Journal articles: 'Situation Awareness (SA)'

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Flach, John M. "Situation Awareness: Proceed with Caution." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37, no. 1 (March 1995): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872095779049480.

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Situation awareness (SA) is a relatively new concept that has captured the imagination of the human factors community. This new concept is considered in the light of Benton J. Underwood's discussion about psychological concepts. In particular the distinction between SA as a phenomenon description (Level 2 concept) and SA as a causal agent (Level 3 concept) is discussed. The argument that SA is valuable as a phenomenon description draws attention to the intimate interactions between human and environment in determining meaning (or what matters) and reflects an increased appreciation for the intimate coupling between processing stages (e.g., perception, decision, and action) within closed-loop systems. However, I caution against considering SA as a causal agent. When SA is considered to be an object within the cognitive agent, there is a danger of circular reasoning in which SA is presented as the cause of itself. As a causal explanation, SA is a simple, easy-to-understand wrong answer that, in the end, will be an obstacle to research. As a phenomenon description, SA invites further research to discover causal relationships between the design of human-machine systems and the resulting performance.

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Orique, Sabrina B., and Laurel Despins. "Evaluating Situation Awareness: An Integrative Review." Western Journal of Nursing Research 40, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 388–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945917697230.

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Situation awareness (SA) refers to the conscious awareness of the current situation in relation to one’s environment. In nursing, loss or failure to achieve high levels of SA is linked with adverse patient outcomes. The purpose of this integrative review is to examine various instruments and techniques used to measure SA among nurses across academic and clinical settings. Computerized database and ancestry search strategies resulted in 40 empirical research reports. Of the reports included in the review, 24 measured SA among teams that included nurses and 16 measured SA solely in nurses. Methods used to evaluate SA included direct and indirect methods. Direct methods included the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique and questionnaires. Indirect methods included observer rating instruments and performance outcome measures. To have a better understanding of how nurses’ make decisions in complex work environments, reliable and valid measures of SA is crucial.

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Schmied, Johannes, and Abbas Strømmen-Bakhtiar. "Situation Awareness Under Task Complexity." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 11, no. 4 (October 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2020100101.

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Performing tasks under task complexity (TC), for example, during the management of a crisis, can be challenging. One relevant research stream has so far dealt with modelling task complexity while another research stream has established the importance of situation awareness (SA) during crisis management. This study takes into consideration these two research streams and builds a model on how SA is achieved under task complexity. The research shows that information of high information quality (IQ) reduces the level of task complexity, and influences—as well as is influenced by—situation awareness. The practice of collecting and disseminating relevant and timely information as a critical resource in improving SA should be carried out continuously. This continuous process can be improved by using information technologies as automating tools. Moreover, the study shows how shared mental models can improve SA under task complexity. A case study approach, based on qualitative data focusing on theory building, is applied. Unit of analysis is a Norwegian hospital.

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Bolstad, Cheryl A., Peter Foltz, Marita Franzke, Haydee M. Cuevas, Mark Rosenstein, and Anthony M. Costello. "Predicting Situation Awareness from Team Communications." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 12 (October 2007): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101203.

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Given the importance of Situation Awareness (SA) in military operations, there is a critical need for a realtime, unobtrusive tool that objectively and reliably measures warfighters' SA in both training and operations. Just as the requirement for improved access to SA measures has become vital, it is now commonplace for military team communications to be mediated by technology, hence easily captured and available for analysis. We believe that team communications can be used to derive SA measures. To address this issue, we are developing the Automated Communications Analysis of Situation Awareness (ACASA) system. ACASA combines the explanatory capacity of the SA construct with the predictive and computational power of TeamPrints, to assess team and shared SA as well as other cognitive processes. TeamPrints is a system that combines computational linguistics and machine learning techniques coupled with Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to analyze team communication. In this paper, we present the findings from an exploratory evaluation of how well TeamPrints predicts SA from the team communications arising during a military training exercise.

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Milham, Laura M., John S. Barnett, and Randall L. Oser. "Application of an Event-Based Situation Awareness Methodology: Measuring Situation Awareness in an Operational Context." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 11 (July 2000): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004401125.

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The focus of the present paper is on the application of an event-based approach to the assessment of situational awareness (SA). Event-based approaches present measurement opportunities by systematically introducing exercise events or capitalizing on naturally occurring events in order to evaluate targeted competencies (such as behaviors related to SA). This approach works well for assessment of SA because events can be used to elicit behaviors that are often covert; monitoring the environment, for example. Typically, event-based approaches are applied in a laboratory setting, such as a flight simulator, where it is possible to control the introduction of events. In the present application, the event-based approach was applied to assess SA performance during dynamic flight events, where precise control could not be exerted. The ways in which the application was and was not successful, and ways in which this approach can be used to present training feedback are presented.

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Endsley, Mica R. "Design and Evaluation for Situation Awareness Enhancement." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 2 (October 1988): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200221.

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Situation awareness (SA) is an important component of pilot/system performance in all types of aircraft. It is the role of the human factors engineer to develop aircraft cockpits which will enhance SA. Research in the area of situation awareness is is vitally needed if system designers are to meet the challenge of providing cockpits which enhance SA. This paper presents a discussion of the SA construct, important considerations facing designers of aircraft systems, and current research in the area of SA measurement.

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Fracker, Martin L. "A Theory of Situation Assessment: Implications for Measuring Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 2 (October 1988): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200222.

