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Journal articles on the topic 'Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Jui-Te, Chang. "Nationalist Army Officers during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 4 (October 1996): 1033–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016887.

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Effective combat performance depends on the following: First, there must be a sound command structure capable of making rational decisions. Second, there must be efficient means of communication to transmit decisions through the chain of command and to give the commanders continuous control over their units. There must also be sufficient transportation to allow the units to execute their mission in a timely way. Third, there must be adequate quality and quantity of weapons and supplies commensurable with the given military mission. Fourth, there must be high-quality soldiers at all levels able to perform their duties competently. Finally, the entire military effort must be guided by clear and coherent strategic thinking.

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2

Kazantsev, Artem. "The Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Politics of Memory in PRC." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 2 (2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120018445-0.

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The article deals with the impact of the Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945) on the politics of memory in PRC. Some events of this war, for example, the Nanjing massacre as well as the problem of comfort women are still a vital part of collective memory of Chinese. In recent years studies on Sino-Japanese war and its impact on the politics of memory in China have been constantly growing in number. Less attention has been paid to the history of the issue and its impact on foreign relations in Asia, including China-Japan relations. While work has been done on the revealing of political motives for shaping of PRC’s politics of memory, the impact of Chinese cultural characteristics on this issue has been neglected. Therefore, the historical transformation of war memories in PRC’s memory politics and above all the influence of cultural characteristics and specific worldview of Chinese on memory politics in modern China need further research. This article focuses on (1) the historical transformation of collective memory related to the Sino-Japanese war in China’s historical politics, (2) the influence of Chinese cultural peculiarities, such as “ritual thinking”, on politics of memory in China and (3) the impact of PRC’s historical politics on relations between China and Japan nowadays.

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3

Han, Eric. "A True Sino-Japanese Amity? Collaborationism and the Yokohama Chinese (1937–1945)." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 3 (August 2013): 587–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813000533.

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Taking the Yokohama Chinese community as an exemplary case, this article delves into linkages between Chinese diasporic identities and collaborationism during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Using published memoirs, Japanese government and police records, and local newspapers, it examines the wartime experiences of a community struggling to maintain both its Chinese identity and its position in local society. Japanese authorities did not categorically assimilate, intern, or deport this population. Instead, they enforced displays of support for collaborationist regimes in occupied China in order to manufacture what they termed “Sino-Japanese amity.” Public expressions by the Yokohama Chinese contributed to this narrative, but these Chinese were not merely puppets. They actively negotiated the meanings and practices of collaborationism to fulfill local needs. By examining their engagement with Chinese and Japanese national imperatives, this article reflects on the nature of Sino-Japanese friendship, hidden resistance, and local integration.

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4

Lai, Sherman Xiaogang. "A War Within a War: The Road to the New Fourth Army Incident in January 1941." Journal of Chinese Military History 2, no. 1 (2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341249.

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Abstract The New Fourth Army (N4A) Incident is the name given to the destruction by the Chinese Nationalist government of the headquarters of the N4A, one of the two legal armies under the command of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Sino-Japanese War, in southern Anhui province in January 1941, together with the killing of about nine thousand CCP soldiers. It was the largest and the last armed conflict between the Nationalists and the CCP during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). This article argues that this tragedy came from Joseph Stalin’s paranoia toward the West and Mao’s resulting limited pre-emptive offensives against the Nationalist government, as well as their misreading of Chiang Kai-shek during 1939-1940.

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5

Day, Jenny Huangfu. "The War of Textbooks: Educating Children during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 46, no. 2 (2021): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2021.0011.

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6

Coble, Parks M. "China's “New Remembering” of the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance, 1937–1945." China Quarterly 190 (June 2007): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007001257.

