Journal articles on the topic 'Siyah malç'

Bu çalışma, 2022-2024 yıllarında Adana ili Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü çilek yetiştiriciliği alanında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemede; yedi farklı renkteki (Kırmızı, Mavi, Pembe, Sarı, Yeşil, Gri ve Kahverengi) ayrıca ticari ve yaygın olarak kullanılan Siyah (Kontrol) polietilen malç materyallerinin yabancı ot yoğunluğu ve çilek verimine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Açık alan denemeleri, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuş ve yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, farklı renkteki malç materyallerinin yabancı ot genel kaplama alanı (%) ve yoğunluğu (adet/m2), yabancı ot yaş ve kuru ağırlığının (g/m2) yanı sıra çilek verimi (g/bitki) ile meyve ağırlığı (g/meyve) özellikleri de incelenmiştir. İklime ve ekolojiye bağlı olarak Siyah malç yanında koyu renklerden Kahverengi ve Gri renkli polietilen malçların çilek yetiştiriciliğinde rahatlıkla kullanılabileceği, koyu renkler haricinde Mavi renkli malçın yabancı ot kontrolünde koyu renklerle benzer etkiyi gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca yabancı ot mücadelesinde Siyah renk kadar etkili olduğu belirlenen bu malçın çilek verimini de arttırdığı bulunmuştur. Çilek meyve ağırlığı yönünden ise Kırmızı malç materyali en iyi performansı göstermiştir. Elde edilen veriler, Akdeniz iklimine sahip çilek yetiştirilen alanlarda farklı renkteki polietilen malçların siyah malça alternatif olabileceği sonucunu ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, perlan (GA₄₊₇+BA) uygulanmış Sweet heart kiraz çeşidinde malç uygulamalarının dallanma ve meyve özellikleri üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, Mazzard anacı üzerine aşılanmış Sweet Heart kiraz çeşidi kullanılmış ve aşılı fidanlar 3 tekerrürlü ve tekerrürde 8 bitki olacak şekilde dikilmiştir. Mart ayı içinde malç uygulamaları yapılmış ve aşı sürgünü uzunluğu 50 cm'yi aşınca Perlan uygulanmıştır. Kasım 2013’te morfolojik, Haziran 2015’te pomolojik ve Nisan 2016’da çiçek sayısı özellikleri alınmıştır. Çalışmada bitki boyu (BB), gövde çapı (GÇ), ilk dal yüksekliği (İDY), yan dal sayısı (YDS), yan dal uzunluğu (YDU), yan dal çapı (YDÇ), yan dal açısı (YDA), bitki başına meyve verimi (BBMV), bitki başına meyve sayısı (BBMS), meyve veren bitki oranı (MVBO), meyve çapı (MÇ) ve çiçek sayısı (ÇS) incelenmiştir. Siyah malç (SM) uygulaması çiçek sayısı dışındaki tüm parametrelerde en etkili uygulama olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. SM uygulaması ile 1.71 adet YDS, 48.5^o YDA, 27.23 cm YDU, 6.73 mm YDÇ, 79.77 g BBMV, 11.80 adet BBMS, 23.38 mm MÇ ve 6/7 oranında MVBO sağlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, en yüksek ÇS (83.67 adet) şeffaf malç (ŞM) uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, SM uygulaması oluşturduğu iyi gelişmiş yan dallar sebebiyle üreticilerine tavsiye edilebilir. Ayrıca, ilk meyve yılında bitki başına en yüksek verim SM uygulamasından elde edilmişken, ikinci meyve yılında ŞM uygulaması en fazla sayıda çiçeği meydana getirmiştir.

Son zamanlara kadar Macaristan'daki Osmanlı kale sistemi bilimsel çevrelerden yalnız ılımlı bir ilgi çekmiştir. Araştırmacılar en önemli kalelerin savaş malzemesi ve yiyecek depolarıyla beraber silah ve cephane üretim merkezleri olduğu gerçeğini neredeyse tamamen göz ardı ettiler. Konuya bu açıdan yaklaşmak askeri tarihi zenginleştirebilir ve Macaristan'daki Osmanlı kalelerinin oluşturulması ve korunması ile ilgili bilgilerimize önemli detaylar ekleyebilir. Askeri silahların yaygınlaşması ve kullanılması -Michael Roberts ve Geoffrey Parkey tarafından bilimsel çevrelere tanıtılan sözde "askeri devrimin" en önemli elemanlarından biridir -16 ve 17. yüzyıllarda Avrupa toplumunda, ekonomisinde, mali ve idari yönetiminde önemli değişiklere neden oldu. Bu değişim Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun cevaplaması gereken bir meydan okumaya dönüştü. Osmanlılar topçuluktaki gelişmeleri, silah ve cephanelerin sürekli üretim ve yenilenmelerini takip etmek zorundalardı. Bu iş ancak eyaletlerdeki ana askeri üslerin yardımıyla gerçekleştirilebilirdi. Budin'deki baruthâne bunlardan biriydi.

ABSTRACT The mammalian Siah genes encode highly conserved proteins containing a RING domain. As components of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, Siah proteins facilitate the ubiquitination and degradation of diverse protein partners including β-catenin, N-CoR, and DCC. We used gene targeting in mice to analyze the function of Siah1a during mammalian development and reveal novel roles in growth, viability, and fertility. Mutant animals have normal weights at term but are postnatally growth retarded, despite normal levels of pituitary growth hormone. Embryonic fibroblasts isolated from mutant animals grow normally. Most animals die before weaning, and few survive beyond 3 months. Serum gonadotropin levels are normal in Siah1a mutant mice; however, females are subfertile and males are sterile due to a block in spermatogenesis. Although spermatocytes in mutant mice display normal meiotic prophase and meiosis I spindle formation, they accumulate at metaphase to telophase of meiosis I and subsequently undergo apoptosis. The requirement of Siah1a for normal progression beyond metaphase I suggests that Siah1a may be part of a novel E3 complex acting late in the first meiotic division.

The caprification practice has been used widely in fig cultivation because it affects the yield and quality of fig fruits, a phenomenon known as the ‘xenia effect’. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of pollen sources on fruit sets and fruit quality in the ‘Bursa Siyahı’ fig cultivar in 2017 and 2018. The eleven male genotypes and five cultivars were used as pollen source. The findings obtained in the present study showed that pollen sources significantly affected fruit set, early fruiting rate, fruit size, ostiole width, skin and flesh thickness, titratable acidity (TA), pH, and soluble solids content (SSC). The fruit set ratio varied from 32.02% (‘16 03 06’) to 76.66% (‘16 08 07’), and fruit weight varied from 77.29 g (‘16 03 06’) to 106.88 g (‘16 00 01’) based on pollen sources. The ostiole diameter ranged from 3.84 mm (‘16 ZF 08’) to 7.67 mm (‘77 00 01’). The skin thickness ranged from 3.01 mm (‘Havran’) to 5.35 mm (‘16 00 01’). The principal component analysis was performed to distinguish the pollen sources for the ‘Bursa Siyahı’ cultivar. The analysis proposed that the most important factors affecting the fig quality can be reduced to five components. Fruit weight (0.958), skin thickness (0.810), flesh l* value (0.821), pH (-0.872), and SSC (0.836) value could be regarded as the characteristic indicators for PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5, respectively. The results showed that ‘16 09 10’, ‘16 05 03’, ‘16 08 07’, and ‘16 08 12’ pollen sources are adequate pollinators for the edible ‘Bursa Siyahı’ fig.

İran tarih yazıcılığı, İlhanlılar devrinde büyük bir gelişme göstermiştir. Tarih-i Cihan-guşa, Cami' al-Tavarih ve Tarih-i Vassaf gibi İran tarihçiliğinin en büyük eserleri hep bu dönemde kaleme alınmıştır. Siyasi tarih kitaplarının yanında, inşâ, siyak ve devlet muhasebesine dair yazılan kitaplar da bu gelişmeden nasiblerini almıştır. Bugün, İlhanlı devleti mali tarihi üzerine çalışmak isteyen araştırmacılar için beş önemli eser bulunmaktadır. Bunlar: 1- Falak 'Ala-yi Tabrizi'nin, Kanun al-Sa'ada'si, 2- Falak 'Ala-yi Tabrizi'nin, Sa'adat-nama'si, 3- 'Imad al-Saravi'nin, Cami' al-Hisab'ı, 4- 'Abdallah b. Muhammad Kiya al-Mazandarani'nin, Risala-yi Falakiy-ya'si, 5- Muhammad b. Hinduşah al-Nahcavani'nin, Dastur al-Katib fi Ta'yin al-Maratib'idir. Burada tanıtımı ve konumuzla ilgili bir kısmının neşri yapılacak olan risalenin muhtevası da bu cümledendir. Söz konusu risale VIII/XIV. yüzyıla aitti ve anonim bir siyak ve münşe'at mecmû'asının içerisinde, Safevî devrine ait inşâ örnekleri ile, Falak 'Ala-yi Tabrizi'nin Sa'adat-nama'sinin ikinci kısmı arasında bulunmaktadır. Eserin ismi, mecmû'anın 11. sayfasında "Risala al-Şahibiyya" şeklinde kaydedilmiştir. Eserin baş ve son kısımlarındaki eksiklikler sebebiyle müellifinin ismi tesbit edilememiştir.

