Journal articles: 'Sinter (Metallurgy) Powder metallurgy. Steel alloys'

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Kulkarni, Vinay R., Jagannath Nayak, and Vikram V. Dabhade. "Effect of chromium addition on properties of sinter-forged Fe–Cu–C alloy steel." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 19 (July 18, 2018): 1840040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400404.

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The present work deals with sinter-forged powder metallurgical (P/M) steels alloyed with chromium by addition of ferrochrome powder, which allows a close control over the chromium contents of alloy steels. Chromium contents can be varied by adjusting appropriately weighed ferrochrome powder in the P/M mixtures. Fe–Cu (2%) and C (0.7%) is the base composition for this P/M alloy steel. Study with the addition of 0.5% and 3% chromium by weight in the form of ferrochrome powder is carried out. The P/M alloy steel of base composition with no chromium content is also prepared for comparative study. The paper deals with these three alloy steels formed by the sinter-forging technique of powder metallurgy. The results of hardness and wear in hardened and tempered condition are reported in the present work.

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Kandavel, TK, R. Sravanesh, and P. Karthikeyan. "Optimization of working parameters on wear behaviour of the sinter-forged plain carbon steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 8 (October 24, 2015): 1379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415592200.

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Powder metallurgy plain carbon steel (Fe–0.5% C) replaces gradually the conventional C45 steel in all industrial sectors due to its comparable strength and better metallurgical properties. This research investigates the influence of density/porosity of powder metallurgy plain carbon steel on wear characteristics and optimizes the wear working parameters to establish minimum wear loss and coefficient of friction during wear using Taguchi-grey relational optimization analysis. The sintered steel preforms were subjected to uni-axial compressive load (cold upset) to obtain various percentage theoretical densities. The wear test specimens made out of various densities of the sinter-forged plain carbon steel were used to conduct wear tests as per the test plan generated by the Design Expert software. The optical and scanning electron microscope images taken from the worn test specimens were used for the investigations of wear mechanisms of the alloy steel. It is observed from the wear test results that the porosity in the powder metallurgy plain carbon steel has a vital role in wear properties of the steel. It has also been found that the optimized working parameters such as speed and load are found as same irrespective of the densities of the plain carbon steel.

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Gobber, Federico Simone, Jana Bidulská, Alessandro Fais, Róbert Bidulský, and Marco Actis Grande. "Innovative Densification Process of a Fe-Cr-C Powder Metallurgy Steel." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040665.

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In this study, the efficacy of an innovative ultra-fast sintering technique called electro-sinter-forging (ESF) was evaluated in the densification of Fe-Cr-C steel. Although ESF proved to be effective in densifying several different metallic materials and composites, it has not yet been applied to powder metallurgy Fe-Cr-C steels. Pre-alloyed Astaloy CrM powders have been ad-mixed with either graphite or graphene and then processed by ESF. By properly tuning the process parameters, final densities higher than 99% were obtained. Mechanical properties such as hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS) were tested on samples produced by employing different process parameters and then submitted to different post-treatments (machining, heat treatment). A final transverse rupture strength up to 1340 ± 147 MPa was achieved after heat treatment, corresponding to a hardness of 852 ± 41 HV. The experimental characterization highlighted that porosity is the main factor affecting the samples’ mechanical resistance, correlating linearly with the transverse rupture strength. Conversely, it is not possible to establish a similar interdependency between hardness and mechanical resistance, since porosity has a higher effect on the final properties.

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Geroldinger, Stefan, Raquel de Oro Calderon, Christian Gierl-Mayer, and Herbert Danninger. "Applying the Masteralloy Concept for Manufacturing of Sinter Hardening PM Steel Grades." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.17.

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Sinter hardening is a powder metallurgy processing route that combines the sintering and the heat treating processes in one step by gas quenching the components immediately after they have left the high temperature zone of the furnace. It is both economically attractive and ecologically beneficial since it renders deoiling processes unnecessary. The slower cooling rates associated with gas compared to oil quenching however requires special alloy concepts different to those known from wrought steels. In the present study it is shown that by admixing atomized masteralloy powders consisting of suitable combinations of Mn, Cr, Si, Fe and C to base iron or pre-alloyed steel powders, sinter hardening PM steel grades can be produced that transform to martensitic microstructure at cooling rates of 2-3 K/s as typical for industrial sinter hardening. This is confirmed by CCT diagrams and hardness measurements. However, metallographic investigations are also necessary because in sintered steels, the cores of the largest base powder particles are alloyed very slowly during sintering and therefore tend to result in soft spots in the sinter hardened microstructure which are mostly not discernible in the CCT diagrams. Here, even slight pre-alloying of the base powder with Mo and/or Cr is helpful, both increasing the hardenability of the steels compared to base plain iron and avoiding soft spots in the microstructure.

