Academic literature on the topic 'Siria Valley'

Se propone un enfoque geofísico integrado para identificar las posibles zonas de fuga dentro de la roca madre de la subestructura cercana al cuerpo de la presa. Este enfoque incluye investigación geofísica basadas en la tomografía de resistividad eléctrica (ERT, por sus siglas en inglés) y datos tradicionales de sondeo VES. La obtención de datos se llevó a cabo en la presa de tierra Abu Baara, ubicada en los márgenes del sur de la llanura de Al-Ghab al noroeste de Siria; el embalse corriente abajo, y la cresta de la presa. Los resultados adquiridos se interpretaron mediante el uso de diferentes técnicas, en particular la de Pichgin y Habibullaev. En los alrededores de la presa se distinguieron tres bloques principales que distinguió las rocas subestructurales. Los depósitos aluviales se superponen a una roca de piedra caliza y un lecho rocoso con dolomita con valores de resistencia que oscilan entre 300 y 1200 m. Se identificaron varias características anómalas estructurales dentro del lecho rocoso de carbonato duro. Estas características están relacionadas de forma mínima con elementos tectónicos como fallas, fracturas o cavidades kársticas. El segundo bloque central parece estar relacionado con una estructura con fallas o hundimientos que coinciden con el valle principal. Este valle se encuentra completamente lleno de depósitos aluviales de más de 50 m de espesor. Por lo tanto, son consideradas las principales causas de los procesos de fuga de la presa. El enfoque geofísico integrado presentado y propuesto en este documento podría aplicarse fácilmente en otras represas similares que sufren problemas de fugas. Palabras clave: estudio ERT, técnica de Pichgin y Habibullaev, filtración, Abu Baara Earthdam, Siria.

Los márgenes del Valle del Nilo siempre estuvieron en el punto de mirade los faraones, debido a la riqueza y variedad de productos que aportaban, desde los importantes recursos minerales obtenidos en el desierto oriental o el Sinaí, hasta los exotica y aromata que llegaban al país a través de Nubia. En los periodos de mayor debilidad de la monarquía egipcia, estas zonas solían caer en desuso, como ocurrió durante el Primer Periodo Intermedio. Pero con la reunificación del país en el Reino Medio, la actividad egipciaen el exterior conoció un nuevo impulso, documentándose expediciones mineras en casi todos los yacimientos conocidos, así como la presencia egipcia en las zonas limítrofes, como Kerma, Siria-Palestina o Punt. La naturaleza de las relaciones entre los egipcios y los habitantes nativos de estas regiones puede vislumbrarse a través del estudio de las inscripciones y vestigios arqueológicos que dejaron tras de sí.

Este artículo documenta la oposición a la minería en Honduras, un país alborde del “auge minero”, producto de la aprobación de la nueva Ley de Mineríaen abril del 2013. El movimiento surgió en la primera década del siglo XXI enrespuesta al establecimiento de dos minas industriales, y enmarca el accesoal agua no contaminada como requisito para la vida y el sustento –un cuadrodiscursivo que se basa extensivamente en los impactos negativos de la operacióna cielo abierto de Goldcorp en el Valle de Siria, Honduras, donde se registrangraves problemas de salud–. Esto resuena fuertemente en las comunidades rurales,ya que dependen del acceso al agua para la continuación de sus modos de vida. Encontraste, la industria extractiva y el Gobierno central no tienen este nivel de éxitoal intentar convencer a las poblaciones locales de los potenciales beneficios de laminería. Debido a la falta de políticas para lograr un diálogo con el Gobierno centraldesde el golpe de Estado del 2009, el movimiento antiminero se ha enfocado en labúsqueda de oportunidades a nivel local, motivando a las comunidades a declararsus municipios libres de minería a través de cabildos abiertos. Sucesivamente,donde medidas legales fallan en lograr el consentimiento de las comunidades paraproyectos mineros, frecuentemente se empuja la “frontera extractiva” a través de lacriminalización de oponentes y la amenaza de violencia.

