Journal articles: 'Sixties Scoop'

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Sinclair, Raven. "Identity lost and found: Lessons from the sixties scoop." First Peoples Child & Family Review 3, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069527ar.

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The “Sixties Scoop” describes a period in Aboriginal history in Canada in which thousands of Aboriginal children were removed from birth families and placed in non-Aboriginal environments. Despite literature that indicates adoption breakdown rates of 85-95%, recent research with adults adopted as children indicates that some adoptees have found solace through reacculturating to their birth culture and contextualizing their adoptions within colonial history. This article explores the history of Aboriginal adoption in Canada and examines some of the issues of transracial adoption through the lens of psychology theories to aid understanding of identity conﬂicts facing Aboriginal adoptees. The article concludes with recommendations towards a paradigm shift in adoption policy as it pertains to Aboriginal children.

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Salazar, Alexa, and Noela Crowe-Salazar. "Connecting Myself to Indian Residential Schools and the Sixties Scoop." First Peoples Child & Family Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Honouring the Voices, Perspectives, and Knowledges of First Peoples 15, no. 1 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1068359ar.

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MacDonald, Nancy, and Judy MacDonald. "Reﬂections of a Mi’kmaq social worker on a quarter of a century work in First Nations child welfare." First Peoples Child & Family Review 3, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069525ar.

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First Nations people would argue that the ‘Sixties Scoop’ of removing their children from their homes and culture never ended. First Nations children entering ‘care’ of child welfare agencies has increased signiﬁcantly since the 1960s and 1970s. Storying the journey of a Mi’kmaq social worker working with a First Nations child, aspects of the child welfare system will be theoretically and historically located and critiqued from a social justice perspective. Schools of Social Work will be challenged to provide an education inclusive of decolonization, understanding the historical limitations of the child welfare system and its impact upon First Nations peoples.

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Falla-Wood, Julia. "Indigenous Knowledge, Indigenous Experiences with Residential Schools and Sixties’ Scoop, and their Impact on Emotional Knowledge for Pre-service Teachers." Education, Language and Sociology Research 2, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): p50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v2n2p50.

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The purpose of this 2019-2020 exploratory study is to examine pre-service teachers’ knowledge and perceptions of Indigenous Peoples and how emotional knowledge could efficiently integrate this sensitive aspect of Canadian history into the B.Ed. Program. Shen et al. (2009) state that emotions improve learning and facilitate retention in long-term memory. Could emotional knowledge be a way of integrating Indigenous knowledge in the Bachelor of Education programs? Could Indigenous experiences with Indigenous Peoples make a difference in the perception of Indigenous Peoples in pre-service teachers? For this study, the sample available to the researcher consisted of 22 pre-service teacher students. The research instruments were a questionnaire about pre-service teachers’ knowledge of Blanket Exercises, Residential Schools, and Sixties’ Scoop, and reflection papers on the same topics. The results show that 72% of Canadian pre-service teachers, who attended elementary and secondary schools, had some, very little or no knowledge of these topics before the former Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, apologized to former students of Residential Schools for the harm inflicted to them. After listening to Indigenous Survivors and being part of Blanket Exercises, pre-service teachers’ perception of Indigenous Peoples changed in a range of 26% to 100%.

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Copeland, Stacey, and Lauren Knight. "Indigenizing the national broadcast soundscape ‐ CBC podcast: Missing and Murdered: Finding Cleo." Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/rjao_00036_1.

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Indigenous audio media are experiencing a growing movement in the field of cultural media studies. One arguably linked to the global rise of indigenous reconciliation and political action in colonial nations such as Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand. Indigenizing the national broadcast soundscape, Canadian Broadcast Corporation (CBC) original podcast Missing and Murdered: Finding Cleo weaves its way through the patriarchal reign of liberal pluralism and settler colonialism of Canadian society from wounded vibrations of assimilation, residential school, cultural genocide, the sixties scoop, sexual assault, death and life. Through a cultural sound studies and critical media analysis framework, this article positions Finding Cleo as an anti-colonial soundwork that details the story of one of the many families involved in the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) as they search for the promise of truth to heal what we conceptualize as wounded vibrations.

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Fachinger. "Colonial Violence in Sixties Scoop Narratives: From In Search of April Raintree to A Matter of Conscience." Studies in American Indian Literatures 31, no. 1-2 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5250/studamerindilite.31.1-2.0115.

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Tsuji, Stephen R. J. "Indigenous Environmental Justice and Sustainability: What Is Environmental Assimilation?" Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 8382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158382.

