reforms, domestic armed conflicts, and government ineptitude, venting its anger and crying out for a solution. When the Japanese invaded China two years later
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FRAMKE, MARIA. "‘We Must Send a Gift Worthy of India and the Congress!’ War and political humanitarianism in late colonial South Asia." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 6 (2017): 1969–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000950.

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AbstractThe interwar period has recently been described as a highly internationalist one in South Asia, as a series of distinct internationalisms—communist, anarchist, social scientific, socialist, literary, and aesthetic1—took shape. At the same time, it has been argued that the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 drew to a close various opportunities for international association (at least, temporarily). Taking into account both these contradistinctive developments, this article deals with another—and thus far largely overlooked—South Asian internationalism in the form of wartime Indian humanit
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Lim, Chaisung. "The Personnel Management of the North China Railway Company during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Keiei Shigaku (Japan Business History Review) 42, no. 1 (2007): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5029/bhsj.42.3.

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15

Coble, Parks M. "Chiang Kai-shek and the Anti-Japanese Movement in China: Zou Tao-fen and the National Salvation Association, 1931–1937." Journal of Asian Studies 44, no. 2 (1985): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2055924.

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AbstractsJapanese imperialism relentlessly besieged the Nationalist government of China during the Nanking decade. Chiang Kai-shek, believing that China was not ready to confront Japanese military power and obsessed with the desire to eliminate the Communists, adopted a policy of consistent appeasement toward the.Japanese. This enraged public opinion in urban China, and Zou Tao-fen, a popular journalist, led the cry for resistance to Japan. He and his associates were continually suppressed by the Nanking government; nevertheless, they published several journals in succession, each of which den
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16

Reynolds, E. Bruce. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945." Global War Studies 10, no. 2 (2013): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5893/19498489.10.02.07.

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17

Hess, Christian. "Sino-Soviet City: Dalian between Socialist Worlds, 1945-1955." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 1 (2017): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217710234.

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This article explores the building of urban socialism in the port city of Dalian from 1945 through the mid-1950s. Hailed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949 as “New China’s model metropolis,” this former Japanese colonial city was occupied by the Soviet military until 1950. Postwar geopolitics situated Dalian and its residents at the forefront of implementing Soviet-inspired reforms that led to an image of Dalian not only as a vanguard city of the People’s Republic, but one intimately connected with the larger socialist world. The article argues that Dalian’s postwar geopolitical posi
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Suleski, Ronald. "MANCHUKUO AND BEYOND: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ZHANG MENGSHI." International Journal of Asian Studies 14, no. 1 (2017): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591416000206.

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Zhang Mengshi died in late 2014 at the age of ninety-two, shortly after his autobiography was published. He was born into a life of privilege because his father Zhang Jinghui was a close confidant of the Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin. Mengshi was a boy in Harbin in the 1930s when Russian influences dominated the city, then when his father became prime minister of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in 1935 he lived with his family in Hsinking, the new capital. He studied in Japan in the early 1940s as war in the Pacific intensified. His father upheld the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, whi
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19

Mitter, Rana. "In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai under Japanese Occupation. Edited by Christian Henriot and Wen-Hsin Yeh. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xii +392 pp. £50.00. ISBN 0-521-82221-1.]." China Quarterly 180 (December 2004): 1109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004310763.

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Henriot and Yeh have produced a rich and highly readable volume on Shanghai during the 1937–1945 Japanese occupation period. Many of the path-breaking essays are based on primary sources from newly accessible Shanghai archives.The volume is divided into three sections, broadly on economic, political and cultural history. In the first section, Christian Henriot and Parks Coble both demonstrate that the Shanghai capitalists left in the city were caught in a tight situation: they had little choice but to co-operate with the Japanese, who wanted to make Shanghai into another economic powerhouse in
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Esherick, Joseph. "RECENT STUDIES OF WARTIME CHINA." Journal of Chinese History 1, no. 1 (2016): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2016.3.

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The history of World War II has long been a favorite topic of military, diplomatic, and social historians (even more so for viewers of the History Channel), but the focus has typically been on the European theater. With a more limited archival record, the conflict in Asia has received less attention. This is certainly not because Asia was less important. The war undermined the legitimacy of colonial regimes throughout Southeast Asia, led to the division of Korea into two hostile states, and contributed in fundamental ways to the collapse of the Nationalist regime in China and the triumph of th
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McCord, Edward A. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 (review)." China Review International 17, no. 3 (2010): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2010.0067.

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22

Wang, Ke-wen. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945 (review)." Journal of World History 23, no. 2 (2012): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2012.0053.

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Huang, Jianli. "Entanglement of Business and Politics in the Chinese Diaspora: Interrogating the Wartime Patriotism of Aw Boon Haw." Journal of Chinese Overseas 2, no. 1 (2006): 79–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325406788639084.

