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Journal articles on the topic 'Siphonophore'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Pugh, P. R., and S. H. D. Haddock. "Three new species of remosiid siphonophore (Siphonophora: Physonectae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 6 (August 14, 2009): 1119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409990543.

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Three new species belonging to the family Resomiidae (Siphonophora: Physonectae) are described from material mainly collected by ROVs in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California, USA, with some additional submersible-collected specimens from The Bahamas. Although these species,Resomia ornicephala,R. persica, andR. dunni, show some differences from those previously described, particularly in the shape of the nectophores, they have all been placed in the genusResomia. They retain the basic characteristic of having two forms of tentilla on the same tentacle, the more proximal form, with a spirally coiled cnidoband, becoming reconfigured into the more distal form, usually with a zigzagged cnidoband, although in one of the new species the zigzagging of the cnidoband is less well-defined.

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2

Uribe-Palomino, Julian, Raúl López, Mark J. Gibbons, Felipe Gusmão, and Anthony J. Richardson. "Siphonophores from surface waters of the Colombian Pacific Ocean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417002065.

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Siphonophores are colonial hydrozoans that feed on zooplankton including fish larvae, and occur throughout the world's oceans from surface waters to ocean depths. Here we describe the composition of hyponeustonic siphonophores (0–3 m depth) from the tropical Colombian Pacific Ocean based on 131 plankton samples collected between June–October from 2001–2004. Samples were dominated by species of Calycophorae, with only three species of Physonectae identified, consistent with their deeper depth distribution. Muggiaea atlantica, Chelophyes contorta, Diphyes dispar, and Eudoxoides mitra were the most common of the 21 species identified. We found moderate structuring of the siphonophore community by the salinity gradient from inshore to offshore, and greater richness during the night because of diel vertical migration. Temperature did not play a significant role in structuring siphonophore communities, perhaps because of the narrow temperature range observed (3.5 °C). We extend the known temperature and salinity range of several species, including M. atlantica up to temperatures of 28.6 °C and salinities down to 24.7. Interestingly, only polygastric stages of M. atlantica were found, suggesting the reproductive stage of M. atlantica in tropical waters might be found in deeper waters. Chelophyes appendiculata was rare in our study and C. contorta was common, providing evidence they have a potential allopatric relationship, with C. contorta replacing C. appendiculata in warm water. Finally, we found siphonophore abundance was positively related to the abundance of copepods and fish eggs, with the top 13 most abundant species all having positive correlations, suggesting siphonophore abundances are tightly controlled by their food.

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3

PUGH, P. R. "A review of the siphonophore species mentioned in Haeckel’s (1888b) Challenger Monograph." Zootaxa 4683, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4683.1.1.

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In his Challenger Monograph Haeckel (1888b) listed a total of 204 species of siphonophores and 36 species of Porpitidae (Disconectae, according to Haeckel), which are now known not to belong to the Siphonophorae. In this paper the siphonophore species have been divided into four categories: a). species that had been described previously by an acknowledged authority other than Haeckel; b). species where Haeckel changed the generic or specific name of a previously described species by another authority, and then ascribed the authority to himself; c). species that Haeckel actually described and illustrated as what he believed to be new; and d). species that Haeckel mentioned in the text as a new species, but with the description deferred to a later publication or simply not given. The validity of the forty-three species that Haeckel actually described is then discussed. A full list of all these species is given in an Appendix.

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4

GASCA, REBECA. "Diversity of Siphonophora (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in the Western Caribbean Sea: new records from deep-water trawls." Zootaxa 2095, no. 1 (May 8, 2009): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2095.1.7.

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Siphonophores are one of the least known gelatinous zooplankters in the tropical waters of the Northwestern Atlantic. Most of the regional knowledge about their diversity and distribution is based on surface samples (0–200 m). Siphonophores were collected from oceanic waters off the Mexican Caribbean across an expanded sampling range (0–940 m) during two cruises and were taxonomically examined. A total of 47 siphonophore species were recorded, of these, 14 had not been found in this sector of the Caribbean Sea and 10 represent new records for the Caribbean Basin. The number of species currently known from the western Caribbean is increased from 42 to 56. Some of these species also represent new records for the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic region. The greatest relative increase was observed among species of Lensia, five of which are exclusively deep-living forms dwelling below 300 m. A revised, expanded checklist of the siphonophores of the Western Caribbean is also provided. These results confirm the need of further deep sampling to increase our understanding of Caribbean siphonophore diversity.