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Geroldinger, S., R. de Oro Calderon, C. Gierl-Mayer, and H. Danninger. "Sinter Hardening PM Steels Prepared through Hybrid Alloying." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 76, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2020-0007.

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Abstract In powder metallurgy (PM), there are several ways of introducing alloying elements into a PM material in order to adjust a certain alloying element content. Each alloying route has its advantages and disadvantages. Master alloys (MA), powders with a high content of typically several alloying elements, can be added in small amounts to a base powder, especially to introduce oxygen sensitive elements such as Cr, Mn, and Si. In addition, the master alloy can be designed in such a way that a liquid phase is formed intermediately during the sintering process to improve the distribution of alloying elements in the material and to accelerate homogenization. In this study, such master alloys were combined with pre-alloyed base powders to form hybrid alloyed mixtures with the aim of improving the material‘s sinter hardenability. The hybrid alloys were compared with mixtures of master alloy and plain Fe as reference material. The sinter hardenability of all materials was determined by generating CCT diagrams recorded with 13 different cooling rates. These were verified by metallographic cross-sections of specimens treated at common cooling rates of 3 and 1.5 K/s and subsequent hardness measurements of the microhardness (HV 0.1) of the microstructural constituents and the apparent hardness (HV 30). ◼

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Sońta, Grzegorz, Agata Dudek, Jacek Selejdak, and Robert Ulewicz. "Analysis of Structure of Elements for Automotive Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 712 (January 2015): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.712.81.

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The paper presents the results of the structure and chemical composition of materials used to manufacture of gear wheel for the automotive industry. Analyzed gear wheel that is a part of one of the mechanical systems of an automotive vehicle was made of sinter Sint-D 32 in the technology of powder metallurgy and alloy structural steel for quenching and tempering 42CrMo4. The cause of the analysis was to research for an alternative material for sinter Sint-D 32 after identified low static strength according to the requirements applicable in the automotive industry. For the analysis were used standard test methods applicable in materials science. Based on microstructure and mechanical properties analysis performed according to requirements applicable in the automotive industry, the research found that steel 42CrMo4 is relevant material to be used in serial production for this particular gear wheel.

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Gierl-Mayer, Christian, and Herbert Danninger. "Dilatometry Coupled with Mass Spectrometry as Instrument for Process Control in Sintering of Powder Metallurgy Steels." Materials Science Forum 835 (January 2016): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.835.106.

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The production of ferrous powder metallurgical parts by the press-and-sinter route becomes more and more attractive. Today, parts are produced for loading requirements that until now only could be fulfilled by conventional produced steel components. The high mechanical properties that must be attained require the use of alloying elements so far not common in powder metallurgy because of their high affinity for oxygen. The sintering of chromium containing steels is a challenge for the whole production process, because the reduction of the surface oxides is critical for successful sintering.Dilatometry can be a useful instrument to control the sintering behaviour of the materials, especially the combination with mass spectrometry allows analysing the very complex sintering process and simultaneously monitoring the solid-gas reactions. This work shows that the sintering atmosphere plays a major role in the entire process. Degassing and deoxidation processes during sintering are demonstrated for different alloying systems (Fe, Fe-C, Fe-Mo-C, Fe-Cr-Mo-C). Dilatometry coupled with MS is shown to be a very good instrument for process control of the sintering process. The generated analytical data can be related to the mechanical properties of the sintered steels if the size of the specimen is large enough.

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Kolnes, Mart, Jakob Kübarsepp, Fjodor Sergejev, Märt Kolnes, Marek Tarraste, and Mart Viljus. "Performance of Ceramic-Metal Composites as Potential Tool Materials for Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium, Copper and Stainless Steel." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081994.

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The aim of the research was to disclose the performance of ceramic-metal composites, in particular TiC-based cermets and WC-Co hardmetals, as tool materials for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium alloys, stainless steels and copper. The model tests were used to study the wear of tools during cutting of metallic workpiece materials. The primary focus was on the performance and degradation mechanism of tool materials during testing under conditions simulating the FSW process, in particular the welding process temperature. Carbide composites were produced using a common press-and-sinter powder metallurgy technique. The model tests were performed on a universal lathe at the cutting speeds enabling cutting temperatures comparable the temperatures of the FSW of aluminium alloys, stainless steels and pure copper. The wear rate of tools was evaluated as the shortening of the length of the cutting tool nose tip and reaction diffusion tests were performed for better understanding of the diffusion-controlled processes during tool degradation (wear). It was concluded that cermets, in particular TiC-NiMo with 75–80 wt.% TiC, show the highest performance in tests with counterparts from aluminium alloy and austenitic stainless steel. On the other hand, in the model tests with copper workpiece, WC-Co hardmetals, in particular composites with 90–94 wt.% WC, outperform most of TiC-based cermet, including TiC-NiMo. Tools from ceramic-metal composites wear most commonly by mechanisms based on adhesion and diffusion.

