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1
Ranade, Rekha. Sir Bartle Frere and his times: A study of his Bombay years, 1862-1867. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications, 1990.
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2
Brown, Stanley. Sir James Barrie: Philatelic items associated with the creator of Peter Pan. [Perth]: the authors, 2002.
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4
Dolfi, Anna, ed. Non dimenticarsi di Proust. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-610-7.
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Da una parte le côté de Guermantes e dall’altra quello di chez Swann… Pochi luoghi come Illiers-Combray offrono la misura tangibile di un mito che ha coinvolto non solo lettori e scrittori,ma quanti hanno riflettuto sul senso e le strutture della narrativa moderna. Già che non sarebbero pensabili la grande critica del Novecento e le più innovative riflessioni sul metodo senza la Recherche . Vi si sono misurati, con saggi e/o libri memorabili,Auerbach, Curtius, Spitzer, Poulet, Jauss, Deleuze, Richard, Genette, Barthes…, e da noi Solmi, Debenedetti, Contini,Macchia, mentre si sono cimentati nella traduzione Caproni, Fortini, la Ginzsburg, Raboni... Insomma, la seduzione di un’opera dalla fittissima intertestualità e varietà di registri risiede ancora, non solo nella capacità di parlare della storia e cultura dell’Occidente, offrendo il grandioso affresco di un universo in declino, ma nella possibilità di inserirsi su molti livelli (compreso quello della meta-letteratura, della saggistica) quale punto obbligato di passaggio. Contribuendo a creare un mondo parallelo rispetto a quello reale, che si trova ormai popolato dei suoi doppi: città, cattedrali, sentimenti, emozioni, parole intermittences … Dal campo della finzione a quello, indotto, della narratologia, nessun dubbio che Proust ci abbia cambiato la vita, la percezione del mondo, e il modo di guardare gli oggetti, e di leggere i libri e le cose. La raccolta che qui si propone, progettata e curata da Anna Dolfi, ne dà un’ampia e suggestiva testimonianza, offrendosi ormai come un imprescindibile oggetto di studio sulle tracce dell’imprendibile, indimenticabile Marcel.
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Buckland, Warren, and Daniel Fairfax, eds. Conversations with Christian Metz. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089648259.
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From 1968 to 1991 the acclaimed film theorist Christian Metz wrote several remarkable books on film theory: Essais sur la signifi cation au cinéma, tome1 et 2; Langage et cinéma; Le signifiant imaginaire; and L’Enonciation impersonnelle. These books set the agenda of academic film studies during its formative period. Metz’s ideas were taken up, digested, refined,reinterpreted, criticized and sometimes dismissed, but rarely ignored. This volume collects and translates into English for the first time a series of interviews with Metz, who offers readable summaries,elaborations, and explanations of his sometimes complex and demanding theories of film. He speaks informally of the most fundamental concepts that constitute the heart of film theory as an academic discipline — concepts borrowed from linguistics, semiotics, rhetoric, narratology, and psychoanalysis. Within the colloquial language of the interview, we witness Metz’s initial formation and development of his film theory. The interviewers act as curious readers who pose probing questions to Metz about his books, and seek clarification and elaboration of his key concepts. We also discover the contents of his unpublished manuscript on jokes, his relation to Roland Barthes, and the social networks operative in the French intellectual community during the 1970s and 1980s.
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Bartoli, Maria Teresa, and Monica Lusoli, eds. Le teorie, le tecniche, i repertori figurativi nella prospettiva d'architettura tra il '400 e il '700. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-884-2.