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AbstractThis article focuses on the wartime experiences of Aw Boon Haw who was the renowned billionaire peddler of the Tiger Balm ointment and owner of an influential chain of regional newspapers. After the Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937, he traveled from Singapore to the wartime Chinese capital of Chongqing to meet up with Chiang Kai-shek and his Guomindang leaders. But soon after, he opted to stay in Hong Kong throughout the occupation period and became closely associated with the Japanese-sponsored government of Wang Jingwei, even making a trip to Tokyo to meet the Japanese Prime
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Goodman, David S. G. "Revolutionary Women and Women in the Revolution: The Chinese Communist Party and Women in the War of Resistance to Japan, 1937–1945." China Quarterly 164 (December 2000): 915–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000019238.

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On a late winter's day in 1989 a grey-haired, round woman of about 80 in a padded jacket and a black beanie moved across 1st May Square in the centre of Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi province. She was presenting awards to the PLA's most recent young “model soldiers” – recruits who had just finished top of their class in basic training. This was Balu mama – the “Mother of the Eighth Route Army,” Bao Lianzi. Now the retired head of a clinic, 50 years earlier she had been part of a women's support group for soldiers during the War of Resistance to Japan, in her native Wuxiang. At that time, Wuxi
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Michielsen, Edwin. "Fighting Fascism with ‘Verbal Bullets’: Kaji Wataru and the Antifascist Struggle in Wartime East Asia." Fascism 9, no. 1-2 (2020): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-09010006.

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Abstract This article examines the cultural production of Kaji Wataru, founder of the Zaika Nihonjinmin hansen dōmei [Japanese People’s Antiwar League in China] to illuminate what strategies Kaji used to train prisoners-of-war and to convert Japanese soldiers as a way to counter fascism during the second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Scholars have tended to focus on unravelling the history surrounding Kaji Wataru and the Antiwar League. In doing so, they have often overlooked the constructive role his cultural works played in that history and in his antiwar thought. The author aims to show ho
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LEE, SEUNG-JOON. "The Patriot's Scientific Diet: Nutrition science and dietary reform campaigns in China, 1910s–1950s." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 6 (2015): 1808–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000286.

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AbstractThis article explores how nutrition science became a significant part of the nation-building project in both Republican China and the early People's Republic of China within the context of burgeoning popular concerns over bodily health and an increasing sense of urgency. Insofar as nutrition science offered a new type of expertise about what to eat and what not to eat in daily life, it entailed harnessing the state's potential persuasive power to garner willing compliance, if not tacit obedience, from the population. Unlike previous scholarship, which takes the viewpoint of government
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Yamamoto, Hajime. "Aerial Surveys and Geographic Information in Modern China." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-414-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Today when online satellite images are just a click away, access to geographic information showing the latest images of the globe has dramatically expanded, and historico-geographic research based on such information is flourishing. However, in the study of Chinese history, historical research employing GIS or similar technologies is still in its infancy, since “historical” geographic information with a high degree of precision are lacking. From within the ambit of Chinese geographic information, this report specifically highlights aerial surveys
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Yan, Yang. "The formation of the Chinese orchestra of traditional instruments of a new type in the 1920s-1930s." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 50, no. 50 (2018): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-50.12.

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Background. The history of the development of orchestral music for Chinese traditional instruments covers more than a thousand years. During this time, the traditional orchestra has undergone significant changes. In the article the modern stage of the development of the orchestra of a new type is considered starting from the 1920s, when its modification began and integration with the principles of the Western Symphony Orchestra. The modernization of the Chinese orchestra of traditional instruments began in the twentieth century after the overthrow of imperial rule and the emerging changes in C
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N. Mamayeva. "Yu. Chudodeyev. On the Land and in the Sky of China: Soviet Military Advisers and Volunteer Pilots in China during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945." Far Eastern Affairs 45, no. 004 (2017): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/fea.50213824.

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Tanner, Harold M. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese war of 1937-1945. Mark Peattie, Edward J. Drea, and Hans van de Ven." Journal of Chinese Military History 1, no. 1 (2012): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221274512x631167.

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Seybolt, Peter J. "The Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945: The Current Status of Research and Publication in the People’s Republic of China, and Prospects and Problems for Foreign Researchers." Republican China 14, no. 2 (1989): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08932344.1989.11720141.

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Barnhart, Michael A. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 ed. by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea, Hans van de Ven (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 39, no. 2 (2013): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2013.0045.

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Benton, Gregor. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino–Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011. xxvi + 614 pp. US$65.00 (hardcover)." China Journal 67 (January 2012): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/665752.

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Mitter, Rana. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945. Edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011. xxv + 614 pp. $65.00 ISBN 978-0-8047-6206-9." China Quarterly 207 (September 2011): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741011000877.