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5

Hsieh, Hung-Yen, Shwu-Feng Yu, and Wen-Tseng Lo. "Influence of monsoon-driven hydrographic features on siphonophore assemblages in the Taiwan Strait, western North Pacific Ocean." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 4 (2013): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12151.

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The spatial patterns of siphonophores were analysed in relation to local hydrographic features during two different monsoon seasons (the north-easterly monsoon in winter v. the south-westerly monsoon in summer) in the Taiwan Strait. Forty-eight species were identified, with five types of calycophoran siphonophores (Lensia subtiloides, Chelophyes appendiculata, Chelophyes contorta, Bassia bassensis, and Diphyes chamissonis) being most common in both seasons. Significantly higher abundances of four of the five common species were recorded in summer than in winter. Differences in the siphonophore species compositions were also observed between the northern and southern part of Taiwan Strait, with significantly higher diversity occurring in the southern waters. The distribution patterns of siphonophore assemblages were closely linked to the hydrographic features, influenced by the dynamic nature of the currents in the study area, with temperature, salinity and zooplankton biomass being the three most important factors.

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6

Damian-Serrano, Alejandro, Steven H. D. Haddock, and Casey W. Dunn. "The evolution of siphonophore tentilla for specialized prey capture in the open ocean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (February 16, 2021): e2005063118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005063118.

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Predator specialization has often been considered an evolutionary “dead end” due to the constraints associated with the evolution of morphological and functional optimizations throughout the organism. However, in some predators, these changes are localized in separate structures dedicated to prey capture. One of the most extreme cases of this modularity can be observed in siphonophores, a clade of pelagic colonial cnidarians that use tentilla (tentacle side branches armed with nematocysts) exclusively for prey capture. Here we study how siphonophore specialists and generalists evolve, and what morphological changes are associated with these transitions. To answer these questions, we: a) Measured 29 morphological characters of tentacles from 45 siphonophore species, b) mapped these data to a phylogenetic tree, and c) analyzed the evolutionary associations between morphological characters and prey-type data from the literature. Instead of a dead end, we found that siphonophore specialists can evolve into generalists, and that specialists on one prey type have directly evolved into specialists on other prey types. Our results show that siphonophore tentillum morphology has strong evolutionary associations with prey type, and suggest that shifts between prey types are linked to shifts in the morphology, mode of evolution, and evolutionary correlations of tentilla and their nematocysts. The evolutionary history of siphonophore specialization helps build a broader perspective on predatory niche diversification via morphological innovation and evolution. These findings contribute to understanding how specialization and morphological evolution have shaped present-day food webs.

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7

Wilson, Emily. "Siphonophore." Iowa Review 43, no. 2 (September 2013): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7385.

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8

O’Hara, Timothy D., Andrew F. Hugall, Hugh MacIntosh, Kate M. Naughton, Alan Williams, and Adnan Moussalli. "Dendrogramma is a siphonophore." Current Biology 26, no. 11 (June 2016): R457—R458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.051.

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9

Mapstone, Gillian M. "Re-description of Rosacea cymbiformis, a prayine siphonophore (from the Mediterranean Sea), with comments on nectophore designation and bract orientation." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 3 (June 2005): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011628.

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This updated re-description of the prayine siphonophore Rosacea cymbiformis includes figures of all zooids (except larval nectophores) and is based on material held in the collections of the Natural History Museum (NHM), London. Rosacea cymbiformis was originally described in 1830 under the name Physalia cymbiformis, and subsequently reported many times during the 19th Century. However, during the 20th Century it was confused with the closely related species R. plicata, and the two species are still not clearly differentiated. Previous descriptions are reviewed herein, including conflicting interpretations of nectophore designation in R. plicata, and bract orientation in R. cymbiformis and R. plicata. To identify these siphonophores to species level and separate them from other closely related prayines, it is essential to distinguish the first definitive nectophore from the second, and the right paired bracteal canals from the left canals. This becomes critical when only detached siphonophore zooids are available, as for example, in plankton samples collected with nets. A summary of the differences between R. cymbiformi and the five other currently recognized Rosacea species, R. plicata, R. repanda, R. limbata, R. flaccida and R. arabiana, is presented. The full synonymy of R. cymbiformis is too long for inclusion here and is deferred to a later paper.

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10

Hirose, Euichi, Masakazu N. Aoki, and Jun Nishikawa. "Still alive? Fine structure of the barrels made by Phronima (Crustacea: Amphipoda)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 6 (November 9, 2005): 1435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405012610.