El artículo hace seguimiento al proceso migratorio de árabes que llegaron al territorio de lo que hoy configura el Departamento del Huila, su asentamiento en él y la articulación a los procesos económicos, sociales y culturales de este. El proceso comenzó tras migrar de los territorios que hoy configuran el Líbano, Siria y Palestina, durante las dos últimas décadas del siglo XIX, cuando estos hacían parte del Imperio Turco Otomano, y se extendió hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XX, cuando se creó el Estado de Israel como resultado de los acuerdos de las potencias que participaron en la Segunda Guerra Mundial y se produjo la última oleada migratoria del Territorio Palestino. A Colombia la migración árabe se hizo esencialmente por el caribe, en el que Puerto Colombia constituyó el puerto de arribo y Barranquilla la ciudad en la que se instaló la mayor cantidad de ella. Desde ahí se expandió por la costa y luego hacia el interior de esta hacía el sur siguiendo el curso del Río Sinú; y hacia el interior del país siguiendo el curso del Río Magdalena, sobre el cual establecieron la mas importante colonia árabe en Girardot desde donde remontaron las cordilleras oriental y central para llegar a Santafé de Bogotá y al Valle del Cauca. Y desde ahí también siguieron al sur hasta llegar a Neiva, el Huila y la Amazonia; territorios estos aislados y marginados de los centros de poder y solo conectados al mundo por su producción de las materias primas necesarias y apetecidas por el capitalismo para su desarrollo y expansión: la quina y el caucho.

Abstract Various cavities studied in western Niger and South Cameroon show the existence of important karstic phenomena into metagabbros and gneisses. These large-sized caves resulted from generalized dissolution of silicate formations in spite of their low solubility. Karstification is produced by deep hydrous transfer along lithological discontinuities and fracture net works. The existence of such caves has major implications in geomorphology, under either Sahelian and Equatorial climate, and in hydrogeology and water supply, particularly in the Sahel area. Introduction. – Since a few decades, several karst-like morphologies are described in non-carbonated rocks (sandstones, quartzites, schistes, gneisses…) [Wray, 1997 ; Vicat and Willems, 1998 ; Willems, 2000]. The cave of Guéssédoundou in West Niger seems to be due to a large dissolution of metagabbros. The cave of Mfoula, South Cameroon, attests for the same process in gneisses. This forms proof that big holes may exist deeper in the substratum even of non-carbonated silicate rocks. Their size and number could mainly influence the landscape and the hydrogeology, especially in the Sahelian areas. Guéssédoundou, a cave into metagabbros in West Niger. – The site of Guéssédoundou is located 70 km south-west of Niamey (fig. 1). The cave is opened at the top of a small hill, inside in NNE-SSW elongated pit (fig. 2 ; pl. I A). The hole, 3 to 4 m deep and 20 m large, has vertical walls and contains numerous sub-metric angular blocks. A cave, a few meters deep, comes out the south wall. Bedrocks consist of metagabbros of the Makalondi greenstone belt, a belt of the Palaeoproterozoic Birimian Formations of the West Africa craton [Pouclet et al., 1990]. The rock has a common granular texture with plagioclases, partly converted in albite and clinozoisite, and pyroxenes pseudomorphosed in actinote and chlorite. It is rather fairly altered. Chemical composition is mafic and poorly alkaline (tabl. I). A weak E-W schistosity generated with the epizonal thermometamorphism. The site depression was created along a N010o shear zone where rocks suffered important fracturation and fluid transfers, as shown by its silification and ferruginisation. The absence of human activity traces and the disposition of the angular blocks attest that the pit is natural and was due to the collapse of the roof of a vast cavity whose current cave is only the residual prolongation. To the vertical walls of the depression and at the cave entry, pluridecimetric hemispheric hollows are observed (pl. I B). Smooth morphology and position of these hollows sheltered within the depression dismiss the assumptions of formation by mechanical erosion. In return, these features are typical shape of dissolution processes observed into limestone karstic caves. That kind of process must be invoked to explain the opening of the Guéssédoundou cave, in the total lack of desagregation materials. Dissolution of metagabbro occurred during hydrous transfer, which was probably guided by numerous fractures of the shear zone. Additional observations have been done in the Sirba Valley, where similar metabasite rocks constitute the substratum, with sudden sinking of doline-like depressions and evidence of deep cavities by core logging [Willems et al., 1993, 1996]. It is concluded that karstic phenomena may exist even in silica-aluminous rocks of crystalline terrains, such as the greenstones of a Precambrian craton. Mfoula a cave into gneisses in South Cameroon. – The cave of Mfoula is located 80 km north-east of Yaoundé (fig. 3). It is the second largest cave of Cameroon, more than 5,000 m3, with a large opening in the lower flank of a deep valley (pl. I C). The cavity is about 60 m long, 30 m large and 5 to 12 m high (fig. 4; pl. I D). It is hollowed in orthogneisses belonging to the Pan-African Yaoundé nappe. Rocks exhibit subhorizontal foliation in two superposed lithological facies: the lower part is made of amphibole- and garnet-bearing layered gneisses, and the upper part, of more massive granulitic gneisses. Average composition is silico-aluminous and moderately alkaline (tabl. I). The cave is made of different chambers separated by sub-cylindrical pillars. The ceiling of the main chamber, 6 m in diameter, is dome-shaped with a smooth surface (D, fig. 4). The walls have also a smooth aspect decorated with many hemispherical hollows. The floor is flat according to the rock foliation. They are very few rock debris and detrital fragments and no traces of mechanical erosion and transport. The general inner morphology is amazingly similar to that of a limestone cave. The only way to generate such a cavity is to dissolve the rock by water transfer. To test the effect of the dissolution process, we analysed a clayey residual sampled in an horizontal fracture of the floor (tabl. I). Alteration begins by plagioclases in producing clay minerals and in disagregating the rock. However, there is no more clay and sand material. That means all the silicate minerals must have been eliminated. Dissolution of silicates is a known process in sandstone and quartzite caves. It may work as well in gneisses. To fasten the chemical action, we may consider an additional microbial chemolitotrophe activity. The activity of bacteria colonies is known in various rocks and depths, mainly in the aquifer [Sinclair and Ghiorse, 1989 ; Stevens and McKinley, 1995]. The formation of the Mfoula cave is summarized as follow (fig. 5). Meteoric water is drained down along sub-vertical fractures and then along horizontal discontinuities of the foliation, particularly in case of lithological variations. Chemical and biological dissolution is working. Lateral transfers linked to the aquifer oscillations caused widening of the caves. Dissolved products are transported by the vertical drains. Regressive erosion of the valley, linked to the epeirogenic upwelling due to the volcano-tectonic activity of the Cameroon Line, makes the cavities come into sight at the valley flanks. Discussion and conclusion. – The two examples of the Guéssédoundou and Mfoula caves evidence the reality of the karsts in non-carbonated silicated rocks. The karst term is used to design ≫ any features of the classical karst morphology (caves, dolines, lapies…) where dissolution plays the main genetical action ≫ [Willems, 2000]. Our observations indicate that (i) the karst genesis may have occurred into any kind of rocks, and (ii) the cave formation is not directly dependent of the present climate. These facts have major consequences to hydrogeological investigations, especially for water supply in Sahelian and sub-desertic countries. Some measurements of water transfer speed across either sedimentary pelitic strata of the Continental terminal or igneous rocks of the substratum in West Niger [Estèves and Lenoir, 1996 ; Ousmane et al., 1984] proved that supplying of aquifers in these silico-aluminous rocks may be as fast as in a karstic limestone. That means the West Niger substratum is highly invaded by a karstic net and may hidden a lot of discontinuous aquifers. The existence of this karst system can be easily shown by morphological observations, the same that are done in karstic limestone regions (abnormally suspended dry valleys, collapses, dolines…). Clearly, this must be the guide for any search of water, even in desertic areas where limestones are absent.

