Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Six Articles'

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
Even though there is a high demand for clothing articles in the market, they do not meet quality standards. This can be appreciated after the clothes are washed and dried and the study revealed that over 20% of the items were returned each month. This occurs when the acquisition of raw materials is focused exclusively on the price. Thus, there are no requirements for compliance with any technical specifications that would enable the production process to be equipped with quality raw materials. Additionally, the absence of control over the quantity of consumables based on demand generates reprocessed inventory, thus damaging the fabric. Therefore, the proposed model was made through the Lean Six Sigma method to reduce waste and meet client requirements. The results were a decrease in returns by over 16.5% and an increase in productivity by 28.5%.

Rezensiertes Werk: Timm, Erika; Birnbaum, Eleazar und Birnbaum, David(Hg.): Ein Leben für die Wissenschaft/A Lifetime of Achievement. Wissenschaftliche Aufsätze aus sechs Jahrzehnten von Salomo A. Birnbaum/Six Decades of Scholarly Articles by Solomon A. Birnbaum. 2 Bde. - Berlin – Boston: De Gruyter 2011. Band 1, 540 S., Band 2. XXVII, 458 S.

Although human trafficking was not a new concept, it gained increased attention across the United States and Canada in the first two decades of the 21st century. To better understand the Canadian anti-trafficking movement, this thesis analyzed the discourse on the topic in six local and national daily newspapers between 2008 and 2018. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the emergence of human trafficking as a social problem. Using social constructionism as a point of departure, a critical discourse analysis was conducted in NVivo of the quotes made by human trafficking experts in Canadian media. The results of this analysis suggest that an Unofficial Christian Coalition emerged in Canada, which – assisted by the media – led a moral crusade against human trafficking and pushed for the adoption of restrictive sex work legislation in Canada.

Parmi la grande diversité des mécanismes articulés, les mécanismes surcontraints à liaisons rotoïdes occupent une place spéciale car ils ne suivent pas les critères habituels de mobilité. Ils sont composés de quatre, cinq ou six barres montées en boucle fermée. S’il existe un seul mécanisme spatial surcontraint 4r et un seul 5r, on rencontre différentes familles de mécanismes 6r. Depuis le xixè siècle, ces derniers font l’objet de nombreuses publications exposant leurs propriétés géométriques et cinématiques. Dans ce mémoire, après un bref historique sur l’utilisation des mécanismes à travers les âges, une analyse cinématique complète de ces mécanismes est présentée. Les équations de fermeture, les équations d’entrée – sortie et les coordonnées géométriques des points représentatifs des mécanismes sont obtenues suivant une méthode originale de calcul qui confirme et étend les résultats déjà publiés. Une application industrielle des mécanismes surcontraints 6r est présentée. Nous montrons qu’il est possible de réaliser un translateur à partir de la structure d’un 6r spatial. L’actionneur de translation obtenu présente un grand avantage car c’est toute une surface, en réalité trois points définissant un plan, qui est en translation. Une étude géométrique et cinématique a été faite pour cette architecture de translateur, afin de mettre en évidence l’influence des différents paramètres géométriques, la précision du déplacement du plan en translation en fonction des variables de commande du mécanisme. Une simulation cao ainsi qu’un prototype de ce translateur ont été réalisées pour confirmer l’exactitude des calculs effectués et valider l’utilité d’un tel produit
Overconstrained mechanisms with revolute joints occupy a special place in the big diversity of the articulated mechanisms because they don't follow the usual mobility criterion. They are composed of four, five or six bars in a single loop. If only one 4r and one 5r overconstrained mechanism exists, there exist many 6r oveconstrained mechanisms. Since the 19th century, these mechanisms were the subject of numerous publications exposing their geometrical and kinematical properties. In this memory, after a brief historic on the use of mechanisms over the time, a complete kinematics analysis of these mechanisms is presented. An original calculation method that confirms and spreads the already published results is used to find the loop closure equations, the input-output equation and the representative coordinate points of the mechanisms. An industrial application for the 6r overconstrained mechanisms is also presented. We show that it is possible to achieve a translator from the structure of a 6r overconstrained mechanism. The translator’s platform has the great advantage to present a big surface in the translation defined with good precision by three support points. A geometrical and kinematical study has been made for this translator, underlining the influence of geometrical parameters and the precision of platform displacements according to the different commands variables. A cad simulation and a prototype model have been made to verify the calculus and to validate the utility of this translator