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Amphipods of the genus Phronima are known to make a barrel-shaped house from the gelatinous matrix of pelagic tunicates or siphonophores. Among the seven barrels examined here, one barrel of Phronima curvipes was supposed to be made from a swimming bell of a siphonophore based on its morphology, while the other six barrels made by P. sedentaria were immunochemically and/or morphologically identified as tunicates (i.e. Thetys vagina, other salps and pyrosomas). Histological observation showed that the phronimids had completely eaten the animal tissues other than the gelatinous matrix (i.e. tunic or mesoglea). Tunic cells were found in the tunicate barrel and some were probably tunic phagocytes that appeared to be alive and functional. In the tunicate barrels, cuticular layers of the tunic were found on both the outer and inner side of the barrel wall. Tunic cuticle would be regenerated on the inner side after the epidermis was grazed by the phronimids. The cuticular layers would protect the tunic matrix from the invasion of microorganisms. In the barrel supposed to originate from Thetys vagina, there are minute protrusions on the tunic cuticle as found in the intact tunic of this species. In the barrel from a siphonophore, neither cells nor cuticle regeneration were found. No bacteria were observed in the barrel, suggesting that the barrel has some antibiotic system.

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11

Haddock, Steven H. D., Casey W. Dunn, and Philip R. Pugh. "A re-examination of siphonophore terminology and morphology, applied to the description of two new prayine species with remarkable bio-optical properties." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 3 (June 2005): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011616.

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Siphonophores (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) are dominant members of the carnivorous plankton, and they are known for their ability to produce bioluminescence. Here we describe two new calycophoran species (sub-family Prayinae) that are unique in their morphological and optical traits. One species, Gymnopraia lapislazula gen. nov., sp. nov., displays a dramatic form of blue structural coloration, and the other, Lilyopsis fluoracantha, sp. nov., bears an exceptional amount of fluorescence–enough to give a greenish cast during white-light illumination. We also introduce a consistent terminology for siphonophore axes and zooids, discuss characters important for distinguishing the known prayine genera, and suggest that the presence or absence of a disjunct pedicular canal could be of diagnostic value for the group.

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12

De La Cruz -Francisco, Vicencio, and Liliana Flores -Galicia. "PRIMEROS REGISTROS DE MEDUSAS (CUBOZOA, SCYPHOZOA), SIFONÓFOROS (HYDROZOA) Y CTENÓFOROS (TENTACULATA) DEL SISTEMA ARRECIFAL LOBOS-TUXPAN, MÉXICO." CICIMAR Oceánides 33, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v33i1.222.

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RESUMEN. Medusas, sifonóforos y ctenóforos son organismos ecológicamente importantes por su papel como depredadores voraces en la cadena trófica, ya que en altas densidades ocasionan problemas económicos. En las costas mexicanas del Golfo de México existe conocimiento de la riqueza taxonómica de estos animales macrozooplanctónicos, pero aún se desconoce qué especies se encuentran en los arrecifes coralinos del norte de Veracruz. Este estudio presenta los primeros registros de este grupo para el Sistema Arrecifal Lobos-Tuxpan. Se identificaron tres especies de medusas, un sifonóforo y dos especies de ctenóforos a partir de registros fotográficos obtenidos en los arrecifes Tuxpan, Enmedio, Tanhuijo, Oro Verde y Lobos. El taxón Cyanea sp. se registra por primera vez para el suroeste del Golfo de México y Cestum veneris es nuevo registro para el litoral veracruzano. Las especies Aurelia aurita (medusa), Physalia physalis (sifonóforo) y Mnemiopsis leidyi (ctenóforo) se observaron en la mayoría de los arrecifes estudiados. La información aquí presentada puede ser útil para el sector turístico al evitar las medusas y sifonóforos que son tóxicos.First records of jellyfish (Cubozoa, Scyphozoa), Siphonophores (Hydrozoa), and Ctenophores (Tentaculata) of the Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System, MexicoABSTRACT. Jellyfish, siphonophores and ctenophores are ecologically important organisms due to their role as voracious predators in the trophic chain, which in high densities may cause economic problems. There is knowledge of the taxonomic wealth of these macrozooplanktonic animals in the Mexican coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, but it is still unknown what species are found in the coral reefs from the north of Veracruz. This study presents the first records of this group for the Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System. Three species of jellyfish, one siphonophore and two ctenophores, were identified through photographic records belonging to the Tuxpan, Enmedio, Tanhuijo, Oro Verde and Lobos reefs. For the first time, the species Cyanea sp. for the South-West of the Gulf of Mexico and Cestum veneris for the Veracruz coast are recorded. The species Aurelia aurita (jellyfish), Physalia physalis (siphonophore) and Mnemiopsis leidyi (ctenephore) were observed in most of the studied reefs. The information provided here may be useful in the tourist sector to avoid toxic jellyfish and siphonophores.

