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1
Oliveira, Fernando de. "Lignopoliuretanos: preparação, caracterização e aplicação em compósitos de sisal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-25022015-082454/.
Abstract:
A valorização racional da lignina e seus derivados é um dos maiores desafios ligado às biorrefinarias em que estas macromoléculas são geradas como subprodutos. Os lignossulfonatos, obtidos através do processo de polpação sulfito da madeira, são produzidos em larga escala e pouco utilizados como reagentes na preparação de compostos macromoleculares. A presença de grupos OH em sua estrutura permite o seu uso como macromonômero na obtenção de poliuretanos (PUs). O presente estudo teve como meta a obtenção de lignopoliuretanos e de compósitos baseados principalmente em matérias primas obtidas a partir de fontes renováveis. O óleo de mamona (OM) e lignossulfonato de sódio (NaLS), ambos oriundos de matérias primas renováveis, foram utilizados, em composições variadas, como substitutos de polióis convencionais, juntamente com difenilmetano diisocianato (MDI), na reação de obtenção de PUs. Inicialmente, PUs foram preparados a partir de NaLS e outros polióis, como dietilenoglicol (DEG), polietilenoglicol (PEG) e OM, assim como a partir destes reagentes, exceto NaLS (amostras controles). Visando aumentar a reatividade das hidroxilas do NaLS frente aos grupos isocianatos na síntese dos lignopoliuretanos, o NaLS foi oxipropilado (reação com óxido de propileno, gerando LS-Oxi) e hidroxialquilado (reações com glutaraldeído e formaldeído, gerando NaLS-Glu e NaLS-For, respectivamente). O uso de aldeídos na modificação do NaLS, até onde se tenha conhecimento, foi uma abordagem inédita no que se refere à síntese de lignopoliuretanos. Os produtos, (LS-Oxi, NaLS-Glu, NaLS-Glu) foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IV) e, associados ou não com OM, foram usados na preparação de lignopoliuretanos (também caracterizados por IV). Fibras lignocelulósicas extraídas de sisal (Agave sisalana), cujo maior produtor mundial é o Brasil, foram utilizadas como reforço dos lignopoliuretanos preparados. Os compósitos lignopoliuretânicos, bem como os lignopoliuretanos não reforçados, foram caracterizados por análise termogravimétrica (TG), resistência ao impacto, resistência à flexão, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DMA). Os resultados mostraram que as fibras de sisal aumentaram consideravelmente a resistência ao impacto de todos os lignopoliuretanos. Entre os compósitos baseados em NaLS não modificado (Grupo 1), o DEG/NaLS/MDI/Sisal foi o que apresentou melhor resistência ao impacto (472 J m-1) e melhor resistência à flexão (47 MPa). Quando o NaLS oxipropilado foi utilizado (Grupo 2), o compósito LS-Oxi/MDI/Sisal apresentou resistência ao impacto de 459 J m-1 e resistência à flexão de 43 MPa, enquanto que o compósito NaLS-Glu/MDI/Sisal, preparado à partir do NaLS hidroxialquilado (Grupo 3), apresentou resistência ao impacto de 945 J m-1 e resistência à flexão de 23 MPa. As imagens de MEV da superfície de fratura pós-ensaio de impacto revelaram uma forte adesão na interface fibra/matriz, como consequência da presença de ligações hidrogênio entre os grupos uretanos da matriz e os grupos hidroxila das fibras, além das interações entre os domínios hidrofóbicos de ambos, fibra e matriz. Materiais com grau de entrecruzamento diversificados, com características entre elastomérica a termorrígidos, foram obtidos a partir do uso do NaLS e do OM, o que faz com que eles se tornem atrativos para diferentes aplicações, como em partes automotivas e painéis de uso arquitetônico. Neste sentido, e atendendo às expectativas atuais, materiais com excelentes propriedades e com elevada proporção de matérias-primas obtidas de fontes renováveis foram desenvolvidos.The rational valuing of lignin and its derivatives is one of the major challenges in the biorefinery context where these macromolecules are generated as byproducts. Lignosulfonates obtained through the wood sulfite pulping process are produced on a large scale. However, they are rarely used as reagents in the preparation of macromolecular compounds. The presence of OH groups in their structure allows their use as a macromonomer to obtain polyurethanes (PU). This study aimed at obtaining lignopolyurethanes and composites based mainly on raw materials obtained from renewable sources. Castor oil (CO) and sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS), both derived from renewable raw materials, were used in different compositions as replacements for conventional polyols along with diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) in the PU synthesis. Initially, polyurethanes were prepared from NaLS and other polyols such as diethylene glycol (DEG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and OM, as well as by using these reagents, except for NaLS (control samples). In order to increase the reactivity of the OH groups of NaLS against isocyanates in the lignopolyurethanes synthesis, NaLS was oxypropylated (reaction with propylene oxide, generating LS-Oxy) and hydroxyalkylated (reaction with formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, generating NaLS-Glu-For NaLS, respectively). The use of aldehydes in the NaLS modification, as far as we know, is a novel approach with regard to the lignopolyurethane synthesis. The products (LS-Oxy, NaLS-Glu, and NaLS-For) were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and associated or not with CO were also used in lignopolyurethanes preparation (also characterized by IR). Lignocellulosic fibers extracted from sisal (Agave sisalana), which has Brazil as its largest producer in the world, were used as reinforcement for the prepared lignopolyurethanes. Lignopolyurethanic composites and the non-reinforced lignopolyurethanes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), impact test, flexural strength, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Results showed that sisal fibers substantially increased the impact strength of all lignopolyurethanes. Among the composites based on unmodified NaLS (Group 1), DEG/NaLS/MDI/Sisal showed the best impact strength (472 J m-1) and the best flexural strength (47 MPa). When the oxypropylated NaLS was used (Group 2), the composite
LS-Oxy/MDI/Sisal showed impact strength of 459 J m-1 and flexural strength of 43 MPa, while the composite NaLS-Glu/MDI/Sisal prepared from the hydroxyalkylated NaLS (Group 3) showed impact strength of 945 J m-1 and flexural strength of 23 MPa. The SEM images of the fracture surface after the impact test revealed a strong adhesion in the fiber/matrix interface as a consequence of the presence of hydrogen bonds between the urethane groups of the matrix and the hydroxyl groups of the fibers, in addition to the interactions between the hydrophobic domains of both fiber and matrix. Materials with different degrees of crosslinking and characteristics from elastomeric to thermoset were obtained from the use of NaLS and CO, which makes them attractive for different applications such as automotive parts and panels for architectural use. In general, materials with excellent properties and prepared with a high proportion of renewable raw materials were developed, thus meeting the current expectations concerning biobased materials.
2
Vasco, Marina Cardozo. "Efeito da radiação gama sobre as propriedades mecânicas de compósito de fibras de sisal/poliuretana sem uso de agentes de acoplamento." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1067.
Abstract:
Compósitos de fibras naturais com matriz polimérica tem sido foco de estudos por possuírem boas propriedades mecânicas e baixo peso, o que permite sua utilização em diversos meios, incluindo ambientes hospitalares, salas de radioterapia e radiodiagnóstico. Sua grande dificuldade é a falta de afinidade dos materiais componentes, causando distanciamento da interface e baixa transferência de carga entre a matriz e o reforço. Uma alternativa podem ser os compósitos à base de fibras naturais e poliuretana derivada do óleo de mamona. A incidência de radiação pode levar à degradação do material polimérico e à alteração de suas propriedades mecânicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a obtenção e caracterização de compósitos de fibras dispersas e tecido de sisal com matriz poliuretana a base de óleo de mamona, sem adição de agentes de compatibilização, que possam ser utilizados em ambientes que recebam radiação em alta intensidade. Os compósitos foram obtidos por prensagem a frio, irradiados com radiação gama, dose de 25 kGy, e avaliados antes e após irradiação através de ensaios térmicos, de infravermelho, de superfície e mecânicos. Foi observado que pode haver afinidade química entre o material de reforço e a matriz, sendo que não foi evidenciado distanciamento da interface fibra/polímero. Os materiais obtidos podem ser considerados hidrofílicos pela análise de ângulo de contato. Foram obtidos valores máximos de tensão de flexão de 80,33 MPa e módulo elástico em flexão de 4,40 GPa para o compósito de tecido de sisal / poliuretana sem irradiação e resistência ao impacto de 13,14 kJ/m2 para o compósito de fibras dispersas de sisal após irradiação. Pode-se concluir que os materiais são adequados para utilização em salas de radioterapia e radiodiagnóstico.Natural fiber composites with polymeric matrix has been the focus of studies by having good mechanical properties and low weight, which allows its use in various environments, including hospital, radiotherapy and radiology rooms. Its major difficulty is the lack of affinity of the component materials, causing detachment of the interface and lower load transfer between matrix and reinforcement. An alternative may be composites based on natural fibers and polyurethane derived from castor oil. The incidence of radiation can lead to degradation of polymeric material and change its mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to obtain and characterize composites of dispersed sisal fibers and sisal fabric with polyurethane matrix based on castor oil without addition of compatibilizing agents, which may be used in environments that receive radiation at high intensity. The composites were obtained by cold pressing, irradiated with gamma radiation, dose of 25 kGy, and evaluated before and after irradiation with thermal, infrared, surface and mechanical testing. It was observed that there may be chemical affinity between the reinforcing material and the matrix, since was not observed detachment from the fiber / polymer interface. The materials can be considered hydrophilic by contact angle analysis. Maximum values of bending stress of 80.33 MPa and elastic modulus in bending of 4.40 GPa for the sisal fabric / polyurethane composite without irradiation were obtained, such as impact resistance of 13.14 kJ / m2 for the dispersed sisal fibers composite after irradiation. It can be concluded that the materials are suitable for use in radiotherapy and radiology rooms.