Aquesta tesi se centra en el fenomen de la genericitat en rus, una llengua sense articles, i es compara la manifestació de la genericitat en llengües amb articles, com l’anglès i algunes llengües romàniques. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta recerca és estudiar com es codifica la genericitat en rus. Investigo si les propostes teòriques existents per a l’anàlisi dels nominals genèrics en llengües amb articles són també aplicables a les llengües sense articles. Proposo que la genericitat a nivell nominal permet fer referència a classes d’individus de manera directa o indirecta. Mitjançant el primer tipus un SN fa referència a una clase intensionalment, mentre que en el segon cas un SN fa referència a una suma d’individus que pot ser reinterpretada com a referent d’una classe. Demostro que la genericitat a nivell nominal, o sigui, la referència directa a una classe, en rus es codifica mitjançant nominals escarits morfofonològicament singulars, per als quals el Nombre semàntic i sintàctic és absent. A diferència de l’anglès i les llengües romàniques, on l’expressió sintàctica de la definitud és necessària, en rus aquests nominals són semànticament indefinits. Tanmateix, com que són conjunts unitaris es caracteritzen per denotar unicitat. Argumento que aquesta unicitat no és el resultat de l’aplicació d’un operador semàntic, sinó que és ‘ontològica’. Analitzo les construccions definidores en rus com un entorn en el qual es troben SNs amb referència a classe i demostro que són frases copulatives no predicatives que expressen una relació d’identitat/identificació entre dos conceptes nominals. En aquesta tesi també estudio els nominals plurals que es refereixen a sumes d’individus, els quals en determinades circumstàncies poden legitimar una referència genèrica indirecta a una classe. Aquests nominals són escarits en rus i en anglès, i definits en les llengües romàniques. La font de la genericitat en aquest cas és el tipus de predicat (predicats que seleccionen arguments que denoten classes i predicats psicològics amb subjecte experimentador) o el tipus d’oració (p.e., oració caracteritzant). Argumento que, independentment del fet que els plurals genèrics siguin escarits o obertament definits en una llengua determinada, semànticament es caracteritzen per la maximalitat, la identificabilitat i la pressuposició d’existència, la qual cosa els fa similars als nominals amb una interpretació definida. Els nominals plurals escarits del rus es diferencien dels nominals definits de l’anglès i de les llengües romàniques pel fet que s’interpreten en un domini no afitat: els plurals genèrics no poden ser restringits per la localització espacio-temporal o l’ancoratge anafòric. Proposo que els ‘efectes de definitud’ dels nominals genèrics es codifiquen sintàcticament i semànticament mitjançant un article definit en el cas de les llengües romàniques, o pragmàticament en el cas dels nominals plurals escarits del rus (i possiblement de l’anglès). Finalment, discuteixo la qüestió més general de quines són les possibles interpretacions dels nominals escarits en rus, perquè la genericitat és només una de les interpretacions que aquests nominals poden tenir en aquesta llengua. Per això, és molt important entendre no sols com es deriva aquesta interpretació genèrica sinó també amb quina altra lectura es relaciona. Argumento que els nominals escarits del rus són semànticament indefinits i que les altres interpretacions (definides i genèriques) a les quals es poden associar s’infereixen pragmàticament. Els nominals escarits en rus no donen lloc a una pressuposició de singularitat, i la seva definitud (percebuda pels parlants) és una inferència ja sigui de l’assumpció d’unicitat ontològica, la topicalitat o la familiaritat del referent.
Esta tesis se centra en el fenómeno de la genericidad en ruso, una lengua sin artículos, y se compara la manifestación de la genericidad en lenguas con artículos, como el inglés y algunas lenguas románicas. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es estudiar cómo se codifica la genericidad en ruso. Investigo si las propuestas teóricas existentes para el análisis de los nominales genéricos en lenguas con artículos son también aplicables a las lenguas sin artículos. Propongo que la genericidad a nivel nominal permite hacer referencia a clases de individuos de manera directa o indirecta. Mediante el primer tipo un SN hace referencia a una clase intensionalmente, mientras que en el segundo caso un SN hace referencia a una suma de individuos que puede ser reinterpretada como referente de una clase. Demuestro que la genericidad a nivel nominal, o sea, la referencia directa en una clase, en ruso se codifica a través de nominales escuetos morfofonològicament singulares, para los cuales el Número semántico y sintáctico es ausente. A diferencia del inglés y las lenguas románicas, donde la expresión sintáctica de la definitud es necesaria, en ruso estos nominales son semánticamente indefinidos. Aun así, como que son conjuntos unitarios se caracterizan para denotar unicidad. Argumento que esta unicidad no es el resultado de la aplicación de un operador semántico, sino que es 'ontológica'. Analizo las