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13

Pugh, P. R., F. Pages, and B. Boorman. "Vertical distribution and abundance of pelagic cnidarians in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 2 (May 1997): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540007171x.

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The species composition, abundance and vertical distribution of micronektonic cnidarians has been investigated in the upper 2800 m at Discovery Station 9969, located in the cold regime in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. In total 22 siphonophore and 20 medusan species were identified. Overall siphonophores were more abundant than medusae, but the latter usually contributed much more to the biovolume. On average, cnidarians contributed more than 50% to the total biovolume of each catch; and they contributed >70% to the combined total of all the samples. Despite the high water content of these animals, these large biovolumes meant that the cnidarians formed ∼25% of the total carbon in each catch. The possible impact of these gelatinous cnidarian populations on the ecosystem is discussed.

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14

Pugh, P. R., and G. R. Harbison. "New Observations on a Rare Physonect Siphonophore, Lychnagalma Utricularia (Claus, 1879)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66, no. 3 (August 1986): 695–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400042296.

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A rare physonect siphonophore, Lychnagalma utricularia (Claus, 1879), is redescribed from 24 specimens collected in the region of the Bahamas by the submersible D.S.R.V. ‘Johnson-Sea-Link II’. It was the most common siphonophore collected by the submersible, using its sophisticated sampling techniques. The paucity of previous records for the species, and thus its apparent rarity, is probably due to the extreme fragility of the animals which causes them to disintegrate on contact with nets. The status of the second species, L. vesicularia Haeckel, 1888, is reviewed and it is concluded that it should be reduced to a junior synonym of L. utricularia.

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15

Sanamyan, K. E., N. P. Sanamyan, S. V. Galkin, and V. V. Ivin. "A record of deep-water benthic siphonophore (Siphonophorae: Physonectae: Rhodaliidae) in vicinity of submarine Piyp Volcano (North-Western Pacific)." Invertebrate Zoology 15, no. 1 (December 2018): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.15.4.01.

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16

Sutherland, Kelly R., Brad J. Gemmell, Sean P. Colin, and John H. Costello. "Propulsive design principles in a multi-jet siphonophore." Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. 6 (February 27, 2019): jeb198242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198242.

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17

Freeman, G. "Localization of bioluminescence in the siphonophore Nanomia cara." Marine Biology 93, no. 4 (January 1987): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392791.

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18

Sutherland, Kelly R., Brad J. Gemmell, Sean P. Colin, and John H. Costello. "Maneuvering Performance in the Colonial Siphonophore, Nanomia bijuga." Biomimetics 4, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4030062.

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The colonial cnidarian, Nanomia bijuga, is highly proficient at moving in three-dimensional space through forward swimming, reverse swimming and turning. We used high speed videography, particle tracking, and particle image velocimetry (PIV) with frame rates up to 6400 s−1 to study the kinematics and fluid mechanics of N. bijuga during turning and reversing. N. bijuga achieved turns with high maneuverability (mean length–specific turning radius, R/L = 0.15 ± 0.10) and agility (mean angular velocity, ω = 104 ± 41 deg. s−1). The maximum angular velocity of N. bijuga, 215 deg. s−1, exceeded that of many vertebrates with more complex body forms and neurocircuitry. Through the combination of rapid nectophore contraction and velum modulation, N. bijuga generated high speed, narrow jets (maximum = 1063 ± 176 mm s−1; 295 nectophore lengths s−1) and thrust vectoring, which enabled high speed reverse swimming (maximum = 134 ± 28 mm s−1; 37 nectophore lengths s−1) that matched previously reported forward swimming speeds. A 1:1 ratio of forward to reverse swimming speed has not been recorded in other swimming organisms. Taken together, the colonial architecture, simple neurocircuitry, and tightly controlled pulsed jets by N. bijuga allow for a diverse repertoire of movements. Considering the further advantages of scalability and redundancy in colonies, N. bijuga is a model system for informing underwater propulsion and navigation of complex environments.

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Pugh, P. R., and M. J. Youngbluth. "A new species of Halistemma (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Agalmidae) collected by submersible." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 68, no. 1 (February 1988): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400050050.

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A new species of physonect siphonophore, Halistemma transliratum sp. nov., is described from two specimens collected at mesopelagic depths in Bahamian waters by the submersibles ‘Johnson-Sea-Link’ I and II, and comparisons are made with the established species of that genus.