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Measures of pilot situation awareness (SA) are needed in order to know whether new concepts in display design help pilots keep track of rapidly changing tactical situations. In order to measure SA, a theory of situation assessment is needed. In this paper, I summarize such a theory encompassing both a definition of SA and a model of situation assessment. SA is defined as the pilot's knowledge about a zone of interest at a given level of abstraction. Pilots develop this knowledge by sampling data from the environment and matching the sampled data to knowledge structures stored in long-term memory. Matched knowledge structures then provide the pilot's assessment of the situation and serve to guide his attention. A number of cognitive biases that result from the knowledge matching process are discussed, as are implications for partial report measures of situation awareness.

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Endsley, Mica R., and Daniel J. Garland. "Pilot Situation Awareness Training in General Aviation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 11 (July 2000): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004401107.

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While the majority of research on the topic of situation awareness has been focused on designing better systems, significant interest also exists in finding ways to improve SA through training. This paper describes an ongoing program that is directed at developing programs for training SA in general aviation pilots. Factors that have been found to pose problems for SA in pilots are reviewed and directions are established for creating programs for improving SA through training.

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Jones, Debra G. "Reducing Situation Awareness Errors in Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100152.

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Since situation awareness (SA) is vital to the decision process, SA errors can degrade decision making. Many SA errors occur when all the relevant information has been correctly perceived. In these cases, the information's significance is not comprehended, and a representational error occurs. Schema influence this comprehension aspect of SA. This study investigates the impact of information with certain schema related characteristics on SA: (1) schema bizarre information will impact SA more than schema irrelevant information, and (2) schema unexpected information will impact SA more than the absence of schema expected information. Using a high fidelity air traffic control simulation, misinformation was provided to the controller and schema related cues were furnished to indicate the error. The results indicated that (1) schema bizarre cues impacted SA more than schema irrelevant cues and (2) no difference existed between the impact of the absence of schema expected cues and schema unexpected cues. Additionally the results emphasize the difficulty incurred when trying to prevent SA errors.

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Saner, Lelyn D., Cheryl A. Bolstad, Cleotilde Gonzalez, and Haydee M. Cuevas. "Measuring and Predicting Shared Situation Awareness in Teams." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 3, no. 3 (September 2009): 280–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/155534309x474497.

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In order to improve our understanding of situation awareness (SA) in teams performing in technologically advanced command, control, and communications (C3) operations, researchers need to develop valid approaches to assess both individual and shared SA. We investigated SA in an interdisciplinary military rescue operation training exercise. For this study, we developed procedures to measure the degree of shared SA between two team members and to improve the accuracy of their shared SA scores. We suggest that SA scores that are calculated using many existing methods may be inflated because they often fail to account for error in terms of both the amount of information that is thought to be relevant and in the accuracy of a person's knowledge of it. We calculated true SA scores that account for both of these types of error. The measures were then used to evaluate five potential predictors of shared SA. Our analysis suggested that failure to compensate for error in SA may lead to overestimation of performance in a situation. The results also revealed a significant relationship between shared SA and participants' distance from a central, joint service team, which acted as the organizational hub within the C3 structure. Shared SA was better the further away from the hub people were, which suggests that a person's role and position within an organization affects the level of shared SA that can be achieved with other individuals.

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Smith, Kip, and P. A. Hancock. "Situation Awareness Is Adaptive, Externally Directed Consciousness." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37, no. 1 (March 1995): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872095779049444.

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We define situation awareness (SA) as adaptive, externally directed consciousness. This definition dispels the artificial and contentious division evident in the literature, according to which SA is either exclusively knowledge or exclusively process. This misdirected rivalry has more to do with general perspectives on the study of human behavior than with SA itself. Through defining SA as an aspect of consciousness, we hope to clarify two key issues. (1) The source of goals with respect to SA is a normative arbiter in the task environment; that is, the behavior that SA generates must be directed at an external goal. (2) SA is the invariant at the core of the agent's perception-action cycle that supports skilled performance; that is, relationships among factors or dimensions in the environment determine what the agent must know and do to achieve the goals specified by the external arbiter. We introduce a construct we call the risk space to represent the invariant relations in the environment that enable the agent to adapt to novel situations and to attain prespecified goals. We articulate this concept of a risk space through use of a specific example in commercial aircraft operations. The risk space structures information about the physical airspace in a manner that captures the momentary knowledge that drives action and that satisfies the goals and performance criteria for safe and efficient flight. We note that the risk space may be generalized to many different means of navigation.

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Soliman, Abdrabo Moghazy, and Elsayed Khaled Mathna. "Metacognitive Strategy Training Improves Driving Situation Awareness." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 9 (October 1, 2009): 1161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.9.1161.

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In this study the impact of training in a metacognitive strategy on driving situation awareness (SA) is investigated. Fifty-six participants were classified into an expert group and a novice group. Driving performance was measured by the number of driving infringements participants were involved in during a simulated driving situation and SA was assessed using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (Endsley, 1990). Participants were assigned randomly to either an experimental condition, where the participants were trained in modeling as metacognitive strategy, or a control condition with no training. It was found that the experts were more situationally aware than the novices, who were involved in more driving infringements. Training in a metacognitive strategy significantly enhanced SA and reduced driving infringements for both novices and experts but more so for novices than experts. These results highlight the advantage of improving SA and driver performance by using a metacognitive training strategy to enhance SA in a wide range of dynamic and highly complicated contexts.