construcciones definidoras en ruso como un entorno en el cual se encuentran SNs con referencia a clase y demuestro que son frases copulativas no predicativas que expresan una relación de identidad/identificación entre dos conceptos nominales. En esta tesis también estudio los nominales plurales que se refieren a sumas de individuos, los cuales en determinadas circunstancias pueden legitimar una referencia genérica indirecta en una clase. Estos nominales son escuetos en ruso y en inglés, y definidos en las lenguas románicas. La fuente de la genericidad en este caso es el tipo de predicado (predicados que seleccionan argumentos que denotan clases y predicados psicológicos con sujeto experimentador) o el tipo de oración (p.e., oración caracterizadora). Argumento que, independientemente del hecho que los plurales genéricos sean escuetos o abiertamente definidos en una lengua determinada, semánticamente se caracterizan por la maximalidad, la identificabilidad y la presuposición de existencia, lo cual los hace similares a los nominales con una interpretación definida. Los nominales plurales escuetos del ruso se diferencian de los nominales definidos del inglés y de las lenguas románicas por el hecho que se interpretan en un dominio no restringido: los plurales genéricos no pueden ser restringidos por la localización espacio-temporal o el anclaje anafórico. Propongo que los 'efectos de definitud' de los nominales genéricos se codifiquen sintácticamente y semánticamente mediante un artículo definido en el caso de las lenguas románicas, o pragmáticamente en el caso de los nominales plurales escuetos del ruso (y posiblemente del inglés). Finalmente, discuto la cuestión más general de cuáles son las posibles interpretaciones de los nominales escuetos en ruso, porque la genericidad es solo una de las interpretaciones que estos nominales pueden tener en esta lengua. Por eso, es muy importante entender no solo cómo se deriva esta interpretación genérica sino también con qué otra lectura se relaciona. Argumento que los nominales escuetos del ruso son semánticamente indefinidos y que las otras interpretaciones (definidas y genéricas) a las cuales se pueden asociar se infieren pragmáticamente. Los nominales escuetos en ruso no dan lugar a una presuposición de singularidad, y su definitud (percibida por los hablantes) es una inferencia ya sea de la asunción de unicidad ontológica, la topicalitat o la familiaridad del referente.
This thesis focuses on the phenomenon of genericity in Russian, a language without articles, in comparison to English and Romance, languages with articles. The main goal of this research is to study how genericity is encoded in Russian. I propose that there is direct and indirect reference to kinds. The former is encoded in Russian by means of morphophonologically singular bare nominals, which are devoid of semantic and syntactic Number. Unlike English and Romance, where such NPs are preceded by a definite article, in Russian these nominals are semantically indefinite, but being singleton sets they are characterised by uniqueness. I argue that this uniqueness does not come as a result of an application of a semantic operator, it is ‘ontological’. I analyse definitional sentences in Russian as an environment where kind-referring NPs are found, showing that they are non-predicational copular sentences which express an identity/identificatiton relationship between two nominal concepts. Next, I study plural nominals which refer to sums of individuals that under certain circumstances may have a generic reference (indirect reference to kinds). Such nominals are bare in English and Russian, and definite in Romance languages. The source of genericity in this case is the type of predicate (kind-level for subjects and subject-experiencer for objects) or the type of sentence (characterising statement). I argue that, regardless of whether generic plurals are bare or overtly definite in a given language, they are characterised by maximality, identifiability and presupposition of existence, which makes them similar to nominals with a definite interpretation. They are different from NPs with a definite interpretation by the unboundedness of their domain: generic plurals cannot be restricted by spatiotemporal localisation or anaphoric anchoring. I propose that the 'definiteness effects' of generic nominals are encoded semantically by means of a definite article, as it is the case in Romance languages, or pragmatically by means of bare plural nominals in Russian (and possibly, in English).Further, I address a more general question of a possible semantic analysis of bare nominals in Russian, because genericity is only one of the interpretations they may have. So, it is highly important to understand not only how this interpretation is derived but also what it is derived from. I argue that Russian bare nominals are semantically indefinite and the other interpretations (definite and generic) they can be associated with are inferred pragmatically. Bare nominals in Russian do not give rise to a presupposition of uniqueness, and their perceived definiteness is either the result of 'ontological' uniqueness, topicality, or familiarity of the referent.