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20

Corrales-Ugalde, Marco, Andrés J. Quesada, Beatriz Naranjo-Elizondo, and Jorge Cortés. "New records of gelatinous zooplankton from an oceanic island in the Eastern Tropical Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 6 (May 2, 2017): 1219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417000558.

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Gelatinous zooplankton are an abundant and diverse group of animals in the pelagic environment. However, knowledge of species diversity and spatial distributions, as well as their ecological role, is scarce. We present information of epi- and mesopelagic gelatinous zooplankton recorded by the ‘DeepSee’ submersible between 2006 and 2012 at Isla del Coco (Cocos Island), Costa Rica, an oceanic island in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Two species of scyphomedusae, three species of hydromedusae, two genera of siphonophores, and two species of ctenophores were observed in the videos, at depths between 50 and 400 m. None of these species had been previously recorded in the waters around the island. Furthermore, except for the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca and a siphonophore in the genus Praya, all are new records for Costa Rican waters. This study also includes the first record of the cnidarians Modeeria rotunda, Solmissus sp., Halitrephes maasi and Apolemia spp., and the ctenophore Thalassocalyce inconstans in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. We show that surveys in regions with little information about gelatinous zooplankton may broaden our knowledge of their natural history and may result in new records of gelatinous species.

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21

Skaer, R. J. "Remodelling during the development of nematocysts in a siphonophore." Hydrobiologia 216-217, no. 1 (June 1991): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00026531.

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22

Park, Nayeon, Andrey A. Prudkovsky, and Wonchoel Lee. "Integrated Taxonomy for Halistemma Species from the Northwest Pacific Ocean." Water 12, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113283.

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During a survey of the siphonophore community in the Kuroshio Extension, Northwest Pacific Ocean, a new Halistemma Huxley, 1859 was described using integrated molecular and morphological approaches. The Halistemma isabu sp. nov. nectophore is most closely related morphologically to H. striata Totton, 1965 and H. maculatum Pugh and Baxter, 2014. These species can be differentiated by their nectosac shape, thrust block size, ectodermal cell patches and ridge patterns. The new species’ bracts are divided into two distinct types according to the number of teeth. Type A bracts are more closely related to ventral bracts in H. foliacea (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) while Type B bracts are more similar to H. rubrum (Vogt, 1852). Each type differs, however, from the proximal end shape, distal process and bracteal canal. Both of the new species’ morphological type and phylogenetic position within the genus Halistemma are supported by phylogenetic analysis of concatenated DNA dataset (mtCOI, 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA). Integrated morphological and molecular approaches to the taxonomy of siphonophores showed a clear delimitation of the new species from the congeners. Halistemma isabu sp. nov. is distributed with the congeners H. rubrum, H. cupulifera, H. foliacea and H. striata in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

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23

Robison, Bruce H., Kim R. Reisenbichler, Rob E. Sherlock, Jessica M. B. Silguero, and Francisco P. Chavez. "Seasonal abundance of the siphonophore, Nanomia bijuga, in Monterey Bay." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 45, no. 8-9 (August 1998): 1741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(98)80015-5.

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24

Haddock, S. H. D. "Bioluminescent and Red-Fluorescent Lures in a Deep-Sea Siphonophore." Science 309, no. 5732 (July 8, 2005): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1110441.

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25

Janssen, John, Robert H. Gibbs, and Phil R. Pugh. "Association of Caristius Sp. (Pisces: Caristiidae) with a Siphonophore, Bathyphysa conifera." Copeia 1989, no. 1 (February 27, 1989): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445624.

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26

Pugh, P. R. "The status of the genus Prayoides (Siphonophora: Prayidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, no. 4 (November 1992): 895–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400060136.

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The status of the prayine siphonophore genus Prayoides, monotypic for the species Prayoides intermedia Leloup, 1934, is reviewed in the light of recent collections made by the submersibles ‘Johnson-Sea-Link’ I and II. It is concluded that the genus is not valid, and that the species name should be reduced to that of a junior synonym of a Praya species. The bracts of the two Praya species, P. dubia (Quoy & Gaimard (1833) 1834) and P. reticulata (Bigelow, 1911) are re-described, as in the past there has been much confusion as to their true identity.

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27

GROSSMANN, MARY MATILDA, and DHUGAL JOHN LINDSAY. "A new species of clausophyid calycophoran siphonophore (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov., widely distributed throughout the world's oceans." Zootaxa 4250, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4250.1.3.