XIV. ve XVI. yüzyılın Ortaçağında Türkistan’dan Azerbaycan coğrafyasına kadar olan bölgelere hâkim olan Timurlu Devleti’nin iktisadî yapısını konu alan bu çalışmada söz konusu devletin malî denetimi hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Bu çalışmada Emir Timur’un torunlarından Sultan Ebu Said ile Sultan Hüseyin Baykara dönemlerinde meydana gelen malî denetlemelerin ihtivası konu edilmiştir. Ortaçağ Türk devletlerinde malî denetlemenin bir yansımasını gösterecek olan bu çalışma, Timurlu Devleti özelinde mütalaa edilmiştir. Devletin kurucusu Emir Timur, otuz yılı aşkın hâkimiyet döneminin büyük çoğunluğunu seferlerle geçirmiş askerî bir liderdir. Emir Timur, devlet teşekkülünü tamamladıktan sonra ülkesinin siyasî, kültürel, sosyal ve ekonomik eksikliklerini tamamlaya çalışmakla birlikte bu alanlardaki aksaklıkları gidermek adına önemli teşebbüsler atmıştır. Emir Timur’un bu teşebbüslerinden biri iktisadî alanlardan biri olan malî denetimleri gerçekleştirmektir. Sultan Ebu Said ve Sultan Hüseyin Baykara dönemleri, Emir Timur ve Şahruh zamanlarına görece ekonomik ve siyasî kargaşanın yoğun yaşandığı dönemlerdir. Bu nedenle hükümdardan sonra devlet rüknünün temelini oluşturan vezirlerin rekabet içinde oldukları yoğun dönemdir. Özellikle toprak kayıplarının yaşandığı bu dönemde devlet hazinesine aktarılmaya çalışılan hazinenin tüketilmesi konusunda vezirler adeta bir yarış içerisinde girmişlerdir. Bu nedenle söz konusu hükümdarlar zamanında vezir atamaları ve azillerinin de en fazla yaşandığı dönem olmuştur. Timurlu hükümdarları, vezirlerinin karıştıkları skandalları kesin çözümlerle ortadan kaldırma politikasını gütmüşlerdir. Bu kesin hükümlerin başında azil ve ölüm cezası vardır. Bu çalışmada Timurlu Devleti’nde yaşanan malî denetimler, yolsuzluklar ve skandallara karışan bürokrasinin keyfiyeti, çözümü ve akıbeti incelenecektir.

BackgroundThe leading causes of death in patients suffering from systemic sclerosis are interstitial lung disease, malignancy and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but several other cardiovascular complications affect their quality of life.ObjectivesOur investigation aimed to examine biomarkers relating to active fibrotic changes in the myocardium and pulmonary vasculature and to find potential correlations with pathological findings detected by exercise stress echocardiography.Methods28 consecutive systemic sclerosis patients attending our outpatient clinic underwent complete physical examination and routine blood tests. At the same day, resting and stress echocardiography were performed with supine bicycle exercise stress, and serum NT-proBNP, galectin-3 and soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST-2) levels were measured. Patients with defined cardiological disease (systemic sclerosis-related manifestation or co-morbidity), interstitial lung disease, overt pulmonary hypertension or severe musculoskeletal disorder (active myositis, arthritis and severe lower limb osteoarthrosis) were excluded from the cohort.Results27 female and 1 male patient participated in the study, aged 55,09±13,05 years. Median serum galectin-3 level was 58.57±31.48 ng/ml, in 24 patients, it was found to be elevated (normal range: >22,1 ng/ml, 85.71%). The sST-2 median level was 108,39±44,06 ng/ml, increased in 27 patients (normal range>35 ng/ml, 96,43%). Elevated levels of NT-proBNP were found in 24 patients. On echocardiography performed at rest, normal pulmonary arterial pressure was calculated in all 28 patients, while in the majority of them (in 23 patients), stress-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (SIPAH) occurred at different grades of bicycle exercise. In those patients, the NT-proBNP level was also significantly higher (161,4± 85 vs 93,5± 61 pg/ml in those without SIPAH, p <0,05). Serum galectin -3 level showed a negative correlation with the peak heart rate measured at the maximal stress (r=0,48, p<0,05), and Tricuspid Annulus Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) was lower at rest and on exertion in all patients whose galectin-3 level was found to be elevated. (p<0,05)ConclusionBiomarkers such as galectin-3 and NP-proBNP provide objective information about the ongoing pathophysiological changes of the myocardium in systemic sclerosis patients. A subset of patients with normal pulmonary arterial pressure at resting echocardiography develops SIPAH. The combination of echocardiographic findings with serum levels of NT-proBNP and galectin-3 may help to identify systemic sclerosis patients with a higher risk of progressive pulmonary arterial or myocardial involvement. Our ongoing project is to follow up these patients with annual examinations.REFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Pesantren is Islamic education institution that still be needed by the Ummah. The study of kitab kuning is an important element of it, and this generally tends to be stagnant, for various reasons. Therefore the study of the use of kitab kuning in pesantren is urgent. This research highlights the reality of kitab kuning study in boarding school, mainly Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Ternate. This is qualitative research in which the data collection techniques are interview, observation and study of documents and literature. The analysis of the data is qualitative description.
 The result of this research shows that Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Ternate, which was established in 1994, includes a combination between Islamic boarding school system and formal education units in the form of schools and madrasas. Basically the santri are lodged. The boarding school students are junior and senior high school students, both male and female. The male and female campuses are separated by a distance of about 1 km. They are all participated in tahfidz Alquran and ta’līm diniyyah. The books studied in this boarding school are limited to 5 books that outlined by the Central Executive, regarding Aqidah, Fikih, Tafsir, Sirah and Arabic. The study of these books uses lecture method and the santris only gather and heed without having the book.

Al-Shafaa Bint Awf is a very noble follower of the prophet Muhammad ( PBUH) , but the sources give scant materials about her in comparison with the male followers or some females like Khadija and Aisha and other Prophet's glorious wives. Al-Shaffa was the mother of one of the earliest follower of the prophet , although her link with the prophet and the Sirah is back to much earlier date; Her family was connected with both families of Abd-Allah and Amina ( the parents of Muhammad). There are reports talking about her attendance of Muhammad's (PBUH) birth. She enjoyed very close ties with Muhammad and his family, and became one of the first believers in Islam. She also emigrated to the Medina and lived there with the company of her son Abd Al-Rahman. Lastly, there is a third aspect in the biography of Al-shaffa that was her death which is connected with an important Sunnah, that was Al-Itaka or ransoming of the dyed peoples by freeing slaves and giving money in charity of them.

Abstract The study concludes that the understanding of the predominance of men over women is based on a textual understanding of the validity of a hadith, which has been tested and acknowledged by classical and authoritative hadith scholars. This study deals with hadiths that relate to the preference of men over women. This study agrees with Amina Wadud (1992 M), Fatima Mernissi (1991 M), and Asma Barlas (2002) and (2011), arguing that the text itself does not support gender superiority and encourages reading religious texts by understanding the message of equality contained therein, as well as criticizing interpretations that oppress women. Laleh Bakhtiar (2007), which explains that in understanding religious texts about female subordinates, they need to be understood metaphorically. This research differs from Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips (1990), who supports the traditional view of gender in Islam. He argues that the role of men as leaders is part of the teachings of Islam based on religious texts. Sheikh Salih al-Fawzan (2000) supports the traditional interpretation of religious texts. He emphasizes the male role as a leader and protector of women based on the texts of religion. This research is library research. The approach used is a socio-historical approach. The primary data of this research is at-tis’ah poles; among them are Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Nasai, Ibn Majah, and Muwaththo Malik. The secondary sources are the books of Hadith, Sharh Hadith, and Sirah al-Nabawiyah. Keywords: disorientation of understanding, hadith, liberation, and freedom. Abstrak Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemahaman terhadapa hadis-hadis keutamaan pria atas wanita didasarkan pada pemahaman tekstual, berupa kaidah-kaidah kesahihan sebuah hadis, yang telah diuji dan diakui oleh ulama hadis klasik dan otoritatif. Penelitian ini membahas hadis-hadis yang berkaitan dengan keutamaan pria atas wanita. Penelitian ini sependapat dengan Amina Wadud (1992 M), Fatima Mernissi (1991 M), Asma Barlas (2002), (2011) berpendapat bahwa teks itu sendiri tidak mendukung superioritas gender dan Mendorong untuk membaca tek agama dengan memahami pesan kesetaraan yang terkandung di dalamnya, serta mengkritik interpretasi yang menindas perempuan. Laleh Bakhtiar (2007), yang menjelaskan bahwa dalam memahami teks agama tentang subordinat perempuan perlu pahami secara metaforik. Penelitian ini berbeda dengan Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips (1990) yang mendukung pandangan tradisional mengenai peran gender dalam Islam. Ia berargumen bahwa peran laki-laki sebagai pemimpin adalah bagian dari ajaran Islam yang berdasarkan teks-teks agama. Sheikh Salih al-Fawzan (2000) mendukung interpretasi tradisional teks agama. Ia menekankan peran laki-laki sebagai pemimpin dan pelindung perempuan berdasarkan teks-teks agama. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan Sosio-historis. Data primer penelitian ini adalah kutub at-tis’ah, di antaranya adalah Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Nasai, Ibn majah, dan muwaththo Malik. Sedangkan sumber sekunder adalah kitab-kitab hadis, sharh hadis dan sirah al-Nabawiyah. Kata Kunci: Disorientasi pemahaman, Hadis, Pembebasan dan Kebebasan.