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La prospettiva dell’età moderna nacque come un ponte gettato tra l’arte e la scienza. Essa dava necessità all’arte e rendeva visibile la scienza; il terreno di coltura fu quello dell’architettura, che da sempre impegnava in sinergia i cultori dell’una e dell’altra. L’ambito di pensiero in cui fu concepita si occupava degli argomenti più alti, l’universo e la terra: a partire dagli astronomi-geografi e dai topografi, si è costruita nel tempo come disciplina e metodo scientifico-artistico, derivando sistematicamente teoremi da teoremi, in un crescendo di complessità, che ha assunto forme talvolta acrobatiche, non aperte all’evidenza. Le tecniche prospettiche sviluppate nel tempo hanno accompagnato le figure dell’architettura e del figurativo nei loro mutamenti. Le attuali tecnologie informatiche ci permettono oggi di studiare i modelli di questo ambito artistico con la fiducia di poter portare alla luce una storia nuova su di esso. Questo volume raccoglie i saggi di 44 ricercatori che, all’interno di un Progetto Nazionale bandito nel 2011, coordinato da Riccardo Migliari di Roma, hanno aderito alla chiamata del gruppo fiorentino, di cui è responsabile Maria Teresa Bartoli, per illustrare il loro metodo di approccio culturale e tecnico al tema attraverso un caso-studio: fosse esso rappresentato da un dipinto o dai passi di un trattato.
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Martineau, John. Life and Correspondence of Sir Bartle Frere, Bart. , G. C. B. , F. R. S. , Etc. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2012.
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8
Martineau, John. Life and Correspondence of Sir Bartle Frere, Bart. , G. C. B. , F. R. S. , etc. 2 Volume Set. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2012.
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9
Martineau, John. The Transvaal Trouble, How It Arose: Being An Extract From The Biography Of The Late Sir Bartle Frere. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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10
Martineau, John. The Transvaal Trouble, How It Arose: Being An Extract From The Biography Of The Late Sir Bartle Frere. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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11
Popescu, Gabriela, Marieta Iordan, and Adrian-Gabriel Horvat. Ghid pentru invatarea sociologiei in liceu si pregatirea examenului de Bacalaureat. Editura Universitara, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5682/9786062810528.
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Prezenta lucrare se adreseaza in egala masura atat elevilor de la profilul uman care studiaza sociologia in liceu, cat si profesorilor care predau aceasta disciplina. Conținutul ghidului respecta cu fidelitate programele de studiu si de bacalaureat, fiind un instrument util in pregatirea elevilor din clasa a XI-a, dar si a celor din clasa a XII-a care opteaza pentru susținerea probei scrise la alegere la disciplina sociologie. Lucrarea este structurata in trei parți. Partea I cuprinde reperele teoretice prevazute de programele de studiu si de bacalaureat, acestea fiind insoțite de un numar generos de exerciții si activitați de invațare recomandate. In partea a II-a se afla rezolvarea integrala a subiectului model de bacalaureat propus pentru anul 2020, precum si 20 de teste de bacalaureat insoțite de indrumari de rezolvare si bareme de evaluare. Partea a III-a este formata dintr-o lista alfabetica de termeni sociologici (un mini-dicționar), care ajuta la completarea reperelor teoretice si la extinderea posibilitații ințelegerii de catre elevi a fenomenelor si proceselor sociale.
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Timmermann, Marybeth, trans. Preface to Stories from the French Women’s Liberation Movement. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0038.
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In August, 1970, barely six years ago, a few women demonstrated at the Arc de Triomphe in honor of “the wife of the unknown soldier.” And so for the first time the newspapers mentioned the MLF [Mouvement de libération des femmes or French Women’s Liberation Movement]. This name, similar to the American “Women’s Lib,” was given to the movement by the press, and the militants took it on for themselves. Ever since, the MLF has become very well known, or rather very poorly known, because the image propagated about them is one of hysterical shrews and lesbians. The primary merit of this book is to completely refute this cliché....
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Ferro, Nuno, and Paulo Lima. Categorias existenciais. Fim – sentido - ipseidade. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2044-2.
