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Journal articles on the topic 'Siphonorhinidae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 7 July 2025

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1

Moritz, Leif, and Antonio Parra-Gómez. "Notorhinus floresi sp. nov. gen. nov.: The first records of Siphonophorida in Chile and Siphonorhinidae in South America (Colobognatha)." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 81 (June 9, 2023): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e100520.

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The millipede family Siphonorhinidae (order Siphonophorida) shows a scattered distribution in South Africa, Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia, and North America. So far, the family is unknown from South America, while species of Siphonophoridae, the second family of the order, are relatively abundant on the continent. However, not a single Siphonophorida is known from Chile. Here we describe the monotypic genus Notorhinusgen. nov. with N. floresisp. nov. and record a second Notorhinus (undescribed) species, as first records of the order Siphonophorida in Chile and of the family Siphonorhinidae in South America. Notorhinusgen. nov. is distinct from the remaining Siphonorhinidae by the arrangement of the sensilla basiconica on the antennae and other somatic and sexual characters. However, it shows close morphological affinities to the North American genus IllacmeCook and Loomis 1928. In the Americas Siphonorhinidae were previously only known from California (USA), where they inhabit subterranean micro-habitats. The Chilean species was found under a piece of decaying wood in a small patch of fragmented native forest. Thus, the group shows a disjunct antitropical distribution in America at ca. 37° North and 38° South. They might be the relict of a once greater distribution, which persisted in these areas due to similar climatic conditions.

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2

Moritz, Leif, Benjamin Wipfler, and Thomas Wesener. "Protosiphonorhinus patrickmuelleri gen. et sp. nov., the first fossil member of the sucking millipede family Siphonorhinidae (Colobognatha, Siphonophorida) described from Cretaceous Myanmar amber." Evolutionary Systematics 9, no. 1 (2025): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.9.147291.

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Millipedes (Diplopoda) are an abundant group of fossilized terrestrial arthropods throughout the Palaeozoic Era. However, there is a gap in the Mesozoic Period with only slightly more than a dozen fossils known, until more recent fossil records – mainly from Cenozoic Dominican and Baltic ambers – became available. Here, we describe a millipede of the family Siphonorhinidae from Myanmar amber, a species-poor group, comprising just six extant genera, disjunctly distributed in Southeast Asia, South Africa, Madagascar, Chile and California. Micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) enabled detailed visualizations of essential elements for description, including the tergites, legs, head, antenna, and notably the gonopods. The new genus shares some characteristics with species of the extant genus Siphonorhinus Pocock, 1894. Protosiphonorhinus patrickmuellerigen. et sp. nov. differs from extant species of the family mainly in the shape of the antenna, tergites, and anterior gonopods. A recently described fossil species of Siphonophorida from Myanmar amber was erroneously assigned to the family Siphonorhinidae. We transfer it to the family Siphonophoridae, as Siphonophora globosa (Su, Cai & Huang, 2024) comb. nov. The description of the new genus and the reinterpretation of the previously described fossil Siphonorhinidae allows for a rejection of a hypothesis of bradytely within the Siphonorhinidae from the mid-Cretaceous to the present day.

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3

Moritz, Leif, and Antonio Parra-Gómez. "Notorhinus floresi sp. nov. gen. nov.: The first records of Siphonophorida in Chile and Siphonorhinidae in South America (Colobognatha)." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 81 (June 9, 2023): 565–79. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e100520.

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Abstract:

The millipede family Siphonorhinidae (order Siphonophorida) shows a scattered distribution in South Africa, Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia, and North America. So far, the family is unknown from South America, while species of Siphonophoridae, the second family of the order, are relatively abundant on the continent. However, not a single Siphonophorida is known from Chile. Here we describe the monotypic genus Notorhinus gen. nov. with N. floresi sp. nov. and record a second Notorhinus (undescribed) species, as first records of the order Siphonophorida in Chile and of the family Siphonorhinidae in South America. Notorhinus gen. nov. is distinct from the remaining Siphonorhinidae by the arrangement of the sensilla basiconica on the antennae and other somatic and sexual characters. However, it shows close morphological affinities to the North American genus Illacme Cook and Loomis 1928. In the Americas Siphonorhinidae were previously only known from California (USA), where they inhabit subterranean micro-habitats. The Chilean species was found under a piece of decaying wood in a small patch of fragmented native forest. Thus, the group shows a disjunct antitropical distribution in America at ca. 37° North and 38° South. They might be the relict of a once greater distribution, which persisted in these areas due to similar climatic conditions.

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4

Moritz, Leif, Benjamin Wipfler, and Thomas Wesener. "Protosiphonorhinus patrickmuelleri gen. et sp. nov., the first fossil member of the sucking millipede family Siphonorhinidae (Colobognatha, Siphonophorida) described from Cretaceous Myanmar amber." Evolutionary Systematics 9 (March 17, 2025): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.9.147291.