3
Coetzee, Gerrit. "The mechanical and volumetric behaviour of sisal fibre reinforced concrete blocks." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80010.
Abstract:
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Natural fibre reinforced concrete (NFRC) is a type of concrete that has become of particular interest in recent years, due to its potential for being used as a sustainable and economically viable building material. Natural fibres are often cheap and widely available in developing nations. Sisal is one such fibre predominantly grown in Brazil and has been identified as having the potential to be commercially cultivated in Southern Africa. The durability of sisal fibres in a cementitious environment tends to be adversely affected due to the high alkalinity of pore water and the presence of calcium hydroxide. This research dealt with the use of sisal fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) blocks. It focused on the mechanical and volumetric properties of blocks with varying fibre and condensed silica fume content (CSF). Two different SFRC blocks were produced (solid and hollow) using an average fibre length of 10 mm. Two matrix types were used: one using a 70:30 cement:fly-ash ratio and another using a 60:30:10 cement:fly-ash:CSF ratio by weight. Samples of each matrix type were prepared with 0, 0.5 and 1% fibre content by volume. Hollow blocks were tested for compressive strength and capillary water absorption, while solid blocks were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, capillary water absorption, dimensional stability, drying shrinkage, density, total water absorption and void content. All tests were performed on samples with an age of 28 days. Solid block compressive tests were also performed on samples with an age of 7 days. The hollow blocks had significantly lower average compression strength than the solids, but an increase in fibre content caused a slight increase in strength. For solid blocks, it was found that the addition of natural fibres decreases the strength, although a partial substitution of cement with CSF, in conjunction with fibres, did increase the strength relative to blocks without CSF. The flexure strength was also lowered somewhat by the addition of fibres, but an increase in ductility was noted, although not quantified. The addition of CSF to fibre-containing blocks led to an increase in capillary water absorption, but a decrease in absorption through immersion. This shows that the addition of CSF does significantly alter the pore system of a cementitious matrix reinforced with natural fibres. Also, the dimensional stability increased with the addition of CSF and fibres. The same can be said for drying shrinkage. Even though an increase in fibre and CSF caused samples to shrink more under drying, they were more stable under cycles of wetting and drying. It was concluded that the addition of fibres to a matrix had a detrimental effect on strength, although ductility did increase. The volumetric properties of concrete were also adversely affected by the addition of fibres, although dimensional stability was improved. The partial substitution of cement with CSF did improve many of the mechanical and volumetric properties of samples containing sisal fibre.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Natuurlike vesel bewapende beton (NVBB) is ’n tipe beton wat onlangs heelwat belangstelling ontlok het weens die potensiaal om gebruik te word as ‘n volhoubare en ekonomiese haalbare boumateriaal. Natuurlike vesels is dikwels baie goedkoop en wyd beskikbaar in ontwikkelende lande. Sisal is een so ‘n vesel wat verkry word vanaf die blare van ’n garingboom. Die plant word hoofsaaklik in Brasilië verbou en is al uitgewys weens sy potensiaal om op kommersiële skaal in Suidelike Afrika verbou te word. Die duursaamheid van sisal vesels is geneig om nadelig geaffekteer te word in die teenwoordigheid van kalsium hidroksied en ’n hoë-alkali omgewing, soos gevind in die porie-water van beton. Hierdie navorsing handel oor die gebruik van sisal vesel bewapende beton (SVBB) boublokke. Dit fokus op die meganiese- en duursaamheids eienskappe van blokke met verkillende inhoude van vesel en gekondenseerde silika dampe (GSD). Twee verskillende SVBB blokke is geproduseer (solied en hol) deur gebruik te maak van 10 mm vesels. Twee matriks tipes is gebruik: een met ’n 70:30 sement:vliegas verhouding en een met ’n 60:30:10 sement:vliegas:GSD verhouding, volgens gewig. Blokke van elke matriks tipe is geproduseer met 0, 0.5 en 1% vesel inhoud, volgens volume. Hol blokke is getoets vir druksterkte en kapillêre water absorpsie, terwyl soliede blokke getoets is vir druksterkte, buigsterkte, kapillêre water absorpsie, dimensionele stabiliteit, krimp onder uitdroging, digtheid, totale water absorpsie en luginhoud. Alle toetse is gedoen op blokke met ’n ouderdom van 28 dae. Druktoetse is ook gedoen op soliede blokke met ’n ouderdom van 7 dae. Die hol blokke het ’n aansienlike laer gemiddelde druksterkte as die soliede blokke gehad, maar ’n toename in veselinhoud het gelei tot ’n effense verhoging in druksterkte. ’n Toename in veselinhoud van soliede blokke het gelei tot ’n afname in druksterkte, alhoewel ’n gedeeltelike vervanging van sement met GSD gelei het tot ’n hoër druksterkte vir blokke met vesels. Die buigsterkte van soliede blokke het ook afgeneem met ’n verhoging in veselinhoud. ’n Verhoging in duktiliteit is waargeneem met ’n toename in veselinhoud, alhoewel dit nie gekwantifiseer is nie. Die toevoeging van GSD tot blokke bevattende vesels het gelei tot ’n verhoging in kapillêre water absorpsie, maar ’n verlaging in totale water absorpsie. Dit kan daarop wys dat die toevoeging van GSD die poriestelsel van NVBB noemenswaardig verander. Beide die dimensionele stabiliteit en krimp onder uitdroging het toegeneem met die toevoeging van GSD en vesels tot die blokke. Dus, die toevoeging het gelei tot ’n hoër krimpvervorming tydens uitdroging en ’n hoër stabiliteit tydens nat/droog siklusse. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die toevoeging van sisal vesels tot ’n beton blok oor die algemeen ’n negatiewe effek het op sterkte, alhoewel duktiliteit toeneem. Die volumetriese eienskappe van beton word ook negatief geaffekteer met die toevoeging van sisal vesels, alhoewel dimensionele stabiliteit verbeter. Die gedeeltelike vervanging van sement met GSD lei tot die verbetering van beide meganiese en volumetriese eienskappe van beton blokke wat sisal vesels bevat.
4
Smulski, Stephen John. "Flexural behavior of a glass fiber reinforced wood fiber composite." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53596.
Abstract:
The static and dynamic flexural properties of a wood fiber matrix internally reinforced with continuous glass fibers were investigated. When modelled as a sandwich composite, the static flexural modulus of elasticity (MOE) of glass fiber reinforced hardboard could be successfully predicted from the static flexural MOE of the wood fiber matrix, and the tensile MOE and effective volume fraction of the glass fiber reinforcement. Under the same assumption, the composite modulus of rupture (MOR) is a function of the reinforcement tensile MOE and effective volume fraction, and the matrix stress at failure. The composite MOR was predicted on this basis with limited success.
The static flexural modulus of elasticity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture of glass fiber reinforced hardboard increased with increasing effective reinforcement volume fraction. The logarithmic decrement of the composite decreased with increasing effective reinforcement volume fraction. Excellent linear correlation found among flexural properties determined in destructive static tests and nondestructive dynamic tests demonstrated the usefulness of dynamic test methods for flexural property evaluation.
The short-term flexural creep behavior of glass fiber reinforced hardboard was accurately described by a 4-element linear viscoelastic model. Excellent agreement existed between predicted and observed creep deflections based on nonlinear regression estimates of model parameters.Ph. D.