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AbstractIn today's China, memory of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 is often a front page issue, a source of diplomatic friction between Beijing and Tokyo. Yet in Mao's era, public memory of this conflict virtually disappeared. Only the role of communist forces under Chairman Mao was commemorated; other memories were consigned to historical oblivion. This article examines the process by which memory of the war re-appeared in the reform era. Because the government has emphasized nationalism, the new memory of the war has stressed a patriotic nationalist narrative of heroic resistance. At the same time, a second major theme has been the emphasis on Japanese atrocities, virtually a “numbers game” in historical writing. Thus despite the voluminous publications which have appeared since the 1980s, the new writing on the war has stressed certain themes while neglecting others.

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7

Polit, Jakub. "Miotani wichrem wojny. Chińscy uchodźcy w czasie wojny z Japonią 1937–1945." Intercultural Relations 7, no. 1(13) (August 17, 2023): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/rm.01.2023.13.01.

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TOSSED ABOUT BY THE WINDS OF WAR. CHINESE REFUGEES DURING THE WAR WITH JAPAN 1937–1945 The Sino-Japanese War drove tens of millions of Chinese people from their homes. Only occasionally did they receive any help. Some had never returned home. A majority of the refugees were men. Many of them (sometimes even a half half of them) were related to the sphere of culture and education. This was surprising since the average Chinese was illiterate. The Republic of China’s government attempted to evacuate universities and secondary schools. It also did not have the means to arm all the men of military age.

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8

Smirnova, Nataliya Vladimirovna, Irina Alekseevna Dorokhova, and Marina Vladimirovna Khotemskaya. "The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) in the poetry of Chinese authors (on organizing extracurricular activities in History)." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 4 (March 16, 2023): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2304-04.

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The article describes the attitude of the Chinese intelligentsia to the events of 1937-1945 in China, which is reflected in specific activities and creative works. A number of works by Chinese authors are cited in the translations of Russian orientalists. The authors show that in the process of mastering the discipline "Recent History of Asian and African Countries", it seems useful that fourth-year History students of the Petrozavodsk State University in the undergraduate program "Pedagogical Education" (profiles "Education in Subject Areas" and "History and Social Studies") should develop a plan for extracurricular activities on the topic "Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) in the poetry of Chinese authors" in order to develop the ability to critically select educational material and creatively implement educational tasks. The material of the article can be used to organize extracurricular activities in educational institutions on this topic.

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9

Lee, Tao-Chi. "China and Southeast Asia - Focused on China-Thailand Relations during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Korean Studies of Modern Chinese History 80 (December 31, 2018): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29323/mchina.2018.12.80.111.

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10

Milbach, V. S., and I. S. Nazarenko. "Losses of Soviet Military Specialists (Advisers) in China in 1937–1941." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 39 (2022): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2022.39.59.

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This article shows the heroic work of Soviet military specialists (advisers) providing international assistance to the Chinese people in the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945. Many Soviet volunteers gave their lives and remained forever on the land of China, honourably fulfilling their military duty. The authors assess the losses, reveal the issues of the social policy of the Soviet Union in the 1930s in relation to the combatants and the families of those killed in China.

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11

He, Ping, Yanan Luo, Chao Guo, Gong Chen, Xinming Song, and Xiaoying Zheng. "Prenatal war exposure and schizophrenia in adulthood: evidence from the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 54, no. 3 (September 29, 2018): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1584-0.

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12

Fedman, David. "Wartime Forestry and the “Low Temperature Lifestyle” in Late Colonial Korea, 1937–1945." Journal of Asian Studies 77, no. 2 (March 16, 2018): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911817001371.

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This article examines the emergence in colonial Korea of a command economy for forestry products following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). It does so, first, by tracing the policy mechanisms through which the colonial state commandeered forest products, especially timber, firewood, and charcoal. Second, through an analysis of the wartime promotion of a “low temperature lifestyle,” it offers a thumbnail sketch of the lived experiences and corporeal consequences of state-led efforts to rationalize fuel consumption. Considered together, these lines of analysis offer insight into not only the ecological implications of war on the Korean landscape, but also the bodily privations that defined everyday life under total war—what might be called the “slow violence” of caloric control.