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A new species of clausophyid siphonophore, Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov. is described. It can most easily be differentiated from its congener Kephyes ovata by the shape of the hydroecium in the anterior nectophore of the polygastric stage. This is open over the entire height of the nectophore in K. hiulcus sp. nov., and it is this character from which its specific name is derived. This species was found in the eastern and western Pacific Ocean, as well as the Celebes and Mediterranean Seas, indicating that this species is both relatively common and geographically widespread.

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Pugh, P. R. "Reclassification of the clausophyid siphonophore Clausophyes ovata into the genus Kephyes gen. nov." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 5 (August 25, 2006): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540601397x.

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Comparisons are made between the species currently called Clausophyes ovata and other Clausophyes species. It is concluded that Cl. ovata should be removed to another genus and, consequently, the genus Kephyes gen. nov. is established for it. The relationships of all clausophyid genera are briefly discussed.

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29

Pagès, F., and P. R. Pugh. "Fuseudoxid: the elusive sexual stage of the calycophoran siphonophore Crystallophyes amygdalina (Clausophyidae: Crystallophyinae)." Acta Zoologica 83, no. 4 (October 14, 2002): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6395.2002.00124.x.

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30

Mapstone, Gillian M., and John C. Ljubenkov. "New observations onDromalia alexandriBigelow, 1911, a rhodaliid physonect siphonophore from Southern Californian waters." Marine Ecology 34 (February 2013): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maec.12029.

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31

Kuyper, D., D. Thibault, and MJ Gibbons. "Latitudinal changes in siphonophore assemblages across the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean." African Journal of Marine Science 42, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2020.1774805.

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32

ATES, RON, DHUGAL J. LINDSAY, and HIDEO SEKIGUCHI. "First record of an association between a phyllosoma larva and a Prayid siphonophore." Plankton and Benthos Research 2, no. 1 (2007): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3800/pbr.2.67.

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33

MAŃKO, MACIEJ K., AGATA WEYDMANN, and GILLIAN M. MAPSTONE. "A shallow-living benthic Rhodaliid siphonophore: citizen science discovery from Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 4324, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.11.

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Benthic siphonophores of the family Rhodaliidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) are extremely fragile, difficult to collect, and therefore little studied. Only a few records exist worldwide, so their ecology remains largely unknown. Rhodaliids have been found at most depth horizons, but until now were believed to mainly inhabit deeper water over continental shelves, with only a few records from ca. 100 m. In this paper, a new rhodaliid is described based on an underwater photograph provided by a recreational diver via Facebook. This observation was made in Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea) at a depth of 26–27 m, and constitutes the shallowest record so far for any rhodaliid. The specimen was tentatively identified as Archangelopsis typica based on observable morphological characters and an approximate estimate of connectivity between all rhodaliid species in the Indo-Pacific region. Additionally, we highlight the scientific potential of citizen science.

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34

Jones, Daniel O. B., and Philip R. Pugh. "First sighting of a siphonophore of the genus Bathyphysa from the South Atlantic." Marine Biodiversity 48, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 1279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0611-1.

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35

Li, Kaizhi, Jianqiang Yin, Liangmin Huang, Shumin Lian, and Jianlin Zhang. "Spatio-temporal variations in the siphonophore community of the northern South China Sea." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 31, no. 2 (March 2013): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-013-2058-6.

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36

Park, Jung-Hee. "Two New Records of Siphonophores (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Siphonophora) in Korean Waters." Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5635/kjsz.2010.26.1.067.

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37

PUGH, P. R., C. W. DUNN, and S. H. D. HADDOCK. "Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals." Zootaxa 4415, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4415.3.3.

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A new species of calycophoran siphonophore, Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov, sp. nov., is described. It has a unique combination of traits, some shared with prayomorphs (including two rounded nectophores) and some with clausophyid diphyomorphs (the nectophores are dissimilar, with one slightly larger and slightly to the anterior of the other, and both possess a somatocyst). Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new species is the sister group to all other diphyomorphs. A new family, Tottonophyidae, is established for it. Its phylogenetic position and distinct morphology help clarify diphyomorph evolution. The function and homology of the nectophoral canals and somatocyst is also re-examined and further clarification is given to their nomenclature.

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38

Thibault-Botha, D. "Siphonophore assemblages along the east coast of South Africa; mesoscale distribution and temporal variations." Journal of Plankton Research 26, no. 9 (May 4, 2004): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh104.

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39

Norekian, Tigran P., and Robert W. Meech. "Structure and function of the nervous system in nectophores of the siphonophore Nanomia bijuga." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 24 (November 9, 2020): jeb233494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.233494.