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Park, Daehee, Wan Chul Yoon, and Uichin Lee. "Cognitive States Matter: Design Guidelines for Driving Situation Awareness in Smart Vehicles." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 24, 2020): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102978.

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Situation awareness (SA) is crucial for safe driving. It is all about perception, comprehension of current situations and projection of the future status. It is demanding for drivers to constantly maintain SA by checking for potential hazards while performing the primary driving tasks. As vehicles in the future will be equipped with more sensors, it is likely that an SA aiding system will present complex situational information to drivers. Although drivers have difficulty to process a variety of complex situational information due to limited cognitive capabilities and perceive the information differently depending upon their cognitive states, the well-known SA design principles by Endsley only provide general guidelines. The principles lack detailed guidelines for dealing with limited human cognitive capabilities. Cognitive capability is a mental capability including planning, complex idea comprehension, and learning from experience. A cognitive state can be regarded as a condition of being (e.g., the state of being aware of the situation). In this paper, we investigate the key cognitive attributes related to SA in driving contexts (i.e., attention focus, mental model, workload, and memory). Endsley proposed that those key cognitive attributes are the main factors that influence SA. In those with higher levels of attributes, we found eight cognitive states which mainly influence a human driver in achieving SA. These are the focused attention state, inattentional blindness state, unfamiliar situation state, familiar situation state, insufficient mental resource state, sufficient mental resource state, high time pressure state, and low time pressure state. We then propose cognitive state aware SA design guidelines that can help designers to effectively convey situation information to drivers. As a case study, we demonstrated the usefulness of our cognitive state aware SA design guidelines by conducting controlled experiments where an existing SA interface is compared with a new SA interface designed following the key guidelines. We used the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and Decision-Making Questionnaire (DMQ) to measure the SA and decision-making style scores, respectively. Our results show that the new guidelines allowed participants to achieve significantly higher SA and exhibit better decision making performance.

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Glenn, Floyd, Jennifer McNamara, Jim Hicinbothom, and Derek Wischusen. "Model-Based Assessment of Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 3 (September 2002): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600328.

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In order to evaluate situation awareness (SA) in a Navy shipboard command and control environment, a model-based framework is being developed based on the foundation of an established technique. An executable cognitive model is used to generate interruption points and probe questions by executing in realtime in parallel with the evaluated individual. The model identifies when critical events occur (or could occur) and also determines what information is critical to identifying these situations and making required decisions. The model instigates interruptions of performance in the simulation environment and presents appropriate probe questions. An empirical exercise was undertaken in order to provide data on the design of this SA assessment instrument for the target command and control application. Subject matter experts (SMEs) were employed to identify critical events and information in simulation scenarios and those specifications were used to provide guidance for the development of the model-based SA assessment technique.

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Liu, Wei, Dong Mei Mu, Da Min Zhuang, and Xiu Gan Yuan. "Study on Situation Awareness in Aviation Ergonomics." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 2414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.2414.

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With the development of aviation equipment automation, the research on situation awareness (SA) of pilots has become an active direction in the field of aviation ergonomics. Based on the research of the development of SA history, the concept, the impacting factors and the analysis of qualitative model, and combined with previous research results, the paper has established a new definition of SA and the corresponding multi-level trigger qualitative analysis model, which has laid a foundation for further design of virtual experiments and the establishment of quantitative simulation model.

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Schreiber, Brian T., Herbert H. Bell, and William B. Raspotnik. "Investigating Communication and Situation Awareness in Air Combat." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 1 (October 1998): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200106.

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In an exploratory study, we examined whether communication could distinguish between high- or low-situation awareness (SA) F-15 lead pilots. With aid from an assigned wingman and an air weapons controller, the lead pilots flew 36 simulated combat engagements. Two measures of SA were utilized. First, ratings of SA were obtained from the operational squadrons. Second, subject matter experts based SA ratings of 40 lead pilots on (a) 28 critical behaviors identified in a task analysis, and (b) behaviors such as communication. Subsequent rankings from both SA measures revealed that, during the simulated engagements, high-situation awareness pilots directed team members more frequently and requested more information. Despite the varied complex simulated engagements, communication patterns were stable; lead pilots' communications were similar for identical engagements that were flown both early and late in the study. Larger studies using a correlational approach with communication categorization are suggested.

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Li, X., P. Sanderson, R. Memisevic, and W. Wong. "Adapting Situational Awareness Measures for Hydropower Display Evaluations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100414.

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This study used Situation Awareness (SA) as a measure to evaluate two new functional displays supplementing existing monitor displays in a large hydropower system control room. Because it was impractical to use traditional SA measures this paper proposes a novel SA measurement framework, in which controllers' SA levels are derived from their in-the-loop utterance and viewing patterns, their context-specific reports of the situations, and their overall SA reflections. Results indicate that the SA measures not only support and complement one another, but also are consistent with performance results. This study offers a novel approach of using convergent lines of evidence to assess SA in the situations that involve a whole control room or command centre or in situations constrained by time and resources.

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Song, ChangSun, YongSik Yoon, and YoungWoo Sohn. "The effect of expertise on Air Traffic controller's situation awareness." Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 25, no. 3 (August 31, 2012): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v25i3.521-534.