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Farrell, Brian P. "Book Review: The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937—1945. Edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2011. xxv+614 pp. US$65 hbk. ISBN 978 0 8047 6206 9." War in History 18, no. 4 (2011): 566–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09683445110180040809.

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Zhu, Fengdaijiao. "Zhu Jian’er’s life creativity: the historiography of the composer’s personality." Aspects of Historical Musicology 18, no. 18 (2019): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-18.11.

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Background. The article is devoted to the study of the personality of the outstanding Chinese composer Zhu Jian’er (1922–2017) – the leading figure of the national musical art of the twentieth century. It is proved that the presented problematic makes it possible to most deeply and accurately explore the musical heritage of the artist. In order to better understand the meaning of the composer’s creations, it is necessary to consider his environment, the stages of creative formation, the characteristics of character and personal qualities, his civic position and the characteristics of his world
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Liu, Qingjun. "Reinterpreting the Chinese Revolution: The Balance between Radical and Moderate Approaches, 1937–1945." Modern China, December 6, 2020, 009770042097510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700420975102.

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The success of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by the end of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) has generally been credited to its moderate approach to mobilizing the local peasantry through appeals to anti-Japanese nationalism and programs of social justice. However, the evidence presented in this article demonstrates that during late 1939 and early 1940 in some counties of the Southwest Shanxi Base Area and other major North China base areas the CCP abandoned its moderate approach and promoted a radical and violent class struggle. Based on its experiences in 1939–1940, the CCP created a mod
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"Антияпонская война китайского народа (1937–1945 гг.) на страницах газеты Тихоокеанского флота «Боевая вахта»". Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион: экономика, политика, право 55, № 2 (2020): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1813-3274/2020-2/91-106.

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Рассматривается освещение событий антияпонской войны китайского народа (1937–1945 гг.) газетой Тихоокеанского флота «Боевая вахта» (г. Вла-дивосток). В это время Советский Союз предоставлял Китаю не только военную, материальную помощь, но и оказывал моральную поддержку, в том числе через средства массовой информации, рассказывая о национально-освободительной войне китайского народа. Отмечено, что во время войны Гоминьдан и Коммунистическая партия Китая создали антияпонский национальный единый фронт и объединились против японских захватчиков. Китайский народ мужественно боролся за свою свободу
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Lin, Jacqueline Zhenru. "Remembering forgotten heroes and the idealisation of true love: Veteran memorial activism in contemporary China." Memory Studies, May 18, 2021, 175069802110179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211017952.

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Recent research on collective memory and war commemoration highlights the ‘conspicuous silence’ of war veterans in Chinese history. Studies of the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945) typically reflect either a state-centred approach, which emphasises the official history constructed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or the alternative narratives constructed by intellectual elites in post-socialist China. In response to these top-down narratives, this essay focuses instead on a historical redress movement led by ex-servicemen of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in the People’s Rep
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Xia, Yun. "Traitors in Limbo: Chinese Trials of White Russian Spies, 1937–1948." Nationalities Papers, October 28, 2020, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2020.69.

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Abstract Following the October Revolution, tens of thousands of White Russians sought refuge in China and became inevitably involved in the escalating Sino-Japanese War (1931–1945). The Japanese deployed measures of coercion, material incentives, and ideological indoctrination to recruit White Russians for Japan’s military and political maneuvers in the China theater of WWII. With the conclusion of the war, the Chinese Nationalist government launched a legal campaign against all collaborators with Japan and labeled them hanjian, “traitors to the Han Chinese,” regardless of the race and nationa
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Yang, Taoyu, and Hongquan Han. "When a Global War Befell a Global City: Recent Historiography on Wartime Shanghai." Journal of Chinese Military History, May 26, 2021, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10008.

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Abstract Shanghai was the first Chinese city to bear the full brunt of Japanese aggression during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). This historiographical article reviews the development of the study of wartime Shanghai in Chinese- and English-language academia in the past two decades. In the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai’s history during World War II has long been a favorite topic for academic historians. In the English-speaking world, however, the history of Shanghai’s wartime experience has only recently become a popular research topic. This article introduces many significan
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Chang, Vincent K. L. "Recalling Victory, Recounting Greatness: Second World War Remembrance in Xi Jinping's China." China Quarterly, June 29, 2021, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741021000497.

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Abstract:
Abstract The recent surge in public remembrance of the Second World War in China has been substantially undergirded by a centrally planned and systematically implemented discursive shift which has remained overlooked in the literature. This study examines the revised official narrative by drawing on three cases from China's school curriculum, museums and formal diplomacy. It finds that the once dominant trope of “national victimization” no longer represents the main thrust in the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) rhetoric on the Second World War. Under Xi Jinping, this has been replaced by a sel
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