In 1945 the Allies declared that the process controlling the punishment of the major Nazi war criminals was legal rather than political and thus not reliant on an "arbitrary exercise of power". They claimed that the crimes with which Germany's Nazi leadership were to be indicted were provided for in existing international law. This assertion was made despite the fact that it contradicted the pre-war, war-time and early post-war war crimes policy and activities of the Allied nations. This thesis, in examining the process by which the Allies reached agreement on the punishment of Germany's Nazi leadership, concludes that the Allies evidenced scant regard for the system known as international law. Rather, the process appears more as an effort to justify Allied war-time policies and gain post-war public support. In 1945 no law existed to give the victorious Allies the legal right to punish, to the full extent, what they saw as Nazis' misdeeds. The Allies thus chose to leave the realm of international law and enter into the political domain. In effect they created the necessary law. However, in order not to create law by which they themselves might in the future be judged, the Allies chose to do so not through accepted channels for the creation of either national or extra-national legislation. Despite Allied claims to the contrary, the disposal of the major Nazi war criminals was indeed an "arbitrary exercise of power". As such, it had historical precedents which include the imprisonment of Napoleon in 1815 and the planned political trial of the Kaiser in 1919.

Tras la difusión del video Kouri-Montesinos el 14 de septiembre del año 2000, el gobierno de Fujimori entró en crisis. Una de las principales acciones tras aquel evento fue la desactivación del Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional SIN (aún durante el gobierno de Fujimori), y luego la reforma del sistema, durante el gobierno de transición de Paniagua en el año 2001. Por diversas presiones y perspectivas políticas, en ese periodo fueron despedidos, cesados, desactivados o reasignados un gran contingente de analistas, operativos, agentes e informantes: cerca de 2 mil personas terminaron su relación con el Sistema de Inteligencia Nacional. Como parte de una investigación sobre la transformación de la inteligencia peruana, este artículo tiene tres objetivos: a) describir el contexto de la desactivación y la reforma para entender los objetivos y causas del despido y desactivación de este contingente de agentes y analistas; b) determinar el rango numérico de agentes y analistas que fueron despedidos, cesados o desactivados entre la desactivación del año 2000 y la reforma del año 2001; c) determinar el destino y funciones de los agentes y analistas despedidos y desactivados en los años posteriores a 2001, lo que muestra una relación con el desarrollo de empresas de seguridad, sistemas privados de inteligencia, inte- ligencia empresarial y un mercado de compra-venta de interceptaciones telefónicas durante los últimos catorce años. Este estudio se sostiene en el cruce de tres tipos de datos: fuente abierta provista por la normativa, informantes clave que participaron en el proceso de los años 2000 y 2001, y datos primarios de actores que actualmente son miembros de empresas de seguridad e inteligencia privada.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar artigos relacionados a sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG) em periódicos internacionais em um período de dez anos (2006-2015), evidenciando os principais autores, fontes/periódicos, palavras-chave, temas correlatos, países e universidades. Os SIGs atendem a um grande leque de finalidades cartográficas e espaciais, tendo uma série de aplicações em ciências humanas, exatas, e biológicas; sendo necessário assim, o entendimento do seu contexto científico em contexto internacional. A bibliometria foi utilizada como ferramental para a análise quantitativa e qualitativa deste cenário: com base em dados do Web of Science Core Colletion, e através de procedimentos bibliométricos, foi possível representar e compreender os principais elementos da ciência em/sobre SIG do período. Constatou-se a importância do SIG para a geografia: os principais autores ou são geógrafos, ou possuem pós-graduações em geografia, ou trabalham em departamentos de geografia; entretanto, apesar da maior parte das publicações pertencerem à esta área, os principais periódicos são multisciplinares, envolvendo temas e palavras-chave relacionados à análise espacial. No âmbito territorial, Estados Unidos, China e Europa Ocidental lideram as pesquisas globais em/sobre SIG; sendo o Brasil relevante no cenário sulamericano, porém periférico no cenário global. Evidenciou-se, no geral, uma significante desigualdade na produção científica para parâmetros pesquisados: embora haja uma grande quantidade de publicações, o estado-da-arte da informação geográfica corresponde à apenas uma pequena elite de autores, periódicos, e instituições; ocorrendo também, uma concentração de temas correlatos e palavras-chave.
This research aims to analyze articles related to geographic information systems (GIS) in international journals in a period of ten years (2006-2015), showing the main authors, sources / journals, keywords, related topics, countries and universities . The SIGs meet a wide range of cartographic and space purposes and a number of applications in the humanities, exact and biological; therefore necessary, the understanding of its scientific context in the international context. Bibliometry was used as a tool for quantitative and qualitative analysis of this scenario: based on the Web of Science Core Colletion data, and through bibliometric procedures, it was possible to represent and understand the main elements of science in / on GIS period. It was noted the importance of GIS to geography: the main authors or are geographers, or have postgraduate degrees in geography, or work in geography department; however, despite the majority of publications belong to this area, the main journals are multisciplinares involving topics and keywords related to spatial analysis. At territorial level, the United States, China and Western Europe leading the global research in / on GIS; and the relevant Brazil in the South American scene, but peripheral in the global scenario. Is evidenced in general, a significant inequality in scientific production surveyed parameters: although there is a lot of a publication, state-of-the-art geographic information corresponds to only small elite of authors, journals, and institutions; occurring also a concentration of related topics and keywords.