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This research examined air traffic controller performance on situation awareness (SA) tasks for routine and non-routine situations. Additionally, the difference of working memory capacity between novices and experts was analyzed. To assess SA performance, participants were asked to answer the query after the simulation was frozen. We employed 2*2*2 mixed factorial design including the between-subjects variable of air traffic controller expertise (novices, experts) and the within-subjects variables of the normality of situation (routine, non-routine), and the distracter task (yes, no) and then assessed the capacity of working memory. The results suggest that experts' performance significantly remained higher than novices for non-routine situations. When the distracter task was given, experts' SA accuracy was significantly higher than novices for both routine and non-routine situations. However, there is no difference in working memory capacity between experts and novices. These findings suggest that the performance on SA task was affected by the expertise of the professional development and training.

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McCarley, Jason S., Christopher D. Wickens, Juliana Goh, and William J. Horrey. "A Computational Model of Attention/Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 17 (September 2002): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601730.

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A computational model of attention and situation awareness (SA) was developed and used to predict pilot errors in the task of taxiing from runway to terminal. The model incorporates a low-level perception/attention module and a higher-level belief-updating module. Attentional scanning is controlled by bottom-up and top-down processes, with the effectiveness of top-down guidance varying as a function of SA. Information sampled by the low-level module is fed forward to the higher-level module for consolidation within a working memory representation of the pilot's situation, with the quality of this representation reflecting the pilot's level of SA. The model was validated by comparing its predictions to the behavior of pilots performing a taxiway simulation. Results indicate that the model successfully predicts the improved performance associated with display augmentations, and provides construct validity regarding the effects of visibility, distraction, and degraded information quality.

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Gugerty, Leo, and William Tirre. "A PC-Based Driving Simulator for Assessing Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100237.

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We plan to demonstrate a PC-based driving simulator developed by the US Air Force for assessing situation awareness (SA). This simulator is a flexible tool that allows researchers to assess drivers' SA using a variety of different probes. The simulator allows assessment of explicit knowledge used in driving, as is done in a number of SA assessment tools. However, unlike other SA assessment tools, the simulator also allows assessment of implicit, automatized knowledge.

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Cooke, Nancy J., Renée Stout, and Eduardo Salas. "Broadening the Measurement of Situation Awareness through Cognitive Engineering Methods." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100149.

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Situation awareness (SA) and team SA are popular concepts, yet vaguely defined and inadequately measured. They involve representations of the current situation, performance resulting from those representations, and cognitive structures and processes leading to those representations. Current measures of individual and team SA focus on the assessment of performance or the accuracy of the resulting situation model at the expense of other aspects of SA, such as situation assessment, mental models, and team process behaviors. As a result, these measures fail to capture the richness of the constructs of individual and team SA, critical for applications involving training and team SA. We propose that a cognitive engineering approach to measuring SA which focuses on the elicitation of the cognition underlying SA, can extend measurement by overcoming many of the current limits. As an illustration, the measurement of situation models using this approach is presented.

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Feng, Chuanyan, Xiaoru Wanyan, Shuang Liu, Hao Chen, and Damin Zhuang. "Study on Situation Awareness under Different Mental Workloads." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 38, no. 3 (June 2020): 610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20203830610.

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The aim of the present study was to examine the situation awareness (SA) changes under various mental workloads and to explore the sensitive physiological indicators to SA under this circumstance. Twenty-four participants were recruited to perform tasks under three kinds of mental workload based on the Multi Attribute Task Battery (MATB) Ⅱ platform. Performance measures, situational awareness global assessment technology (SAGAT), three dimensions situation awareness rating technology (3D-SART), eye movement and electroencephalograph (EEG) data were recorded. Results indicated that, the SAGAT scores and 3D-SART scores decreased significantly with the increasing of mental workload. In addition, the two scores both have a medium negative relationship with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scores. The SAGAT scores have a medium positive relationship with the high alpha relative power at C4 electrode site. What's more, The SAGAT scores have a medium negative relationship with the Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI) under high mental workload condition. In conclusion, under different mental workload levels, (1) Mental workload has a medium negative relationship with SA. (2) NNI and high alpha relative power may be possible sensitive indicators to SA. The present study can provide a reference for designing the display and control interface in cockpit and for optimization of man-machine functional allocation.

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Bolstad, Cheryl A., Mica R. Endsley, Cass D. Howell, and Anthony M. Costello. "General Aviation Pilot Training for Situation Awareness: An Evaluation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (September 2002): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600105.

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This study reports on efforts to improve situation awareness in general aviation (GA) pilots. Several training modules for enhancing skills that underlie the development of good SA were created and evaluated in a study with GA pilots. This paper describes the testing for two modules: contingency planning and preflight planning. These modules were developed to train higher order cognitive skills used in SA formation. Student pilots from Embry Riddle Aeronautical University participated in the study. The results from this test provide some evidence of a relationship between the two training modules and improvements in SA.

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Endsley, Mica R. "The Divergence of Objective and Subjective Situation Awareness: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 14, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343419874248.

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A review of 37 studies that included both objective and subjective measures of situation awareness (SA) was conducted. Objective and subjective measures of SA were found to diverge across a wide range of measurement techniques. Reasons for these differences include a lack of meta-awareness about one’s own SA, poor SA/confidence calibration, and confounds with workload among some measures. A model that shows how objective and subjective SA combine to affect performance is presented.