Fig types such as “Smyrna” and “San Pedro” require pollination (called caprification in fig cultivation) to produce a commercial crop, based on the crop and pollination characteristics of figs. Caprification is the process of hanging caprifig (male fig) fruits on female fig trees to ensure the transfer of pollen from the female fig to the caprifig by a wasp (Blastophaga psenes) that lives within the caprifig. It is necessary to extend the caprification period by using caprifig genotypes that ripen at different times, as female fig fruits ripen gradually. However, as caprifigs may not be continuously available for pollinating female figs, storing suitable caprifigs is necessary. The aim of this study was to assess changes in Blastophaga psenes, the duration of Blastophaga’s exit, and the viability of pollen from caprifigs of different genotypes (16 08 05, 16 08 09, 16 08 10, 16 09 10, and 16 ZF 08) stored for caprification. These stored caprifig genotypes were subsequently used for pollination three times at 8-day intervals, after which their impact on the set and quality of the edible fig fruits was evaluated. According to the average data, at the end of storage, the least B.psenes loss was obtained from the 16 08 05 (61.03%) genotype, and the highest was obtained from the 16 09 10 (67.00%) genotype. Pollen germination tended to increase with the storage of caprifig fruits, but this increase was not linear. After storage, the 16 08 09 and 16 09 10 genotypes exhibited greater pollen germination. The highest fruit set and quality were obtained when the 16 08 09 and 16 09 10 genotypes were used as pollen sources. Furthermore, since the 16 08 10 genotype is the latest ripening caprifig genotype, it has been determined that it can pollinate late-ripening “Bursa Siyahı” fruits. Principal component and path analysis demonstrated that pollen viability and germination rate were crucial in selecting caprifig genotypes for fruit set and quality.

Sīrat Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan is a late-medieval Egyptian popular epic that tells the story of the foundation of Egypt and conquest of the world by its hero, the Yemeni king Sayf. It is one of a group of narratives known as the siyar shaʿbiyya, Arabic popular epics or romances. As a genre, their core concerns are issues of identity, the collective anxieties of the social unit, and that unit's struggle to maintain its integrity. Sīrat Sayf explores these issues in large part through the thematic use of gender, according to which the male, patriarchal forces of order are in tension with the female forces of chaos in an unstable and perpetually shifting balance that must be kept in equilibrium. In this context, open displays of strong emotions by its main protagonists can take on a particularly threatening aspect in the text. This article investigates the representation of anger in Sīrat Sayf, focusing first on the extent to which it can be described as gendered, and the significance of this for an understanding of both how male and female anger are conceptualised in the text and their respective roles in its textual dynamics. It then explores the part played by anger in an episode in which King Sayf offers the choice of conversion to Islam or death to a defeated enemy. In this small but key extract, the normally formulaic ‘conversion narrative’ becomes a highly emotionally charged encounter, during which characters are driven by anger to break with narrative conventions and behave in unexpected ways. This ‘emotional manipulation’ of literary conventions, which is achieved partly through the manipulation of gendered emotional codes, is one of the ways in which the narrative is able to give voice to the tensions surrounding issues of self and other, and communal identity, but also has implications for our understanding of the social codes depicted in the text.

Zaposlovanje in zadrževanje visoko usposobljenega vojaškega kadra sta bistvena za vse oborožene sile. To še toliko bolj velja za Evropo, saj je večina oboroženih sil z naborniškega sistema prešla na prostovoljno služenje vojaškega roka. Na podlagi predstavitev in razprav na 14. konferenci Evropske raziskovalne skupine o vojski in družbi (ERGOMAS – European Research Group on Military and Society), ki je potekala med 26. in 30. junijem 2017 v Atenah v Grčiji, je tokratna tematska številka Sodobnih vojaških izzivov posvečena pridobivanju in zadrževanju zainteresiranih mladih ljudi v oboroženih silah. V okviru delovne skupine ERGOMAS Zaposlovanje in zadrževanje, ki ji predseduje Tibor Szvircsev Tresch, so strokovnjaki z različnih področij predstavili 20 prispevkov. Na petih konferenčnih sekcijah o tej temi so se razvile zanimive razprave o različnih s tem povezanih tematikah. Na prvi sekciji smo se ukvarjali s temo manjšin v oboroženih silah, in sicer, kako se lahko vključijo in prilagodijo ter kako lahko sodelujejo v sistemu. Predstavitve na drugi sekciji so se osredotočale na zaposlovanje in zadrževanje kadra v rezervni sestavi oboroženih sil. Politika in vojska: medsebojni vpliv in učinek na vojaško osebje je bila tema tretje sekcije, na naslednji pa smo analizirali motivacijske dejavnike in razloge za odhode iz vojske. Na zadnji sekciji smo obravnavali strategije za zaposlovanje in zadrževanje kadra. S teh petih sekcij smo izbrali pet predstavitev o vsaki tematiki in jih prilagodili za objavo v tej publikaciji. V petih člankih, ki so na voljo v tej številki, je tema pridobivanja in zadrževanja kadra obširno obravnavana z zgodovinske perspektive in tudi na podlagi najnovejših izsledkov raziskav. Na področju vojaške sociologije so se raziskave večinoma nanašale na zaposlovanje prostovoljcev v stalno sestavo, podrobno pa bi bilo treba proučiti tudi rezervne sestave in naborniški sistem. V tej tematski številki se avtorji ukvarjajo tudi z analizo rezervnih sestav in naborniškega sistema z vidika pridobivanja in zadrževanja kadra. V Evropi se je tematiki pridobivanja in zadrževanja kadra v preteklosti namenjalo le malo pozornosti. To je v času hladne vojne veljalo tudi za oborožene sile, ki so temeljile na naborništvu – nove vojake je namreč zagotavljal naborniški sistem. Ena izmed prednosti tega sistema je bila, da so se imeli naborniki (v Evropi je bilo služenje vojaškega roka obvezno le za moške, ženske so se oboroženim silam lahko pridružile prostovoljno, v nekaterih državah pa jim je bilo to celo prepovedano oziroma so jim bila namenjena le pomožna delovna mesta) med služenjem vojaškega roka priložnost socializirati in se prepričati, da je vojaški poklic pravi zanje. Z drugimi besedami – z naborniškim sistemom so oborožene sile pridobile nove ljudi, ki so bili pripravljeni na dolgotrajno zaposlitev. Posledično oboroženim silam ni bilo treba iskati novega osebja na trgu delovne sile. »Notranji« sistem pridobivanja kadra z naborništvom je večinoma zadostoval, da so pridobili dovolj pripadnikov in, kar je zelo pomembno, visoko usposobljen kader. S koncem hladne vojne in novimi misijami pa so oborožene sile dobile nove naloge. Za te nove naloge je bil potreben kader, ki je zmogel in bil pripravljen ostati v tujini dlje časa, po drugi strani pa so bile potrebne nove veščine za spoprijemanje z novimi okoliščinami na misijah v tujini. Zaradi konfliktov v 90. letih 20. stoletja, kot so zalivska vojna, državljanska vojna v Somaliji, kjer sta delovali dve misiji ZN (UNOSOM I in II), vojna v Bosni in Hercegovini ter vojna na Kosovu, v katero se je vključil Nato, so imele zahodnoevropske oborožene sile velike težave s pošiljanjem usposobljenega osebja na ta krizna območja. Svojevrsten paradoks je, da je bilo v evropske oborožene sile takrat vključenih precej več vojakov kakor danes, vendar pa je bilo v skoraj vsaki državi prepovedano pošiljati nabornike na misije v tujino. Po koncu hladne vojne torej te oborožene sile niso bile kos novim nalogam. Z izkušnjami, pridobljenimi na teh misijah, sta se začela procesa združevanja evropskih oboroženih sil v večnacionalne sestave in njihova profesionalizacija. Zaradi združevanja v večnacionalne sestave je bilo za številne države pomembnejše, da se pridružijo zavezništvom, predvsem Natu. V večnacionalnem okviru se je začel upoštevati vidik večje interoperabilnosti med različnimi oboroženimi silami. To je vodilo do bolj profesionalnih struktur. Strukturne spremembe se močno odražajo v številu oboroženih sil, ki so opustile naborništvo. Leta 1990 so imele le štiri izmed 26 evropskih držav sistem, ki je temeljil na prostovoljnem popolnjevanju in ne na naborništvu. Danes je večina evropskih držav prešla na prostovoljno popolnjevanje. S tem položajem pa se je spremenil sistem popolnjevanja. Pritok novih nabornikov je usahnil, zato je bilo treba osebje iskati na trgu delovne sile. Hkrati s spreminjanjem podobe oboroženih sil z množične naborniške vojske na manjšo prostovoljno, so se v civilni družbi začele spreminjati vrednote. Tradicionalne vrednote, kot so poslušnost, disciplina in pokornost, so mladim postajala manj pomembna, bolj cenjene pa so postale druge, kot sta samostojnost in samopotrjevanje. Nekateri izmed vzrokov za te spremembe so bili urbanizacija, vedno višja stopnja izobrazbe ter večje razločevanje in specializacija delovnega okolja. To je povzročilo razhajanje med civilnimi vrednotami, ki v ospredje postavljajo posameznika, in vojaškimi vrednotami, ki se osredotočajo na skupino. Trenutno se posledice tega procesa kažejo v težavah pri pridobivanju zadostnega števila kakovostnega vojaškega kadra. Vprašanja v zvezi s človeškimi viri so za oborožene sile postala preživetvenega pomena – poleg zapolnitve delovnih mest je potrebno tudi njihovo prilagajanje na nove misije v večkulturnem okolju, kar zahteva nujne ukrepe na področju razvoja človeških virov. Pozornost je zdaj usmerjena v širitev bazena, iz katerega bi bilo mogoče črpati ustrezen kader. V oboroženih silah so se tradicionalno zaposlovali mladi belci, kar bi bilo treba dopolniti z zaposlovanjem žensk in mladih priseljenskega izvora. Drugače povedano: novi ciljni pripadniki oboroženih sil morajo biti v enakovrednem položaju s starejšimi pripadniki, ki tradicionalno prihajajo iz naborniškega sistema. Ob upoštevanju tega morajo evropske oborožene sile preoblikovati svoje nazore o pridobivanju kadra tako, da bodo privlačne za te nove ciljne skupine. Prispevki in raziskave, predstavljeni v tej številki, lahko pripomorejo k širšemu razumevanju novega procesa pridobivanja in zadrževanja kadra. Želim vam prijetno branje.

Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent cancer in Saudi Arabia, with the majority of cases being sporadic. However, 25-30% of cases are associated with hereditary factors. Germline BRCA mutations are the most common mutations linked to hereditary BC predisposition syndromes, with a reported frequency of up to 11% in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single institution in Saudi Arabia. Medical records of BC cases were reviewed where BRCA testing was performed, typically in patients with triple negative BC, hormone-positive (HR+) BC in younger premenopausal patients under the age of 45, or those with a personal or family history of BC. Patients meeting these criteria were diagnosed and treated at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia,between 2018 and 2021. The association between BRCA positivity and proposed risk factors was evaluated using chi-square analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression to assess the association between independent significant risk factors and BRACA+. Results: 482 cases of breast cancer were reviewed, with 412 testing negative for mutations and an overall BRCA positivity rate of 13.7%. Among BRCA positive patients, 62% had a positive family history (p-value < 0.001), and they tended to be younger, with a median age of 38 compared to BRCA negative patients with a median age of 42 (p-value = 0.01). Of the 469 female patients, 62 (13%) were BRCA positive, and of the 12 male patients, 3 (25%) were BRCA positive. Among the BRCA positive patients, 73% had BRCA1 mutations, and 26% had BRCA2 mutations. No patients with lobular BC tested positive for BRCA mutations. The odds ratio for BRCA positivity in triple negative BC was 3.6 (95% CI 2.1-6.2, p-value < 0.001). The odds ratio for BRCA positivity in HR+ cases was 2.5 (95% CI 1.4-4.2, p-value = 0.001). In HR+ cases, 4.6% had BRCA1 mutations, and 5% had BRCA2 mutations. In ER- cases, 20% had BRCA1 mutations, and 1.2% had BRCA2 mutations. Multivariate analysis revealed that increasing the age of diagnosis by one year reduced the chance of having BRCA positivity by 5% (p-value = 0.009). Having a positive family history increased the risk of BRCA positivity with an OR of 8 (95% CI 4-15.8, p-value < 0.001), and triple negative BC increased the risk of BRCA positivity with an OR of 4.1 (CI 2.2-7.5, p-value < 0.001). The model performance was evaluated using an AUC of 0.80. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of BRCA mutations in a high-risk population of BC patients. The proposed predictive model identified younger age, triple negativity, and a positive family history as independent predictors, with an AUC of 0.8. The study's predictive model suggest that these factors may be useful in identifying patients who are at increased risk of carrying BRCA mutations and could benefit from genetic counseling and testing. Citation Format: Kausar Suleman, Khalid Al-Khatib, Emaan Haque, Tusneem El Hassan, Abdullah Al Suwaidan, Sabah Alaklabi, Taher Twegieri, Adhar AlSayed, Dahish Ajarim, Meshari Al Zahrani, Syed Saad Akhtar, Osama Al Malik, Amal Al Hefdhi, Wafa Khayal, Sitah Al Zughaibi, Asma Tulbah. Prevalence of BRCA Mutations: A Predictive Model in a High-Risk Population of BC Patients at a Tertiary Care Center [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-17-06.


 One can never really say all that is in one's heart about a person who has passed on, in a given limited time. But from my experience, such endearing memories come in patches, when you’re alone, when you hear a particular strain of music or when you visit a certain place-- glimpses of memories. And so this afternoon, I stand here before you in behalf of the ENT department, the department that Dr. Ariston Gella Bautista spearheaded and formed in 1982. The department has trained and since then graduated 30 or so doctors who benefited from his strict but fatherly training until the day he fell ill. Now these same doctors after having examined their frontals and hearts have these to say of Dr. Ariston, all their experiences, funny, naughty and professional as a fitting tribute to Dr. Bautista, the doctor, the mentor, the man, our MMC father.
 
 Boss, Papang, Tito, as he was fondly called by us, was a reserved person-- very professional in his interaction and relationship with patients and doctors. He was gentlemanly and good-looking. If ladies fell for his charms, it was not his fault, but he was totally Rañing's man. In the '60s when he was with UERM, he was “crush ng Bayan,” I was told, “pinag-fantasyahan si doc Titong naming mga nurses nuon dahil malumanay siya magsalita" by one of them.
 
 He had an engaging wit. When a young patient asked him what AGB meant, he told the boy with a glint in his eyes, AGB is Ariston Good Boy,
 
 We learned the proper etiquette of patient care from him. He treated every ear and nostril that he examined and cleaned like they were eggshells, so gently lest they break. We never heard him make a comment on how icky or how big and dirty these crevices were. We as Ariston's angels emulated this. And proud to say we learned it from him.
 
 But it was also in the out-patient clinic that we discovered the naughty side of AGB, Ariston d’ Good Boy.
 
 Residents had to do preceptorials with him. The females of course were his angels, but the male residents were otherwise. They were the “promotors ng mga kalokohan,” adding color to Boss Papang's daily clinic routine and I believe adding more years to his life, they were his wellspring, his fountain of youth. About maybe 5-or-so years ago (he must have been 87 then), these residents who are now board-certified ENTs were once caught by AGB in the clinic watching a video of an actress caught in a compromising situation: "Ano yan?" “Eh boss si ano, andito sa iPad.” “Patingin, pero bantay ka sa pinto” (saying to one of the boys), “at baka dumating si Rañing.” So as these naughty doctors watched, “Eh biglang boss, boss, si ma’am padating.” Naku, they immediately closed the iPad at si doctor, sat in front of his TV, looking like an angel when ma’am Rañing entered. (Sorry, no more secrets, our lips are sealed.)
 
 I had a patient 2 days ago who requested me to add his memory of Dr. Bautista. He was an old patient of AGB and when he consulted around 1994 for a sore throat, he was told his tonsils were surgically removed, perfectly. He was then asked who did the surgery. Sagot nya "doc pinagawa ko Ito sa UE nung 1964, e talagang magaling yung doctor, kayo po doc ang nag-opera sa akin." “Ah, ganun ba?” And he smiled. His patients were loyal to him, following him all the way to MMC.
 
 As a surgeon, he was composed, quiet, unfazed in the OR. His surgical skills were beyond reproach. He taught us everything that we should know, step by step. We watched and we learned. Those of us who were lucky enough to have scrubbed for him learned surgery the Papang’s way. “Turo ni Papang yan" we always say when we do surgeries. He motivated us to do our very best in our patient care.
 
 He was the best, and in turn we will try our very best to train the future MMC ENT the Papang’s way, kasi kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga. Lalayo pa ba kami?
 
 As for us, the most precious gift that Boss Papang left us, his ENT children, is this: he treated us as his very own, and made us one family. He taught us how to iron out all our differences, to love each other unconditionally, to accept each other's fault, swallow the bitter pill. And so, if you notice the camaraderie we often have, it's because we are a family.
 
 And personally, what have I learned in the 32 years with him? Humility. By his example, I learned the meaning of humility, for despite his being unequalled in the field, he was never boastful, never heard him ridicule or insult those who are lesser than him in ability and intelligence-- rather he taught them how to do it the right way, helped them correct surgical errors without any insulting words. Never heard him talk maliciously about a person behind his back. He knew how to count his blessings.
 
 It's September and in a few months it will be December. It will be our first Christmas celebration as a department without Boss Papang. Though feeling orphaned, we will always remember him, for he lives in each one of us, in our hearts and our minds, in our work, in our skills and lessons learned. Who and what we are now, we owe to dear Boss Papang Ariston Good Boy.
 
 Thank you.

Bu çalışma 2021 yılında Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Tarımsal Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkez Müdürlüğü’ne ait köklendirme serasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, farklı karanlık koşulları altında 6000 ppm indol-3-bütirik asit (IBA) ve 2000 ppm kafeik asit (KA) uygulamalarının karadut odun çeliklerinin köklenmesi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Deneme, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre faktöriyel düzende 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Materyal olarak müdürlük bünyesinde bulunan damızlık karadut ağaçlarının bir yaşlı dallarından hazırlanan odun çelikleri kullanılmıştır. Odun çelikleri 2021 yılının şubat ayında alınarak alttan ısıtmalı (20±2°C) perlit ortamına dikilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan çelikler 3 gruba ayrılarak birinci gruptaki çeliklerin üzeri dikimden sonra siyah malç örtüsü ile kapatılmış (Dikim Sonrası Karanlık=DSK); ikinci gruptaki çelikler dikimden önce 5 gün karanlık koşulda bekletildikten sonra köklendirme ortamına dikilmiş (Dikim Öncesi Karanlık=DÖK); üçüncü gruptaki çeliklere ise herhangi bir karanlık uygulaması yapılmamıştır (Standart). Her bir karanlık uygulamasındaki çeliklere 6000 ppm IBA ve 2000 ppm KA tek başına veya birlikte uygulanmıştır. Köklenme ortamında 90 gün bekletilen çelikler bu süre sonunda sökülerek; köklenme oranı, kallus oluşum oranı, çürüme oranı, kök sayısı, kök uzunluğu ve kök çapı değerleri kaydedilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda köklenme oranı %2.2 ile %77.8 arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek köklenme oranına DÖK koşulundaki çeliklere 6000 ppm IBA ve 6000 ppm IBA + 2000 ppm KA uygulamaları sonucunda ulaşılmıştır. Kallus oluşturan çeliklerin oranı %64.4 ile %93.3, kök sayısı 1.5 ile14.4 kök/çelik, kök uzunluğu 3.6 ile10.8 cm ve kök çapı 0.86 ile1.53 mm arasında değişim göstermiştir. Elde edilen veriler, DÖK koşulunda bekletilen çeliklere IBA'nın tek başına ya da KA ile birlikte uygulanmasının karadutun köklenmesine olumlu etki yaptığını göstermiştir.