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Abstract:

Millipedes (Diplopoda) are an abundant group of fossilized terrestrial arthropods throughout the Palaeozoic Era. However, there is a gap in the Mesozoic Period with only slightly more than a dozen fossils known, until more recent fossil records – mainly from Cenozoic Dominican and Baltic ambers – became available. Here, we describe a millipede of the family Siphonorhinidae from Myanmar amber, a species-poor group, comprising just six extant genera, disjunctly distributed in Southeast Asia, South Africa, Madagascar, Chile and California. Micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) enabled detailed visualizations of essential elements for description, including the tergites, legs, head, antenna, and notably the gonopods. The new genus shares some characteristics with species of the extant genus <i>Siphonorhinus</i> Pocock, 1894. <i>Protosiphonorhinus patrickmuelleri</i> gen. et sp. nov. differs from extant species of the family mainly in the shape of the antenna, tergites, and anterior gonopods. A recently described fossil species of Siphonophorida from Myanmar amber was erroneously assigned to the family Siphonorhinidae. We transfer it to the family Siphonophoridae, as <i>Siphonophora globosa</i> (Su, Cai & Huang, 2024) comb. nov. The description of the new genus and the reinterpretation of the previously described fossil Siphonorhinidae allows for a rejection of a hypothesis of bradytely within the Siphonorhinidae from the mid-Cretaceous to the present day.

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5

Wesener, Thomas. "Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)." Zootaxa 5278, no. 1 (2023): 163–75. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.9.

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Wesener, Thomas (2023): Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida). Zootaxa 5278 (1): 163-175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.9

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6

Moritz, Leif, and Antonio Parra-Gómez. "Notorhinus Moritz & Parra-Gómez, 2023 (Siphonophorida: Siphonorhinidae) junior homonym of Notorhinus Roth, 1903 (Mammalia: †Astrapotheria: incertae sedis): proposed substitution by Notiorhinus nom. nov." Zootaxa 5336, no. 1 (2023): 149–50. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5336.1.10.

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Moritz, Leif, Parra-Gómez, Antonio (2023): Notorhinus Moritz & Parra-Gómez, 2023 (Siphonophorida: Siphonorhinidae) junior homonym of Notorhinus Roth, 1903 (Mammalia: †Astrapotheria: incertae sedis): proposed substitution by Notiorhinus nom. nov. Zootaxa 5336 (1): 149-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5336.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5336.1.10

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7

Marek, Paul E., Jean K. Krejca, and William A. Shear. "A new species of Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 from Sequoia National Park, California, with a world catalog of the Siphonorhinidae (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)." ZooKeys 626 (October 20, 2016): 1–43. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.626.9681.

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Members of the family Siphonorhinidae Cook, 1895 are thread-like eyeless millipedes that possess an astounding number of legs, including one individual with 750. Due to their cryptic lifestyle, rarity in natural history collections, and sporadic study over the last century, the family has an unclear phylogenetic placement, and intrafamilial relationships remain unknown. Here we report the discovery of a second species of Illacme, a millipede genus notable for possessing the greatest number of legs of any known animal on the planet. Illacme tobini sp. n. is described from a single male collected in a cave in Sequoia National Park, California, USA. After 90 years since the description of Illacme, the species represents a second of the genus in California. Siphonorhinidae now includes Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 (two species, USA), Kleruchus Attems, 1938 (one species, Vietnam), Nematozonium Verhoeff, 1939 (one species, South Africa) and Siphonorhinus Pocock, 1894 (eight species, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Vietnam).

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8

Marek, Paul E., Charity L. Hall, Cedric Lee, et al. "A new species of Illacme from southern California (Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)." ZooKeys 1167 (June 21, 2023): 265–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1167.102537.

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The millipede fauna inhabiting deep soil are poorly known. They are small and threadlike, slow moving, lacking pigmentation, and rarely encountered due to their obscure underground way of life. One family, the Siphonorhinidae, encompasses four genera and 12 species in a fragmentary distribution in California, southern Africa, Madagascar, the Malay Archipelago, and Indo-Burma. The family is represented in the Western Hemisphere by a single genus, Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 from California, with its closest known relative, Nematozonium filum Verhoeff, 1939, from southern Africa. A new species of this family is documented from soil microhabitats in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, Illacme socal Marek & Shear, sp. nov. Based on this discovery and the recent documentation of other endogean millipede species, we show that these grossly understudied subterranean fauna represent the next frontier of discovery. However, they are threatened by encroaching human settlement and habitat loss, and conservation of this species and other subterranean fauna is of high importance.

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9

Marek, Paul E., Charity L. Hall, Cedric Lee, et al. "A new species of Illacme from southern California (Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)." ZooKeys 1167 (June 21, 2023): 265–91. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1167.102537.

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Abstract:

The millipede fauna inhabiting deep soil are poorly known. They are small and threadlike, slow moving, lacking pigmentation, and rarely encountered due to their obscure underground way of life. One family, the Siphonorhinidae, encompasses four genera and 12 species in a fragmentary distribution in California, southern Africa, Madagascar, the Malay Archipelago, and Indo-Burma. The family is represented in the Western Hemisphere by a single genus, Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 from California, with its closest known relative, Nematozonium filum Verhoeff, 1939, from southern Africa. A new species of this family is documented from soil microhabitats in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, Illacme socal Marek & Shear, sp. nov. Based on this discovery and the recent documentation of other endogean millipede species, we show that these grossly understudied subterranean fauna represent the next frontier of discovery. However, they are threatened by encroaching human settlement and habitat loss, and conservation of this species and other subterranean fauna is of high importance.