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Lehtonen, Esko, Jasmiina Airaksinen, Kaisa Kanerva, Anna Rissanen, Riikka Ränninranta, and Veera Åberg. "Game-based situation awareness training for child and adult cyclists." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 3 (March 2017): 160823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160823.

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Safe cycling requires situation awareness (SA), which is the basis for recognizing and anticipating hazards. Children have poorer SA than adults, which may put them at risk. This study investigates whether cyclists' SA can be trained with a video-based learning game. The effect of executive working memory on SA was also studied. Thirty-six children (9–10 years) and 22 adults (21–48 years) played the game. The game had 30 video clips filmed from a cyclist's perspective. Each clip was suddenly masked and two or three locations were presented. The player's task was to choose locations with a potential hazard and feedback was given for their answers. Working memory capacity (WMC) was tested with a counting span task. Children's and adults' performance improved while playing the game, which suggests that playing the game trains SA. Adults performed better than children, and they also glanced at hazards more while the video was playing. Children expectedly had a lower WMC than adults, but WMC did not predict performance within the groups. This indicates that SA does not depend on WMC when passively viewing videos.

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Walker, Guy H., Neville A. Stanton, and Mark S. Young. "Feedback and driver situation awareness (SA): A comparison of SA measures and contexts." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 11, no. 4 (July 2008): 282–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2008.01.003.

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Endsley, Mica R., Stephen J. Selcon, Thomas D. Hardiman, and Darryl G. Croft. "A Comparative Analysis of Sagat and Sart for Evaluations of Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 1 (October 1998): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200119.

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Situation awareness (SA) has become an important criterion for systems evaluation efforts. Several measures of SA have been developed, the most widely used among them being the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and the Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART). SAGAT provides an objective measure of SA based on queries during freezes in a simulation. SART provides a subjective rating of SA by operators. This paper presents a direct comparison of the two measures which were used within a display evaluation study. It was found that both SART and SAGAT contributed sensitivity and diagnosticity regarding the effects of the display concept. The SART measure was highly correlated with subjective measures of confidence level, a simple subjective SA measure and a subjective performance measure. The SAGAT and SART measures were not correlated with each other. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of subjective SA measures are discussed as well as advantages and disadvantages of both measurement approaches.

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Shuang, Liu, Wanyan Xiaoru, and Zhuang Damin. "A Quantitative Situational Awareness Model of Pilot." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 3, no. 1 (June 2014): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857914031019.

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The pilot’s situational awareness (SA) mainly depends on the perception, understanding and prediction of the information obtained from the man-machine display interface, therefore there is an intrinsic link between the display interface design and the level of pilot’s SA. A quantitative SA model, which considers the influence of information importance on SA, the characteristics of human cognition and the Bayesian conditional probability theory, was proposed based on the attention allocation model built previously. This model was expected to be used to predict the pilot’s SA levels under different task conditions. In order to verify the validity of the SA model, 20 volunteers were recruited to perform the instrument supervision tasks in four kinds of task, at the same time, Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGTA), 3-dimensional Situational Awareness Rating Technique (3-D SART), and eye movement measurement were adopted for the evaluation of SAs. The experimental results reveal that, the SAGAT is the most effective approach to measure the level 2 SA, showing that the correct rate of SAGAT has the most similar changing trend with the task performance, and the SA model is validated since the changing trend of SA predicted by the model is highly correlated with the measurement indices.

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Hoyle, W. Sloane, and S. Camille Peres. "Situation Awareness Offshore: Relevant Influencing Factors and Risks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1700–1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601913.

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Offshore operations are an inherently hazardous activities that can result in catastrophic outcomes. The amalgamation of different hazards, constraints, and demands on offshore platforms can presents a substantial threat to the performance, productivity, and safety of workers. For most industrial accidents, there is a causal chain between human errors and organizational conditions. An investigation into the Macondo incident identified failures of situation awareness (SA) and risk perception as root causes of the disaster. Improving worker SA has become an important objective for the Oil and Gas industry. SA is a distinct, safety critical component for workers operating in complex, high-risk, and interactive work environments. Possession and maintenance of good quality SA is important for personnel whose work can be hazardous, complex, and pressured by time constraints. The drilling environment can change suddenly and for a drill crew, with an improper decision or inattention, the end result can be loss of life, severe injury, and cost millions of dollars in production loss. Offshore workers need to acquire and integrate information under operational conditions while contending with competing sources of information for their attention. SA can serve as a predictor of performance and has been particularly important where technical and situational complexity impacts the decision making efforts of the driller. A scoping literature review was conducted in order to identify how the influencing factors of elements of human factors on personnel and environmental safety, operational costs, and loss of time. Numerous databases were searched (e.g., EBSCOhost, Medline, PsychInfo, Science Direct) in combination other databases search using key terms: human factors or ergonomics and offshore with all of the following: drilling, production, fatigue, situation awareness, cognitive, oil and gas, as well as a search for human factors offshore and ergonomics offshore and human error offshore. Finally, our primary studies search was supplemented with a search of papers and abstracts within conferences. The fields of interest included stress, fatigue, interface design, human machine interaction, automation, safety culture and safety climate, risk perception and awareness. The purpose of this research was to present a summary of the current literature on the status of the oil and gas industry with regard to the adoption and integration of Human Factors methods, principles, and processes. Specific objectives were to summarize the state of the science regarding situation awareness for offshore operations, understand the importance of situation awareness for this environment, and determine key influencing factors that could affect drillers’ performance.