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13

BOECKING, FELIX. "Unmaking the Chinese Nationalist State: Administrative Reform among Fiscal Collapse, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000011.

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AbstractThe defeat of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 is often explained as a consequence of Nationalist fiscal incompetence during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led to the collapse of the Nationalist state. In this paper, I argue that from 1937 until 1940, GMD fiscal policy managed to preserve a degree of relative stability even though, by early 1939, the Nationalists had already lost control over ports yielding 80 per cent of Customs revenue which, during the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), had accounted for more than 40 per cent of annual central government revenue. The loss of this revenue forced the Nationalists to introduce wartime fiscal instruments, taxation in kind, and transit taxes, both previously condemned as outdated and inequitable by the Nationalists. Further territorial losses led to the introduction of deficit financing, which in turn became a cause of hyperinflation. The introduction of war-time fiscal instruments led to administrative changes in the revenue-collecting agencies of the Nationalist state, and to the demise of the Maritime Customs Service as the pre-eminent revenue-collecting and anti-smuggling organization. The administrative upheavals of the war facilitated the rise of other central government organizations nominally charged with smuggling suppression, which in fact frequently engaged in trade with the Japanese-occupied areas of China. Hence, administrative reforms at a time of fiscal collapse, far from strengthening the war-time state, created one of the preconditions for the disintegration of the Nationalist state, which facilitated the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) victory in 1949.

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14

Xia, Yun. "Engendering Contempt for Collaborators: Anti-Hanjian Discourse Following the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945." Journal of Women's History 25, no. 1 (2013): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2013.0006.

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15

Zhao, Dong. "Buddhism, Nationalism and War: A Comparative Evaluation of Chinese and Japanese Buddhists‘ Reactions to the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937~1945)." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 4, no. 5 (2014): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2014.v4.381.

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16

Yan, Joey Yiqiao. "Karma as a Means of Wartime Political Mobilization: A Reading of Chinese Buddhists’ Response to the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Journal of Global Buddhism 24, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/lu.jgb.2023.3981.

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The concept of karma is of great significance for scholars of modern China seeking to comprehend the impact of Buddhism on the Second Sino-Japanese War. This paper explores the sociopolitical function of karma within China’s wartime society and its profound implications for Nationalist politics. It examines how karma was articulated by wartime Chinese Buddhists as a means of Nationalist mobilization for China's war effort. Moreover, this paper situates the discourse on karma within the framework of modern nationalism by comparing the sociopolitical utilization of karma by Chinese and Japanese Buddhists during the war. As such, it reveals that the divergent interpretations of karma by Buddhists in the two nation-states had enduring and far-reaching consequences on their respective societies.

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17

Lim, Chaisung. "The Personnel Management of the North China Railway Company during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Keiei Shigaku (Japan Business History Review) 42, no. 1 (2007): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5029/bhsj.42.3.

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18

Eunja Youn. "Koreans in Nanjing(南京) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 ― A Statistical Analysis." DONG BANG HAK CHI ll, no. 181 (December 2017): 155–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17788/dbhc.2017..181.006.

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19

Chen, Minjie. "From Victory to Victimization: The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) as Depicted in Chinese Youth Literature." Bookbird: A Journal of International Children's Literature 47, no. 2 (2009): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bkb.0.0158.

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20

Chan, Julia. "Shangri-La on the Popular Front: ‘China’, the Global Left, and Auden and Isherwood’s Journey to a War." Modernist Cultures 17, no. 3-4 (November 2022): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2022.0376.

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This article examines W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood’s co-authored travelogue, Journey to a War (1939), as a product of the interwar global left culture, exemplified by the Popular Front campaign that spanned Europe and Asia (1936–1939). Set out to observe and report on the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), a less popular but more exotic alternative to the contemporaneous Spanish Civil War, the two writers found themselves caught in the impossible task of reconciling the ravages of war with images of Shangri-La that mediated Popular Front discourses on wartime China. Nonetheless, Auden and Isherwood’s difficult negotiations with Orientalist discourses also made the text a generative site for translations, exchanges and appropriations. This essay offers an account of the travelogue’s composition and contemporary reception in China, how it became a composite, mobile text.