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O que está em causa em todos estes estudos são as categorias existenciais. Estas revelam-se na sua execução vital, de modo que a diversidade de pontos de vista pode ser mais útil para pôr o leitor na pista das categorias existenciais do que um texto sobre elas, em que correriam o risco de se transformarem em categorias do pensamento. Por isso, este volume acolhe com o mesmo interesse análises d’A Fenomenologia do Espírito e de Céline, tanto o fenómeno do desejo, no Fédon,ou o“por mor de” na analítica existencial do Dasein, de Heidegger, quanto o fenómeno do grotesco, na obra de Flannery O’Connor, ou o tema do “I would prefer not to”, no Bartleby.
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Steichen, James. 1936. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607418.003.0007.
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This chapter chronicles the formation and first season of the dance company Ballet Caravan, revealing the troupe’s close ties to the American Ballet and School of American Ballet. Contrary to prior accounts, Ballet Caravan was in its initial conception neither a dancer-driven initiative nor a carefully conceived attempt by Kirstein to pursue an American artistic agenda. Instead it was conceived of barely six weeks prior to its first performances in July 1936 as a practical response to an array of institutional crises facing the American Ballet, including Balanchine’s health problems and business partner Edward Warburg’s lack of interest in remaining involved with the enterprise. The American Ballet and Ballet Caravan thus reveal themselves, at least in the Caravan’s first season of the summer and fall of 1936, as more contiguous than distinct, sharing personnel, aesthetic values, choreographic styles, as well as the involvement of Balanchine himself.
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Britton, Celia. The Sense of Community in French Caribbean Fiction. Liverpool University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781846311376.001.0001.
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The Sense of Community in French Caribbean Fiction seeks to better understand the concept of community as a central and problematic issue in French Caribbean literature. The study examines representations of community in seven French Caribbean novels, including Jacques Roumain’s Gouverneurs de la rosée, Edouard Glissant’s Le Quatrième Siècle, Simone Schwarz-Bart’s Pluie et vent sur Télumée Miracle, Vincent Placoly’s L’Eau-de-mort guildive, Patrick Chamoiseau’s Texaco, Daniel Maximin’s L’Ile et une nuit, and Maryse Condé’s Desirada. Each novel is discussed in chronological order, demonstrating a progressive move away from the ‘closed’ community towards a newer sense of an ‘open’ community. In this study, Britton offers an understanding of the postcolonial societies of the Caribbean by looking at French Caribbean literature’s role in the creation of community. The seven novels analysed reveal a correlation between a tightly knit, purposeful community and a linear narrative that ends in definitive resolution, and, conversely, between a dispersed or heterogeneous community and a narrative structure that avoids linearity and closure.
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Camou, Antonio Adolfo Marcial, and Osmar González, eds. Revolución, exilio y democracia. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/61206.
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<i>Conversaciones con Roger Bartra, Jorge Luis Bernetti, Arnaldo Córdoba, Francisco Delich, Liliana de Riz, Julio Labastida, Ernesto Laclau, Norbert Lechner, Soledad Loaeza, Ludolfo Paramio, Juan Carlos Portantiero, Edelberto Torres-Rivas, Carlos María Vilas y Francisco Zapata.</i> Este trabajo fue iniciado hace ya varios años en México, a partir de la común vinculación académica que los coordinadores tenían por ese entonces con la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO). Por diversos avatares las entrevistas originalmente realizadas no pudieron publicarse, y debieron aguardar una ocasión más propicia. Posteriormente, se fueron incorporando otros entrevistados y el volumen comenzó a tomar su formato actual. Sin duda, somos los primeros en reconocer que esta selección de autores es una muestra parcial que no pretende colmar ningún afán exhaustivo o de representatividad regional. Es apenas un ramillete de historias parecidas y distintas a las de tantos otros, pero a través de las cuales es posible reconocer voces, modulaciones y circunstancias más o menos comunes.
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Dohm, Lea, Felix Peter, and Katharina van Bronswijk, eds. Climate Action - Psychologie der Klimakrise. Psychosozial-Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/9783837978018.