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Burns, Catherine, Greg Jamieson, Gyrd Skraaning, Nathan Lau, and Jordanna Kwok. "Supporting Situation Awareness Through Ecological Interface Design." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100413.

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A full-scope simulation study with licensed nuclear power plant operators was conducted to evaluate whether displays designed using Ecological Interface Design (EID) could support improved Situation Awareness over traditional displays. EID demonstrated performance advantages over traditional displays in beyond-design basis scenarios where operators were unable to rely on procedures. The same effects were not seen in within-design basis scenarios where procedures were available. This suggests that EID has the potential to improve SA in unanticipated situations, but that ecological interfaces should be supported with task-based displays in procedure-driven situations.

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Matthews, Michael D., and Scott A. Beal. "A Field Test of Two Methods for Assessing Infantry Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 3 (September 2002): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600329.

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Two methods for assessing situation awareness (SA) were field tested during infantry exercises. Eight platoons of U.S. Military Academy cadets executed an infantry mission during summer field training exercises. A subjective SA measure, the Mission Awareness Rating Scale (MARS), was given to each platoon leader and one squad leader from each platoon to self-assess both SA and cognitive workload demanded by the tasks. In addition, infantry expert observers rated each platoon and squad leader using the Situation Awareness Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (SABARS). Both MARS and SABARS had been validated previously in missions conducted in a virtual environment. In the current field test, both instruments showed evidence of successfully measuring SA. Both instruments show promise for assessing SA in the field, or in other venues where more obtrusive measurement protocols are undesirable.

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Wang, Yufei, Tengbiao Zhang, and Qian Ye. "Situation awareness framework for industrial control system based on cyber kill chain." MATEC Web of Conferences 336 (2021): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133602013.

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Information and cyber security of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) has gained considerable importance. Situation Awareness (SA) is an exciting mechanism to achieve the perception, comprehension and projection of the ICS information security status. Based on the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture (PERA), a situation awareness framework for ICS is presented considering the ICS cyber kill chain. The proposed framework consists of IT SA Centre, OT SA Centre, and Comprehensive SA Centre. Comprehensive SA Centre is responsible for creating and maintaining an integrated and high level of security visibility into the whole environments. The introduced framework can be used to guide the development of the situation awareness infrastructure in organization with industrial control systems.

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Entin, Eileen B. "Measuring Situation Awareness in an Attack Helicopter Domain: An Exploratory Investigation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 3 (October 1998): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200314.

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We contrasted two methods for assessing situation awareness (SA) in a dynamic, fast-paced military domain, a high-level measure based on subjects' responses to global questions about a tactical situation and a detailed measure based on their answers to questions about specific elements of the situation. We hypothesized that the two measures would be correlated, and while they were initially, as a dynamic simulation progressed, the relationship between the two measures decreased. We also hypothesized that level of SA would be correlated over time, but the two approaches to the assessment of SA lead to different conclusions, with the high-level measure showing a significant correlation while the detailed measure was not correlated across the measurement periods. The internal consistency of the detailed measure also decreased over time, suggesting that SA becomes more fragmented as a dynamic situation develops, and calling into question the appropriateness of measuring SA as a unified concept.

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Pan, Wei Jun, Dan Wu, and Na Lu. "The Impact of Plateau Airport's Environment on Air Traffic Controller's Situation Awareness." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.903.

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The operation of plateau airport is the major problem for the development of China civil aviation transportation. Situation awareness (SA) research is of great importance to the improvement of air traffic controllers training and air traffic safety of plateau airport. First of all, the concept of SA as well as SA assessment methods was introduced in this paper. According to the summation of plateau airport situation, the impact of exposure to plateau environment on controllers SA was analyzed in details. Finally, it reveals what the trend of research on air traffic controllers SA is and what the core problems to be solved are.

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Snow, Michael P., and John M. Reising. "Comparison of Two Situation Awareness Metrics: SAGAT and SA-SWORD." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 13 (July 2000): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004401313.

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Lukosch, Heide, Daan Groen, Shalini Kurapati, Roland Klemke, and Alexander Verbraeck. "The Role of Awareness for Complex Planning Task Performance." International Journal of Game-Based Learning 6, no. 2 (April 2016): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgbl.2016040102.

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This study introduces the concept of microgames to support situated learning in order to foster situational awareness (SA) of planners in seaport container terminals. In today's complex working environments, it is often difficult to develop the required level of understanding of a given situation, described as situational awareness. A container terminal represents an important, complex node in the multimodal transportation of goods. Many operations have to be planned in order to ensure a high performance of the whole system. To evaluate the relation between SA and planning task performance, the authors conducted tests with 142 participants. They evaluated the role of SA in integrated planning activities, and the playability and usefulness of the microgame. In conclusion, the authors can state that SA is very conducive to integrated planning tasks in container terminal operations. The microgame approach allows for an enjoyable game activity, while providing a meaningful situated learning experience towards SA.

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Robertson, Michelle M., and Mica R. Endsley. "Development of a Situation Awareness Training Program for Aviation Maintenance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 1163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100298.