En este documento se analiza la destrucción de sitios patrimoniales, como una estrategia de guerra llevada a cabo en Asia y Medio Oriente por parte de los Talibanes y el Estado Islámico. Se documenta el aniquilamiento de los Grandes Budas del Valle de Bamiyán, en Afganistán, y el saqueo y destrucción de las antiguas ciudades de Palmira y Apamea en Siria, y Hatra en Iraq. Se concluye que la recuperación del patrimonio en los sitios dañados es imprescindible para la reconstitución del tejido social y la paz de los lugares en conflicto.

Este trabajo está dedicado al estudio de la arquitectura doméstica de los yacimientos del valle del Habur (Siria), durante el periodo que va desde el Neolítico hasta el segundo milenio a.C. Basándonos en la información de los registros arqueológicos de los asentamientos hemos podido observar en la arquitectura de las construcciones domésticas un empleo sistemático del ladrillo “crudo”, así como una gran homogeneidad en la forma, dimensiones y distribución espacial de las casas, durante todo el período estudiado. Nos encontramos con pequeñas construcciones rectangulares en su gran mayoría, con tres o cuatro habitaciones, más una habitación central que sirve para organizar la circulación interior. La entrada a las casas es estrecha, y se encuentran en su interior hornos, hogares, estructuras de almacenaje y bancos adosados a la pared, lo que nos indica una doble utilización del espacio, como vivienda y lugar de trabajo. El análisis de los datos de que disponemos sugiere una uniformidad arquitectónica en este periodo en el que se sitúa el origen de la sedentarización y el urbanismo.
The aim of this thesis is to the study the domestic architecture of the sites located in the Khabur Valley (Syria), during the period between the Neolithic and the second millennium b.C. According to the information found in the archaeological reports of the sites, we can observe a systematic use of the mud brick in the architecture of the domestic constructions, as well as a great homogeneity in the shape, dimensions and spatial distribution of the houses, during the whole period considered. We find mostly small rectangular constructions, with three or four rooms, plus a central room used to organize the internal circulation. The entrance to the houses is narrow, and inside we find ovens, fireplaces and associated structures, which indicates a double use of the interior space, as a house and a work place. The analysis of the data suggests an architectonic uniformity during this period when the origin of the sedentarization and urbanism took place.