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Bolzoni, Leandro, E. M. Ruiz-Navas, and Elena Gordo. "Low-Cost α+β PM Ti Alloys by Fe/Ni Addition to Pure Ti." Materials Science Forum 861 (July 2016): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.861.153.

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Ti and its alloys can deliver a very interesting combination of properties such as low density, high strength, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility and, therefore, are very flexible materials which can be adapted to various applications. Nonetheless, Ti and Ti alloys are only employed in critical applications (i.e. aeronautical and aerospace, nautical, medical, etc.) or in products for leisure. In both of these cases the higher fabrication costs of Ti in comparison to its competitors (i.e. steel and aluminium) is not the limiting factor as it is for many structural applications, especially for mass production (i.e. automotive sector). The use of creative techniques and the decrement of the starting price of Ti have been identified as the two main routes to follow to decrease the fabrication costs. In this study, the production of low-cost α+β Ti alloys has been assessed by combining the addition of cheap alloying elements (in particular a Fe/Ni powder) with the classical powder metallurgy route (pressing and sintering). Physical and mechanical properties as well as microstructural analysis of these low-cost alloys were measured and correlated to the processing parameters used to sinter them. It is found that the low-cost Ti alloys show similar behaviour to conventional α+β Ti alloys and, thus, have the potential to be used for non-critical applications.

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Sundaram, M. Vattur, R. Shvab, S. Millot, E. Hryha, and L. Nyborg. "Effect of Alloying Type and Lean Sintering Atmosphere on the Performance of PM Components." Powder Metallurgy Progress 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pmp-2017-0008.

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Abstract In order to be cost effective and to meet increasing performance demands, powder metallurgy steel components require continuous improvement in terms of materials and process development. This study demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing structural components using two different alloys systems, i.e. lean Cr-prealloyed and diffusion bonded water atomised powders with different processing conditions. The components were sintered at two different temperatures, i.e. 1120 and 1250 °C for 30 minutes in three different atmospheres: vacuum, N2- 10%H2 atmosphere as well as lean N2-5%H2-0.5%CO-(0.1-0.4)%CH4 sintering atmosphere. Components after sintering were further processed by either low pressure carburizing, sinterhardening or case hardening. All trials were performed in the industrial furnaces to simulate the actual production of the components. Microstructure, fractography, apparent and micro hardness analyses were performed close to the surface and in the middle of the sample to characterize the degree of sintering (temperature and atmosphere) and the effect of heat treatment. In all cases, components possess mostly martensitic microstructure with a few bainitic regions. The fracture surface shows well developed sinter necks. Inter- and trans-granular ductile and cleavage fracture modes are dominant and their fraction is determined by the alloy and processing route.

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Hwang, K. S., M. W. Wu, and Chia Cheng Tsai. "High Strength Sinter-Hardening Powder Metallurgy Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 51 (June 2008): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.51.3.

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High strength and high hardness can be readily attained after sintering when sinter-hardening grade powder metallurgy alloys are used. However, fast cooling rates greater than 60°C/min are usually required. This increases the cost of the sintering equipment and maintenance. To lower the required minimum cooling rate, the homogeneity of the alloying elements in the matrix and the hardenability of the material must be improved. Among the various popular alloying elements, nickel and carbon are the two most non-uniformly distributed elements due to their repelling effect. It is found that to improve their homogenization, the addition of Cr and Mo can alleviate the repelling effect between Ni and C. As a result, weak Ni-rich/C-lean ferrite and austenite are eliminated and replaced by hard bainite and martensite. A tensile strength of 1323 MPa and a hardness of 39 HRC are attained in sinter-hardened Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo-4Ni-0.5C compacts without any quenching treatment.

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Ahamed, Riaz, Reza Ghomashchi, Zonghan Xie, and Lei Chen. "Powder Metallurgy Synthesis of Heusler Alloys: Effects of Process Parameters." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101596.

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Ni45Co5Mn40Sn10 Heusler alloy was fabricated with elemental powders, using a powder processing route of press and sinter, in place of vacuum induction melting or arc melting route. The effects of process parameters, such as compaction load, sintering time, and temperature, on the transformation characteristics and microstructures of the alloy were investigated. While the effect of compaction pressure was not significant, those of sintering time and temperature are important in causing or annulling martensitic transformation, which is characteristic of Heusler alloys. The processing condition of 1050 °C/24 h was identified to be favorable in producing ferromagnetic Heusler alloy. Longer durations of sintering resulted in an increased γ-phase fraction, which acts as an impediment to the structural transformation.