5
Yurtseven, Alp Eren. "Determination Of Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605268/index.pdf.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT
DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
HYBRID FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
Yurtseven, Alp Eren
M.Sc. Department of Civil Engineering
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Tokyay
Co-Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. . Özgü
r Yaman August 2004, 82 pages Fiber reinforcement is commonly used to provide toughness and ductility to brittle cementitious matrices. Reinforcement of concrete with a single type of fiber may improve the desired properties to a limited level. A composite is termed as hybrid, if two or more types of fibers are rationally combined to produce a composite that derives benefits from each of the individual fibers and exhibits a synergetic response. This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. For this purpose nine mixes, one plain control mix and eight fiber reinforced mixes were prepared. Six of the mixes were reinforced in a hybrid form. Four different types of fibers were used in combination, two of which were macro steel fibers, and the other two were micro fibers. Volume percentage of fiber inclusion was kept constant at 1.5%. In hybrid reinforced mixes volume percentage of macro fibers was 1.0% whereas the remaining fiber inclusion was v composed of micro fibers. Slump test was carried out for each mix in the fresh state. 28-day compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, flexural toughness, and impact resistance tests were performed in the hardened state. Various numerical analyses were carried out to quantify the determined mechanical properties and to describe the effects of fiber inclusion on these mechanical properties. Keywords: Fiber Reinforcement, Hybrid Composite, Toughness, Impact Resistance
6
Zanganeh, Mehdi. "Mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete with ACM applications." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0013/MQ52021.pdf.
7
Mohammed, Hafeez. "Mechanical Properties Of Ultra High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1431021338.
8
Caba, Aaron C. "Characterization of Carbon Mat Thermoplastic Composites: Flow and Mechanical Properties." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29104.
Abstract:
Carbon mat thermoplastics (CMT) consisting of 12.7 mm or 25.4 mm long, 7.2 micrometer diameter, chopped carbon fibers in a polypropylene (PP) or poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) thermoplastic matrix were manufactured using the wetlay technique. This produces a porous mat with the carbon fibers well dispersed and randomly oriented in a plane. CMT composites offer substantial cost and weight savings over typical steel construction in new automotive applications. In production vehicles, automotive manufacturers have already begun to use glass mat thermoplastic (GMT) materials that use glass fiber as the reinforcement and polypropylene as the matrix. GMT parts have limitations due to the maximum achievable strength and stiffness of the material. In this study the glass fibers of traditional GMT are replaced with higher strength and higher stiffness carbon fibers.
The tensile strength and modulus and the flexural strength and modulus of the CMT materials were calculated for fiber volume fractions of 10-25%. Additionally, the length of the fiber (12.7 mm or 25.4 mm) was varied and four different fiber treatments designed to improve the bond between the fiber and the matrix were tested. It was found that the fiber length had no effect on the mechanical properties of the material since these lengths are above the critical fiber length. The tensile and the flexural moduli of the CMTs were found to increase linearly with the FVF up to 25% FVF for some treatments of the fibers. For the other treatments the linearly increasing trend was valid up to 20% FVF, then stiffness either stayed constant or decreased as the FVF was increased from 20% to 25% . The strength versus FVF curves showed trends similar to those of the modulus versus FVF curves. It is shown that choosing an appropriate sizing can extend the usable FVF range of the CMT by at least 5%. Published micromechanical relations over-predicted the tensile modulus of the composite by 20-60%. An empirical fiber efficiency relation was fit to the experimental data for the tensile modulus and the tensile strength giving excellent agreement with the experimental results.
Flow tests simulating the compression molding process were conducted on the CMT to determine what factors affect the flow viscosity of the CMT. The melt viscosity of the neat PP was measured using cone and plate rheometry at temperatures between 180°C–210°C and was fit with the Carreau relation. The through thickness packing stress of the CMT mat was measured for FVFs of 8-40% and was found to follow a power law behavior based on the local bending of fibers up to a FVF of 20.9%. Above this FVF the power law exponent decreases, and this is attributed to fracture of some of the fibers. Heated platens were used to isothermally squeeze the CMT at axial strain rates of 0.02-6 s^-1. The plot of the load-displacement behavior for the 10% FVF CMT was similar in shape to that for a fluid with a yield stress. For FVFs of 15-25% the load-displacement curves showed a load spike at the beginning of the flow, then followed the curve for a fluid with a yield stress. The matrix was burned off the squeezed samples, and the remaining carbon mat was dissected and visually inspected. It was found that fiber breakage increased and fiber length decreased as the FVF of the sample was increased.Ph. D.
9
Jiang, Mingxiao. "Scale and boundary conditions effects in fiber-reinforced composites." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16373.
10
Kristofek, Grant William 1980. "An instrument for high-throughput measurements of fiber mechanical properties." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33758.
Abstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-177).
In this thesis, an instrument is designed and constructed for the purpose of measuring the mechanical properties of single fibers. The instrument is intended to provide high throughput measurement of single fiber geometric properties, tensile properties, elastic properties, surface roughness properties, friction properties, bending properties, and torsion properties. The instrument is capable of performing all of these mechanical measurements automatically on a large number of sample fibers which are stored in the instrument during testing.
by Grant William Kristofek.
S.M.
11
Conley, Jill Anne. "Hygro-thermo-mechanical behavior of fiber optic apparatus." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17308.
12
Lavadiya, Dayakar Naik. "Effective Properties of Randomly Oriented Kenaf Short Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4600.
Abstract:
Natural fibers have drawn attention of researchers as an environmentally-friendly alternative to synthetic fibers. Developing natural fiber reinforced bio-composites are a viable alternative to the problems of non-degrading and energy consuming synthetic composites. This study focuses on (i) the application of kenaf fiber as a potential reinforcement and, (ii) determining the tensile properties of the randomly oriented short kenaf fiber composite both experimentally and numerically. Kenaf fiber micro-structure and its Young's modulus with varying gage length (10, 15, 20, and 25.4 mm) were investigated. The variation in tensile strength of kenaf fibers was analyzed using the Weibull probability distribution function. It was observed that the Young's modulus of kenaf fiber increased with increase in gage length. Fabrication of randomly oriented short kenaf fiber using vacuum bagging techniques and hand-lay-up techniques were discussed and the tensile properties of the specimens were obtained experimentally. The tensile modulus of the composite sample at 22% fiber volume fraction was found to be 6.48 GPa and tensile strength varied from 20 to 38 MPa. Numerical models based on the micro mechanics concepts in conjunction with finite element methods were developed for predicting the composite properties. A two-step homogenization procedure was developed to evaluate the elastic constants at the cell wall level and the meso-scale level respectively. Von-Mises Fisher probability distribution function was applied to model the random orientation distribution of fibers and obtain equivalent modulus of composite. The predicted equivalent modulus through numerical homogenization was in good agreement with the experimental results.
13
Berry, Bryne. "Investigation of electrical and impact properties of carbon fiber textile composites." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4575.
14
Saka, Kolawole. "Dynamic mechanical properties of fibre reinforced plastics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0514854d-36db-4cc1-b377-03a75550ab76.
Abstract:
A small gas gun, capable of accelerating a projectile 1m long by 25.4mm diameter to about 50 m/s, and an extended split Hopklnson bar apparatus have been designed and constructed for the tensile impact testing of fibre reinforced composite specimens at strain rates of the order of 1000/s. Elastic strain measurements derived from the Hopkinson bar analysis are checked, using strain gauges attached directly to the specimen and the validity of the elastic moduli determined under tensile impact is confirmed. Epoxy specimens reinforced with plain-weave fabrics of either carbon or glass or with several hybrid combinations of the two in various lay-ups, giving five different weight fractions of reinforcement from all-carbon to all-glass, have been tested in tension at three strain rates, nominally, ~10-3/s, ~10/s and ~103/s. The effect of both hybrid composition (volume fraction of carbon reinforced plies) and applied strain rate on the tensile modulus, the tensile strength and the strain to fracture is determined and a limited hybrid effect is observed in specimens with a carbon volume fraction in the approximate range 0.6 to 0.7 where, at all three strain rates there is an enhancement of the failure strain over that for the all-carbon plies and an increased failure strength, most marked in the impact tests, over that predicted by the rule of mixtures. The fracture surfaces of specimens are examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and the failure process in the hybrid composites is related to that found in the all-carbon and the all-glass specimens. The classical laminated plate theory and the Tsai-Wu strength criterion are used to predict the stiffness and strength of the hybrid composites from the elastic and strength properties of the constituent plies. Analytical predictions are in good agreement with experimental measurements.
15
Flynn, Jeff. "Characterization of Mechanical Properties in Hybridized Flax and Carbon Fiber Composites." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27207.
Abstract:
Natural fiber composites have been found to exhibit suitable mechanical properties for general applications. However, when high strength applications are required, natural fibers are typically not considered as a practical fiber. One method for increasing the field of application for natural fibers is by increasing their mechanical properties through hybridizing them with synthetic fibers. The effects of hybridizing flax fibers with carbon fibers were investigated in this research to determine the trends in mechanical properties resulting from varied carbon and flax fiber volumes. The research found an increase in mechanical properties when compared to 6061 aluminum at matching composite stiffness values. The following mechanical property gains were obtained: 2% tensile chord modulus, 252% tensile strength, 114% damping ratio, and a 49% weight savings. Experimental tensile values were also compared to tradition modulus prediction models such as rule of mixtures and Halpin-Tsai, and were found to be in good agreement.
16
Lu, Yunkai. "Mechanical Properties of Random Discontinuous Fiber Composites Manufactured from Wetlay Process." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34503.