Medias roll i samhället är stor och den spelar en viktig roll i hur samhället ska kunna få ny information om vad som sker runt om i världen. Kvällstidningar rapporterar dagligen om politiska, kulturella och även brottsliga händelser som sker och nyheterna når tusentals människor som får ta del av det. Detta gör att media har ett stort ansvar på sina axlar med att utge opartiska, neutrala och informativa artiklar om det som ämnas att läsas. I denna studie undersöktes hur media framställer olika offer, baserat på den utsattes livssituation, plats för brottet samt vilket sorts brott de utsatts för. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en tematisk analys, där tre kända fall i Sverige valdes ut för att sedan jämföra och analysera hur media framställer de brottsutsatta. Resultaten påvisar att media har en tendens att framställa brottsutsatta på olika sätt baserat på bland annat deras livssituation och deras bakgrund. Vidare visade det även att medias rapportering av brottsoffer kan vara mer omfattande beroende på hur väl en brottshändelse kan få andra människor att identifiera sig med den brottsutsatta och deras familj.
Media plays a big role in society and is partially responsible for how people in the society receives information about what is happening around the world. Newspapers are daily reporting about political, cultural and even criminal, events that occur, and the news is reached by thousands of people to read. This means that media has a lot of responsibility on their shoulders by giving out impartial, neutral and informative articles for people to read. In this study, we sought to investigate how media presents different types of victims, based on their life situation, the scene of the crime and also what type of crime they were victims of. The study was performed with a thematic analysis, where three known cases in Sweden was chosen, these were then compared and analysed in how they were presented in the media. The results of the study show that media have a tendency to present victims of crime different, depending on their life situation and their background. Furthermore, it showed that media's coverage on victims of crime can be more extensive, depending on how well a crime can make other people identify with the victim and its family.

Al encontrarnos en entorno cuyos gustos y preferencias de las personas tienen a ser diversos, existe una amplia oferta de productos en el mercado que satisfacen necesidades específicas de los consumidores. Ante ello, los accesorios sexuales conforman productos con crecimiento en su demanda, ya que cada vez más personas se encuentran dispuestas a interactuar con artículos sexuales, los cuales permitan evitar la monotonía y que, a su vez, otorguen un mayor nivel de satisfacción. El objetivo de la presente investigación es atender la demanda de artículos sexuales en el mercado de Lima Metropolitana, a partir de una plataforma virtual que permita que los consumidores puedan acceder a diferentes productos de su agrado, de una forma interactiva y confiable, en la cual se puedan sentir libres de elegir y experimentar diversos productos existentes en el mercado. La propuesta de negocio de la presente investigación no solo se basa en la oferta de artículos sexuales para un segmento determinado, sino que busca como principal objetivo el poder crear una plataforma que, además de ofrecer productos de interés, logre también interactuar con el cliente, de modo que este pueda encontrar en nuestro negocio un espacio en el cual mantenerse informado acerca del uso de los productos, tips de ayuda y todo tipo de información que permita romper tabúes acerca del uso de ciertos artículos. A continuación, se presentan los detalles acerca de nuestro modelo de negocio aplicable en Lima Metropolitana.
Being in a society whose tastes and preferences of people have to be diverse, there is a wide range of products on the market that meet the specific needs of consumers. Given this, sexual accessories are products with growth in demand, as more and more people are willing to interact with sexual items, which avoid monotony and, in turn, provide a higher level of satisfaction. The aim of this research is to meet the demand for sexual items in the Metropolitan Lima market, based on a virtual platform that allows consumers to access different products of their liking, in an interactive and reliable way, in which They can feel free to choose and experience various products existing in the market. The business proposal of this research is not only based on the offer of sexual items for a specific segment, but seeks as the main objective to create a platform that, in addition to offering products of interest, also interact with the customer, so that he can find in our business a space in which to keep informed about the use of products, help tips and all kinds of information that allows breaking taboos about the use of certain items. Below, we present the details about our applicable business model in Metropolitan Lima.
Trabajo de investigación