30 Ekim 1918 Mondros Ateşkes Antlaşması’ndan sonra Osmanlı Devleti teslim koşullarının uygulanmasını kabul etmişti. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün 19 Mayıs 1919’da Samsun’a bir görev talimatı ile gönderilmesiyle başlayan Kurtuluş Mücadelesi 30 Ağustos 1922’de büyük zaferle sonuçlanmıştı. Bu mücadelenin başarılmasında Atatürk, Rusya’nın desteğine ihtiyaç duymuş ve yürüttüğü başarılı diplomasi ile 1921 Mart’ta imzalanan Moskova Antlaşması’nı müteakip, öncesinde bir miktar alınmış olan mali yardımlara ilave olarak alınan silah ve cephane yardımları kesintiye uğramadan 1923 Eylül’e kadar devam etmiştir. İstanbul’dan kaçırılan silah ve cephaneler ile Almanya’dan ve Rusya’dan alınan yardımların tamamı Karadeniz üzerinden Anadolu’ya ulaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, 1919-23 yılları arasında harp silah ve araçları ile askeri malzemelerin limanlarımıza nakliyatı çercevesinde Karadeniz ve limanlarında cereyan eden olayları irdelemektir.

I. Dünya Savaşı sonrası İtilaf devletleri ile Osmanlı devleti arasında imzalanan Mondros Ateşkes Antlaşması’ndan hemen sonra müttefik kuvvetler Anadolu topraklarını yer yer işgale başlamıştı. Bir görev talimatı ile Samsun’a görevlendirilen Mustafa Kemal, ülkenin geleceği için tam bağımsızlık kararı alarak oradan Kurtuluş Savaşı’nı başlatmıştı. Yapılan bağımsızlık mücadelesinin başarılmasında mali desteğin yanında elde mevcut silah ve cephaneye ilave olarak değişik cins ve çapta silah ve cephane ile çeşitli harp malzemelerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktaydı. Bu mücadelede dönemin şartları ve durumu Türkiye ve Rusya’yı birbirlerine yaklaştırmıştı. İhtiyaç duyulan harp silah ve cephanesinin Rusya’dan temini çerçevesinde yapılan çalışmanın amacı, Millî mücadele örgütlenme döneminden 16 Mart 1921 Moskova Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasına kadar olan süreçte her iki ülkenin birbirlerine yakınlaşma sebepleri, yapılan gayriresmi ve resmi görüşmeler, görüşmelerin kesilmesi, tekrar başlaması ve sonuçlanmasında etken olan olayları analiz etmektir.

This paper aims to find out by analytically describing Semar as a form of God's togetherness with Javanese society. In order to reach the desired goal, one question was asked: how is Semar a form of God's togetherness with the Javanese people? The method, or way to obtain Semar as a form of God's togetherness with Javanese society, is carried out using hermeneutics, semiotics, dialectics and referentics in accordance with existing forms, where Semar has words or language, symbols and behavior. Semar's approach as a form of togetherness between God and Javanese society is a makrifat philosophy, namely a human understanding of God. The result of this writing is that Semar is a form of God's togetherness with the Javanese people, his surah and sirah always chant: 1. God, 2. goodness, and 3. humans. Chanting God, in Surahs: 1). the gender is neither male nor female, 2). parents, 3). around him. In sirah: 1). namur kawula, 2). calm, 3). if the weapon farts. Chanting goodness, in the surah: 1). hands are accusing, 2). left hand grasps. In sirah: 1). namur kawula, 2). memayu hayuning Bawana, 3). patience, 4). wearing a pole. Chanting humans, a. in the surah: 1). with a white tip pointing upwards, 2). wearing a Kawung batik sarong, 3). wearing earrings, necklaces, bracelets and anklets. In sirah: 1). If you start saying: lae-lae mbegeg ugeg-ugeg sadilita heml-heml.

XIV. ve XV. yüzyılın Ortaçağ’ında, Türkistan’dan Azerbaycan coğrafyasına kadar olan bölgelere hâkim olan Timurlu Devleti’nin iktisadî yapısını konu alan bu çalışmada, söz konusu devletin malî denetimi hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Devletin kurucusu Emir Timur, otuz yılı aşkın hâkimiyet döneminin büyük çoğunluğunu seferlerle geçirmiş askerî bir liderdir. Emir Timur, devlet teşekkülünü tamamladıktan sonra ülkesinin siyasî, kültürel, sosyal ve ekonomik eksikliklerini tamamlaya çalışmakla birlikte bu alanlardaki aksaklıkları gidermek adına önemli teşebbüslerde bulunmuştur. Emir Timur’un bu teşebbüslerinden biri iktisadî alanlardan olan malî denetimlerdir. Devlet içerisinde malî kayıtların teftişi çoğu zaman vezirler tarafından yapılırdı. Ancak birtakım müşkül durumlar meydana geldiğinde hükümdar bizzat olaya müdahil olurdu. Özellikle malî konularda vezirlerin karıştıkları skandallar, çoğu zaman hüsranla sonuçlanmıştır. Emir Timur, halk üzerine yüklenen kanunî ve gayrı kanunî fazla vergileri, maliye defterlerini ve yolsuzlukları kaldırmak üzere bu denetimleri sık sık gerçekleştirirdi. Emir Timur’un oğlu Şahruh Bahadır da babası gibi uzun bir süre hüküm sürmüştü. Şahruh zamanında Timurlu Devleti’nin bütün coğrafyasında siyasî ve askerî hâkimiyet hedeflenmişti. Nitekim bu devirde askerî seferlerin çok yaşanmamasıyla birlikte sahip olunan coğrafyaları elinde tutmak ve Timurlu Devleti’nin hâkimiyet, siyaset, kültür ve ekonomik yapısını buralarda sağlamlaştırmak politikasına gidilmiştir. Gerçekte Timurlu Devleti’nde malî denetimlerin yoğun yaşandığı dönem Şahruh zamanı olmuştur. Bu minval üzere bu çalışmada Timurlu Devleti’nin malî denetimi Timur ve Şahruh zamanı dikkate alınarak incelenecektir.

Milli Mücadele döneminde Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM) Hükümeti temsilcileri bağımsızlık mücadelelerini sürdürmek için gerek ihtiyaç duydukları silah, cephane, askeri teçhizat ve mali yardımları temin etmek gerekse diplomatik anlamda destek sağlayabilmek amacıyla Sovyet Hükümeti ile yakın ilişki kurmuştur. Sözü edilen dönemde Türk ve Sovyet Hükümetlerini ortak paydada hareket etmeye sevk eden en önemli faktör tarafların İtilaf Devletlerine karşı mücadele halinde olmalarıydı. TBMM Hükümeti temsilcileri bağımsızlık mücadelelerinin başarılı olamaması durumunda Sovyet Hükümetinin de İtilaf Devletlerinin baskı ve tehdidine maruz kalacaklarını ileri sürerek, onlardan askeri ve mali destek talep etmiştir. Sovyet Hükümeti temsilcileri ise İtilaf Devletlerinin Türk Boğazları, Kafkasya ve Karadeniz yoluyla ülkelerine yönelik olası tehdit ve saldırılarını bertaraf etmek için TBMM Hükümeti temsilcilerinin taleplerine olumlu yanıt vermiştir. Taraflar arasında gerçekleştirilen müzakerelerden sonra yardımların gönderilmesi kararlaştırılmıştır. Gönderilmesi planlanan malzemeler için sevkiyat merkezi olarak Rusların Tuapse ve Novorossiysk limanları belirlenmiştir. Karadeniz İtilaf Devletlerinin denetiminde olduğundan sözü edilen limanlardan yüklenen malzemeler gizli bir şekilde Trabzon limanı başta olmak üzere TBMM Hükümetine bağlı limanlara sevk edilmiş ve bu limanlardan da Batı Cephesine ulaştırılmıştır.

Türkiye’de askerlik hizmeti ve vazifesi önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu önem ülkenin tarihinden gelen ordu millet anlayışından kaynaklanmakla beraber içinde bulunduğumuz coğrafyada güçlü olmanın da bir gereğidir. Bu gücün var olması ve devamlılık arz edebilmesi için silah ve cephane gibi araç ve gereçlerden oluşan teknik teçhizatın yanında iyi eğitim almış insan gücüne yani asker kişilere de ihtiyaç vardır. Askere ihtiyaç duyulan yer ve zamanda mutlak başarıya ulaşılabilmek için orduya tahsis edilen her türlü malın uygun şekilde kullanılması elzemdir. Her türlü askerî eşyanın korunması, mali açıdan önemli olduğu gibi milletin ordusuna güveninin sürekliliği bakımından da kıymetlidir. Keza milletin kendisi tarafından tedarik edilen askerî eşyaların korunup kollanması devletin görevidir. Bu maksatla hareket eden kanun koyucu Askerî Ceza Kanunu (AsCK)’nu düzenlerken ordu mensuplarının kullandığı her türlü askerî eşyayı korumak amacıyla cezai yaptırımlar belirlemiştir. Asker ocağında görev yapan personelin birbirlerine olan güvenin sarsılmaması, askerî disiplinin muhafazası için üstlerin, arkadaşların veya astların eşyalarının çalınması bir askerî suç olarak düzenlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası, AsCK’nın 131’nci ve 132’nci maddelerinde yer verilen “çalan” kelimesiyle ifade edilen hırsızlık suçudur.