Abstract:
The random discontinuous fiber composite has uniform properties in all directions. The wetlay process is an efficient method to manufacture random discontinuous thermoplastic preform sheets that can be molded into random composite plaques in the hot-press. Investigations were done on the molding parameters that included the set-point mold pressure, set-point mold temperature and cooling methods. The fibers used in the study included glass and carbon fiber. Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) were used as the matrix.
Glass/PP and Glass/PET plaques that had fiber volume fractions ranging from 0.05 to 0.50 at an increment of 0.05 were molded. Both tensile and flexural tests were conducted. The test results showed a common pattern, i.e., the modulus and strength of the composite increased with the fiber volume fraction to a maximum and then started to descend. The test results were analyzed to find out the optimal fiber volume fraction that yielded the maximum modulus or strength. Carbon/PET composites plaques were also molded to compare their properties with Glass/PET composite at similar fiber volume fractions. Micrographs were taken of selected specimens to examine the internal structure of the material.
Existing micromechanics models that predict the tensile modulus or strength of random fiber composites were examined. Predictions from some of the models were compared with test data.Master of Science
17
ARRUDA, FILHO Nivaldo Timóteo de. "Compósitos cimentícios leves utilizando resíduos industriais e fibras de sisal." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2011. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1096.
Abstract:
Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-04T13:15:17Z
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Capes
Avalia-se neste trabalho, a produção de elementos construtivos leves a partir de matrizes cimentícias com incorporação de resíduos industriais e fibras de sisal bem como, a potencialidade da adição dessas fibras e o uso da metacaulinita e dos resíduos de produção de tijolos cerâmicos moídos, como substitutos parciais do cimento Portland. Os materiais foram caracterizados física, química e mineralogicamente, além de determinado as resistências mecânicas dos compósitos produzidos. Utilizou-se de trabalhos de reologia para encontro da pasta matriz de revestimento com adequado teor de adições pozolânicas e aditivo superplastificante. Foram avaliadas as resistências da placa de EVA, da pasta matriz de revestimento encontrada com e sem adição de fibras e do novo compósito formado pela união destes dois elementos. Utilizou-se a técnica de alinhamento de fibras com intuito de incrementar resistência ao novo compósito leve. Os ensaios de reologia do material indicaram que o tijolo moído mostrou-se mais eficiente que a metacauhmta para o mesmo teor de substituição e que, a porcentagem de 2,1% de aditivo superplastificante e a mistura M 8OC1 10TM 10MC foi considerada ideal para tornar a matriz resistente e auto-adensável; o que não se observou nos ensaios de resistência mecânica, onde a metacaulinita superou os resultados obtidos com a adição do tijolo moído. A adição da matriz com fibras alinhadas incrementou de forma significativa na resistência a tração na flexão do novo compósito leve superando em 74,78% a placa de EVA, em 35,98% a placa de EVA revestida com matriz sem fibras e em 4,23% a placa de EVA revestida com matriz adicionada de fibras distribuídas de forma randômica.
It is estimated this work. the production of lightweight construction elements from cement matrix incorporating industrial waste and sisal fíbers as well as adding the capability of these fibers and the use of metakaolin and waste production of clay bricks ground, as partial replacement of Portland cement. The materiais were characterized physically, chemically and mineralogically, and determined the mechanical strength of the composites produced. We used to work against the pulp rheology for coating the array with appropriate content of pozzolanic additions and superplasticizer. We evaluated the resistance of the plate, EVA matrix coating folder found with and without addition of new fibers and the composite formed by the union of these two elements. We used the technique of alignment of fibers with a view to increasing resistance to the new lightweight composite. Tests rheology of the material indicated that the crushed brick was more efficient than the metakaolin to the same levei of replacement and that the percentage of 2.1% of superplasticizer and mixing M 80Ci 10TM 10MC was considered ideal for making matrix resilient and self-compacting, which was not observed in tests of strength, where metakaolin surpassed the results obtained with the addition of crushed brick. The addition of the matrix with aligned fibers increased significantly in tensile strength in bending the new lightweight composite outpertòrming 74.78% of the board of EVA, while 35.98% of the plate coated with EVA matrix without fibers and 4, 23% of the plate coated with EVA matrix added fiber distnbuted randomly.
18
Ozdemir, Gokhan. "Mechanical Properties Of Cfrp Anchorages." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605890/index.pdf.
Abstract:
Due to inadequate lateral stiffness, many reinforced concrete buildings are highly damaged or collapsed in Turkey after the major earthquake. To improve the behavior of such buildings and to prevent them from collapse, repair and/or strengthening of some reinforced concrete elements is required. One of the strengthening techniques is the use of CFRP sheets on the existing hollow brick masonry infill. While using the CFRP sheets their attachment to both structural and non-structural members are provided by CFRP anchor dowels. In this study, by means of the prepared test setup, the pull-out strength capacities of CFRP anchor dowels are measured. The effects of concrete compressive strength, anchorage depth, anchorage diameter, and number of fibers on the tensile strength capacity of CFRP anchor dowel are studied.
19
Borodulina, Svetlana. "Micromechanical Behavior of Fiber Networks." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Avd.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123223.
Abstract:
Paper is used in a wide range of applications, each of which has specific requirements on mechanical and surface properties. The role of paper strength on paper performance is still not well understood. This work addresses the mechanical properties of paper by utilizing fiber network simulation and consists of two parts.In the first part, we use a three-dimensional model of a network of fibers to describe the fracture process of paper accounting for nonlinearities at the fiber level (material model and geometry) and bond failures. A stress-strain curve of paper in tensile loading is described with the help of the network of dry fibers; the parameters that dominate the shape of this curve are discussed. The evolution of network damage is simulated, the results of which are compared with digital speckle photography experiments on laboratory sheets. It is concluded that the original strain inhomogeneities due to the structure are transferred to the local bond failure dynamics. The effects of different conventional and unconventional bond parameters are analyzed. It has been shown that the number of bonds in paper is important and that the changes in bond strength influence paper mechanical properties significantly.In the second part, we proposed a constitutive model for a fiber suitable for cyclic loading applications. We based the development of the available literature data and on the detailed finite-element model of pulp fibers. The model provided insights into the effects of various parameters on the mechanical response of the pulp fibers. The study showed that the change in the microfibril orientation upon axial straining is mainly a geometrical effect and is independent of material properties of the fiber as long as the deformations are elastic. Plastic strains accelerate the change in microfibril orientation. The results also showed that the elastic modulus of the fiber has a non-linear dependency on a microfibril angle,with elastic modulus being more sensitive to the change of microfibril angle around small initial values of microfibril angles. These effects were incorporated into a non-linear isotropic hardening plasticity model for beams and tested in a fiber network in cycling loading application model, using the model we estimated the level of strains that fiber segments accumulate at the failure point in a fiber network.The main goal of this work is to create a tool that would act as a bridge between microscopic characterization of fiber and fiber bonds and the mechanical properties that are important in the papermaking industry. The results of this work provide a fundamental insight on mechanics of paper constituents in tensile as well as cyclic loading. This would eventually lead to a rational choice of raw materials in paper manufacturing and thus utilizing the environment in a balanced way.QC 20130605
20
Mohr, Benjamin J. "Durability of Pulp Fiber-Cement Composites." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7222.
Abstract:
Wood pulp fibers are a unique reinforcing material as they are non-hazardous, renewable, and readily available at relatively low cost compared to other commercially available fibers. Today, pulp fiber-cement composites can be found in products such as extruded non-pressure pipes and non-structural building materials, mainly thin-sheet products. Although natural fibers have been used historically to reinforce various building materials, little scientific effort has been devoted to the examination of natural fibers to reinforce engineering materials until recently. The need for this type of fundamental research has been emphasized by widespread awareness of moisture-related failures of some engineered materials; these failures have led to the filing of national- and state-level class action lawsuits against several manufacturers.
Thus, if pulp fiber-cement composites are to be used for exterior structural applications, the effects of cyclical wet/dry (rain/heat) exposure on performance must be known. Pulp fiber-cement composites have been tested in flexure to examine the progression of strength and toughness degradation. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), a three-part model describing the mechanisms of progressive degradation has been proposed: (1) initial fiber-cement/fiber interlayer debonding, (2) reprecipitation of crystalline and amorphous ettringite within the void space at the former fiber-cement interface, and (3) fiber embrittlement due to reprecipitation of calcium hydroxide filling the spaces within the fiber cell wall structure.
Finally, as a means to mitigate kraft pulp fiber-cement composite degradation, the effects of partial portland cement replacement with various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has been investigated for their effect on mitigating kraft pulp fiber-cement composite mechanical property degradation (i.e., strength and toughness losses) during wet/dry cycling. SCMs have been found to be effective in mitigating composite degradation through several processes, including a reduction in the calcium hydroxide content, stabilization of monosulfate by maintaining pore solution pH, and a decrease in ettringite reprecipitation accomplished by increased binding of aluminum in calcium aluminate phases and calcium in the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phase.