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21

MITTER, RANA. "Classifying Citizens in Nationalist China during World War II, 1937–1941." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (March 2011): 243–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1100014x.

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AbstractThis paper argues that the first phase of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 saw a significant change in the relationship between state and society in China, leading to a greater use of techniques of classification of the citizenry for purposes of welfare provision and mobilization through propaganda, methods until recently more associated with the Communists than with their Nationalist rivals. The paper draws on materials from Sichuan, the key province for wartime resistance, showing that the use of identity cards and welfare provision regulations were part of a process of integrating refugees from occupied China into the wider wartime society, and that propaganda campaigns were deployed to persuade the local indigenous population to support wartime state initiatives. Although Nationalist efforts to mobilize the population in wartime were flawed and partial, they marked a significant change in the conception of Chinese citizenship.

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22

Kulneva, Р. V. "The “War of Resistance against Japan”: Shaping the Image of the Aggressor by the Chinese Communist Party." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 22, no. 10 (December 23, 2023): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-101-112.

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The Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, known in China as the “War of Resistance against Japan”, remains an integral part of the official rhetoric of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Considering the key role of the War of Resistance in understanding the perception of Japan by China today, this article studies the formation of Japan’s image by the CCP during and after the war. The research is based on official publications of the CCP, statements of party leaders, and works by Russian and foreign researchers. The first part deals with the perception of Japan by the communists during the war. Particular attention here is paid to the importance of the context of the Chinese Civil War and the global revolutionary and class struggle in shaping of the image of the aggressor. The second part traces the evolution of Japan’s image following the changes in political priorities of the CCP after the war and the increasing prominence of the “victimization narrative” in China in recent decades. The third part illustrates the connection of historical memory to the current problems of Sino-Japanese relations and reveals the role of Japan’s image in contemporary political rhetoric of the CCP. The analysis clearly demonstrates the influence of political and ideological factors on the formation of the image of the aggressor. At the same time, it is obvious that the complexity of Japan's perception intrinsic to the war period in China remains up to the present day.

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23

Michielsen, Edwin. "Fighting Fascism with ‘Verbal Bullets’: Kaji Wataru and the Antifascist Struggle in Wartime East Asia." Fascism 9, no. 1-2 (December 21, 2020): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-09010006.

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Abstract This article examines the cultural production of Kaji Wataru, founder of the Zaika Nihonjinmin hansen dōmei [Japanese People’s Antiwar League in China] to illuminate what strategies Kaji used to train prisoners-of-war and to convert Japanese soldiers as a way to counter fascism during the second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Scholars have tended to focus on unravelling the history surrounding Kaji Wataru and the Antiwar League. In doing so, they have often overlooked the constructive role his cultural works played in that history and in his antiwar thought. The author aims to show how Kaji’s reportage works, and plays, were the very media he used to develop and execute his antifascist visions and activities. The focus is on three reportage works and one play that best reflect Kaji’s antifascist strategies. Analyzing the texts, the author highlights descriptions dealing with the organization and activities of the Antiwar League as well as the cooperation with the Chinese resistance as part of the popular front in East Asia.

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24

Reynolds, E. Bruce. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945." Global War Studies 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5893/19498489.10.02.07.

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25

Bian, Morris L. "How Crisis Shapes Change: New Perspectives on China's Political Economy during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937?1945." History Compass 5, no. 4 (June 2007): 1091–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00443.x.

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26

Qiu, Manqing. "The Presence of Women in the Illustrated Magazine Liang You during the Second Sino-Japanese War through Photographs." Communication Papers 10, no. 21 (December 22, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33115/udg_bib/cp.v10i21.22714.