El trabajo de investigación desarrollado en la tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el estudio de la industria ósea de uno de los yacimientos neolíticos mejor conocidos del Levante mediterráneo, tell Halula (Valle del Éufrates, Siria), en su contexto histórico y arqueológico. La neolitización constituye un periodo clave de la historia humana, y su estudio en la región del Próximo Oriente es de especial importancia dada su cronología temprana y la buena preservación de los yacimientos arqueológicos. Desde finales de los años sesenta hasta los años 90, se produce un incremento considerable de los estudios sobre industria ósea con trabajos como los Danielle Stordeur y Isabelle Sidéra. En ellos se dota de una relevancia mayor a los aspectos técnicos, seguido de un nuevo enfoque sobre las materias primas, la tecnología, la funcionalidad y la experimentación, abriéndose de esta forma nuevos paradigmas en la percepción del Neolítico. Nuestro proyecto de tesis está concebido como una continuación a las investigaciones iniciadas a nivel de materia prima, técnicas y uso de los artefactos. Además, considerando uno de los debates más vivos de esta zona nuclear de la neolitización, se ha tratado de ver las relaciones a nivel tipológico y tecnológico entre las industrias óseas documentadas en los yacimientos del Levante norte y los del Levante sur. De forma paralela, hemos iniciado una línea de investigación inédita en el contexto levantino en relación al uso de los artefactos óseos del periodo neolítico. El objetivo principal de este trabajo ha sido obtener una visión global de la vida del útil desde la obtención de la materia prima hasta su abandono. Se trata de volver a reconstruir toda la cadena operativa, en la cual se recuperan todas las etapas por las que ha pasado un objeto, desde la adquisición de la materia prima hasta la amortización del artefacto. Esta perspectiva de estudio de los materiales nos ha permitido formular hipótesis relativas a la obtención y el aprovechamiento de recursos, así como la introducción de innovaciones técnicas en el contexto histórico y geográfico estudiado. Con este objetivo esencial se ha construido una base de datos en la que se ha documentado toda la información disponible para cada objeto a partir del estudio de las variables como la materia prima, el análisis de las diferentes técnicas de fabricación, la clasificación tipológica del conjunto, y por último, el estudio de la utilización de los artefactos. Para ello se han estudiado las trazas de fabricación y uso, tanto a nivel macroscópico como microscópico, por lo que se han implementado diferentes tipos de microscopios, y en asociación con un programa experimental. La conjunción de los dos tipos de análisis da pie a una profundización más detallada sobre el papel de los útiles en hueso en las primeras sociedades agrícolas. Esta metodología de análisis ha permitido la proposición de hipótesis sobre técnicas y métodos de fabricación, así como sobre la participación de útiles óseos en diferentes esferas artesanales (trabajo de la piel, producción cerámica, etc.). A continuación, se ha llevado a cabo la experimentación para evaluar las ideas previas, contrastar los datos experimentales con los arqueológicos, y por último, tratar de diferenciar entre las trazas de fabricación y las de uso, y valorar la diversidad de usos que pudo tener cada objeto hasta su abandono. Por otro lado, destacamos que el objetivo final de este trabajo ha sido el conocimiento de las dinámicas culturales y sociales que aparecen en el yacimiento, a través de la evolución y la representatividad cultural y funcional de la industria ósea. En Europa, se ha demostrado que la industria ósea actúa como un fuerte indicador cultural y cronológico. Siguiendo esta línea de investigación, nuestro trabajo ha demostrado que el yacimiento de tell Halula permite distinguir este tipo de indicadores entre los periodos neolíticos PPNB, Pre-Halaf y Halaf. Por último, y en otro nivel de análisis, se ha mostrado la relación con otras comunidades en el Valle medio del río Éufrates y del Levante sur, a partir de la producción y la organización de las fuerzas productivas de estas industrias. Es en este sentido en el que podemos afirmar que se ha suplido el vacío de estudios sobre la industria ósea en esta región primigenia del proceso de neolitización.
The research developed in the doctoral thesis has focused on the study of Bone tool one of the better known in the Neolithic sites in the Levant, tell Halula (Euphrates Valley, Syria), in its historical and archaeological context. The Neolitization is a key period in human history, and its study in the region of the Near East is of particular importance because of its early chronology and good preservation of archaeological sites. Since the late sixties till the 90s, a significant increase in bone tool studies with works as Danielle Stordeur and Isabelle Sidéra occurred. They were provided with a greater emphasis on the technical aspects, followed by a new focus on raw materials, technology, functionality and experimentation, thus opening up new paradigms in the perception of the Neolithic. Our thesis project is conceived as a continuation of research initiated at the level of raw materials, techniques and the use of artifacts. Moreover, considered one of the liveliest debates of this nuclear area neolitización, it has tried to see typological and technological level of relationships