21
Wang, J., S. Dong, Ashraf F. Ashour, X. Wang, and B. Han. "Dynamic mechanical properties of cementitious composites with carbon nanotubes." Elsevier, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17465.
Abstract:
YesThis paper studied the effect of different types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the dynamic mechanical properties of cementitious composites. Impact compression test was conducted on various specimens to obtain the dynamic stress-strain curves and dynamic compressive strength as well as deformation of cementitious composites. The dynamic impact toughness and impact dissipation energy were, then, estimated. Furthermore, the microscopic morphology of cementitious composites was identified by using the scanning electron microscope to show the reinforcing mechanisms of MWCNTs on cementitious composites. Experimental results show that all types of MWCNTs can increase the dynamic compressive strength and ultimate strain of the composite, but the dynamic peak strain of the composite presents deviations with the MWCNT incorporation. The composite with thick-short MWCNTs has a 100.8% increase in the impact toughness, and the composite with thin-long MWCNTs presents an increased dissipation energy up to 93.8%. MWCNTs with special structure or coating treatment have higher reinforcing effect to strength of the composite against untreated MWCNTs. The modifying mechanisms of MWCNTs on cementitious composite are mainly attributed to their nucleation and bridging effects, which prevent the micro-crack generation and delay the macro-crack propagation through increasing the energy consumption.
22
Adhikari, Sudeep. "Mechanical Properties and Flexural Applications of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Bars." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1259635900.
23
Sacramento, Santana Hesdras Henrique. "Improving mechanical properties and microstructure development of fiber reinforced ceramic nuclear fuel." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/37199.
Abstract:
At the present work the UO2 fuel production process was extensively studied and analyzed. The
objectives of such investigation were to understand and analyze the influence of different additives
and the variation of the production process steps on the microstructure and consequently in the
mechanical strength of the nuclear fuel pellet.
Moreover, an improvement of the qualitative characteristics of the ceramic fuel pellets was
also aimed. For this purpose UO2 pellets without additives, the so-called standard pellets, pellets
containing as additive for example AZB (Azodicarbonamid), black U3O8 (Oxidized uranium pellet
scrap - OS), green U3O8 (Oxidized uranium powder - OP), keratin fibers (a non conventional
additive) were produced.
The introduction of these additives to the UO2 powder mixture prior or after the granulation
production step and in different concentrations produced several microstructure configurations.
As it would not be possible to analyze all of them here so during the investigation pre-tests some
of them were separated to be studied in more detail.
Pellets with AZB added after the granulation presented larger grains and larger pores than
those with AZB added before granulation, also porosity free grains and a granulate structure
instead of a homogeneous one. Pellets with OS present fine porosity distributed all over the pellet
matrix with some porosity clusters whereas pellets containing OP show in its matrix porosity
agglomerated in form of hooks. As for the grain size, a more uniform grain size distribution can
be observed in pellets OS than in pellets with OP.
The variations in the amount of keratin fibers added, sintering dwell time and green density
resulted indeed in different microstructures. Nevertheless, some common characteristics among
them were observed such as the presence of elongated pores, porosity clusters and larger grains
located at the pellets borders while the smaller ones were concentrated more in the central part
of the pellet. This distribution of grains was identified as bi-modal structure.
The mentioned microstructure aspects certainly influence on the mechanical properties of the
fuel pellet. However, the sintering parameters, the green and final pellet density and the pellet
dimensions also have an influence on the mechanical characteristics of the pellets. For studying
the influence of all these parameters on the pellet mechanical properties four testing procedures were utilized the so-called squirrel-cage where the mechanical resistance of the not sintered pellets
against mechanical shocks was tested, the diametrical compression test (Brazilian Test) where
the strength of sintered and not sintered pellets was studied, the Vickers indentation technique
and the creep test where the pellet plasticity respectively at room and at elevated temperatures
was analyzed.
The squirrel-cage results showed that the pellets with keratin fibers were much more mechanically
resistant than those pellets without it, which means that the keratin fibers acted, prior
sintering, as a powder binder increasing the cohesion among the powder granules proportionating
the green pellets higher mechanical resistance against impacts.
The Brazilian test evaluated the influence of the pellet length to the pellet diameter (L/D
ratio), the influence of different additives mixed to the UO2 powder and the different pellet
production processes. The L/D influence analysis showed that if one fixes the pellet diameter
and increase the pellet length the Weibull modulus (here a measure of the pellet lot reliability)
will also increase. By comparing pellets with OS, OP and 0.3% keratin fibers it was observed
that pellets with OS presented the highest volume of pores smaller than 10 mm while pellets with
OP and keratin presented the highest volume of pores larger than 20 mm. It seems that this
relevant characteristic favored to the highest Weibull strength value for pellets with OS.
In the indentation test standard pellets, pellets with OS and pellets with keratin fibers were
tested. The results showed that the calculated hardness for the standard pellets is slightly lower
when compared to the values obtained by the pellets with keratin fibers. Also the pellets containing
OS when compared to the keratin fibers pellets have in most of the cases a lower hardness. The
calculated fracture toughness and fracture surface energy values show also a better mechanical
behavior for the keratin fibre pellets than in the standard pellets.
Standard pellets, pellets with 30%OP, which had the smallest grain size, pellets with keratin
fibers, having the bi-modal structure and pellets with chromium oxide, which had the largest
grain size, were tested in the creep furnace. The results showed that all pellets with additives
presented a better creep behavior than the standard pellets. Among the pellets prepared with
additives the comparison clearly showed that under lower stresses pellets with smaller grains have
a better creep rate. By increasing the applied stresses we observe an improvement of the creep
rate of the pellets with chromium oxide and keratin fibre even slightly overcoming the pellets
with 30%OP at the highest applied stress.Sacramento Santana, HH. (2014). Improving mechanical properties and microstructure development of fiber reinforced ceramic nuclear fuel [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37199
TESIS
24
Izquierdo, Indara Soto. "Utilização de pós residuais e fibra de sisal em blocos de concreto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-07072015-094257/.
Abstract:
A pesquisa tem como enfoque fundamental a aplicação de novos materiais alternativos para uma construção sustentável. Pós residuais, provenientes do resíduo orgânico e do setor mineral, e fibras de sisal constituem bons exemplos de materiais não convencionais. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal foi avaliar a incorporação dos pós residuais e da fibra de sisal no concreto para a fabricação de blocos de concreto e elementos de alvenaria. Foram estudados três relações cimento: agregado, de 1:15, 1:10 e 1:6 (traços pobre, médio e rico), com a finalidade de produzir blocos estruturais com classe de resistência, de 4, 8 e 12 MPa, respectivamente. Para cada traço foi realizada a substituição da areia natural por pó de pedra com teores de 20%, 40%, 60% e 80%, em massa, e do cimento por pó de resíduo orgânico com teores de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%, em massa. Foi feito o estudo da durabilidade da fibra de sisal em meio alcalino, com comprimento de 20 mm e fração volumétrica de 1% com relação ao concreto. Foram estudadas as propriedades físicas e mecânicas do concreto no estado fresco e endurecido. Os resultados mostraram que os pós residuais podem ser utilizados como fíler no concreto substituindo parte da matéria prima, uma vez que causaram o correto empacotamento nos agregados e na pasta de cimento. O estudo estatístico utilizando a técnica do Bootstrap mostrou que para o pó de pedra, a porcentagem ideal para a substituição da areia pelo pó no concreto foi de 60% para os traços 1:15 e 1:10 e de 40% para o traço 1:6. Já no pó de resíduo orgânico, concretos com baixo consumo de cimento, o resíduo não teve um correto enchimento na matriz cimentícia; com médio consumo, o concreto com 5% de pó apresentou propriedades mecânicas e físicas superiores ao concreto de referência; e em misturas ricas em cimento, porcentagens até 10% provocaram um correto desempenho mecânico quando comparados ao concreto de referência. O sisal apresentou alta durabilidade em matrizes cimentícias modificadas com materiais pozolânicos devido à diminuição do hidróxido de cálcio (CH). Foi possível concluir que os blocos de concreto modificados com os materiais alternativos apresentaram qualidade compatível com as exigências da construção civil nacional e podem ser utilizados também como unidades de vedação.This research deals with the use of new alternative materials for sustainable construction. The use of residual powder materials, from organic residue and from mineral sector, and sisal fibers are good examples of unconventional materials that can be used. The main objective is to evaluate the use of residual powders and sisal fibers in the production of structural masonry blocks. Three types of mixtures for cement consumption were studied: aggregate/cement (A/C) ratios of 15, 10, and 6, in order to produce blocks structural strength classes of 4, 8 and 12 MPa, respectively. For each trace the cement were replaced by powder organic waste at levels of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, and natural sand replaced by stone powder at levels of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. A study was carried out in order to evaluate the durability of sisal fiber in the alkaline medium, with length of 20 mm and 1% volume fraction on the concrete. The physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened concrete were studied. The results showed that residual powder can be used as filler in concrete by replacing part of the raw material, since they caused the correct packaging in the aggregates and in the cement paste. The statistical analysis using the Bootstrap technique showed that for the stone powder the optimal percentage for replacing the sand was 60% for 15:1 and 10:1 traces and 40% for 6:1 trace. As for the organic residual powder, the results showed that the reference concrete had higher compressive strength than the concrete with low cement content (A/C ratio of 15:1). However, samples made with 5% powder and an A/C ratio of 10:1 showed greater physical and mechanical properties strength than the reference concrete. Mixtures rich in cement (A/C ratio of 6:1) and the powder replacements of up to 10% resulted in the best mechanical behavior. The sisal showed high durability in modified cementitious matrices with pozzolanic materials due to decreased calcium hydroxide (CH). It was concluded that the blocks modified with alternative materials showed quality compatible with the requirements of national construction.