Male sex workers (MSW) in the Dominican Republic (DR) have multiple sexual partners, including personal and client-relationships, and are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We examined the prevalence of condomless anal and/or vaginal intercourse (CI) among MSW in the DR as a function of social network factors. Self-report surveys and social network interviews were administered to MSW recruited through venue-based sampling (N = 220). A generalized linear model was used to complete a Poisson Regression model and identify variables significantly associated with the outcome of interest. CI was more common with female (28.3%) than with male partners (4.9%). Factors associated with CI with the last female partner included older age of MSW, CI with the last male partner, having a stable female partner (a consistent or main partner), and having ≥1 family member in the participants’ social network. Partner and social network characteristics associated with CI among MSW suggest the utility of dyadic and network interventions to reduce HIV risk.
National Institute of Mental Health
Revisión por pares

This paper shows the results of asurvey on use of traditional medicinal plants of K’ho people who living in the buffer zone of Chu Yang Sin National Park, Central Highlands, Vietnam. Total of 66 medicinal plant species belonging to 61 genera, 40 families were recorded through semi-structured interviews, group discussions and from guides of field trips who are knowledgeable about medicinal plants. These medicinal plants used by K’ho people are documented with latin name, family, local name, parts used and medicinal uses. In generally, fresh medicinal plants are mainly boiled or decocted for drinking and leaves are parts most commonly used. The results of this study showed that K’ho people still depend heavily on medicinal plants to treat diseases such as headache, fever, malaria, diarrhea, fractures, sprains and arthritis.
Bài báo này đề cập kết quả khảo sát cách sử dụng cây thuốc truyền thống của người K’ho sống ở vùng đệm Vườn quốc gia Chư Yang Sin, Việt Nam. Tổng số 66 loài cây thuốc thuộc 61 chi, 40 họ đã được ghi nhận thông qua quá trình phỏng vấn bán cấu trúc, thảo luận nhóm và từ những người dẫn đường đi thu mẫu có am hiểu về cây thuốc. Những cây thuốc truyền thống của dân tộc K’ho được tư liệu hóa gồm tên latin, tên phổ thông, bộ phận sử dụng và cộng dụng. Nhìn chung, dược liệu tươi được dùng đun hoặc sắc để uống là chủ yếu và lá là bộ phận được sử dụng phổ biến nhất. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy cộng đồng K’ho vẫn phụ thuộc vào cây thuốc để chữa trị một số bệnh như đâu đầu, sốt, sốt rét, ỉa chảy, lị, gãy xương, bong gân và thấp khớp.