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The photographic presence of women on war in journalism and the gender inequality suffered by women are often ignored in previous investigations. This study focuses on analyzing the photographic images of women published in the monthly illustrated magazine 'Liang You' during the Second Sino-Japanese War, with the aim of knowing the presence of Chinese women and verifying the existence of inequality of gender suffered during the war. To this end, the photographs published from 1937 to 1945 have been qualitatively studied following the theories of Vilches (1983) and Facio (2009). The quantity and regularity of the publication are analyzed in this study. The areas in which women enter, women’s identities and activities shown in photographs are investigated. We find that the presence of women on war is active in journalism. Chinese women appear in family, social, educational and work environments. They have diverse identities as social activists, nationalists and protestors. However, they are despised, subordinate and marginalized because they suffer the limitations built by a sexist society with a low level of development. We argue that it is necessary to maintain a vision of gender equality in the study of war to reveal the silent history of women and understand their submission in a purely masculine world.

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27

Howard, Joshua H. "Chongqing's Most Wanted: Worker Mobility and Resistance in China's Nationalist Arsenals, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 37, no. 4 (October 2003): 955–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03004098.

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Historians of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) have concentrated on rural China to explain how the Communists mobilized the peasantry as a revolutionary force. Although clarifying the CCP's ascension to power in 1949, this focus has impeded our understanding of social change and conflict in the Nationalist controlled territories, especially the wartime capital of Chongqing. Thus, it is difficult to understand how the Nationalists exacerbated the alienation of urban social groups during the 1940s or how the CCP began to find consensus in the cities after 1946. Even standard explanations for the Nationalist collapse—government factionalism, hyperinflation, military blunders, and malfeasance—with their focus on government elites and institutions have rendered invisible the role of social classes as agents of historical change. The few studies of wartime labor have instead emphasized the patriotic contributions of workers and their relative passivity under the four-class bloc envisioned by the united front.

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28

LIU YU. "A Study of Theaters in Nanjing as an Occupied Territory of Japan during Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)." Contemporary Film Studies 15, no. 1 (February 2019): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.15751/cofis.2019.15.1.97.

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Hu, Fang Yu. "Gender, Colonialism, and Education in Taiwan: Schoolgirls on the Home Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 43, no. 3 (2018): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2018.0030.

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LEE, SEUNG-JOON. "The Patriot's Scientific Diet: Nutrition science and dietary reform campaigns in China, 1910s–1950s." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 6 (February 27, 2015): 1808–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000286.

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AbstractThis article explores how nutrition science became a significant part of the nation-building project in both Republican China and the early People's Republic of China within the context of burgeoning popular concerns over bodily health and an increasing sense of urgency. Insofar as nutrition science offered a new type of expertise about what to eat and what not to eat in daily life, it entailed harnessing the state's potential persuasive power to garner willing compliance, if not tacit obedience, from the population. Unlike previous scholarship, which takes the viewpoint of government authorities and the medical elite, this article argues that popular concerns about bodily health and culinary curiosity that were prevalent in major Chinese cities helped to popularize state-led dietary reform campaigns that culminated during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and continued even after the revolutionary regime change in the 1950s.

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31

McCord, Edward A. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 (review)." China Review International 17, no. 3 (2010): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2010.0067.

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32

Wang, Ke-wen. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945 (review)." Journal of World History 23, no. 2 (2012): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2012.0053.

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33

N. Mamayeva. "Yu. Chudodeyev. On the Land and in the Sky of China: Soviet Military Advisers and Volunteer Pilots in China during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945." Far Eastern Affairs 45, no. 004 (December 31, 2017): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/fea.50213824.

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34

Tanner, Harold M. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese war of 1937-1945. Mark Peattie, Edward J. Drea, and Hans van de Ven." Journal of Chinese Military History 1, no. 1 (2012): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221274512x631167.