25
Behera, Nikhil Chandra. "Topochemistry of delignification and its effect on fiber properties of spruce organosolv pulp." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25561.
Abstract:
The catalysed organosolv process is a novel method of pulping that has many advantages over other chemical pulping processes. One of the most important advantages is its 6-12 percentage point higher yield of pulp in comparison to other chemical pulping processes. Short cooking time, low disintegration and refining energy requirements, ease of pulp washing and simplified method of by-product recovery are some of the other advantages. However, due to differences in the chemical nature of the cooking liquor, the basic properties of the fibers differ considerably.
In this thesis a detailed study has been carried out on some of the unique phenomena i.e., fiber liberation at a high yield, topochemical preference of delignification and their manifestation on morphology and strength properties of fibers.
Pulping results show that softwoods can be pulped easily to a high pulp yield (60%) with a high viscosity of cellulose of 50 mPas. The observed delignification pattern indicates two distinct stages both having first order kinetics. By this process, fast delignification occurs in the bulk delignification stage within which about 70% of the lignin is removed. Loss of residual lignin occurs at a slower rate in the residual delignification stage.
The ease of penetration of the cooking liquor and preferential removal of lignin from the middle lamella result in complete fiber liberation at a pulp yield of 57.3% and a Kappa number of 72 (7% residual lignin). The loss of lignin to carbohydrate ratio at 57.3%pulp yield is 1.21:1.
The topochemistry of delignification in organosolv pulping is limited to a preferential removal of lignin from the cell corner and middle lamella regions rather than from the secondary wall. In the initial stages of pulping, lignin removal is mostly from the cell corner and middle lamella region. Secondary wall lignin was removed quite slowly and a substantial amount of lignin remained in the secondary wall even after extended delignification. This can be accounted for by the slow hemicellulose removal (loss) from the secondary wall.
The relatively high residual lignin retained in the cell corner in comparison to the complete delignification in the middle lamella raises questions about chemical differences and solubility characteristics of the cell corner lignin.
The fibers of high-yield pulps are found to be stiffer and form a low density paper with high tear, and average burst and tensile strength. These factors can be correlated with the higher amount of residual lignin material in the fiber secondary wall and the low bonding properties of the fibers. High residual lignin content decreases the internal fibrillation and ability of the fibers to conform with each other during sheet formation. On the other hand, the low-yield fibers (49.8%) were found to be quite flexible and showed higher strength than obtainable with high yield pulps. Organosolv handsheets contain 20 to 30% fewer fibers than kraft papers of the same basis weight. However, the apparent difference in strength properties between organosolv and kraft papers is not disproportionately large.
Organosolv lignins isolated from the spent liquor have low molecular weight (1400-2400) and low polydispersity (1.95) when recovered from extended pulping liquors. This indicates that most of the lignin is degraded to a fairly uniform low molecular weight polymer without substantially affecting the reactivity of the natural lignin as it occurs in the native fibers.
The simplicity of the pulping process together with the comparable strength properties of the fibers even at higher yields, reveals large potentials of this method as a new pulping process. With some refinements and closer optimization, pulp fully acceptable commercially could be produced by this process.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
26
Litchfield, David W. "The Manufacture and Mechanical Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers Filled with Organically-Modified Montmorillonite." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27175.
Abstract:
This work is concerned with mechanical property improvements to poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, fibers by the addition of layered silicate nanoparticles and by drawing the un-oriented nanocomposite filaments in a second step. No previous studies on PET fibers filled with montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay examined fiber drawability at temperatures above the glass transition. Therefore, the primary objective of this research was to determine 1) if PET nanocomposite fibers could be drawn to finer diameters and 2) whether drawing imparted improved Young's modulus and tenacity (i.e. strength) relative to un-filled PET fibers. Of equal importance to this work, the subsequent objective was to discern and understand the role of nanoclay in 1) the production of improved or reduced mechanical properties and 2) the ability to draw PET to lower or higher than normal draw ratios.
In the first part of this thesis, the improvements in Young's modulus and tenacity of PET fibers filled with various types of organically modified montmorillonite is shown and the method to produce them is discussed. Greater improvements in mechanical properties occurred when the MMT stacks were intercalated with PET. A nominal 1 wt% loading of dimethyl-dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium surface modified MMT in drawn PET fiber showed a 28% and 63% increase in Young's modulus and strength, respectively. Relative to an un-filled PET fiber, these results exceeded the upper-bound of the rule of mixtures estimate. Therefore, both the type of surface modification and concentration of MMT were shown to affect the degree of PET orientation and crystallinity. Furthermore, drawability above Tg and elongation-at-break increased upon the addition of organically modified MMT to un-oriented PET fibers, which was a key distinction of this work from others examining similar systems.
Interestingly, the mechanical properties of modulus and tenacity showed a maximum with concentration of alkyl modified clay, but drawability did not show significant variation with increasing nanoclay content. Thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy was used to examine the role of nanoclay in creating this maximum in mechanical properties. At low loadings, nanoclay was shown to intercalate with PET and enhance amorphous orientation. At higher concentrations of nanoclay the presence of large agglomerates prevented efficient orientation to the fiber axis and acted as stress concentrators to aid in cavitation and failure during testing. Raman spectroscopy showed that the as-spun unfilled PET fibers possessed significantly more trans conformer content of the ethylene glycol moiety than the nanocomposite fibers. The greater gauche content of the nanocomposite fibers delayed crystalline development during non-isothermal DSC scans to higher temperatures was associated with the increased drawability.Ph. D.
27
Johnson, Richard Kwesi. "Wetlaid Cellulose Fiber-Thermoplastic Hybrid Composites - Effects of Lyocell and Steam Exploded Wood Fiber Blends." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43767.
Abstract:
Fiber hybridization involves the blending of high and low performance fibers in a common matrix to yield a composite with a balance of properties that cannot be achieved by using either fiber alone. In this study, the random wetlay process was used as a compounding method to investigate the effects of fiber hybridization on the mechanical, viscoelastic, and sorption characteristics of steam-exploded wood (SEW) and lyocell (high performance regenerated cellulose) fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. The two fiber types were blended in varying proportions within a fixed total fiber content of 50 wt. % and compared with non-hybrid lyocell- and SEW-PP controls.
Using PP matrix as basis, it was observed that moduli of all composites generally increased with increasing lyocell concentration, ranging from a minimum 66 % for SP 50 (SEW/PP control) to a maximum 233 % for LP 50 (lyocell/PP control). Ultimate strengths on the other hand, declined for SP 50 but increased with the inclusion of lyocell fibers.
Comparisons of hybrid (having 5 - 20 wt % lyocell) with non-hybrid (having 25 - 50 wt. % lyocell) composites revealed a surprisingly greater strength and modulus-building efficiency (by as much as 2.6 times) in the hybrid composites. This observation indicated possible synergism between lyocell and SEW. Analyses of composite property gains as a function of fiber cost also showed greater cost benefits (highest for tensile modulus) in favor of hybridization.
The advantages of fiber hybridization on composite properties were again evident under dynamic mechanical analysis where no significant differences in the storage moduli were found between a hybrid composite with 20 wt. % lyocell and a non-hybrid composite with 50 wt. % lyocell loading. Application of the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) made it possible to predict storage moduli over extended frequencies for PP and its composites. Comparison of shift factor versus temperature plots revealed decreasing relaxation times of PP with increasing lyocell concentration, which indicated that PP interacted better with lyocell than with SEW fibers.
Finally, it was observed from sorption tests that hybrid composites absorbed less moisture than non-hybrid counterparts of either fiber type. The reasons for this observation were not apparent. It is however possible that moisture transport mechanisms within the composites may have been modified as a result of hybridization.Master of Science
28
Cho, Baik-Soon. "The in-plane shear properties of pultruded materials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21291.
29
Weisenberger, Matthew Collins. "APPLICATIONS OF MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES: MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/738.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2007.Title from document title page (viewed on March 24, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: ix, 97 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-95).