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Die Klimakrise spitzt sich zu, der Klimawandel wird immer stärker spürbar. Warum gelingt es vielfach trotzdem nicht, dringend notwendige Eindämmungsmaßnahmen einzuleiten und zu handeln? Die Autorinnen und Autoren beleuchten aus psychologischer und interdisziplinärer Sicht die Hindernisse, die einer produktiven Auseinandersetzung mit der Krise im Wege stehen. Sie bieten Inspirationen für den Umgang mit den Herausforderungen des Klimawandels und stellen Grundideen für ein konstruktives und kollektives Handeln dar. Dabei denken sie individuelles Handeln auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene und zeigen, dass jede*r in der Klimakrise wirksam werden und dabei gesund bleiben kann. Mit Beiträgen von Markus Barth, Katharina Beyerl, Julian Bleh, Helmut Born, Hans-Joachim Busch, Andreas Büttgen, Stuart Capstick, Parissa Chokrai, Felix Creutzig, Trevor Culhane, Aram de Bruyn-Ouboter, Katja Diehl, Lea Dohm, Immo Fritsche, Erhard Georg, Robert Goldbach, Tobias Gralke, Delaram Habibi-Kohlen, Gregor Hagedorn, Karen Hamann, Markus Hener, Nicole Herzog, Karolin Heyne, Sandra Hieke, David Hiss, Remo Klinger, Jan-Ole Komm, Ebba Laing, William F. Lamb, Helen Landmann, Odette Lassonczyk, Sebastian Levi, Giulio Mattioli, Jan C. Minx, Finn Müller-Hansen, Felix Peter, David J. Petersen, Kay Rabe von Kühlewein, Gerhard Reese, Toni Raimond, Anne-Kristin Römpke, Kaossara Sani, Christin Schörk, Mareike Schulze, Sara Schurmann, Benedikt Seger, Katharina Simons, Maximilian Soos, Julia K. Steinberger, J. Timmons Roberts, Nisha Toussaint-Teachout, Katharina van Bronswijk, Marlis Wullenkord und Ingo Zobel.
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Barton, Gregory A. The Global History of Organic Farming. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199642533.001.0001.
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Organic farming is a major global movement that is changing land use and consumer habits around the world. This book tells the untold story of how the organic farming movement nearly faltered after an initial flurry of scientific interest and popular support. Drawing on newly unearthed archives, Barton argues that organic farming first gained popularity in an imperial milieu before shifting to the left of the political spectrum after decolonization and serving as a crucial middle stage of environmentalism. Modern organic protocols developed in British India under the guidance of Sir Albert Howard before spreading throughout parts of the British Empire, Europe, and the United States through the advocacy of his many followers and his second wife Louise. Organic farming advocates before and during the Second World War challenged the industrialization of agriculture and its reliance on chemical fertilizers. They came tantalizingly close to influencing government policy. The decolonization of the British Empire, the success of industrial agriculture, and the purging of holistic ideas from medicine sidelined organic farming advocates who were viewed increasingly as cranks and kooks. Organic farming advocates continued to spread their anti-chemical farming message through a small community that deeply influenced Rachel Carson’s ideas in Silent Spring, a book that helped to legitimize anti-chemical concerns. The organic farming movement re-entered the scientific mainstream in the 1980s only with the reluctant backing of government policy. It has continued to grow in popularity ever since and continues to inspire those who seek to align agriculture and health.
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Short, Simine. The Formative Years. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036316.003.0001.