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Canada has a long history of assimilative efforts with respect to Indigenous peoples. Legal assimilation efforts occurred on two fronts: the voluntary and involuntary enfranchisement of First Nations people, and the dissolution of First Nations reserve lands. Cultural assimilation occurred through the residential school system, and the removal of Indigenous children from their homes by Canadian child welfare agencies in the “sixties scoop”. Another form of assimilation is through environmental assimilation. I define environmental assimilation as changes to the environment through development, to the extent whereby the environment can no longer support Indigenous cultural activities. Herein, I examine environmental assimilation in northern Ontario, Canada. The “taken-up” clause in Treaty No. 9, the “Exemption Orders” in the Far North Act, the “Except” stipulation in the Mining Amendment Act, and the unilateral streamlining of projects in the Green Energy Act and the COVID-19 Economic Recovery Act—these pieces of legislation pose threats to the environment and serve to facilitate the reality of contemporary environmental assimilation of First Nations.

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Bombay, Amy, Robyn J. McQuaid, Janelle Young, Vandna Sinha, Vanessa Currie, Hymie Anisman, and Kim Matheson. "Familial Attendance at Indian Residential School and Subsequent Involvement in the Child Welfare System Among Indigenous Adults Born During the Sixties Scoop Era." First Peoples Child & Family Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Honouring the Voices, Perspectives, and Knowledges of First Peoples 15, no. 1 (2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1068363ar.

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Choate, Peter, Roy Bear Chief, Desi Lindstrom, and Brandy CrazyBull. "Sustaining Cultural Genocide—A Look at Indigenous Children in Non-Indigenous Placement and the Place of Judicial Decision Making—A Canadian Example." Laws 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10030059.

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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission has called upon Canada to engage in a process of reconciliation with the Indigenous peoples of Canada. Child Welfare is a specific focus of their Calls to Action. In this article, we look at the methods in which discontinuing colonization means challenging legal precedents as well as the types of evidence presented. A prime example is the ongoing deference to the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Racine v Woods which imposes Euro-centric understandings of attachment theory, which is further entrenched through the neurobiological view of raising children. There are competing forces observed in the Ontario decision on the Sixties Scoop, Brown v Canada, which has detailed the harm inflicted when colonial focused assimilation is at the heart of child welfare practice. The carillon of change is also heard in a series of decisions from the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal in response to complaints from the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada and the Assembly of First Nations regarding systemic bias in child welfare services for First Nations children living on reserves. Canadian federal legislation Bill C-92, “An Act respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis children, youth and families”, brings in other possible avenues of change. We offer thoughts on manners decolonization might be approached while emphasizing that there is no pan-Indigenous solution. This article has implications for other former colonial countries and their child protection systems.

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Cornish, Stephen, and Jason Peeler. "The Effect of a Lower Body Positive Pressure Supported Treadmill Exercise Regime on Systemic Biomarkers of Inflammation and Cartilage Degradation in Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 9, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.9n.3p18.

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Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been linked to a chronic low-grade inflammatory response and altered metabolic activity of articular cartilage. Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week (3 times/week) lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmill walking regime on knee pain and systemic biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage degradation. Methods: Sixteen overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2) knee OA patients were randomized to a LBPP treadmill walking exercise group (N = 7) or non-exercise control group (N = 9). Baseline and 12-week follow-up assessments evaluated the following dependent variables: acute knee pain during full weight bearing treadmill walking; inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, s100A8/A9, and tumor necrosis factor-α), and catabolic metabolism of articular cartilage (sCOMP). Results: Knee pain at baseline and follow-up remained unchanged for the non-exercise control group (P > 0.05). However, knee pain for the LBPP exercise group was significantly decreased at follow-up (P ≤ 0.05). No differences in the biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage degradation were observed for between and within group comparisons (all P > 0.05). Conclusions: Data suggested that the LBPP supported walking regime could be effectively used to promote regular weight bearing exercise without exacerbation of knee joint pain and did not increase levels of systemic inflammation or catabolic activity of articular cartilage in overweight knee OA patients. This pilot investigation offers important insight regarding the potential role that the LBPP technology could play in facilitating investigations examining the disease modifying effect of exercise on knee OA pathogenesis.

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McMullin, Richard Troy, and Christopher J. Lewis. "The unusual lichens and allied fungi of Sandbanks Provincial Park, Ontario." Botany 92, no. 2 (February 2014): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0227.