In most dioecious plants, distinguishing male and female progenies is not possible until flowering or fruiting stage. The fig (Ficus carica L.) is such a plant where distinguishing male and female plants at the seedling stage can accelerate fig-breeding programs. An orthologue of RAN1 loci was reported to be associated with sex determination in fig (Mori et al., 2017). The objective of this study is to validate this locus on Turkish fig germplasm collection and F1 population obtained from a cross between female genotypes ‘Bursa Siyahi’ and male genotype ‘Ak Ilek’. A total of 144 genotypes from germplasm collection and 115 F1 individuals were tested with CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) marker following the Mori et al. (2017). The loci produced a 315bp amplification product from all genotypes. PciI digestion of PCR products resulted in 100% concordance between phenotypes and molecular tests. On the other hand, HpyCH4IV enzyme digestion of 8 female genotypes resulted in false negatives among the tested materials. Therefore, despite overall results show that the locus is suitable for gender selection of plants at the seedling stage in the breeding programs, care should be taken when HpyCH4IV enzyme is to be employed for CAPS assay.
 
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 In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue.
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Mevcut çalışmalar, Avrupa askeri teknolojilerinin Osmanlı’ya nasıl transfer edilip intibak sağladığı yönünde yoğunlaşmışlardır. Bu makalede ise Osmanlı top teknolojisinin ortaçağ Avrupa’sına aktarımı ve tesiri ele alınmaktadır. Osmanlı harp sanayiinin ve top teknolojisinin 15. yüzyılda Avrupalı muadillerinden daha gelişmiş ve yenilikçi özelliklere sahip olduğu farklı kaynaklar incelenerek ortaya konulmaktadır. Somut olarak bu çalışmada, Burgonya Dükü III. Filip’in 1450’lı yıllarda Osmanlı toplarından esinlenerek Burgonya ateş gücünü geliştirme çabasına ışık tutulmaktadır. Osmanlı’dan Burgonya’ya yapılan teknolojik transferin nicelik ve niteliğini belirleyip bağlamına yerleştirmek için farklı kaynaklar incelenmiştir. Dönemin farklı kronik yazarlarının yanı sıra Burgonya mali belgelerinde teknoloji aktarımı için yapılan harcamalar, top ustası ve zanaatkârların istihdamı gibi kayıtlar da takip edilmiştir. Ayrıca Burgonya saray çevrelerinde Osmanlı etkisinin, top teknolojisiyle sınırlı kalmayıp edebi ve tarihi anlatılarında yaygın olarak kullanılan Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in imgesi de mercek altına alınmıştır. Sonuç itibariyle ortaya çıkan bulgular, Batı’nın modern dünyanın tarihsel gelişiminin tek odak noktası olmadığına dair kavrayışı desteklemektedir. Ateşli silah ve top teknolojisi alanındaki gelişmelerin, insanların ve fikirlerin kültürlerarası hareketliliğinden ortaya çıkan etkileşimin bir sonucu olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bu nedenle Osmanlı ve ortaçağ Batı Avrupa dünyaları arasında jeopolitik çatışmanın yanı sıra kültürel etkileşimin de varlığına işaret edilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Osmanlı top teknolojisi, Ortaçağ Avrupa, Burgonya, Askeri Tarih, Küresel Tarih

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay layuning kilalanin, ilarawan, ipangkat at suriin ang mga karaniwang gramatikang pagkakamali ng mga Senior High School sa pagsulat at kaalaman sa linggwistikong kasanayan. Ang mananaliksik ay gumamit ng pamamaraan ng deskriptibong pananaliksik kasama ng pag-aanalisa ng datos. Binigyang pansin ng pananaliksik na ito ang mga salik na nakakaapekto sa paggawa ng mali sa gramatika ng Senior High School sa Technical-Vocational-Livelihood Industrial Arts Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Technical-Vocational-Livelihood Home Economics Caregiving at Academic-Humanities and Social Sciences ng Buenavista Integrated National High School para sa taong 2020-2021 at ginamitan ng istatistikal na pamamaraang weighted mean at standard deviation na pagsulat. Mga tanong ang ginamit upang makalap ang mga salik na nakakaapekto sa mga mag-aaral sa paggawa ng mali sa gramatika sa pagsulat ng Filipino. Ang ginamit na istatistikal na pamamaraan at statistically treatment para malaman ang porsyento at karaniwang pagkakamali sa gramatika. Ang kabisaan sa pagkatuto ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsulat ng sanaysay sa Filipino ay naging positibo at tinanggap ng mananaliksik batay sa mga naging sa mga tanong at pagsusulit na ginawa. Ayon sa mga krayteryang inilahad sa pagtatanong at pagtataya ay naging resulta na may kabuuang interpretasyong mataas. Ang antas ng kaalaman na ipinakita ng mga mag-aaral sa lingguwistikong kasanayan sa pagtataya na may kinalaman sa istruktura ng salita, pagbuo ng pangungusap, at bokabularyo / pangkahulugan ng salita ang naging resulta ay may kabuuang interpretasyon na kasiya-siya. Ang antas ng kaalaman ng mga mag-aaral na ipinamalas sa pagsulat ng sanaysay sa antas ng kaalaman sa lingguwistikong kasanayan, ay ipinakita din ng datos na nakalap na walang bisang palagay na “walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ng mga salik panghikayat sa pagsulat ng sanaysay sa antas ng kaalamang lingguwistikong kasanayan ng mga tagatugon”, sa pagkatuto ng mga mag-aaral batay sa pagsulat ng sanaysay ay nakakuha ng “May makabuluhang” Kaugnayan sa pagitan nila. Sa mga guro, sa Junior High School at Senior High School sa asignaturang Filipino, Ipagpatuloy natin ang magandang simulain at pagbuo ng mga kagamitang pagtuturo na maaaring makatulong at mahikayat ang mga mag-kasanayan upang makabuo ng iba’t ibang Estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng tamang pagsulat ng sanaysay at huwag mapagod sa pagwawasto ng mga sulatin ng mag-aaral at iyon ng sa gayon ay gawin nang maging magaling ang mga mag-aaral sa pagsulat ng iba’t ibang sulatin. Sa mga mag-aaral, mahalin, igalang ang mga guro na walang sawa sa pagbibigay ng kaalaman at seryosohin at sikaping mapahalagahan ang mga kagamitang pagtuturo na inihahanda ng guro. Sikaping makakuha ng magandang marka sa mga pagsusulit na ibinibigay ng guro, ito man ay pasalita o pasulat. Sa susunod na mananaliksik, iminumungkahing irebisa pa ng husto ang ginawang pag-aaral hinggil sa Karaniwang Gramatikang Pagkakamali sa Pagsulat ng Sanaysay Tungo sa Lingguwistikong Kasanayan.


 
 