Few would deny that the Republic of South Africa (South Africa) has achieved a lot in its quest to improve the pressing social challenges (such as poverty; illiteracy; HIV/AIDS; crime prevalence; preventable diseases, and high levels unemployment). It must be firmly said that these social ills generally affect everyone – particularly the historically marginalised group in South Africa. However, there are also few who would deny that South African women (including the girl-child), as it is the case elsewhere in Africa suffer disproportionately that their male counterparts. Some have supported the view that gender discrimination is the main source of women’s disempowerment today. For instance, society has accepted consciously or otherwise that women are inferior to men and as such cannot take part both in public and private spheres of life. It is nevertheless not the object of this study to delve into to the complex and often misunderstood causes of women’s marginalisation in South Africa.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur artiklar från två välkända svenskakvällstidningar beskriver det våld som män brukar mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Vidare har det undersökts vilka orsaksförklaringar tidningsartiklar använder för att beskriva mäns våld mot kvinnor. En kvalitativ textanalys har genomförts där resultatet har tematiserats med teoretisk ansats genom socioekologiska modellen och Socialstyrelsens definition av våld i nära relationer. Media har visat sig ha en betydande roll för människors förståelse av sociala problem. Det som beskrivs i media blir ofta människors verklighet, därför är det av betydelse att media ger en rättvis och korrekt bild av det stora och utbredda fenomen som våld i nära relationer utgör. Resultatet indikerar att fysiskt våld är den vanligast förekommande typ av våld som beskrivs av tidningsartiklar. Vidare skildrar studien att flest tidningsartiklar beskriver orsaker till mäns våld mot kvinnor med ett strukturellt perspektiv. Endast en av alla inkluderade tidningsartiklar beskriver mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer genom den socioekologiska modellens alla fyra perspektiv. Modellen som i enlighet med Socialstyrelsen är av stor vikt för att få en helhetsbeskrivning av mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer.
The aim of this study was to investigate how articles from two well-known Swedish evening newspapers describe the violence that men use against women in close relationships. Furthermore, the study examined which causal explanations the newspaper articles use in the descriptions of the violence. This is done through a qualitative text analysis of newspaper articles' descriptions of violence. The results of the study have been thematized with a theoretical approach through the socio-ecological model and the National Board of Health and Welfare's definition of violence in close relationships. The media has proven to play a significant role in helping people understand social issues as what is described in the media often becomes people's reality. Therefore, it is important that the media provide a fair and correct picture of the large and widespread phenomenon that violence in close relationships constitutes. The results show that physical violence is the most described violence of newspaper articles. Furthermore, most causes of men's violence against women are described by newspaper articles with a structural perspective. Only one of all included newspaper articles describes men's violence against women in close relationships through all four perspectives of the socioecological model. The model which, in accordance with the National Board of Health and Welfare, is of great importance for obtaining a comprehensive description of men's violence against women in close relationships.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
Background: In 1999, The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase One reported the prevalence of eczema symptoms in 715,033 children from 154 centers in 56 countries by using standardized epidemiologic tools. Objective: To update the world map of eczema prevalence after 5 to 10 years (ISAAC Phase Three) and include additional data from over 100 new centers. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys using the ISAAC questionnaire on eczema symptoms were completed by adolescents 13 to 14 years old and by parents of children 6 to 7 years old. Current eczema was defined as an itchy flexural rash in the past 12 months and was considered severe eczema if associated with 1 or more nights per week of sleep disturbance. Results: For the age group 6 to 7 years, data on 385,853 participants from 143 centers in 60 countries showed that the prevalence of current eczema ranged from 0.9% in India to 22.5% in Ecuador, with new data showing high values in Asia and Latin America. For the age group 13 to 14 years, data on 663,256 participants from 230 centers in 96 countries showed prevalence values ranging from 0.2% in China to 24.6% in Columbia with the highest values in Africa and Latin America. Current eczema was lower for boys than girls (odds ratio, 0.94 and 0.72 at ages 6 to 7 years and 13 to 14 years, respectively). Conclusion:ISAAC Phase Three provides comprehensive global data on the prevalence of eczema symptoms that is essential for public health planning. New data reveal that eczema is a disease of developing as well as developed countries.
Revisión por pares

碩士
國立中興大學
科技法律研究所
96
As a member of the WTO, Taiwan’s patent system needs to observe TRIPs and the protocols related to the WTO. Nevertheless, both the “Koninklijke Philip CD-R”and“Tamiflu” cases reveal that compulsory licensing of the patent system in Taiwan does not fulfill the principle of TRIPs in the area of patent protection. In CD-R case, the reasons that Taiwan Intellectual Property Office(TIPO) granted a compulsory license to applicant, Gigastorage Crop., not only caused nationwide criticism, but has brought about EU Trade Barrier Regulation investigations. The purpose of this paper is to find a way in which the compulsory licensing system of the Patent Act of Taiwan can come into agreement with TRIPs. In reviewing TRIPs Article 31 and the patent protocols of the WTO, and surveying the legislation of patent use by member governments of the WTO and their internal patent laws, it was found that developed countries that have long histories of patent systems have both incorporated “Government Use” and “Compulsory Licensing” systems in their legislations. According to TRIPs and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the implementation of compulsory licensing is only applicable in cases to counterbalance patent abuse when exploration of patent rights in these cases would lead to unfair competition or damaging to social order. Due to the fact that compulsory licensing is related to the rights of private property involving the concept of civil law, it is not appropriate to leave the administrative bureau such as TIPO to make the final decision. This thesis suggests that the government should consider having the courts decide whether or not compulsory licensing cases should be put on trial for approval. This would restrain patent abuse and keep compulsory licensing fair and balanced. While researching answers to “The Protocol Amending the TRIPs Agreement of the WTO”, it became evident that the Taiwan Intellectual Property Office amended the Draft of the Patent Act Article 76-1 and 76-2. In order to present a workable suggestion for compulsory licensing, review of law-making as well as policy suggestions were made to amend the Draft and suggest amending the relevant articles so as to bring future policy concerning pharmaceuticals for use in national emergency situations in line with the WTO protocols. The design of the legislation for “Government Use” and compulsory licensing enables the government to reconsider the following issues: the balance between the public interest and individual property rights, the scale of compensation, the definition of emergency, the need for medical support in national emergencies, and use for military and national defense purposes. Furthermore, export of generic pharmaceuticals produced under compulsory licensing for humanitarian ends and the impact on the local industry in Taiwan with respect to new drug access and the possible deferment of foreign investment are critical considerations to be addressed. After finding the existing problems and flaws in the Patent Act and the Draft, this paper makes some recommendations regarding “Government Use” and compulsory licensing, with the desire to present an equitable patent system.