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ABSTRACTAlthough the bell-shaped nectophores of the siphonophore Nanomia bijuga are clearly specialized for locomotion, their complex neuroanatomy described here testifies to multiple subsidiary functions. These include secretion, by the extensively innervated ‘flask cells' located around the bell margin, and protection, by the numerous nematocytes that line the nectophore's exposed ridges. The main nerve complex consists of a nerve ring at the base of the bell, an adjacent column-shaped matrix plus two associated nerve projections. At the top of the nectophore the upper nerve tract appears to have a sensory role; on the lower surface a second nerve tract provides a motor input connecting the nectophore with the rest of the colony via a cluster of nerve cells at the stem. N. bijuga is capable of both forward and backward jet-propelled swimming. During backwards swimming the water jet is redirected by the contraction of the Claus' muscle system, part of the muscular velum that fringes the bell aperture. Contractions can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the nectophore surface, even when both upper and lower nerve tracts have been destroyed. Epithelial impulses elicited there, generate slow potentials and action potentials in the velum musculature. Slow potentials arise at different sites around the bell margin and give rise to action potentials in contracting Claus’ muscle fibres. A synaptic rather than an electrotonic model more readily accounts for the time course of the slow potentials. During backward swimming, isometrically contracting muscle fibres in the endoderm provide the Claus' fibres with an immobile base.

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Mapstone, Gillian M. "First full description of the large physonect siphonophore Halistemma amphytridis (Lesueur & Petit, 1807)." Hydrobiologia 530-531, no. 1-3 (November 2004): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-2677-1.

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41

PUGH, P. R. "A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)." Zootaxa 4669, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 1–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4669.1.1.

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The siphonophore sub-order Cystonectae presently comprises just five species in three genera and two families, and includes Physalia physalis, the Portuguese Man O’War. Despite the smallness of the group its history has been very chequered, particularly for P. physalis, which has been described under more than fifty different names. Haeckel (1888) was one of the worst offenders regarding the description of questionable species, but even Totton (1965) was uncertain as to the validity of some previously described cystonect species. Herein, an attempt has been made to review the history of the sub-order Cystonectae and to clarify its taxonomy. A list of synonyms for each recognised cystonect species is given in an appendix.

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42

Patry, Wyatt L., MacKenzie Bubel, Cypress Hansen, and Thomas Knowles. "Diffusion tubes: a method for the mass culture of ctenophores and other pelagic marine invertebrates." PeerJ 8 (April 7, 2020): e8938. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8938.

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The culture of pelagic marine invertebrates, especially the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, has been demonstrated in past studies dating back to the 1960s; however, the mass culture of delicate pelagic invertebrates has remained elusive. By using a pair of acrylic tubes and enabling water diffusion between them, we have been able to reliably and cost effectively mass culture several genera of ctenophores (Pleurobrachia, Hormiphora, Bolinopsis, Mnemiopsis and Leucothea), one species of siphonophore (Nanomia) and one species of larvacean (Oikopleura). The simple, compact method is effective enough to support two permanent exhibits of ctenophores at the Monterey Bay Aquarium while minimizing live food culture requirements with the potential to support further investigation of pelagic marine invertebrate ontogeny, ecology and genomics.

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43

Grossmann, Mary M., Dhugal J. Lindsay, and Verónica Fuentes. "Sphaeronectes pughi sp. nov., a new species of sphaeronectid calycophoran siphonophore from the subantarctic zone." Polar Science 6, no. 2 (July 2012): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2011.11.001.

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44

Fedonkin, M. A., and A. Y. Ivantsov. "Ventogyrus, a possible siphonophore-like trilobozoan coelenterate from the Vendian Sequence (late Neoproterozoic), northern Russia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286, no. 1 (2007): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp286.14.

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45

Siebert, Stefan, Mark D. Robinson, Sophia C. Tintori, Freya Goetz, Rebecca R. Helm, Stephen A. Smith, Nathan Shaner, Steven H. D. Haddock, and Casey W. Dunn. "Differential Gene Expression in the Siphonophore Nanomia bijuga (Cnidaria) Assessed with Multiple Next-Generation Sequencing Workflows." PLoS ONE 6, no. 7 (July 29, 2011): e22953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022953.

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46

GASCA, REBECA, and STEVEN H. D. HADDOCK. "The rare deep-living hyperiid amphipod Megalanceoloides remipes (Barnard, 1932): complementary description and symbiosis." Zootaxa 4178, no. 1 (October 20, 2016): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.7.