30
Annam, Ramyasree. "Study of Mechanical Properties of PVA Fiber-Reinforced Concrete With Raman Spectroscopic Analysis." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1460.
Abstract:
The brittleness of concrete has always been a safety and economic issue of great concern. The low tensile strength of concrete is the cause of its intrinsic brittle nature. This is critical considering the amount of concrete used for the construction of highways, buildings, and other facilities. The mechanical properties of concrete must be improved to provide upgraded construction. Crack resistant and durable concrete has always been a major goal for engineers. Many approaches have been tried to make concrete a better construction material. Fiber reinforcement is an approach which has been shown to improve the quality and durability of concrete. The focus of this research is to develop a mix design of fiber reinforced concrete and then test these materials for both compressive and tensile strength after casting into cubes. The effect of polyvinyl alcohol fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete was also studied. The impacts of moisture and the stress applied on the fibers were determined using Raman spectroscopy.
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Rana, Akshaykumar A. "Evaluation of Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Carbon-Fiber Composites Using Interleaved Materials." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10979176.
Abstract:
Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) provides superior mechanical properties and low weight, enabling their extensive use in the aerospace industry. Susceptibility to internal damage due to out-of-plane loads and poor electrical properties are some of their major challenges that require to be addressed in order to increase the utilization of composites in further aerospace structures. Lightning strikes can lead to catastrophic damage, inflicting high repair and certification costs. Lightning Strike Protection (LSP) solutions such as integration of metallic meshes or foils into the composite structures, even though effective, impose extra costs and hinders the aircraft performance due to the increased weight of the aircraft.
This research aims at the development of a different LSP solution, by enhancing the electrical conductivity of composite, while maintaining a sufficient degree of mechanical properties. The use of non-woven conductive interlayers was proposed for manufacturing of conductive composites. Highly-conductive, low-aerial-weight carbon veil was utilized to manufacture prepreg-based CF/Epoxy laminates, which are generally toughened, in order to improve their conductivity using vacuum bag only (VBO) and heat-pressing techniques. Further, a bi-functional interlayer of graphene coated Polyamide (PA) was developed using interfacial trapping method. This conductive thermoplastic interlayer was then utilized for manufacturing Benzoxazine (BZ) infused carbon fabric laminate with Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method, which acted as a conductive toughener and improves the Inter-laminar Fracture Toughness (ILFT) as well as to increase the electrical conductivity.
The effects of the incorporation of non-woven interlayers on the electrical conductivity, thermal behavior of composites, and mechanical properties such as shear strength, compressive strength, and the ILFT (Mode-I and Mode-II) were investigated in this study. In both types of composites, an increase in electrical properties, as well as mechanical properties, were observed. The only exception was in the Mode-I ILFT of the CF/Epoxy prepregs, which decreased with the increase of the areal weight of the interleaved carbon veils. The mechanical properties increased in the range of 9%–138% with the only decrement observed in Mode-I ILFT of CF/Epoxy with carbon veils of 25%. The volume resistivity of the CF/Epoxy samples decreased significantly by approximately 50% due to the incorporation of the conductive interlayer. This added feature was used to develop a structural health monitoring (SHM) procedure. The conductive composite showed an increased sensitivity in detecting the pre-identified damage location in the composites.
32
永正, 邵., and Yongzheng Shao. "Study on the effects of matrix properties on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12902982/?lang=0, 2015. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12902982/?lang=0.
Abstract:
It was found that a significant improvement of mechanical properties of CFRPs can be achieved by the adjustment of the matrix properties such as toughness and CF/matrix adhesion via the chemical modification, as well as the physical modification by a small amount of cheap and environment-friendly nano fibers. Based on investigation of fracture mechanisms at macro/micro scale, the effects of matrix properties and nano fiber on the mechanical properties of CFRP have been discussed. Subsequently, the relationship has been characterized by a numerical model to show how to modulate the parameters of the matrix properties to achieve excellent fatigue properties of CFRP.博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University
33
Ahmed, Shabbir. "Mechanical and Surface Properties of Technical and Single Flax Fiber in Micro and Nano Scale." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28400.
Abstract:
The continued search for sustainable and eco-friendly materials led to the integration of bio-fibers as the reinforcement in composite materials. However, a wide variation in their mechanical properties poses a considerable challenge for their incorporation in load bearing and structural bio-composite materials. In this thesis, a rigorous experimental investigation is performed for quantifying this variation in mechanical properties of flax fiber such as ultimate strength, ultimate strain, and elastic modulus. The effect of stalk diameter and variety on strength and strain was investigated on a statistical basis. Probability distribution models were proposed for predicting the probability of failure on a given strength. A dynamic in-situ failure analysis was performed on technical flax fibers with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the micro and nanoscale failure behavior. A reliable measurement method of surface energy of a single flax fiber was proposed and performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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チェン, フオン ウェン, and Nguyen Tien Phong. "Study on the effects of green micro/nano fiber addition on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12614789/?lang=0, 2013. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12614789/?lang=0.
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Kalyanam, Sriram. "Effect of silane coupling agents on the mechanical properties of glass polypropylene composites." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8563.
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Kang, Jin Ook. "Fiber reinforced polymeric pultruded members subjected to sustained loads." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20191.
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Cansever, Cahit Can. "Effects Of Injection Molding Conditions On The Mechanical Properties Of Polyamide / Glass Fiber Composites." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608475/index.pdf.
Abstract:
In this study, effect of injection molding process parameters on fiber
length and on mechanical properties of Polyamide-6 / glass fiber composite were
investigated to produce higher performance composites. Polyamide-6 was first
compounded with an E-grade glass fiber in a co-rotating intermeshing twin screw
extruder. Then, by using this composite, twenty-five types of experiments were
performed by injection molding by changing the barrel temperature, injection
pressure, hold pressure, mold temperature, cooling time and screw speed. Izod
notched impact, tensile, viscosity, heat deflection temperature, differential
scanning calorimetry tests were performed on injection molded samples. By
performing these tests, the effects of process parameters on mechanical properties
and on fiber length were observed. In order to understand the variation in
mechanical properties, thermal tests were also conducted. Also, fiber length
distributions of the samples were measured.Experimental data show that fiber breakage decreases with increasing
screw speed, injection pressure, however, fiber length increases with increasing
barrel temperature, mold temperature and cooling time. Fiber length is almost not
affected with the hold pressure. It is assumed in this study that crystallinity is not
affected with injection pressure, hold pressure and screw speed. As barrel
temperature and cooling time increase, crystallinity increases, however, as mold
temperature increases, crystallinity decreases. Impact strength, tensile modulus
and tensile strength increase, whereas elongation at break decreases with the
average fiber length. Crystallinity affects the tensile strength and modulus
positively. The tensile strength and modulus increase with increasing crystallinity.
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Jishi, Hassan Ziad [Verfasser]. "The Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Continuous Fiber Composite Lattice Structures / Hassan Ziad Jishi." Munich : GRIN Verlag, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120813492/34.
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Kim, Byoungil. "Effect of fiber types on the mechanical properties and permeability of high strength concrete." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015827.
40
Eskander, Ashraf. "EFFECTS OF FIBER AND LITHIUM ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE MADE FROMRECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2954.
Abstract:
The growing demand of construction aggregates has raised concern about the availability of natural aggregates. Over two billion tons of natural aggregate are produced each year in the United States and that number is expected to increase to 2.5 billion tons by 2020. This has raised concern about the availability of natural aggregate. Discarding demolished concrete into landfills is a costly solution from an economical and environmental point of view. Many U.S. highway agencies are re-using Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) as construction material. The use of fiber reinforcement in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) has recently become a popular option in concrete construction because of its influence on preventing segregation, reducing early shrinkage cracks and increasing residual load capacity. Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) is a major problem in concrete, especially when using RCA, causing concrete expansion and cracks. Recently lithium has been found to reduce expansion due to ASR. This thesis will investigate the effect, of fibers soaked in lithium nitrate on the mechanical properties of RCA.M.S.C.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
41
Tonndorf, Robert, Elke Gossla, Recep Türkay Kocaman, Martin Kirsten, Rolf-Dieter Hund, Gerald Hoffmann, Dilbar Aibibu, Michael Gelinsky, and Chokri Cherif. "Factors affecting the mechanical and geometrical properties of electrostatically flocked pure chitosan fiber scaffolds." Sage, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35536.
Abstract:
The field of articular cartilage tissue engineering has developed rapidly, and chitosan has become a promising material for scaffold fabrication. For this paper, wet-spun biocompatible chitosan filament yarns were converted into short flock fibers and subsequently electrostatically flocked onto a chitosan substrate, resulting in a pure, highly open, porous, and biodegradable chitosan scaffold. Analyzing the wet-spinning of chitosan revealed its advantages and disadvantages with respect to the fabrication of the fiber-based chitosan scaffolds. The scaffolds were prepared using varying processing parameters and were analyzed in regards to their geometrical and mechanical properties. It was found that the pore sizes were adjustable between 65 and 310 µm, and the compressive strength was in the range 13–57 kPa.