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MacAskill, I. A., I. W. Donaldson, and D. P. Bishop. "On development of press and sinter Al–Ni–Mg powder metallurgy alloys." Powder Metallurgy 49, no. 4 (December 2006): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329006x128377.

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Moghaddam, Sheikhi, H. Farhangi, M. Ghambari, and N. Solimanjad. "Effect of sinter hardening on mechanical properties of Astaloy CrM powder metallurgy steel." Micro & Nano Letters 7, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 955–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.0641.

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Antsiferov, V. N., L. M. Grevnov, and N. N. Maslennikov. "Aging of powder metallurgy N14K7M5T2 maraging steel." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 24, no. 11 (November 1985): 860–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00802559.

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Zhuchkov, V. I., O. V. Zayakin, and A. A. Akberdin. "Prospects for using boron in metallurgy. Report 1." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 7 (August 28, 2021): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-7-471-476.

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On the basis of literature and our own data, the effect of boron on characteristics of all stages of metallurgical processes (from sintering, smelting of cast iron and ferroalloys, to steel production) and on the properties of the resulting slag and metal was studied. To intensify the pellets hardening at the stage of liquid-phase sintering and to improve their metallurgical properties, it is sufficient to have 0.20 – 0.35 % of boron oxide in them. According to the laboratory studies, the presence of boron oxide in pellets increases their compressive strength by 1.5 – 1.7 times and hot strength by 3 – 4 times. While studying the mechanism and kinetics of sulfur removal, it was shown that the presence of boric anhydride significantly intensifies processes of pellets desulfurization. Their intensive progress goes to the zones of lower temperatures of 1050 – 1100 °С. To increase the sinter strength characteristics, it is possible to add B2O3 to the charge. The introduction of 0.44 % of B2O3 does not affect the sinter abrasion. The content of fines (0 – 5 mm) in comparison with the base sample is reduced by 1.5 times. The use of boron pellets in blast-furnace smelting makes it possible to increase the basicity of the final slag from 1.10 to 1.16. In this regard, the sulfur distribution coefficient increases from 48 to 74. The sulfur content in cast iron decreases by 0.005 %. The possibility of using boron and its compounds to improve the technical and economic indicators of production and the quality of pellets, sinter and cast iron is shown on the base of the presented theoretical, laboratory-experimental and industrial data.

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Jiang, Z., C. Lucien Falticeanu, and I. T. H. Chang. "Warm Compression of Al Alloy PM Blends." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.333.

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With the onging trend of reducing the weight of automotive parts, there is also an increasing trend in the use of light alloys. Recently, aluminum powder metallurgy has been the subject of great attention due to the combination of the lightweight characteristics of aluminium and the efficient material utilisation of the powder metallurgical process, which offer attractive benefits to potential end-users. Conventional press and sinter route of non-ferrous P/M products are based compaction at room temperature prior to the sintering cycle. However, warm compaction process has successfully provided increased density in ferrous powder metallurgy parts, which contributes to better mechanical properties and consequently overall performance of those parts. This study is aimed at exploring the use of warm compaction process to aluminium powder metallurgy. This paper presents a detailed study of the effect of warm compression and sintering conditions on the resultant microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Si PM blend.

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Karagöz, S., and H. F. Fischmeister. "Niobium-Alloyed high speed steel by powder metallurgy." Metallurgical Transactions A 19, no. 6 (June 1988): 1395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02674013.

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Moskvina, T. P., and O. D. Sidorova. "Heat treatment of powder metallurgy constructional steel (review)." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 29, no. 4 (April 1987): 270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00769426.

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Martin, F., C. García, Y. Blanco, and G. Herranz. "Influence of sinter-cooling rate on intergranular corrosion of powder metallurgy superaustenitic stainless steel." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (March 26, 2014): 614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743278214y.0000000165.

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Saito, Takashi. "High Modulus Steel Produced by Powder Metallurgy Process." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 45, no. 5 (1998): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.45.399.

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Brar, Gurinder Singh, and Gaurav Mittal. "Impact of Powder Metallurgy Electrode in Electric Discharge Machining of H-13 Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.34.