 The mobile phone found its way to the Philippines when the first generation of Global Systems for Mobile Communication or GSM handsets was introduced in the country in 1994. This GSM protocol eventually developed to introduce a faster and more efficient means of storing, manipulating, and transmitting data by allowing data to be translated into a series of ones and zeroes. Digital technology furthered the mobile phone’s potentials from being a mere “talking device on the move” (Leung and Wei 316) to a more dynamic participant in the new information age. The capacity to merge all forms of binary data enabled mobile phones to allow convergent services such as chatting, voice-mail, news updates, e-mailing, Internet browsing, and even the dissemination of image and audio files. Apart from the allure of the possibilities of digital communication, the mobile phone was also welcomed in the Philippines because of its convenience; it provided the country, especially the rural areas where telephones are unavailable or inaccessible, with a modern means of communication. A survey conducted by the Social Weather Station (SWS) in 2001 reveals the extent of the dissemination of this technology in the Philippines: “Out of the 15 million households in the Philippines, an estimated 2.5 million have a cellular phone, of which 2.3 million have text-messaging capacity. For the entire nation, text-messaging is available to 15% of all households in general, but it is available to 53% of ABC households in particular. Of the 2.3 million text-capable households in the nation, 800 thousand are in Metro Manila.” Of the 80 million Filipinos, there are now 22 million mobile phone owners in the country compared to only 6.7 million subscribed landlines (Lallana 1). Of the various digital applications of the mobile phone, text messaging is still considered to be the most exploited service in the Philippines. A voice call placed through the mobile phone would typically cost around six to seven pesos per minute while a text message costs a peso per message. Corollary, a typical Filipino now sends an average of ten messages every day, contributing to a daily traffic of over 300 million text messages (Pertierra 58). This has led to the popular notion of the Philippines as the “texting capital of the world” (Pertierra et al. 88). In Text-ing Selves, a study that examines the use of mobile phones in the country, Pertierra and other researchers argue that texting has made it possible to create new unsurveilled and unconventional human relationships. In one case cited in the book, for example, a male and a female texter met after an accidental exchange of text messages. Although initially they were very reserved and guarded, familiarity between the two was fostered greatly because the medium allowed for an anonymous and uncommitted communication. Eventually, they met and shortly after that, got engaged. A second instance involved a person who exchanged phone numbers with his friends to pursue strangers and win new friends by texting. He engaged in virtual or text-based “affairs” with women, which would later on result to actual physical sex. Another case examined was that of an 18-year old bisexual who met “textmates” by participating in interactive Text TV chatrooms. Although he eventually met up with individuals to have sex, he professed to use the Text TV mainly to create these virtual relationships with persons of the same sex. (Pertierra et al. 64-89) It is because of the considerable popularity of the medium and the possible repercussions of such curious relationships and interpersonal communication patterns that the phenomenon of mobile phone use, particularly that of texting, in the Philippines is worthy of systematic scrutiny. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relational context being created through this wireless messaging system. An exploratory study, this research examines the contributions of the texting technology that allowed development of romantic relationships among its users. Ultimately, this paper aims to identify what makes texting a novel romantic device in the Philippines. The framework in the understanding of relationship development through texting incorporates Malcolm Parks’ theory of relationship life cycle and network (352). In his proposal, interpersonal relationships of all types are usually conceptualized as developing from the impersonal to the personal along a series of relatively specific dimensions: increases in interdependence, in the variety and intimacy of interaction, in interpersonal predictability and understanding, in the change toward more personalized ways of communicating and coordinating, in commitment, and in the convergence of the participants’ social networks. According to Parks (359-68), relationships move within the constructive character of communication that involves the interaction of the structure and content of communication between the participants. Thus, the researcher would like to identify the relationship between these seven factors of relationship development and the texting technology. This research identified the attributes of the texting technology along the seven dimensions of Park’s theory of relational development. Qualitative data was obtained and explored in the light of the concepts presented in the related literature, particularly the theoretical discourses of Paul Levinson and Raul Pertierra et al. A total of 43 respondents, 21 males and 22 females, were selected through purposive sampling to derive exploratory data through the in-depth interview method. Texting and Interdependence Unwritten Rule of Texting Respondents revealed that their relationships developed with their respective partners because texting made them more dependent on each other. “It became a habit” (Emmy). Partners texted each other as often as they could, until they have established themselves as regular textmates. One respondent’s day would also be influenced by his partner’s text message: “Kapag hindi siya nakakapagtext, nami-miss ko siya (If she doesn’t text, I miss her). Her simple ‘good morning’s’ can really help me start my day right.” At this level of the relationship, texters always had the compulsion to keep the communication constantly moving. One respondent attributed this to the “unwritten rule of texting.” Clara elaborated: You know there’s this unwritten rule in texing: once a person has texted you, you have to reply. If you don’t reply, the person will automatically think you ignored him or her on purpose. So you have to reply no matter what. Even when you really have nothing to say, you’re forced to come up with something or give your opinion just to keep the conversation going. Immediacy and Accessibility Some respondents exhibited interdependence by “reporting” or informing each other of the happenings in their individual lives. Arnel shared: Ang ilang pinakanatulong sa amin ng texting ay to inform each other kung saan na kami at kung anong pinagkakaabalahan namin at a specific time, especially kung hindi kami magkasama. (One of the greatest aid of texting in our relationship is that it enables us to inform each other about where we are and what we are doing at a specific time, especially if we are not together). He also added that texting allows them to organize their schedules as well as to logistically set meeting times or inform the other of one’s tardiness. Texting also allowed for the individuals in the relationship to influence each other’s thoughts, behaviors, and actions. “Kapag nagkukuwento siya kung anong nangyari sa kaniya tapos tingin ko mali, pinagsasabihan ko siya (If she tells me stories about what happened to her and then I see that there’s something wrong with it, I admonish her)” (Jesus). Jack summarized how the texting technology facilitated these indicators of interdependence between romantic partners: There’s a feeling of security that having a cellphone gives to a certain person, because you know that, more often than not, you can and will be reached by anyone, anywhere, anytime, and vice versa. So when I need comfort, or someone to listen, or I need to vent, or I need my boyfriend’s opinion, or I need his help in making a decision, it’s really relieving to know that he’s just a text or phone call away. These responses from the participants in a texting romantic relationship confirm Paul Levinson’s arguments of the mobile phone’s feature of accessibility. In the book Cellphone: The Story of the World’s Most Mobile Medium and How it has Transformed Everything! he mentions that the mobile phone technology, particularly texting, permits users to make instant, immediate and direct delivery of messages. He further explains that texting can be a romancing tool because before there was the mobile phone, people placing call through the telephone had to make sure that the persons they are asking out on a date are at home when the phone rings (Levinson 97). Texting and Depth: Privacy and Levinson’s Silence Texting also facilitated an efficient exchange of a variety of important, intimate, and personal topics and feelings for most of the respondents. A number of respondents even confessed that they could go as intimate as exchanging sexual messages with their partners. One respondent revealed that he could text his partner anything “kahit nga text sex pwede rin eh (even ‘sex text’ is allowed).” But mostly, the text exchanges consisted of intimate romantic feelings that one could not manage to say in person. Richard shared: “For example, through text we can say ‘I love you’ to each other. Aside from that, nasasabi ko rin yung mga problems na hindi ko masabi ng harapan (I could tell her about my problems that I could not say face-to-face).” Arnel, a homosexual, attributed this ease of transmitting intimate and personal topics and feelings to the texting technology’s unique feature of privacy. “Kasi wari bang nakakalikha ng pribadong espasyo yung screen ng phone mo na kahit na magkalayo kayo” (Because the mobile phone screen is able to create a private space that even if you are far from each other) physically, the virtual space created by that technology is apparent. Because no one can hear you say those things or no one else can read [them], assuming na hindi pinabasa sa ibang tao o hindi nakita (that it is not allowed to be read or seen by others) (Arnel). Arnel’s discussion of the private space that allows for intimate exchanges links up with Paul Levinson’s silence as one of the biggest benefit of the texting technology. Texting permits receivers to view their messages in private as opposed to having others in the environment hear and know about their particular communication or simply even just the fact that they are communicating (Levinson 112-14). Anonymity RJ would associate this capability to swap intimate information between partners to texting’s provision for anonymity. In texting, there is the element of anonymity, thus, you can feel more comfortable with sharing more intimate messages. As opposed to a face-to-face conversation wherein you would tend to hold back some feelings or thoughts because of fear of outright rejection. Personally, I consider that factor as a very important element in the development of our relationship. Because I am not really the aggressive-frank type of guy, I tend to hold back in telling her intimate things face to face. The feature of anonymity that the respondents mentioned seems to refer to one characteristic that Pertierra, et al. (91) outlined in their book. They wrote that communication through texting has also efficiently incorporated meaning, intention, and expressions allowing texters to say what is normally unsayable in face-to-face contexts. This clearly points to the comfort that the respondents identified when they’d share about intimate details like their exes and other information that a typical “non-aggressive-frank guy, who fears outright rejection,” would. Autonomy Perhaps an additional feature that might be closely related to privacy and anonymity is the autonomous nature of the texting technology. Homosexuals like Jetrin took advantage of this feature to facilitate unconventional same-sex affairs: “Unlike pagers, mobile phones are not monitored, therefore I can pretty much say what I want to the other person. I get to express myself more clearly and intimate[ly]”. Because of this absence of censorship, texters can confidently say “’I love you’ or ‘I want to throw you against the wall and make you feel like a cheap whore’ (Jetrin)” without having to concern themselves about a third-party processing their messages. Texting and Breadth Expressing Real and Virtual Emotions Because of these various constraints, respondents started to locate other avenues to communicate with their partners. Thus, the breadth of the relationship increased. Other means of communication that the respondents mentioned are face-to-face encounters, voice phone calls (either landline or mobile phone), e-mail, chat (YM, ICQ, Web cam, etc.), and even snail mail. However way they decided to extend their communication beyond texting, almost all of them declared that it is still texting that instigated this movement to another medium. One respondent said “Of course text ang taga-initiate (initiates) and then more ways [follow] after.” Although texting employs a dualistic nature of beneficial anonymity and uncertainty between exchanging partners, a number of respondents still express optimism about the texting technology’s capacity to bridge the gap between expressing real and virtual emotions. Some claimed that “even [in] text [there is] personality; smiling face, exclamation points, feelings are still communicated.” RG also expressed that “yung mga smileys nakakatulong sa pag-express ng emotions (smileys help in expressing emotions).” Jake added that “qualities like the smiley faces and sad faces you can make using the punctuation marks, etc. can really add warmth and depth to text messages.” Texting and Commitment Regularity Since most of the couples in a romantic relationship did not have the luxury of time to meet up in person or talk over the phone regularly, the frequency of texting became a distinct indication about their commitment to their relationships. “To commit is to be there for the person, 24/7. Texting helps in achieving that despite of the barriers in time and distance” (Von). Didith showed the other end of this phenomenon: “When he texted less and less in the course of the relationship, it made me doubt about … his commitment.” This regularity of texting also provided for strengthening the bond and connection between partners that ultimately “As we share more and more of our lives with each other, more trust develops…and the more trust you instill in each other, the more you expect the relationship to be stronger and more lasting” (Jack). Convenience and Affordability Some respondents pointed out texting’s convenient nature of linking partners who are rather separated by physical and geographical limits. Richard used texting to contact his partner “kasi malayo kami sa isa’t-isa, lalo na kapag umuuwi siya sa Bulacan. Texting ang pinakamadali, cheapest, and convenient way para makapag-communicate kami (because we are far from each other, especially if she goes home to Bulacan. Texting is the fastest, cheapest, and convenient way for us to communicate).” This “presence” that strengthens the commitment between partners, as suggested by most of the respondents, indicates the capacity of the mobile phone to transform into an extension of the human body and connect partners intimately. Texting, Predictability and Understanding Redundancy Some of the respondents agreed that it is the regularity of texting that enabled them to become more capable of understanding and predicting their partner’s feelings and behaviors. Tina articulated this: “Probably due to redundancy, one can predict how the other will react to certain statements.” Jake also expressed the same suggestion: Texting in our relationship has become a routine, actually. Texting has become like talking for us. And the more we text/talk, the more we get to know each other. Nagiging sanay na kami sa ugali at pag-iisip ng isa’t-isa (We become used to each other’s attitudes and thinking). So it’s inevitable for us to be able to predict one another’s reactions and thoughts to certain topics. Because we get to a point wherein we feel like we know each other so well, that when we are able to correctly predict a feeling or behavior, we find it amusing. In the end, the regularity of the interaction brought about learning. “I’ve learned much of her from texting. I knew that she becomes disappointed with certain things or she really appreciates it when I do certain things. It became easier for me to learn about her thoughts, feelings, etc.” (RJ) Managing of Contextual Cues A lot of the respondents mentioned that their understanding and predictability of their partners was also heightened by the context of the construction of the messages that were being transmitted. “If there are smiley faces, then we’re okay. No cute expressions mean we’re in a serious mode” (Didith). “Either an added word, a missing word, or a word out of place in the message gives me the clue” (Jake). The textual structure and signs became instrumental into the translation of how to perceive another’s feelings or reactions. “For example, pag normal, sweet words yung nasa text, may mga ‘I love you,’ mga ganon. Pero kung galit siya, may iba. Minsan ‘Oo’ lang yung sagot. Kaya mas nakikilala ko pa siya through text (For example, on a normal circumstance, her text would contain sweet words like ‘I love you.’ But if she’s mad, it’s different. At times, she would just reply with a mere ‘yes.’ That’s why I get to know her more through text)” (Richard). Texting and Communicative Change Own Private World Texting allowed respondents to create special languages that they used to interact with their own partners. It is an inherent characteristic of texting that limits messages up to 360 characters only, and it becomes almost a requirement to really adapt a rather abbreviated way of writing when one has to send a message. In this study however, it was found that the languages that respondents created were not the usual languages that the general public would use or understand in texting – it even went beyond the usual use of the popular smileys. Respondents revealed that they created codes that only they and their respective partners understood in their “own private world” (Jackie, Emma). “How I text him is different from how I text other people so I don’t think other people would understand what I’m telling him, and why the manner is so if they read our messages” (Anika). Leana shared an example: My partner and I have created special nicknames and shortcuts that only the two of us know and understand. Kunyari (For example), we have our own way of saying ‘I love you’ or ‘I miss you.’ To send a kiss… we use a set of characters different from the usual. Basta secret na namin ‘yon (It is our secret). Fun Majority of the respondents identified communicative code change as the most exciting and fun part in texting. “It is one of the best things about relating with someone through texting. It is one of the most fun things to do” (Mario). And the amusement that this interaction caused was not only limited in the virtual environment and the textual context. “It is one of the fun things about our texting and it even carries over when we are together personally” (Justin). “Since words are what we have, we play with them and try to be creative. Para masaya, exciting (So that it is fun and exciting)” (Charm). Incidentally, this sense of fun and excitement is also one of the attributes that Pertierra and his co-authors mentioned in their book Txt-ing Selves (Pertierra et al. 140): “Many see texting as an opportunity for fun.” Texting and Network Convergence Texting also made network convergence possible among partners, and their respective social circles, in a romantic relationship. Because the respondents engaged in non-stop texting, their friends and family started to notice their change in behavior. “People become curious… They want to know the person I text with every minute of every day… I guess people can tell when a person’s in love, even when it has only developed through texting” (Clara). Jake shared a very likely scenario: “If you get text messages when you’re with your friends/family and you laugh at the message you receive, or just react to whatever you receive, you’d have to make kwento (tell) who you’re texting to make sense of your reactions.” Others though, readily announced their relationships to everyone: “I’ll text my friends first na ‘Uy, may bago ako.’ (I will text my friends first that: ‘Hey, I have a new girlfriend.’)” (Richard). But sometimes, texters also introduced their partners to people outside their friends and family circles. “Sometimes, it even goes beyond personal. Example, if my ‘new partner’ who has never met any of my friends and family need help with something (business, academic, etc.) then I introduce him to someone from my circle who can be of help to him” (Jetrin). Network convergence could also take place through and within the medium itself. Respondents revealed that their family and friends actually interact with each other through texting without necessarily having the opportunity to meet in person. Pauline shared: “Ate (My older sister)… used to send text messages to him before to ask where I am. And my mom stole his number from my phone ‘just in case’.” Didith and her boyfriend also experienced having their friends involved in the dynamics of their relationship: “During our first major quarrel, he texted and called my friend to ask what I was mad about. Likewise, when we have a minor spat, I call his friend to vent or ask about him.” Conclusion This study establishes the texting technology’s capacity as a romancing gadget. As the interview participants pointed out, because of the technology’s capacity to allow users to create their own world capable of expressing real and virtual emotions, and managing contextual cues, texters were able to increase their dependence and understanding of one another. It also allowed for partners to exchange more personal and intimate information through an instant and private delivery of messages. The facilitation of communicative change made their relationship more exciting and that the texting medium itself became the message of commitment to their relationship. Finally, texting also led the partners to introduce one another to their families and friends either through the texting environment or face-to-face. Ultimately, texting became their means to achieving intimacy and romance. Texting offered a modern communication medium for carrying out traditional gender roles in pursuing romance for the heterosexual majority of the respondents. However, the messaging tool also empowered the homosexuals and bisexuals involved in the study. The highly private and autonomous textual environment enabled them to explore new and unorthodox romantic and even sexual relations. Moreover, texting may be considered as a venue for “technological foreplay” (Nadarajan). Almost all of those who have used texting to sustain their intimacy indicated the choice to expand to other modes of communication. Although relationships set in a purely virtual environment actually exist, the findings that these relationships rarely stay virtual point to the idea that the virtual setting of texting becomes simply just another place where partners get to exercise their romance for each other, only to be further “consummated” perhaps by a face-to-face contact. Data gathering for this research revealed a noteworthy number of respondents who engage in a purely virtual textual relationship. A further investigation of this occurrence will be able to highlight the capacity of texting as a relationship gadget. Long distance relationships sustained by this technology also provide a good ground for the exploration of the text messaging’s potentials as communication tool. References Lallana, Emmanuel. SMS, Business, and Government in the Philippines. Manila: Department of Science and Technology, 2004. Leung, Louis, and Ran Wei. “More than Just Talk on the Move: Uses and Gratifications of the Cellular Phone.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (2000): 308-320. Levinson, Paul. Cellphone: The Story of the World’s Most Mobile Medium and How It Has Transformed Everything! New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Mangahas, Malou. “For the Little History of EDSA-2.” Social Weather Station 26 Jan. 2001. 31 Jan. 2005 http://www.sws.org.ph/>. Nadarajan, Gunalan. Personal communication with the author. 2004. Parks, Malcolm. “Communication Networks and Relationship Life Cycles.” Handbook of Personal Relationships: Theory, Research, and Interventions. 2nd ed. Ed. Steve Duck. London: John Wiley, 1997. 351-72. Pertierra, Raul. Transforming Technologies: Altered Selves – Mobile Phone and Internet Use in the Philippines. Manila: De La Salle UP, 2006. Pertierra, Raul, et al. Text-ing Selves: Cellphones and Philippine Modernity. Manila: De La Salle UP, 2002. Solis, Randy Jay. “Mobile Romance: An Exploration of the Development of Romantic Relationships through Texting.” Asia Culture Forum, Gwangju, South Korea: 29 Oct. 2006. 
 