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Training to improve situation awareness has become a topic of concern, particularly in safety critical areas such as aviation. This paper describes a training program designed to enhance situation awareness across the multiple, distributed teams found in aircraft maintenance. Problems with poor situation awareness in aircraft maintenance and gaps in situation awareness across the multiple teams engaged in this process have been linked to aircraft accidents, damage and inefficiencies in airline operations. The training program was developed based on an instructional systems design model. A front-end analysis was conducted which resulted in a determination of instructional objectives and goals. Five concepts for training to improve team SA were specified and developed into a deliverable training program: Shared mental models, verbalization of decisions, shift meetings and teamwork, provision of feedback, and individual SA training. The instructional design process used and the Team SA Training Program developed for this domain will be discussed.

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Golan, H., A. Parush, and E. Jaffe. "Attention Allocation to Physically Separate Task and Situation Displays in a Command and Control Setting." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641271.

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Using a simulated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) dispatch center during multi-casualty incident management, this study explored whether the presence of a separate situation display in a Command and Control (C2) setting might require attention at the expense of attending an individual task display, and how it influenced performance and situational awareness. Overall, participants always attended the task display more than the situation display. However, the situation display drew attention at the expense of attending less the task display. The presence of the situation display was related to improved performance and better situational awareness (SA), particularly in the projection level of the SA, which could account also for the better decision-making performance. Participants may have developed an attention allocation strategy to effectively utilize the information of the situation display and execute their tasks on the task display.

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Matthews, Michael D., Silas G. Martinez, Jarle Eid, Bjorn Helge Johnsen, and Ole Christian Boe. "A Comparison of Observer and Incumbent Ratings of Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 3 (September 2005): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900371.

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The Situation Awareness Behavioral Rating Scale (SABARS) utilizes ratings by expert observer/controllers (O/Cs) to evaluate situation awareness (SA) of infantry small unit leaders. Previous research (Matthews et al., 2004) showed SABARS to be predictive of a variety of performance measures. The current study explored the question of whether small unit leaders could use SABARS to accurately rate their own behavior as an index of their SA. To evaluate this question, 12 Norwegian Army and Navy Academy cadets participating in the role of squad leader during summer training exercises were given the SABARS to complete following an infantry mission. An experienced officer O/C observed the cadets though the execution of the mission and also provided SABARS ratings on the squad leader. Results indicated that “self-SABARS” evaluations did not correlate with SABARS completed by O/C's, and were not predictive of performance criteria. O/C-completed SABARS were, however, predictive of performance criteria thus replicating findings reported previously (Matthews et al., 2004). Implications for assessing SA in the field are discussed.

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Campbell, Gwendolyn E., and James A. Pharmer. "Assessing Team Situation Awareness in the Field: A Comparison of Measurement Approaches." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 24 (September 2002): 1959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602405.

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In this paper we describe a field study conducted with trained Navy teams that was designed to assess the impact of an advanced watchstation on team performance. One of our primary hypotheses was that the advanced display technologies incorporated in this watchstation would support superior situation awareness (SA) within the Navy teams, when compared to the SA supported by their current watchstations. We attempted to use traditional probing techniques to assess team SA, but encountered several difficulties. On the other hand, by assessing the frequency of different classes of behaviors across objects with different levels of tactical significance, we were able to find a strong performance pattern that clearly supported our hypothesis. After explaining our approach and results, we briefly discuss implications for other efforts attempting to assess SA in field settings.

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Jodlowski, Mark T., Stephanie M. Doane, and Young Woo Sohn. "Mental Models, Situation Models, and Expertise in Flight Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 3 (September 2002): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600334.

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The present research examines cognitive processes that support flight situation awareness (SA). Of particular interest is pilot access to condition-action rules that reflect their mental models of flight, and their ability to determine when the rules apply in the context of a specific situation. Pilots were asked to reason about events that take place during flight in multiple 3-screen computer-based trials. In each trial, the first screen indicated a control movement, the second screen depicted a meaningful flight situation, and the third screen indicated a flight situation change. Pilots were asked to judge whether the change depicted in the third screen was consistent with what was expected following application of the control movement depicted in the first screen to the flight situation depicted in the second screen. Judgment accuracy suggests superior access to mental models versus situation models, and systematic differences in knowledge organization as a function of piloting expertise.

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42

Feng, Chuanyan, Xiaoru Wanyan, Shuang Liu, Hao Chen, and Damin Zhuang. "An approach to situation awareness (SA) assessment in flight simulation: SA dynamic circulation (SADC) model." Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries 31, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20903.

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Yao, Hsiu-Yu, and Yu-Tang Hung. "An In-depth Qualitative Analysis of Situated Learning Instruction in Situation Awareness for Military English Course." Script Journal: Journal of Linguistics and English Teaching 6, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/sj.v6i1.671.

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While situated learning (SL) instruction has been adopted for educational purposes in many fields, an SL environment for military English has not been considered. Situation awareness (SA) is an important theme in the military English course, SL instruction can be a suitable method to enhance cadets’ learning performance in SA operation. This study investigated the SA concept formation and operation as the effects of conducting SL instruction. A film acted as an authentic military context, which sixteen cadets in Taiwan, R.O.C. accessed to perform SA. On the basis of Blooms’ six cognition levels, the researchers gave an in-depth qualitative analysis over their learning performance of SA. The research tools include worksheets, English role-plays, and concept maps. Worksheets were designed to observe their SA concept formation in four film situations during Endsley’s three steps of SA: perception, comprehension, and projection. The researchers used English role plays to judge whether they actively operated SA and concept maps to see if they formed new SA concepts.