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Electric discharge machining (EDM) widely used mostly in the tool and die industry and the material normally used as electrode are copper, tungsten, graphite, copper tungsten and copper chromium alloys. In the present work, Electric discharge machining was carried on H-13 workpiece using powder metallurgy electrodes of copper chromium (CuCr) and conventional copper electrode. The input parameters selected in the study were current, voltage, duty cycle and retract distance. The output parameters were material removal rate, tool wear rate, surface roughness and overcut. Experimental results show that CuCr powder metallurgy electrode gives best results for MRR. Also CuCr powder metallurgy electrodes gives better results for overcut as compare to conventional copper electrode. It has been seen that electrode type is significant factor for all output parameters.

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Nogueira, Rejane A., Oscar O. Araújo Filho, Leonardo F. M. Souza, João Franklin Liberati, Lucio Salgado, and Francisco Ambrozio Filho. "Grain Size of Commercial High Speed Steel." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.16.

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The heat treatment of high speed steel tools consists of austenitizing, quenching and tempering. The size of austenite grains formed during the hardening treatment is an important factor in the final microstructure of the steel, and it also affects properties such as wear resistance and toughness. This paper presents the austenite grain size, matrix composition and hardness of commercial AISI M2, AISI T15, VWM3C and Sinter 23 high speed steels that were austenitized and quenched from five distinct temperatures. This study shows that increase in quenching temperature results in grain growth of steels such as AISI M2 and VWM3C, obtained by the conventional method (cast to ingot and worked). The P/M Sinter 23 high speed steel showed a slight grain growth (about 10%). This effect was not observed in AISI T15 obtained by the powder metallurgy process.

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Garcia-Cabezon, C., F. Martin-Pedrosa, Y. Blanco-Val, and M. L. Rodriguez-Mendez. "Corrosion Properties of a Low-Nickel Austenitic Porous Stainless Steel in Simulated Body Fluids." Corrosion 74, no. 6 (January 29, 2018): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2720.

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Nickel can cause severe allergic reactions. Therefore, efforts are made to reduce the content of nickel in austenitic stainless steels (SS). Powder metallurgy (PM) techniques can produce this steel in a highly affordable way. A novel low-nickel high-nitrogen austenitic powder metallurgy PM stainless steel is investigated in terms of corrosion behavior. Nitrogen, because of its gammagenic effect, is the applied sintering atmosphere. Two sintering processes are applied by controlling the sinter-cooling rate (furnace- and water-cooling). This material shows an austenitic microstructure free of precipitates only after the water-cooling process. The electrochemical behavior in two simulated body fluids—phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution and Ringer solution—are studied. Corrosion behavior is evaluated by means of anodic polarization measurements and cyclic polarization curves. In addition, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy is used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of this steel in PBS at open circuit potential and at 100 mV above corrosion potential. The water-cooling process promotes better corrosion behavior in simulated body fluids for high nitrogen and low nickel than a conventional (high nickel) austenitic PM SS 316LN type.

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Wu, Jie, Lei Xu, Yu You Cui, and Rui Yang. "Preparation of Powder Metallurgy Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B." Applied Mechanics and Materials 552 (June 2014): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.552.269.

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Pre-alloyed powder of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B was prepared by a gas atomization process and powder metallurgy (PM) γ-TiAl alloys were made through a hot isostatic pressing route. The atomized powders were canned in mild steel and CP-Ti containers, degassed and sealed. The selection of mild steel and CP-Ti on the microstructure of HIPed γ-TiAl alloy was studied. Due to the reaction between mild steel containers and γ-TiAl at relative high temperature (over 1230oC), the γ-TiAl matrix is contaminated. Fully dense compact with CP-Ti container can be obtained by HIPing with suitable parameters of temperature.

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Parabina, G. I., A. S. Yatsenko, V. N. Makogon, L. N. Marchenko, and P. I. Mikhailov. "Quality of commercial high-speed steel from powder metallurgy." Metallurgist 30, no. 3 (March 1986): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00748341.

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Robert-Perron, E., C. Blais, and S. Pelletier. "Tensile properties of sinter hardened powder metallurgy components machined in their green state." Powder Metallurgy 52, no. 1 (March 2009): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329007x205055.

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Goh, F. C. W., M. A. Hodgson, and P. Cao. "A New Multifunctional β Ti Alloy Produced via Powder Metallurgy for Biomedical Applications." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (January 2012): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003984.