between documented bone industries in the sites of Southern Levant and Northern Levant. In parallel form, we have initiated a line of unpublished research in the Levantine context in relation to the use of bone artifacts from the Neolithic period. The main objective of this study has been to obtain an overview of the tools life from obtaining raw materials to its abandonment. Also to rebuild the entire operation sequence, in which all the stages that an object has been retrieved, from procurement of raw materials to the amortization of the artifact. This perspective of study materials has allowed us to formulate hypotheses regarding the collection and use of resources, and the introduction of technical innovations in the historical and geographical context studied. With this essential objective, a database has been built, which documented all available information for each object from the study of variables such as raw materials, the analysis of the different techniques of manufacture, assembly typological classification and finally, the study of the use of artifacts. For this purpose traces have been studied of manufacture and usage, both on macroscopic and microscopic levels, implemented through different types of microscopes, and in association with an experimental program. The combination of the two types of analysis allowed us into more detailed and deepened analysis of the role of bone tools in the first agricultural societies. This method of analysis has allowed the proposition of hypotheses about techniques and manufacturing methods, as well as on the participation of useful bone in different craft areas (skin work, pottery production, etc.). According to the study carried out, our experiments have tried to evaluate the previous ideas, comparing the experimental data with the archaeological, and finally, trying to differentiate between manufacturing and the traces of use, as well as the value of diversity usage of each object until it’s abandonment. On the other hand, we emphasise that the ultimate aim of this work has been the understanding of the cultural and social dynamics that occurred in the site, through the evolution, cultural and functional representation of the bone industry. In Europe, it has been shown that bone industry acts as a strong cultural and chronological indicator. Following this line of research, our work has shown that the site of Tell Halula allows to distinguish this type of indicators between the Neolithic period PPNB, Pre-Halaf and Halaf. Finally, and at another level of analysis, it has shown the relationship with other communities in the middle of the Euphrates River Valley and the southern Levant, from the production and Organization of the productive forces of these industries. It is in this sense that we can say that it has filled the vacuum of studies on bone industry in this primordial region neolitización process.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise traite d’un phénomène qui a gagné en importance dans les études sur l’Amérique latine : l’exploitation des ressources naturelles par des compagnies étrangères et l’augmentation des mouvements de résistance des populations locales contre l’implantation de ces compagnies. Délaissant l’accent généralement placé sur la naissance de ces mouvements, les impacts du temps sur les transformations du phénomène de résistance sont mesurés et analysés. Le cas de la compagnie minière canadienne Goldcorp Inc., exploitant de l’or dans la vallée de Siria, au Honduras, illustre à merveille les diverses techniques utilisées lors d’une lutte de longue haleine par une population rurale désirant résister à une compagnie transnationale au capital économique, politique et scientifique plus important. Ainsi, les dynamiques du mouvement de résistance soulignent des changements dans sa forme première à la suite de l’intrusion de nouveaux acteurs locaux et internationaux. Des identités, construites avec l’arrivée de la mine, sont aussi en jeu chez les groupes qui s’affrontent dans la région. L’étude d’un mouvement vers la fin de sa vie indique, de plus, le besoin de redéfinir la résistance et de sortir d’un schème purement actif vers un qui inclut aussi l’aspect discursif et moral dans sa définition.
This research deals with a phenomenon growing in interest in Latin American studies: natural resources exploitation from foreign companies and the growth of local resistance movements against the implementation of these companies. Going away from the general emphasis put on the birth of these movements, transformations due to the impact of time are instead measured and analyzed. The specific case of Goldcorp Inc. a Canadian mining company exploiting gold in the Siria Valley, Honduras, illustrates perfectly many tactics used by a rural population in an extensive battle and who wishes to resist to a multinational company that have more social, economic and politic power. Therefore, the resistance movement’s dynamics illustrate the changes in its primary form after the arrival of new local and international actors. Identities, build with the beginning of the mining exploitation, are also in play within the groups that are clashing in the region. Moreover, the study of a movement close to the end of its life demonstrate the need to redefine the notion of resistance in order to move away from the purely active form of it and include as well the discursive and moral aspects in its definition.