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This chapter details the early years of Octave Chanute. In 1838, six-year-old Octave arrived in America with his father Joseph Chanut, who had accepted an offer to teach in one of the three major colleges in antebellum Louisiana. The eldest of three, Octave left the security of his life in Paris, where he lived with his mother, grandmother, and two younger brothers, to move to America with a father he barely knew. A new life, so different and not Parisian at all, began for Joseph and Octave. Joseph home-schooled his son, and his French-speaking colleagues supplied a teaching curriculum according to their expertise, usually communicating in their mother tongue. They not only taught the youngster to read and write, but also to tell the truth and observe the general rules of etiquette. In September 1846, Octave entered the Coudert Lyceum in New York for an education different than what he had received from his father and other professors in Louisiana. After graduating in August 1848 with a degree similar to a high school diploma, Octave selected the Hudson River Railroad as his path into the future.
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Mawson, Michael. Christ Existing as Community. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826460.001.0001.
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How can theologians recognize the church as a historical and human community, while still holding that it has been established by Christ and is a work of the Spirit? How can a theological account of the church draw insights and concepts from the social sciences, without Christian commitments and claims about the church being undermined or displaced? In 1927, the 21-year-old Dietrich Bonhoeffer defended his licentiate dissertation, Sanctorum Communio: A Theological Study of the Sociology of the Church. This remains his most neglected and misunderstood work. Christ Existing as Community thus retrieves and analyses Bonhoeffer’s engagement with social theory and attempt at ecclesiology. Against standard readings and criticisms of this work, Mawson demonstrates that it contains a rich and nuanced approach to the church, one which displays many of Bonhoeffer’s key influences—especially Luther, Hegel, Troeltsch, and Barth—while being distinctive in its own right. In particular, Mawson argues that Sanctorum Communio’s theology is built around a complex dialectic of creation, sin, and reconciliation. On this basis, he contends that Bonhoeffer’s dissertation has ongoing significance for work in theology and Christian ethics.
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Ruse, Michael. Realists and Pacifists. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867577.003.0007.
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Christians, in the years after the Great War until the end of the Second War, continued divided. There were those who regretted war but felt it sometimes necessary. Prominent here was the American Lutheran theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr. His “Christian realism” started with original sin but did not follow a strict just-war-theory line. He argued that privately we ought to follow Jesus and eschew violence, but as members of society we sometimes need to fight. Karl Barth, who broke from his mentor Adolf von Harnack over the morality of the First War, stood against the Nazis and, although also not a just war theorist, argued the necessity of conflict against Hitler. Countering all of these were the pacifists, notably in America the preacher Harry Emerson Fosdick, and in England the Anglican priest Dick Sheppard. When war was again declared in 1939, the Christian leaders on both sides again took up the call to arms in the name of Jesus. A notable exception was the still-undergraduate, recent Catholic convert, future Wittgensteinian philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe, who was no pacifist but who argued that entering the conflict against Hitler did not fill the requirements demanded of an Augustinian just war.
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Hage, Ghassan, ed. Decay. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478022039.
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In eleven sharp essays, the contributors to Decay attend to the processes and experiences of symbolic and material decay in a variety of sociopolitical contexts across the globe. They examine decay in its myriad manifestations—biological, physical, organizational, moral, political, personal, and social and in numerous contexts, including colonialism and imperialism, governments and the state, racism, the environment, and infrastructure. The volume's topics are wide in scope, ranging from the discourse of social decay in contemporary Australian settler colonialism and the ways infrastructures both create and experience decay to cultural decay in the aftermath of the Sri Lankan civil war and the relations among individual, institutional, and societal decay in an American high-security prison. By using decay as a problematic and expounding its mechanisms, conditions, and temporalities, the contributors provide nuanced and rigorous means to more fully grapple with the exigencies of the current sociopolitical moment. Contributors. Cameo Dalley, Peter D. Dwyer, Akhil Gupta, Ghassan Hage, Michael Herzfeld, Elise Klein, Bart Klem, Tamara Kohn, Michael Main, Fabio Mattioli, Debra McDougall, Monica Minnegal, Violeta Schubert
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Lennartz, Norbert, ed. Byron and Marginality. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439411.001.0001.