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35

Seybolt, Peter J. "The Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945: The Current Status of Research and Publication in the People’s Republic of China, and Prospects and Problems for Foreign Researchers." Republican China 14, no. 2 (January 1989): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08932344.1989.11720141.

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36

Barnhart, Michael A. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 ed. by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea, Hans van de Ven (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 39, no. 2 (2013): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2013.0045.

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37

Benton, Gregor. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino–Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011. xxvi + 614 pp. US$65.00 (hardcover)." China Journal 67 (January 2012): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/665752.

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38

Yanping, Xu. "THE DYNAMICS OF CHORAL CULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA IN THE 1930S ON THE EXAMPLE OF HUANG TZI’S ORATORIO ETERNAL REGRET." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 17, no. 5 (December 10, 2021): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2021-17-5-109-124.

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Choral music in China is a dynamically developing form of contemporary musical art. Scientific works devoted to the Chinese choral culture consider the 1930s of the 20th century as the most productive period in the development of this branch of musical creativity. The article examines the phase of the active entry of Chinese choral music into the sphere of the oratorio genre, which is directly related to the name of the great Chinese composer — Huang Tzi. It also highlights the issues of the country’s political life in the 1930s, which actively influenced the creation of nationwide singing movements and new choral works in the country. The oratorio genre, the genesis of which refers us to the European religious musical tradition of the 17th century, spread in China owing to the massive flow of Chinese intelligentsia to the territory of Western states throughout the entire beginning of the 20th century. In the article, the actualisation of the oratorio and its interpretation in a new light is presented as the merit of Huang Tzi, whose civic position was directly related to the desire to preserve ethnic origins in Chinese music and to complement them with Western composing techniques organically. Having proved himself not only as a composer but also as a theorist and teacher, Huang Tzi devoted most of his life to educating a large number of music professors, initiating a progressive approach to music education. His desire to raise the level of the composing school in China made it possible to enrich the repertoire of vocal and instrumental music with characteristics of the folk style. The oratorio Eternal Regret presented in the article is a unique creation that organically combines ethnic music and Western composition techniques. In the story of Emperor Xuanzong and Yang Guifei (to the poems of Tang poet Bai Juyi), taken by the composer as the theme for the libretto, there is certain symbolism that has the conceptual plan of addressing the power to demonstrate the alleged results of Kuomintang’s unclear policy. Thus, directly related to political cataclysms and their final embodiment in the form of the Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945), the oratorio Eternal Regret is presented in the article as a consolidating core that inspired the civilian masses to fight the Japanese invaders. The analysis of Bai Juyi’s original poem “Eternal Regret” and a fragmentary historical-stylistic and vocal-choral analysis of the oratorio have been carried out. The artistic features of individual parts of the oratorio, seven of which were completed by the composer, are revealed. Based on literary sources and theoretical research presented in the article, the author asserts the special role of the oratorio Eternal Regret in history and its far-reaching influence on the prospects for the development of the Chinese choir.

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Mitter, Rana. "The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945. Edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011. xxv + 614 pp. $65.00 ISBN 978-0-8047-6206-9." China Quarterly 207 (September 2011): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741011000877.

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Farrell, Brian P. "Book Review: The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937—1945. Edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2011. xxv+614 pp. US$65 hbk. ISBN 978 0 8047 6206 9." War in History 18, no. 4 (November 2011): 566–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09683445110180040809.

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"Symposium on the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945." Republican China 14, no. 2 (January 1989): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08932344.1989.11720134.

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MADEN KALKAN, Çile. "CHINESE WAR TRANSLATORS IN THE SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1937-1945)." Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, November 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14514/beykozad.1343253.