42
Tu, Zhiqiang. "Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites by Squeeze Casting." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40523.
Abstract:
Rapid modern technological changes and improvements bring great motivations in advanced material designs and fabrications. In this context, metal matrix composites, as an emerging material category, have undergone great developments over the past 50 years. Their primary applications, such as automotive, aerospace and military industries, require materials with increasingly strict specifications, especially high stiffness, lightweight and superior strength. For these advanced applications, carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites have proven their enormous potential where outstanding machinability, engineering reliability and economy efficiency are vital priorities.
To contribute in the understanding and development of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites, this study focuses on composite fabrication, mechanical testing and physical property modelling. The composites are fabricated by squeeze casting. Plain weave carbon fiber (AS4 Hexcel) is used as reinforcement, while aluminum alloy 6061 is used as matrix. The improvement of the squeeze casting fabrication process is focused on reducing leakage while combining thermal expansion pressure with post-processing pressing. Three different fiber volume fractions are investigated to achieve optimum mechanical properties. Piston-on-ring (POR) bend tests are used to measure the biaxial flexural stiffness and fracture strength on disc samples. The stress-strain curves and fracture surfaces reveal the effect of fiber-matrix interface bonding on composite bend behaviour. The composites achieved up to 11.6%, 248.3% and 90.1% increase in flexural modulus, strain hardening modulus and yield strength as compared with the unreinforced aluminum alloy control group, respectively. Analytical modelling and finite element modelling are used to comparatively characterise and verify the composite effective flexural modulus and strength. Specifically, they allowed
iii
evaluating how far the experimental results deviate from idealized assumptions of the models, which provides an insight into the composite sample quality, particularly at fiber-matrix interfaces. Overall, the models agree well with experimental results in identifying an improvement in flexural modulus up to a carbon fiber volume fraction of 4.81vol%. However, beyond a fiber content of 3.74vol%, there is risk of deterioration of mechanical properties, particularly the strength. This is because higher carbon fiber volume fractions restrict the infiltration and wetting of carbon fibre by the liquid, potentially leading to poor fiber-matrix interface bonding. It is shown that higher thermal expansion pressures and subsequent post-processing pressing can overcome this challenge at higher carbon fiber volume contents by reducing fiber-aluminum contact angle, improving infiltration, reducing defects such as porosity, and overall improving fiber-matrix bonding.
43
Ren, Luying. "Enhancement of the Mechanical Properties of Co-extruded Fiber Reinforced Tape by Uniaxial Orientation." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1522858264943265.
44
Xu, Xiaolin. "Cellulose fiber reinforced nylon 6 or nylon 66 composites." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26487.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph.D)--Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: John D. Muzzy; Committee Co-Chair: Youjiang Wang; Committee Member: Art Ragauskas; Committee Member: Donggang Yao; Committee Member: Karl Jacob. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
45
L, Dayakar Naik. "Effective Properties of Randomly Oriented Kenaf Short Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4587.
Abstract:
Natural fibers have drawn attention of researchers as an environmentally-friendly alternative to synthetic fibers. Developing natural fiber reinforced bio-composites are a viable alternative to the problems of non-degrading and energy consuming synthetic composites. This study focuses on (i) the application of kenaf fiber as a potential reinforcement and, (ii) determining the tensile properties of the randomly oriented short kenaf fiber composite both experimentally and numerically. Kenaf fiber micro-structure and its Young's modulus with varying gage length (10, 15, 20, and 25.4 mm) were investigated. The variation in tensile strength of kenaf fibers was analyzed using the Weibull probability distribution function. It was observed that the Young's modulus of kenaf fiber increased with increase in gage length. Fabrication of randomly oriented short kenaf fiber using vacuum bagging techniques and hand-lay-up techniques were discussed and the tensile properties of the specimens were obtained experimentally. The tensile modulus of the composite sample at 22% fiber volume fraction was found to be 6.48 GPa and tensile strength varied from 20 to 38 MPa. Numerical models based on the micro mechanics concepts in conjunction with finite element methods were developed for predicting the composite properties. A two-step homogenization procedure was developed to evaluate the elastic constants at the cell wall level and the meso-scale level respectively. Von-Mises Fisher probability distribution function was applied to model the random orientation distribution of fibers and obtain equivalent modulus of composite. The predicted equivalent modulus through numerical homogenization was in good agreement with the experimental results.
46
Vohra, Sanjay. "A mechanics framework for modeling fiber deformation on draw rollers and freespans." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-05172006-141347/.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Polymer, Textile & Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Karl I. Jacob, Committee Chair ; Youjiang Wang, Committee Member ; Mary Lynn Realff, Committee Member ; Arun Gokhale, Committee Member ; Rami Haj-Ali, Committee Member.
47
Borodulina, Svetlana. "Micromechanics of Fiber Networks." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Inst.), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188481.
Abstract:
The current trends in papermaking involve, but are not limited to, maintaining the dry strength of paper material at a reduced cost. Since any small changes in the process affect several factors at once, it is difficult to relate the exact impact of these changes promptly. Hence, the detailed models of the network level of a dry sheet have to be studied extensively in order to attain the infinitesimal changes in the final product. In Paper A, we have investigated a relation between micromechanical processes and the stress–strain curve of a dry fiber network during tensile loading. The impact of “non-traditional” bonding parameters, such as compliance of bonding regions, work of separation and the actual number of effective bonds, is discussed. In Paper B, we studied the impact of the chemical composition of the fiber cell wall, as well as its geometrical properties, on the fiber mechanical properties using the three-dimensional model of a fiber with helical orientation of microfibrils at a range of different microfibril angles (MFA). In order to accurately characterize the fiber and bond properties inside the network, via statistical distributions, microtomography studies on the handsheets have been carried out. This work is divided into two parts: Paper C, which describes the methods of data acquisition and Paper D, where we discuss the extracted data. Here, all measurements were performed at a fiber level, providing data on the fiber width distribution, width-to-height ratio of isotropically oriented fibers and contact density. In the last paper, we utilize data thus obtained in conjunction with fiber morphology data from Papers C and D to update the network generation algorithm in order to produce more realistic fiber networks. We also successfully verified the models with the help of experimental results from dry sheets tested under uniaxial tensile tests. We carry out numerical simulations on these networks to ascertain the influence of fiber and bond parameters on the network strength properties.QC 20160613
48
Weick, Brian L. "Effects of fiber type on the tribological behavior of polyamide composites." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10192006-115602/.
49
Folino, Paul (Paul John). "Characterizing ash and substrate properties in sintered metal fiber diesel particulate filters using an advanced diagnostic approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100134.
Abstract:
Thesis: S.M. in Mechanical Engineering, and S.M. in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 109-115).
In order to comply with strict air emissions regulations, applicable diesel engines are required to have an installed after-treatment device. A diesel particulate filter (DPF) is one of these aftertreatment devices, and it is used to capture hazardous particulate matter (PM) from the engine exhaust stream. Over the lifetime of the DPF, incombustible materials like ash are deposited within the DPF. The presence of ash inhibits the exhaust flow and thus causes flow restriction throughout the filter. This increase in the flow restriction due to ash accumulation has an adverse effect on engine performance, primarily a reduction in fuel economy. While the global effects of ash on engine performance are well researched and understood, the fundamental mechanisms of ash phenomenology in the DPF require further understanding. Current experimental data mainly addresses how ash porosity and permeability influence pressure drop across the filter, but an investigation of these properties reveals how other key sub parameters, such as ash particle size and distribution and filter oxidation level, significantly contribute to an increase in pressure drop as well. The focus of this work is to understand the behavior of ash particles in a sintered metal fiber (SMF) filter substrate and recognize the resultant effect on DPF pressure drop using an advanced diagnostic approach. Much of the work relies on the use of sophisticated imaging and software tools to quantify properties such as particle size, particle distribution, filter porosity, and permeability among others. Additionally, this research introduces and demonstrates the capabilities of these cutting-edge tools and how they can best be utilized to provide filter performance data to qualify existing and future experimental data for SMF or cordierite filters. An analysis of the data reveals a statistically significant dependence between pressure drop and the aforementioned sub-parameters.
by Paul Folino.
S.M. in Mechanical Engineering, and S.M. in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
50
Hill, Christopher Brandon. "Investigation of electrical and impact properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites with carbon nanotube buckypaper layers." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2894.
Abstract:
Carbon fiber reinforced composite materials have become commonplace in many industries including aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods. Previous research has determined a coupling relationship between the mechanical and electrical properties of these materials where the application of electrical current has been shown to improve their mechanical strengths. The next generations of these composites have started to be produced with the addition of nanocarbon buckypaper layers which provide even greater strength and electrical conductivity potentials. The focus of this current research was to characterize these new composites and compare their electro-mechanical coupling capabilities to those composites which do not contain any nonocarbons.