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The collection of essays intends to show that everything about Byron’s poetic work baffles the scholarly desire for neat categorisations. Various attempts at re-mapping Romanticism have given ample evidence of the fact that, as one of the ‘big six’ in the Romantic canon, Byron outgrows Romanticism and epitomises the fallacious character of a period that has always been compared to a dangerous quicksand. In his self-incurred marginality, Byron subjects the entire genre of poetry to a severe process of deconstruction: his œuvre ranges from verse tale to “epic narratives”, versified romances and poems which subvert the rigorous metrical and formal requirements and turn poetic forms into leaky vessels of incoherent quotations, intertextual reference and Molly Bloomian soliloquies.Taking to his role as a cultural fence-sitter, scoffer and outsider who watches his literary ambience from the stern perspective of a Neo-Classicist, Byron unveils and lays bare the repressed strata of human savagery which Romantic poetry normally glosses over and ignores.Doing the exact opposite of what Novalis and others circumscribed as the ‘poeticisation’ of prosaic 19th-century reality, Byron subscribes to the idea that man is irretrievably a bête humaine, much more akin to the liver-devouring vulture than to Prometheus. It is this premise of ontological marginality that is eventually reflected in all aspects of Byron’s textual, generic, thematic and topographical marginality.
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Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.
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Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.
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Shoemaker, Stephen P. Unitarians, Shakers, and Quakers in North America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0011.
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The American Revolution inspired new movements with a longing to restore what they believed was a primitive and pure form of the church, uncorrupted by the accretions of the centuries. Unlike most Canadians, Americans were driven by the rhetoric of human equality, in which individual believers could dispense with creeds or deference to learned ministers. This chapter argues that one manifestation of this was the Restorationist impulse: the desire to recover beliefs and practices believed lost or obscured. While that impulse could be found in many Protestant bodies, the groups classified as ‘Restorationist’ in North America emerged from what is today labelled the Stone-Campbell movement. They were not known explicitly as Restorationists as they identified themselves as ‘Christian Churches’ or ‘Disciples of Christ’ in a bid to find names that did not separate them from other Christians. The roots of this movement lay in the Republican Methodist Church or ‘Christian Church’ founded by James O’Kelly on the principle of representative governance in church and state. As its ‘Christian’ title implied, the new movement was supposed to effect Christian unity. It was carried forward in New England by Abner Jones and Elias Smith who came from Separate Baptist congregations. Smith was a radical Jeffersonian republican who rejected predestination, the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, and original sin as human inventions and would be rejected from his own movement when he embraced universalism. The Presbyterian minister Barton W. Stone was the most important advocate of the Christian movement in Kentucky and Tennessee. Stone was a New Light Presbyterian who fell out with his church in 1803 because he championed revivals to the displeasure of Old Light Presbyterians. With other ministers he founded the Springfield Presbytery and published an Apology which rejected ‘human creeds and confessions’ only to redub their churches as Christian Churches or Churches of Christ. Stone’s movement coalesced with the movement founded by Alexander Campbell, the son of an Ulster Scot who emigrated to the United States after failing to effect reunion between Burgher and Anti-Burghers and founded an undenominational Christian Association. Alexander embraced baptism by immersion under Baptist influence, so that the father and son’s followers were initially known as Reformed (or Reforming) Baptists. The increasing suspicion with which Baptists regarded his movement pushed Alexander into alliance with Stone, although Campbell was uneasy about formal terms of alliance. For his part, Stone faced charges from Joseph Badger and Joseph Marsh that he had capitulated to Campbell. The Stone-Campbell movement was nonetheless successful, counting 192,000 members by the Civil War and over a million in the United States by 1900. Successful but bifurcated, for there were numerous Christian Churches which held out from joining the Stone-Campbell movement, which also suffered a north–south split in the Civil War era over political and liturgical questions. The most buoyant fraction of the movement were the Disciples of Christ or Christian Churches of the mid-west, which shared in the nationalistic and missionary fervour of the post-war era, even though it too in time would undergo splits.