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Bu çalışma, savaş tercümanlarını özellikle olağanüstü durumlardaki aktif konumlarına, kültürel köprü niteliklerine ve sınırları aşma stratejilerine odaklanarak ele almaktadır. Çalışma İkinci Çin-Japon Savaşı (1931–1945) dönemi ile sınırlandırılmış olup, bu savaşta tercüman olarak görevlendirilmiş Xia Wenyun’un (夏文运/ 1906-1978) vaka incelemesi ile örneklendirilmiştir. Çalışmada özellikle Marx’ın sermaye kavramından farklı olarak tercümanın sosyal ve politik sermaye birikimini vurgulayan Pierre Bourdieu’nun “sembolik sermaye” kavramından yararlanılmıştır. Bourdieu’nun sembolik sermayesi, insanların sermaye olarak algılamadıkları belirli bir sermaye biçiminin etkisini anlatmaktadır. Bourdieu’ya göre sembolik sermaye biraz da habitus ile alakalı olup, bireyin kendisi ile alakalı olan görünüş, duruş ve konuşma gibi özelliklerini kapsamaktadır. Onun sembolik sermaye kavramı, İkinci Çin-Japon Savaşı’nda hem ajan hem de Çinli tercüman olarak görev yapan Xia Wenyun üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplamak amacıyla China Academic Journals (CNKI) veri tabanı ve açık kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgiler ve bu alanda yazılmış kitaplar kullanılarak İkinci Çin-Japon Savaşı içerisinde tercümanların rolü incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak tercümanların, olağanüstü durumlarla karşı karşıya kaldıklarında birikmiş sermayelerini hem kendilerini korumak hem de çıkarlarını müzakere etmek için çekinmeden kullanabildikleri sonucuna varılmıştır.

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Blagoder, Yulia G. "The Development of Chinese National Literature during the Sino-Japanese and World War II (1937–1945)." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 6 (June 19, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2024.6.18.

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The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and the World War II (1939–1945) constituted tumultuous periods in Chinese history, marked by significant socio-political upheavals and military conflicts. Amidst these turbulent times, Chinese literature underwent notable transformations, influenced by the prevailing ideological currents and the exigencies of wartime conditions. This article endeavors to elucidate the trajectory of Chinese national literature during these pivotal years, examining its evolution, thematic variations, and socio-cultural impacts. The ideological rivalry between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Kuomintang (KMT) profoundly influenced literary production during the wartime era. Literary works aligned with each ideological faction served as vehicles for propagating their respective narratives and agendas. A comparative analysis of these works offers insights into the divergent literary expressions arising from ideological polarization. The exigencies of wartime conditions and the socio-political milieu precipitated a transformation in traditional literary forms. Prose and poetry, in particular, underwent significant evolution to cater to the changing needs and sensibilities of a mass readership. New genres emerged, reflecting the shifting thematic concerns and the imperative of engaging with modern realities. The role of literary organizations during this period cannot be overstated. These associations served as platforms for intellectual exchange, fostering collaboration among writers and artists. By providing avenues for creative expression and critique, they played a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of wartime literature. The artistic output of various regions in China during the war years contributed to the dissemination of anti-militaristic sentiments and the fostering of patriotic fervor. Through nuanced portrayals of the human cost of conflict and the resilience of the Chinese people, literature emerged as a potent tool for galvanizing national unity and resistance against external aggression. In conclusion, the examination of Chinese literature during wartime underscores its role as a reflection of ideological contestation and societal transformation. Through diverse literary expressions, ranging from propaganda to introspective reflection, literature served as a potent medium for both anti-militaristic sentiments and the consolidation of patriotic fervor in China.

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Yang, Taoyu, and Hongquan Han. "When a Global War Befell a Global City: Recent Historiography on Wartime Shanghai." Journal of Chinese Military History, May 26, 2021, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10008.

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Abstract Shanghai was the first Chinese city to bear the full brunt of Japanese aggression during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). This historiographical article reviews the development of the study of wartime Shanghai in Chinese- and English-language academia in the past two decades. In the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai’s history during World War II has long been a favorite topic for academic historians. In the English-speaking world, however, the history of Shanghai’s wartime experience has only recently become a popular research topic. This article introduces many significant works related to wartime Shanghai, lays out important areas of inquiry, and identifies key historiographical trends. Its conclusion offers some suggestions on how the study of wartime Shanghai can be further advanced in the future.