While much scholarship has been concerned with the role of the scribal hand in the formation of texts, this chapter takes a new approach by assessing the scribal body of Ben Sira. The embodied actions of the scribal figure involve daily prayer which is understood to activate the spirit of wisdom and the ability to teach. Contemporary neurocognitive theory that understands the Self as a process helps to situate the scribe in relation to these practices of “lived religion.” Cultural values, especially honor and shame, also shape the scribal self in his larger communal engagement. The sage teaches his students to emulate his pious practices, to learn and augment wisdom, resulting in the expanding corpus of Sirach. The book of Sirach can thus be understood as the ongoing enactment of scribal teaching and training rather than the synchronic textual product of a single author.

This chapter explores the concept of history of early Muslim historians and their attitude towards the Prophet’s biography (Sira). It discusses how evolving tastes and values affected their biographical writing. It also discusses when and why facts began to get blurred and invented incidents and miracles began to be ascribed to the Prophet, leading to the way in which the Prophet’s biography is dealt with in the twentieth century. The chapter further discusses how the Prophet’s biography was written in Europe during the Middle Ages and the influence that modern European trends of thought and contact with the West had on its writing. The chapter highlights Montgomery Watt’s Defence of Muhammad and critically engages with it. The chapter closes with Hussein Amin’s wish for a new, objective, unapologetic and truthful biography that is grounded in the Prophet’s own time and milieu, reflecting his contemporary ethical standards and values.

One of the main bearing elements of the Siri jack-up is three tubular legs; outside diameter 3.5m and an overall length of 104m. The main material grade is high strength steel with SMYS≥690MPa. This strength was required due to contact forces during the jacking phase. One of the major issues concerning integrity of the platform was associated with the fatigue life of the legs. The fatigue life of the legs WAS to be 60 years for inaccessible locations, 40 years for accessible submerged locations and 20 years for accessible dry locations. To achieve the required fatigue lives, wall thickness of 65mm, 75mm and 90mm were utilized for the 690 steel. Furthermore, to meet the 40-year requirement, lives for the lower circumferential welds were designed to Class C, i.e. they needed to be improved by grinding. Based on performed research, it was aimed at minimum CTOD values of 0.20mm and 0.25mm in the PWHT and AW conditions respectively. Although the aim was achieved for the base material and sub critical HAZ, the weld metal and the coarse grained HAZ values were significantly below these values, i.e. 0.12mm and 0.02mm respectively. In order to verify the integrity of the platform a fracture mechanics analysis was performed. The assessment comprised evaluation of critical defect sizes and fatigue life calculations using PD6493. Wide plate testing, residual stress measurements and fatigue testing have been performed. The assessment showed that the integrity of the platform was maintained. In order to obtain additional safety an inspection program for the critical welds has been implemented in the operational phase.

In the context of public and private universities, research in Industrial Design has not excelled at the level of other disciplines, in the particular case of the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico and its schools where the Industrial Design course is taught: Toluca, Zumpango and Valle de Chalco, the research area is below the institutional standards and other disciplines (UAEMéx University Statistics Agenda, 2015). According to the statistics of several accredited, certified and recognized evaluating bodies for the Industrial Design Area in Mexico, such as the ANUIES, CIEES and COMAPROD, among the factors that most influence not to improve the performance of design research are: the lack of an organized research process; lack of digital tools for resource management; and ignorance of the research process. Among several researchers on the subject, highlight the contributions of Margolin (2005) mentions that one of the particular challenges facing the community of researchers on design is to accept and include specialists who are located within different disciplinary traditions, this does not allow to follow advancing in finding new forms of design representation, so the area remains submerged in projects, forms and aspects already existing when trying to design new objects, without generating greater contributions / contributions to the design and much less to the research process .