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Sandbanks Provincial Park contains one of the world’s largest freshwater bay mouth sandbar and dune systems. To better understand the lichen biota of this provincially rare ecosystem, we inventoried the species at Sandbanks and its surrounding area. We found 128 species of lichens and allied fungi in 58 genera. Two species are new to Canada, Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb and Minutoexcipula mariana V. Atienza. One additional species is new to Ontario, Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. Sixteen species are provincially ranked as S1 (critically imperiled), S2 (imperiled), or S3 (vulnerable) by the Natural Heritage Information Centre: Acrocordia cavata (Ach.) R.C. Harris, Anaptychia crinalis (Schaer.) Vězda, Arthrosporum populorum A. Massal., Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal., Cresponea chloroconia (Tuck.) Egea & Torrente, Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. ssp. muscorum, Flavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale, Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis., Lecanora carlottiana Lewis & Śliwa, Leptogium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Körb., Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Mereschk.) Essl., Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt, Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach., Staurothele drummondii (Tuck.) Tuck., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr., and Trypethelium virens Tuck. ex Michener. Unranked species collected for the second time in Ontario are Arthonia diffusa Nyl., Cladonia norvegica Tønsberg & Holien, and Lecanora juniperina Śliwa. Other provincially rare and unranked species are Caloplaca pollinii (A. Massal.) Jatta and Xanthomendoza weberi (S. Kondr. & Kärnefelt) L. Lindblom. Of these rare and unranked species, the following are reported (published) for the first time in the province: A. diffusa, C. pollinii, and L. juniperina. Some lichens require specific ecological conditions for colonization, and the rare ecosystem at Sandbanks appears to be the reason for the large number of rare species. We recommend a lichen education program for park visitors to make them more aware of these unusually rare and sensitive lichens in the park.

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Harmon, Deidre D., Dennis W. Hancock, R. Lawton Stewart, Jenna L. Lacey, Robert W. Mckee, John D. Hale, Chevise L. Thomas, et al. "Warm-season annual forages in forage-finishing beef systems: II. Animal performance and carcass characteristics." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz181.

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Abstract More information on expected animal performance and carcass traits of forage-finished steers grazing warm-season annual forages is needed. To achieve this objective, a grazing trial was conducted in 2014, 2015, and 2016 (70, 63, and 56 d, respectively), with variation in length of grazing based on forage availability. Sixteen pastures (0.81 ha) were assigned to 1 of 4 forage treatments in a randomized complete block design. Forage treatments were brown midrib sorghum × sudangrass (BMR; Sorghum bicolor var. bicolor*bicolor var. sudanense), sorghum × sudangrass (SS), pearl millet [PM; Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br.], or pearl millet planted with crabgrass [PMCG; Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.]. Each year, British-cross beef steers (n = 32; 3 y average: 429 ± 22 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of the 16 pastures for forage finishing. Each pasture was subdivided into two 0.405-ha paddocks for rotational stocking and a put-and-take stocking method was used to maintain a forage allowance of 116 kg forage dry matter/100 kg body weight (BW). Shrunk body weight and ultrasonically measured carcass composition were recorded at the initiation, middle, and end of each grazing season. Steers were harvested once forage availability became limited and chilled carcasses (24 h) were evaluated for yield grade and quality grade attributes. Statistical analysis was conducted using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC) with main effects of treatment, year, and the interaction. Pasture and block were considered random effects while date was assessed as a main effect when applicable. Daily stocking densities were greater (P < 0.04) for SS than PMCG in the first 20 d of 2014 and 2015. Forage treatment did not affect (P > 0.17) total gain, total average daily gain, or body weight at any time point. Ultrasound composition traits of loin muscle area, 12th rib fat thickness, intramuscular fat, and rump fat were impacted (P < 0.01) by scanning date. No differences (P > 0.08) in forage treatments were observed for carcass characteristics associated with yield grade or quality grade. The findings suggest that forage-finished cattle during the summer months on BMR, SS, PM, and PMCG perform similarly, giving producers the option to use the most economical or practical forage type for their production system.

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Alston-O’Connor, Emily. "The Sixties Scoop." Critical Social Work 11, no. 1 (April 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/csw.v11i1.5816.

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This paper examines issues concerning First Nations peoples and the child welfare system, and their implications for social work today. It explores the Sixties Scoop to illustrate the devastating impact such policies and practices had on Aboriginal children, families and communities. Cultural genocide is part of this legacy. To deliver more culturally appropriate services, awareness about and acknowledgement of these mistakes can assist social workers to incorporate a social justice perspective into their practice with Aboriginal clients. As well, implications for social work education regarding professional training, curriculum content and course delivery by Aboriginal faculty members are highlighted.

