Academic literature on the topic 'Siyah malç'

XIV. ve XVI. yüzyılın Ortaçağında Türkistan’dan Azerbaycan coğrafyasına kadar olan bölgelere hâkim olan Timurlu Devleti’nin iktisadî yapısını konu alan bu çalışmada söz konusu devletin malî denetimi hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Bu çalışmada Emir Timur’un torunlarından Sultan Ebu Said ile Sultan Hüseyin Baykara dönemlerinde meydana gelen malî denetlemelerin ihtivası konu edilmiştir. Ortaçağ Türk devletlerinde malî denetlemenin bir yansımasını gösterecek olan bu çalışma, Timurlu Devleti özelinde mütalaa edilmiştir. Devletin kurucusu Emir Timur, otuz yılı aşkın hâkimiyet döneminin büyük çoğunluğunu seferlerle geçirmiş askerî bir liderdir. Emir Timur, devlet teşekkülünü tamamladıktan sonra ülkesinin siyasî, kültürel, sosyal ve ekonomik eksikliklerini tamamlaya çalışmakla birlikte bu alanlardaki aksaklıkları gidermek adına önemli teşebbüsler atmıştır. Emir Timur’un bu teşebbüslerinden biri iktisadî alanlardan biri olan malî denetimleri gerçekleştirmektir. Sultan Ebu Said ve Sultan Hüseyin Baykara dönemleri, Emir Timur ve Şahruh zamanlarına görece ekonomik ve siyasî kargaşanın yoğun yaşandığı dönemlerdir. Bu nedenle hükümdardan sonra devlet rüknünün temelini oluşturan vezirlerin rekabet içinde oldukları yoğun dönemdir. Özellikle toprak kayıplarının yaşandığı bu dönemde devlet hazinesine aktarılmaya çalışılan hazinenin tüketilmesi konusunda vezirler adeta bir yarış içerisinde girmişlerdir. Bu nedenle söz konusu hükümdarlar zamanında vezir atamaları ve azillerinin de en fazla yaşandığı dönem olmuştur. Timurlu hükümdarları, vezirlerinin karıştıkları skandalları kesin çözümlerle ortadan kaldırma politikasını gütmüşlerdir. Bu kesin hükümlerin başında azil ve ölüm cezası vardır. Bu çalışmada Timurlu Devleti’nde yaşanan malî denetimler, yolsuzluklar ve skandallara karışan bürokrasinin keyfiyeti, çözümü ve akıbeti incelenecektir.

BackgroundThe leading causes of death in patients suffering from systemic sclerosis are interstitial lung disease, malignancy and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but several other cardiovascular complications affect their quality of life.ObjectivesOur investigation aimed to examine biomarkers relating to active fibrotic changes in the myocardium and pulmonary vasculature and to find potential correlations with pathological findings detected by exercise stress echocardiography.Methods28 consecutive systemic sclerosis patients attending our outpatient clinic underwent complete physical examination and routine blood tests. At the same day, resting and stress echocardiography were performed with supine bicycle exercise stress, and serum NT-proBNP, galectin-3 and soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST-2) levels were measured. Patients with defined cardiological disease (systemic sclerosis-related manifestation or co-morbidity), interstitial lung disease, overt pulmonary hypertension or severe musculoskeletal disorder (active myositis, arthritis and severe lower limb osteoarthrosis) were excluded from the cohort.Results27 female and 1 male patient participated in the study, aged 55,09±13,05 years. Median serum galectin-3 level was 58.57±31.48 ng/ml, in 24 patients, it was found to be elevated (normal range: >22,1 ng/ml, 85.71%). The sST-2 median level was 108,39±44,06 ng/ml, increased in 27 patients (normal range>35 ng/ml, 96,43%). Elevated levels of NT-proBNP were found in 24 patients. On echocardiography performed at rest, normal pulmonary arterial pressure was calculated in all 28 patients, while in the majority of them (in 23 patients), stress-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (SIPAH) occurred at different grades of bicycle exercise. In those patients, the NT-proBNP level was also significantly higher (161,4± 85 vs 93,5± 61 pg/ml in those without SIPAH, p <0,05). Serum galectin -3 level showed a negative correlation with the peak heart rate measured at the maximal stress (r=0,48, p<0,05), and Tricuspid Annulus Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) was lower at rest and on exertion in all patients whose galectin-3 level was found to be elevated. (p<0,05)ConclusionBiomarkers such as galectin-3 and NP-proBNP provide objective information about the ongoing pathophysiological changes of the myocardium in systemic sclerosis patients. A subset of patients with normal pulmonary arterial pressure at resting echocardiography develops SIPAH. The combination of echocardiographic findings with serum levels of NT-proBNP and galectin-3 may help to identify systemic sclerosis patients with a higher risk of progressive pulmonary arterial or myocardial involvement. Our ongoing project is to follow up these patients with annual examinations.REFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Pesantren is Islamic education institution that still be needed by the Ummah. The study of kitab kuning is an important element of it, and this generally tends to be stagnant, for various reasons. Therefore the study of the use of kitab kuning in pesantren is urgent. This research highlights the reality of kitab kuning study in boarding school, mainly Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Ternate. This is qualitative research in which the data collection techniques are interview, observation and study of documents and literature. The analysis of the data is qualitative description.
 The result of this research shows that Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Ternate, which was established in 1994, includes a combination between Islamic boarding school system and formal education units in the form of schools and madrasas. Basically the santri are lodged. The boarding school students are junior and senior high school students, both male and female. The male and female campuses are separated by a distance of about 1 km. They are all participated in tahfidz Alquran and ta’līm diniyyah. The books studied in this boarding school are limited to 5 books that outlined by the Central Executive, regarding Aqidah, Fikih, Tafsir, Sirah and Arabic. The study of these books uses lecture method and the santris only gather and heed without having the book.