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Martin, Wayne L., Patrick S. Murray, Paul R. Bates, and Paul (S-Y) Lee. "A Training-Centered Approach to the Situational Control Model." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 8, no. 1 (March 2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000132.

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Abstract. Situational awareness (SA) has been conceptually defined as an awareness of current and past events that contextualize an understanding of what is currently happening and future implications of that state. While SA has been considered widely in previous research, the literature provides little guidance on the actual skill sets that contribute toward a state of SA, or, beyond that, the additional skills that then contribute to a state of controlled flight path management; a state we describe as situational control (SC). A set of social and cognitive skills are required to develop awareness of the current situation and likely future developments; however, the skills that provide SC are additional to those required for SA, and are elaborated on. SC is further considered within the context of flight training.

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45

Gorman, Jamie, Shawn A. Weil, Nancy Cooke, and Jasmine Duran. "Automatic Assessment of Situation Awareness from Electronic Mail Communication: Analysis of the Enron Dataset." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100454.

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Over the past two decades, “situation awareness” (SA) has graduated from a Human Factors construct to a mainstream term in domains as diverse as aviation, medicine, and defense. Individuals involved in design, training, and policy consider SA a critical aspect of the success of their organizations. Given this prominence, accurate measures of SA should be primary indications of organizational performance. However, many traditional measures of SA disrupt the flow of work; they are poorly suited for operational organizations. Alternative methods of SA measurement are needed if accurate feedback is to be given to team members in working conditions. In this effort, we explore the potential of unobtrusive process measures of SA. These measures are based on analyses of the electronic communications media prevalent in modern networked organizations.

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Ma, Ruiqi, Mohamed A. Sheik-Nainar, and David B. Kaber. "Situation Awareness in Driving While Using Adaptive Cruise Control and a Cell Phone." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 3 (September 2005): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900335.

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This research investigated the effects of an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system, and cell phone use in driving, on a direct objective measure of situation awareness (SA). Subjects drove a virtual car in a medium-fidelity driving simulation and performed a following task. Half of the subjects were required to respond to cell phone calls and all subjects completed trials with and without use of the ACC system. SA was measured using a simulation freeze technique and SA queries on the driving situation. Results indicated use of the ACC system to improve driving task SA under normal driving conditions, and cell phone conversations degraded SA. Results also revealed the ACC system to improve safe driving headway distance. Although the deviations in headway distance from an optimum were greater during cell phone conversations, this did not prove to be significant in terms of performance under normal driving conditions.

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Irizarry, Javier, and Masoud Gheisari. "Situation Awareness (SA), a Qualitative User-Centered Information Needs Assessment Approach." International Journal of Construction Management 13, no. 3 (January 2013): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2013.10773215.

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Cain, Ashley A., Tamsyn Edwards, and David Schuster. "A Quantitative Measure for Shared and Complementary Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601416.

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As team structures evolve and become more complex, with human and automated agents working together to accomplish team goals, measurement approaches for system situation awareness must also adapt. This paper proposes a novel approach to the measurement of SA for human automation teams. Limitations of existing individual SA measurement approaches are highlighted with a particular focus on the sensitivity of current measures to knowledge held across human and automated agents in complex sociotechnical systems. We propose that elements from team communication data can be used as a basis for the quantification of shared and complementary situation awareness. We present a conceptual measurement approach for using communication data to measure shared and complementary situation awareness for human-automation teams, appropriate for both open or closed loop communication. This paper discusses how such a measurement approach would be applied specifically for human-automation teams, including automation that functions as decision aids, as managers, and automation that learns with the human operator, and discusses implications of our measure for training and design.

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Lichacz, Frederick M. J. "An Examination of Situation Awareness and Confidence within a Distributed Multinational Coalition." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 3 (September 2005): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900314.

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A simulated conflict resolution scenario was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a new military force structure called Effects Based Operations (EBO). This paper reports on the ability of an instantiation of an EBO approach to facilitate team SA, and the calibration of confidence and SA among members of a multinational coalition during this simulation.

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Chmielewski, Jacek, Kacper Łoś, Napoleon Waszkiewicz, and Włodzimierz Łuczyński. "Mindfulness Is Related to the Situational Awareness of Medical Students Confronted with Life-Threatening Emergency Situations." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 9 (May 2, 2021): 1955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091955.

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Background: Emergency medicine can impose a heavy psychological burden on healthcare workers. Stress experienced during life-threatening situations may disrupt situational awareness (SA), i.e., the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their state into the near future. We aimed to investigate whether mindfulness (a special way of paying attention: conscious, non-judgmental, and oriented to the present moment) can be related to the SA levels among final-year medical students confronted with life-threatening situations during medical simulations. Methods: The simulations were constructed as high-fidelity scenarios in children and adults (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03761355). The components of mindfulness were assessed using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. SA among students was assessed using The Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique at three levels: (1) data, (2) comprehension, and (3) projection. Results: In total, 117 students were included. Level 1 SA positively correlated with the overall mindfulness score and its components, i.e., nonreactivity, conscious presence, and nonjudgment. Moreover, level 3 SA significantly correlated with the description, but not with the overall mindfulness score. A regression model showed that nonreactivity explained 34% of Level 1 of SA variability. The addition of conscious presence and nonjudgment into this model did not change its predictive value. Conclusions: nonreactivity a component of mindfulness of final-year medical students is related to the meticulous data collection of patients in life-threatening situations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Situation Awareness (SA)'

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