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Kodeeswaran, Janani, Maggie Campaigne, and Anita C. Benoit. "Indigenous Women from the Sixties Scoop Healing Through the Full Moon Ceremony and Storytelling at Winona's Place." University of Toronto Journal of Public Health 1, no. 1 (March 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/utjph.v1i1.33835.

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The Sixties Scoop refers to the policies and practices in Canada from the 1950s to 1980s of forcibly removing Indigenous children from their birth families and communities. Cultural disconnection, loss of identity, and lower social connectedness were outcomes for Sixties Scoop survivors. My project focused on establishing a healing environment at the YWCA Toronto Winona’s Place for Indigenous women who were Sixties Scoop survivors and interested in learning more about the Sixties Scoop. Community-Based Research principles were followed and included working with Indigenous community members. Our project consisted of 8 weekly two-hour healing circles culminating in a Full Moon Ceremony. Through feedback forms and two-hour focus groups, data was collected on the project’s strengths, areas for improvement, and information on resources needed by the women to create a healing environment. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The healing circles and Full Moon Ceremony allowed the women to engage with a Knowledge Carrier and Winona community members, learn about Indigenous teachings and cultures, and work through painful experiences with community members. Although many of the women experienced hardships and trauma, they remained interested in healing and reconnecting to Indigenous cultures. The women shared what they had learned through teachings, how the sessions positively impacted their well-being, how they would apply cultural knowledge into their healing journeys, and offered recommendations on how Winona’s Place could better support them. We demonstrated the significance of Indigenous healing approaches for improving health and well-being among our participants, who have experienced trauma. Cultural connection to Indigeineity is rarely considered, or offered, in mainstream health services. Indigenous healing models and perspectives are important in creating and implementing Indigenous-specific health services and promotion programs. My project hopes to emphasize the importance of decolonizing public health systems and addressing the Calls to Action related to health.

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Hergott, Carmen, and Natasha Stirrett. "18. The Sixties Scoop: A Cultural Genocide that Continues Today." Inquiry@Queen's Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings, February 5, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/iqurcp.8820.

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McKenzie, Holly A., Colleen Varcoe, Annette J. Browne, and Linda Day. "Disrupting the Continuities Among Residential Schools, the Sixties Scoop, and Child Welfare: An Analysis of Colonial and Neocolonial Discourses." International Indigenous Policy Journal 7, no. 2 (May 20, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2016.7.2.4.

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In Canada, it is estimated that 3 times as many Indigenous children are currently in the care of the state compared to when the residential schools’ populations were at their peak. It is imperative that action be taken. This article explores the continuities among residential schools, the Sixties Scoop, and child welfare in Canada today. In particular, we examine how colonial and neocolonial discourses operate through and justify these policies and practices. We propose nine policy recommendations, which aim to transform child welfare and support Indigenous families to care for their children. Although transformative policy change is unlikely within this neocolonial and neoliberal climate, the recent change in federal leadership has made it more possible to move these policy recommendations forward.

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Wesley, Dana, and Erin Heslop. "A Circle of Women: Creating Community for Healing at Four Directions Aboriginal Student Centre." Inquiry@Queen's Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings, November 29, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/iqurcp.7836.

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Within the Queen’s University community there are limited culturally appropriate activities for Aboriginal students. Traditionally and currently it is not common practice for an Aboriginal person to go to a stranger for guidance for personal issues. It is more common to seek guidance from a family member, community member or an elder. Aboriginal women in communities across Canada were historically valued as leaders and respected in their various roles within those societies. After colonization Aboriginal peoples were forced to adopt European patriarchal values. Consequently women were no longer allowed to hold leadership positions within their communities and the roles that they did play were perceived as less valuable. In addition to this ideological shift, the spiritual connection that women previously held with each other was disconnected through various processes. The sixties scoop and residential schools were processes that had negatively affected these relationships within Aboriginal societies. The Women’s Circle strives to bridge the disconnect that occurred and utilize time spent together during traditional activities to provide a safe place for this healing to begin. The Women’s Circle will also support Queen’s University’s mandate of engaging diversity and encouraging the Non-Aboriginal community to learn more regarding Aboriginal cultures, as well as the mandate of Four Directions Aboriginal Student Centre, specifically to foster the emotional, mental, physical and spiritual well-being of the Aboriginal Students at Queen’s University.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sixties Scoop'

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