碩士
開南大學
人文社會學院法律碩士在職專班
105
The intention of this study is probing into the applicable doubts of Criminal Code art.222 and 227, which is cited in Taiwan Kaohsiung District Court Verdict No.422,2010, also, making the research and recommendation aiming at the 7th resolution of Supreme Court , 2010. After “White Rose Movement ” that took place in Sep. 2010, the dramatic concern is surged from the public and media about the sexual abuse cases of young children. However, there is considerable disagreement existing between practice and theory regarding to relevant laws applied. Whether the perpetrator have carnal relation with young children whom do not have mature ability to agree on sexual behavior is considered to violate Criminal Law Article 222, sec.1, item 2, or the perpetrator having sexual behavior with young children without using rape, coercion, intimidation, hypnosis and other acts as a means of against victims’ will shall be considered to violate Criminal Law Article 227, sec.1. There is no consensus existing in current relevant verdicts, which causing different articles applied in some similar cases. It not only devastates people’s faith in judiciary but also arouses people’s resentment against some trial judges. For solving the controversy over the sexual abuse cases of young children, the Supreme Court make the resolution in 7th criminal court meeting in 2010. On the contrary, it draw much criticism on the violation of legality of criminal law from many scholars. Also, it is doubtful whether the resolution could unified the legal opinions about the similar cases. This study is aiming at exploring the evolution of sexual intercourse with juvenile crime, protecting the legal interests, and probing into the subjective and objective constitution of the law regarding to Criminal Law Article 227. Finally, making the suggestion on (1)re-adjusting the protective object’s age,(2)amending “men and women ” to “others”. Hopefully, it could protect the physical and mental development of juvenile while legislation for the relevant laws in the future. Furthermore, it could stabilize the society and make the world become better.

Minimal scientific research has been conducted regarding female sexual offenders within the South African context, despite its prevalence. This study explores behavioural and contextual characteristics of female sexual offenders to gain an understanding of the phenomenon. This qualitative study in the form of a systematic review, focuses on the findings of ten original international research articles published from 2002 to 2012 regarding the behavioural and contextual characteristics of female sexual offenders. The epistemological foundation of this study was postmodernism and social constructionism. Three main themes and various subthemes emerged from the data by applying the thematic content analysis. The aim of this study was to explore the similarities and differences between the findings of the research articles. Lacunas in the existing literature were explored in an attempt to extend scientific knowledge on female sexual offenders. Finally, recommendations for future scientific studies on female sexual offenders were discussed.
Psychology
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
100
Abstract The interpretation of Art. 225 of the criminal code has not received due attention from academic studies. Since after the last modification of the Criminal Code in 2005, Art. 225 has generally been considered as meant to intensify the protection of individual sexual autonomous right as it extended the protection of sexual autonomy from “proper inroads of sexual right” to “the legal fictional inroads of sexual right”, and emphasized “sexual contact is illegal with the absence of the victim’s consent”, protecting absolutely the individual’s sexual self-consciousness. Accordingly in the case when a victim consents to the sexual behavior, the court should decide first that if the victim has the ability to consent. If the victim is found to have no sexual cognitive ability equal to ordinary people due to mental disorder or intellectual disabilities, their consent on sex would be regarded as invalid, and the sexual contact defined as a crime under the law. This Article attempts to analyses Art. 225 and review this rationale. It focuses first on the purpose of the law, defining it as to protect individual sexual image and sexual autonomy, which is broader than the protection of individual sexual “liberty”. Protection of such as defined in this Article has been considered extremely important because it bears strong ties to individual subjectivity and human dignity. Second, this Article, in the light of the similar critique from Martha C. Nussbaum and Michal Foucault, points out the relativity of sexual autonomous right and the practice of subjectivity, and stands for the point of view that each person should be allowed to realize their ideal sexual image in their own ways. What the state should do is to provide more possibilities of choice, not to defend for a content-specific sexual image. In addition, liberty of the person who would probably face criminal prosecution should also be considered. Finally, this Article discusses solutions under the law to realize the sexual right of the mentally disabled. It proposes that the ability to consent on sexual behavior of the mentally disabled should be comprehensively admitted by law. Their consents are valid under the law regardless of why they said “yes”. Even when a victim showed neither consent nor refusal to the sexual contact, as long as there is no evidence to prove their sexual images derogated by the sexual conduct, the person who had committed sex with him/her ought not to be convicted. Eventually the application of Art. 225 should be confined only to those cases in which the victims had temporarily lost their consciousness or the ability to resist.