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XIA, CHENXIAO. "Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Electrification: Between Colonialism and Nationalism, 1882–1952." Enterprise & Society, February 4, 2020, 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.51.

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This article traces the history of foreign direct investment in China’s electricity industry from 1882 to 1952 through the conflict between colonialism and nationalism. China’s electrification started with foreign direct investment in colonial enclaves: settlements, annexed territories, and leaseholds. Foreign direct investment contributed the majority of China’s power supply, but the penetration to China’s hinterland had faced the hurdle of nationalism on the part of both the Chinese government and the business community. Exceptions in Taiwan and Manchuria were related to Japanese colonialism, which peaked during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). After World War II, domestication was implemented by the Chinese government. This article provides a new perspective on multinationals by delineating between inward and expatriate foreign direct investment in the Chinese context.

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Liu, Qingjun. "Reinterpreting the Chinese Revolution: The Balance between Radical and Moderate Approaches, 1937–1945." Modern China, December 6, 2020, 009770042097510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700420975102.

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The success of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by the end of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) has generally been credited to its moderate approach to mobilizing the local peasantry through appeals to anti-Japanese nationalism and programs of social justice. However, the evidence presented in this article demonstrates that during late 1939 and early 1940 in some counties of the Southwest Shanxi Base Area and other major North China base areas the CCP abandoned its moderate approach and promoted a radical and violent class struggle. Based on its experiences in 1939–1940, the CCP created a model for mobilization in early 1942 that balanced radical and moderate approaches, which was then gradually applied to all Communist base areas. This article argues that the CCP relied on a combination of two contrasting and complementary approaches—radical and moderate—both of which played an indispensable role in its success by 1945.

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Yip, Jennifer. "Carrying the “Nation’s Thousand-Jin Burden”: Yiyun, the Relay Transportation System during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945." Modern China, February 5, 2023, 009770042211470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00977004221147044.

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During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Nationalist government established a system of relay transportation, called yiyun, to move military provisions and consumption goods across Free China. The Nationalists’ dependence on locally sourced porters, pack animals, and boats was a product of their unique challenge: waging protracted war within an agrarian economy. While yiyun had its own bureaucratic apparatus at the national level, its day-to-day operations throughout the provinces fell onto local actors, such as the baojia. Through these local agents of control and extraction, the Nationalist state channeled the exigencies of war into the remotest communities and the individual household. The yiyun system demonstrates the wartime Nationalists’ remarkable capacity for organizing resources in a time of crisis. However, its exploitative tendencies also reveal their willingness to trade civilian livelihoods for better odds of survival. Any recognition of the Nationalists’ success in maintaining China’s sovereignty must also accept its foundation in imposed civilian sacrifice.

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Xia, Yun. "Traitors in Limbo: Chinese Trials of White Russian Spies, 1937–1948." Nationalities Papers, October 28, 2020, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2020.69.

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Abstract Following the October Revolution, tens of thousands of White Russians sought refuge in China and became inevitably involved in the escalating Sino-Japanese War (1931–1945). The Japanese deployed measures of coercion, material incentives, and ideological indoctrination to recruit White Russians for Japan’s military and political maneuvers in the China theater of WWII. With the conclusion of the war, the Chinese Nationalist government launched a legal campaign against all collaborators with Japan and labeled them hanjian, “traitors to the Han Chinese,” regardless of the race and nationality of the defendants. Based on archival materials in Chinese, English, Japanese, and Russian, this article examines the context and process of the incrimination of White Russians in China’s postwar trials of traitors. With no consular support and little diplomatic significance, the White Russians became the ideal foreigners for the Chinese government to exercise its newly recovered judicial sovereignty and to claim its legitimacy in administering justice related to war crimes. Dozens of White Russians were convicted of the crime of hanjian and sentenced to prison terms of varied lengths.

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