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Recent studies have revealed remarkable properties in β- Ti alloys, including low elastic modulus, high strength and superelasticity. The unique properties and potentials in engineering and biomedical applications have invoked many physicists, material scientists and metallurgists to study its phenomenon. The requirements of these alloys in biomedical applications restrict the usage of toxic or allergic elements in the alloy design. Only a few alloying elements are suitable for developing non-toxic β titanium alloys such as Nb , Ta and Zr . In this study a press-and-sinter process was used to consolidate the elemental powder mixture of Ti - Nb - Ta - Zr . Solid state sintering studies were established to investigate the effect of various green densities, sintering temperatures (i.e. 1650 °C – 1700 °C) and sintering atmosphere (i.e. Argon and Vacuum). PM near net shape process of showed a pathway to obtained a near dense part at sintered density of ~97 % with compaction pressure of 707 MPa at 1700°C. Majority of the sintered Ti -23 Nb -0.7 Ta -2 Zr (at.%) alloy's structure is β- austenite (bcc).

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Nicolicescu, Claudiu, Victor Horia Nicoară, and Costel Silviu Bălulescu. "Synthesis of Cu/Cr and Cu/Cr/W Materials by Powder Metallurgy Techniques." Applied Mechanics and Materials 880 (March 2018): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.880.241.

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Alloys based on Cu/Cr and Cu/Cr/W attract the attention due to their presence in different applications that require higher electrical properties which are combined with good mechanical properties. In order to synthesis the material based on Cu/Cr and Cu/Cr/W, mechanical alloying technique was used. Four mixtures, X1 (99%CuCr), X2 (97%CuCr), X3 (94%Cu1%CrW), X4 (92%Cu3%CrW – weight percent), were prepared using a vario planetary ball mill Pulverisette 4 made by Fritsch. The mixtures obtained after 10 hours were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the presence of chromium and tungsten influence the morphology and the particles tend to be flat. Sinter ability and microhardness are influenced by the chemical composition of the samples.

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de Araújo Filho, Oscar Olimpio, Cezar Henrique Gonzalez, Severino Leopoldino Urtiga Filho, C. A. N. Oliveira, Noelle D’emery Gomes Silva, and F. Ambrozio Filho. "Secondary Hardening of an AISI M3:2 High Speed Steel Sinter 23 Hot Isostatic Pressed." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.361.

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The main aim of this work was to study the behavior of the secondary hardening of AISI M3:2 high speed steel named Sinter 23® produced by powder metallurgy process of hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The M3:2 high speed steel Sinter 23® was submitted to heat treatment of hardening with austenitizing temperatures of 1140 oC, 1160 oC, 1180 oC and 1200 oC and tempering at 540 oC, 560 oC and finally 580 oC. The effectiveness and response of the heat treatment was determined using hardness tests (Vickers and Rockwell C hardness) and had its property of secondary hardness evaluated. The results showed that the secondary hardening peak of Sinter 23® high speed steel (tempering temperature at which maximum hardness is attained) is at 540 °C for the lower austenitization temperatures of 1140 °C and 1160 °C, and it is at 560 °C for the higher austenitizing/quenching temperatures of 1180 °C and 1200°C.

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31

Kulu, P. A. "Methods of increasing the erosion resistance of powder metallurgy steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 29, no. 3 (March 1987): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00772864.

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32

Bailon-Poujol, Ian, Jean-Paul Bailon, and Gilles L'Espérance. "Ball-mill grinding kinetics of master alloys for steel powder metallurgy applications." Powder Technology 210, no. 3 (July 2011): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.03.028.

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33

Zhang, Zongyin, and Rolf Sandström. "Fe–Mn–Si master alloy steel by powder metallurgy processing." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 363, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(03)00462-6.

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34

Alvaredo, P., J. Escribano, B. Ferrari, A. J. Sánchez-Herencia, and E. Gordo. "Steel binder cermets processed by combination of colloidal processing and powder metallurgy." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 74 (August 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.02.018.

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35

Gulyaev, A. P., and T. P. Moskvina. "Structure and properties of powder metallurgy constructional steel of different densities." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 27, no. 8 (August 1985): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00699354.

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36

Boshin, S. N., and S. R. Nezamaev. "Structure and properties of corrosion-resistant steel-base powder metallurgy materials." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 32, no. 8 (August 1990): 616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00700717.

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37

Wu, Jie, Lei Xu, Zheng Guan Lu, Rui Peng Guo, Yu You Cui, and Rui Yang. "Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAl Alloys." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.604.

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Pre-alloyed powder of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B was prepared by a gas atomization process and powder metallurgy (PM) γ-TiAl alloys were made through a hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) route. The atomized powders were canned in containers, degassed, sealed, and HIPed. Effect of two different canning materials (mild steel and commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti)) on the microstructure and properties of as-HIPed γ-TiAl alloy were discussed. Due to the reaction between mild steel containers and γ-TiAl at relative high temperature (over 1230 °C), the γ-TiAl matrix is contaminated. CP-Ti canned γ-TiAl showed bigger yield and fracture strength than mild steel canned TiAl. PM γ-TiAl alloy parts having complex shape could be manufactured by the near net-shape process.