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10

SU, YI-TONG, CHEN-YANG CAI, and DI-YING HUANG. "Two new species of Siphonorhinidae (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Siphonophorida) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber." Mesozoic 1, no. 1 (2024): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/mesozoic.1.1.6.

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Two new species of the millipede family Siphonorhinidae, Siphonorhinus globosus sp. nov. and Siphonorhinus peculiaris sp. nov., are described from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Detailed morphological characters are provided on the basis of 22 specimens, mainly using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The new species can be confidently placed in the extant genus Siphonorhinus based on the head lacking a beak-like rostrum, antennae stout and elbowed; antennomeres 5 and 6 each with a field of basiconic sensilla, and gonopods leg-like, with apical podomere of posterior gonopod divided to two branches. A detailed comparison between the new and extant species is given.

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11

WESENER, THOMAS. "Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)." Zootaxa 5278, no. 1 (2023): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.9.

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Millipedes of the family Siphonorhinidae Cook, 1895, famous for including the leggiest animal on this planet until recently, with up to 750 legs, show a disjunct distribution in California, South Africa and South-East Asia (from India to the Indonesian Islands of Java and Flores). Here I formally describe the first members of the family from Madagascar, Madagascarhinus madagascariensis n. gen., n. sp. and Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n. sp., from degraded central highland rainforests. Both species of Madagascarhinus n. gen. are relatively short (61 or 63 tergites), setose, pale and slender, and differ from the other known five genera of the family in numerous characters of the antennae, head, and tergites.

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12

Marek, Paul, William Shear, and Jason Bond. "A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)." ZooKeys 241 (November 14, 2012): 77–112. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831.

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With up to 750 legs, the millipede <i>Illacme plenipes</i> Cook and Loomis, 1928 is the leggiest animal known on Earth. It is endemic to the northwestern foothills of the Gabilan Range in San Benito County, California, where it is the only known species of the family Siphonorhinidae in the Western Hemisphere. <i>Illacme plenipes</i> is only known from 3 localities in a 4.5 km2 area; the 1926 holotype locality is uncertain. Individuals of the species are strictly associated with large arkose sandstone boulders, and are extremely rare, with only 17 specimens known to exist in natural history collections. In contrast with its small size and unassuming outward appearance, the microanatomy of the species is strikingly complex. Here we provide a detailed redescription of the species, natural history notes, DNA barcodes for <i>I. plenipes </i>and similar-looking species, and a predictive occurrence map of the species inferred using niche based distribution modeling. Based on functional morphology of related species, the extreme number of legs is hypothesized to be associated with a life spent burrowing deep underground, and clinging to the surface of sandstone boulders.

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13

Marek, Paul, William Shear, and Jason Bond. "A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)." ZooKeys 241 (November 14, 2012): 77–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831.

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14

Marek, Paul E., Jean K. Krejca, and William A. Shear. "A new species of Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 from Sequoia National Park, California, with a world catalog of the Siphonorhinidae (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)." ZooKeys 626 (October 20, 2016): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.626.9681.

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15

MORITZ, LEIF, and ANTONIO PARRA-GÓMEZ. "Notorhinus Moritz & Parra-Gómez, 2023 (Siphonophorida: Siphonorhinidae) junior homonym of Notorhinus Roth, 1903 (Mammalia: †Astrapotheria: incertae sedis): proposed substitution by Notiorhinus nom. nov." Zootaxa 5336, no. 1 (2023): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5336.1.10.

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16

Wesener, Thomas. "First records of the order Siphonophorida from Madagascar and Mauritius (Diplopoda)." Revue suisse de Zoologie 121, no. 3 (2014): 415–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5823062.

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17

Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sergei I. Golovatch, and Somsak Panha. "A checklist of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of Laos." Zootaxa 3754, no. 4 (2014): 473–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.8.

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18

Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sergei I. Golovatch, and Somsak Panha. "A checklist of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of Cambodia." Zootaxa 3973, no. 1 (2015): 175–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3973.1.7.

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19

Golovatch, Sergei I., and Thomas Wesener. "A species checklist of the millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) of India." Zootaxa 4129, no. 1 (2016): 1–75. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4129.1.1.

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20

Álvarez-Rodríguez, Michelle, Francisco Riquelme, Miguel Hernández-Patricio, and Fabio Cupul Magaña. "Diplopoda in the world fossil record." Zoological Systematics 49, no. 3 (2024): 185–245. https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.2024201.

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Álvarez-Rodríguez, Michelle, Riquelme, Francisco, Hernández-Patricio, Miguel, Magaña, Fabio Cupul- (2024): Diplopoda in the world fossil record. Zoological Systematics 49 (3): 185-245, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2024201

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