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A female ovigerous specimen of the rare deep-living hyperiid Megalanceoloides remipes (Barnard, 1932) was collected with a remotely operated submersible (ROV) at a depth of 2,094 m in the Farallon Basin, Gulf of California. The specimen was found to be symbiotically associated with the siphonophore Apolemia sp. Eschscholtz, 1829. Hitherto, this species was known only from two other specimens, one from the South Atlantic and another from the Indian Ocean; the present record is the first from the Pacific Ocean. Previous descriptions lacked morphological details of different appendages; these data are provided here. In addition, we present the first data on its symbiotic association from in situ observations. The colors of the hyperiid and of some parts of the Apolemid were very similar, thus supporting the notion that some hyperiids tend to mimic the color of its host.

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47

Dellanna, Leandro, Frank Hirche, and Vasile Capra. "Successful Treatment of Recurrent Dermatitis after Physalia physalis (Portuguese Man O’ War) Envenomation with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy." Case Reports in Dermatology 13, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513367.

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For more than 3 decades, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been clinically implemented in urologic and orthopaedic indications. Here, we present the case of a patient with envenomation from a highly toxic jellyfish-like siphonophore (<i>Physalia physalis</i>) with a toxic contact dermatitis resulting in chronic eruptive skin lesions. The skin lesions on the dorsal right hand lasted more than 16 weeks and were refractive to local cortisone treatment. They finally healed after 8 applications of low-energy planar/defocused ESWT over 4 weeks. In detail, the clinical course, ESWT specifications and the possible mechanisms of ESWT in the light of the current literature are discussed. Our case indicates that ESWT is an underestimated, promising non-invasive, non-immunosuppressive treatment for chronic eruptive skin lesions after jellyfish or related toxin envenomations.

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48

Burford, Benjamin P., Bruce H. Robison, and Robert E. Sherlock. "Behaviour and mimicry in the juvenile and subadult life stages of the mesopelagic squid Chiroteuthis calyx." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 6 (November 24, 2014): 1221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414001763.

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Cephalopods are common inhabitants of the deep ocean's mesopelagic zones worldwide, yet very little is known about their behaviour due to the inaccessibility of this environment. Recent studies suggest that, contrary to historical predictions, deep-sea cephalopods exhibit a wide array of visual behaviours. We used in situ footage from remotely operated vehicles, coupled with laboratory observations to assemble the first behavioural ethogram for the juvenile and subadult life stages of the mesopelagic squid, Chiroteuthis calyx. The number of behavioural components we described is comparable to or exceeds those recognized in ethograms of shallow-water teuthids. We used the ethogram to make a detailed behavioural comparison between the juvenile and subadult life stages, and found distinctly different patterns. Behavioural and morphological differences between the two life stages support the hypothesis that juvenile C. calyx mimic the abundant siphonophore Nanomia bijuga, in order to deter predation.

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PUGH, P. R. "The taxonomic status of the genus Moseria (Siphonophora, Physonectae)." Zootaxa 1343, no. 1 (October 26, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1343.1.1.

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The status of the two species presently included within the genus Moseri a (Siphonophora, Physonectae), M. c onvol uta (Moser, 1925) and M. sim ilis Margulis, 1977, is reviewed. Based on the availabil ity of new material, described herein, both are considered valid. They can be distinguished by the morphology of their bracts, tentill a and palpons. Whether there are di fferences in the nectophores re mains to be resolved. As the generic name Moseri a is pre-occupied for a ctenophore , a new generic name is required and Resomi a, gen. nov., is proposed. The systematic position of this genus within the physonect siphonophores is discussed in light of recent molecular phylogeny studies (Dunn et al. 2005b).

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Guerrero, Elena, Anna Marrodán, Ana Sabatés, Covadonga Orejas, and Josep Maria Gili. "High spatial heterogeneity of two planktonic cnidarian species related to the variability of a shelf-slope front at short time scales." Scientia Marina 80, no. 4 (November 22, 2016): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04452.03a.

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We investigated the variability in the mesoscale distribution of the siphonophore Muggiaea atlantica and the hydromedusa Aglaura hemistoma in relation to the rapid spatial oscillations of the shelf-slope front off the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). Three extensive surveys were carried out in spring at ten-day intervals. High variability in the position of the front resulted from the advection of low-salinity waters originating in the Gulf of Lions, mainly from the Rhône River runoff. High spatial variability in the distribution of the two species was closely related to the shifting positions of the front. Both species occurred on its inshore side in much higher abundances than on its offshore side, where they were scarce or absent. The front acts as a barrier limiting offshore displacement of these two cnidarians. Statistical analyses showed that bottom depth and salinity, as independent variables, were indicators of the signature and position of the front, explaining most of the variance in the distribution and abundance of the two species.

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