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38

Henriques, Vinicius André Rodrigues, T. G. Lemos, Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo, Julia Faria, and Eduardo T. Galvani. "Titanium Nitride Deposition in Titanium Implant Alloys Produced by Powder Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.11.

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Titanium nitride (TiN) is an extremely hard material, often used as a coating on titanium alloy, steel, carbide, and aluminum components to improve wear resistance. Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) is a form of deposition in which a target anode is bombarded with an electron beam given off by a charged tungsten filament under high vacuum, producing a thin film in a substrate. In this work are presented results of TiN deposition in targets and substrates of Ti (C.P.) and Ti-13Nb-13Zr obtained by powder metallurgy. Samples were produced by mixing of hydrided metallic powders followed by uniaxial and cold isostatic pressing with subsequent densification by sintering between 900°C up to 1400 °C, in vacuum. The deposition was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere. Sintered samples were characterized for phase composition, microstructure and microhardness by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Vickers indentation, respectively. It was shown that the samples were sintered to high densities and presented homogeneous microstructure, with ideal characteristics for an adequate deposition and adherence. The film layer presented a continuous structure with 15m.

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39

Danninger, H., and B. Üregen. "Phosphorus in Sintered Steels: Interaction of Phosphorus with Mo." Powder Metallurgy Progress 16, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pmp-2016-0002.

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Abstract Phosphorus as an alloy element is quite common in powder metallurgy, the contents industrially used being markedly higher than those present in wrought steels. However, embrittlement effects are reported also for sintered steels, in part depending on the alloy elements present. In this study, the influence of phosphorus addition on the mechanical properties of PM steels alloyed with Mo, as the most common VI group element in sintered steels, was investigated. PM steels of the type Fe-x%Mo-0.7%Cy% P were manufactured with varying contents of Mo and P, respectively. It showed that P activates sintering also in these materials and enhances Mo homogenization, but there is in fact a risk of embrittlement in these steels that however strongly depends on the combination of Mo and P in the materials: If a critical level is exceeded, embrittlement is observed. At low Mo contents, higher P concentrations are acceptable and vice versa, but e.g. in a material Fe-1.5%Mo-0.7%C-0.45%P, pronounced intergranular embrittlement occurs, further enhanced by sinter hardening effects. This undesirable phenomenon is more pronounced at higher sintering temperatures and in case of faster heating/cooling; it was observed both in materials prepared from mixed and prealloyed powders, respectively. This typical intergranular failure observed with embrittled specimens, in particular after impact testing, indicates the precipitation of brittle phases at the grain boundaries, apparently when exceeding the solubility product between Mo and P.

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40

Yu, Jing Yuan, and Qiang Li. "Study on Effect of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure and Compressive Property of Porous NiTi Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.480.

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Porous NiTi alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy method using NH4HCO3as space-holder. The effect of sintering temperature on pore characteristic, phase composition and compressive property of porous NiTi alloys was studied by XRD, SEM, EDS and a universal testing machine. The results show with the increase of sintering temperature the porosity of porous NiTi alloys first increases and then decreases, but the content of NiTi phase, compressive strength and modulous of sintered products continuously increase. When sintered at 980°C for 2h, the porous NiTi alloys have higher porosity of 53.6%, better compressive strength of 173.7MPa and elastic modulous of 4.2GPa. The phases of sinter products are mainly composed by TiNi, Ti2Ni, and TiNi3phases.

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41

Fontanari, Vigilio, Alberto Molinari, Michelangelo Marini, Wolfgang Pahl, and Matteo Benedetti. "Tooth Root Bending Fatigue Strength of High-Density Sintered Small-Module Spur Gears: The Effect of Porosity and Microstructure." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050599.

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The present paper is aimed at investigating the effect of porosity and microstructure on tooth root bending fatigue of small-module spur gears produced by powder metallurgy (P/M). Specifically, three steel variants differing in powder composition and alloying route were subjected either to case-hardening or sinter-hardening. The obtained results were interpreted in light of microstructural and fractographic inspections. On the basis of the Murakami a r e a method, it was found that fatigue strength is mainly dictated by the largest near-surface defect and by the hardness of the softest microstructural constituent. Owing to the very complicated shape of the critical pore, it was found that its maximum Feret diameter is the geometrical parameter that best captures the detrimental effect on fatigue.

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42

Desbiens, Jean, Etienne Robert-Perron, Carl Blais, and François Chagnon. "Effect of green machining on the tensile properties and fatigue strength of powder metallurgy sinter-hardenable steel components." Materials Science and Engineering: A 546 (June 2012): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.03.054.

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43

Trabadelo, V., S. Giménez, and I. Iturriza. "Development of powder metallurgy T42 high speed steel for structural applications." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 202, no. 1-3 (June 2008): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.09.062.

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44

Araujo Filho, Oscar O., João Franklin Liberati, Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro, Maurício David Martins das Neves, Luís Carlos Elias da Silva, and Francisco Ambrozio Filho. "Transverse Rupture Strength of M3:2 High Speed Steel Produced through Conventional Casting and Powder Metallurgy Techniques." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.584.

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The main aim of this work is to study the influence of the heat treatment on the transverse rupture strength of three M3:2 high speed steel obtained by differents techniques. PM Sinter 23 obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of gas atomized powders, a vacuum sintered high speed steel obtained by uniaxial cold compaction and liquid phase sintering of M3:2 water atomized powders and a conventional (cast to ingot and hot work) VWM3C were submitted to hardening in order to determine the influence of this treatment on the transverse rupture strength. The two PM high speed steels and the conventional one were submitted to heat treatment of hardening with austenitizing temperatures of 1140, 1160, 1180 and 1200 °C and tempering at 540 and 560 °C. The effectiveness of the heat treatment was determined by hardness tests (Rockwell C hardness). The microstructure was evaluated by scanning eletronic microscopy (SEM). At least five samples of these three high speed steels were manufactured, austenitized, quenched and tempered as described above and fractured in three point bending tests in order to evaluate the influence of this treatment on the transverse rupture strength (TRS).

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45

Kirschner, Markus, Sergey Guk, Rudolf Kawalla, and Ulrich Prahl. "Powder Forging of in Axial and Radial Direction Graded Components of TRIP-Matrix-Composite." Metals 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030378.

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Powder metallurgy is one way of producing complex, graded structures that could allow material systems to be produced with properties tailored to individual applications. However, powder metallurgy requires that the semi-finished products are very similar to the final component. It is much more economical to produce simple semi-finished products and then combine them by powder forging and simultaneous compaction than forming complex components with the desired graded structure. However, it is absolutely necessary that the graded structure of the semi-finished products is maintained during the forming process. In this study, pre-sintered cylindrical semi-finished products, consisting of axially graded as well as radially graded components, were produced by powder forging at 1100 °C. The microstructures, densities and mechanical properties of the final components were investigated to verify the effectiveness of the process route. It was observed that the components formed solid structures after compaction, in which the reinforcing ZrO2 particles were fully integrated into the transformation-induced plasticity steel matrix.

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46

Garcia, C., F. Martin, Y. Blancoa, and G. Herranz. "Influence of Sinter-Cooling Rate on the Corrosion Behavior of High-Nitrogen, Low-Nickel Powder Metallurgy Austenitic Stainless Steel." CORROSION 70, no. 10 (October 2014): 1000–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1243.

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47

Shen, Weijun, Linping Yu, Huixin Liu, Yuehui He, Zhe Zhou, and Qiankun Zhang. "Diffusion welding of powder metallurgy high speed steel by spark plasma sintering." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 275 (January 2020): 116383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116383.

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48

Kumar, K. S., A. Lawley, and M. J. Koczak. "Powder metallurgy T15 tool steel: Part II. Microstructure and properties after heat treatment." Metallurgical Transactions A 22, no. 11 (November 1991): 2747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02851369.

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49

Korobova, T. A., G. A. Tolmacheva, N. V. Seregina, and S. D. Rozanov. "Nature of the increased plasticity of sintered powder metallurgy corrosion resistant PRKh18N10S steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 32, no. 8 (August 1990): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00700716.

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50

Chaurasia, Jitender, Muthuchamy Ayyapan, Paridh Patel, and Annamalai Raja. "Activated sintering of Tungsten heavy alloy." Science of Sintering 49, no. 4 (2017): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1704445c.

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In the present work, characterization of sintering behavior of Tungsten heavy alloy has been done through powder metallurgy route using Spark plasma sintering (SPS). Fine powder of Tungsten (<30 ?m) was separately mixed with Ni, Co, Fe, Mo and Cu each with 1 weight%. Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique (1200?C, 20 MPa pressure with 1 min holding time) was used to sinter the mixed powders. The maximum density was observed in W-Ni followed by Co, Fe, Cu, Mo and with least in pure tungsten sample. Optical microscopy as well SEM was done to determine the microstructure and grain coarsening. Due to the short heating time very less grain coarsening was observed. Vickers hardness test was conducted which resulted in maximum hardness in case if W-1Fe SPS sample.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sinter (Metallurgy) Powder metallurgy. Steel alloys'

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