 
 
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On 31 October 2000, the United Nations (UN) Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. This resolution was followed by others (1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122 and 2422), which stress the disproportionate impact of wars and conflicts on women and children, and highlight the fact that, historically speaking, women have always been on the margins of peace processes and stabilisation efforts. They underline the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, in peace negotiations, peace building and humanitarian and post-conflict activities. Resolution 1325 calls upon member states to integrate gender perspective into UN plans and programmes, but mainly to protect women and girls in armed conflicts. The Resolution was also adopted by the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovenian Armed Forces has included it into pre-deployment training of Slovenian contingents as required reading. After 1991, when Slovenia became independent, two journals on women in the military have been published. The first one was published in 1995, five years prior to the UN Resolution. It was edited by Zorica Bukinac and published by the Ministry of Defence under the title of Ženske v oboroženih silah (Women in the military). The second journal was produced in 2002. It was edited by Ljubica Jelušič and Mojca Pešec and published by a joint effort of the Defence Research Centre of the Faculty of Social Sciences in Ljubljana, the Ministry of Defence and the SAF General Staff. The former journal provides the first account of the experiences of female SAF members, and the views of Slovenian and foreign authors on the role of women in the military. The latter uses traditions, culture and gender-role patterns to present the limiting factors of the integration of women in the military, and provides an analysis of the share of women and the duties they perform in the SAF. Greater integration of women in the military still raises much attention and a number of questions. The experiences vary importantly across countries. A number of them are positive, but there are also the negative ones. 2015 marked 15 years since the adoption of Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, 20 years since the publishing of the first journal, and 13 years since the publishing of the other. With this thematic issue, the Editorial Board wished to learn about the novelties regarding the Resolution in Slovenia and abroad, and publish them. We invited Lieutenant Colonel Suzana Tkavc, PhD, Gender Advisor at SAF General Staff, appointed coordinator of the MoD for Gender Equality and national representative in the NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives to participate. The issue in front of us is the result of our joint efforts. Pablo Castillo Díaz, who works in the United Nations Organisation, wrote the article Military women in peacekeeping missions and the politics of UN Security Council Resolution 1325. He shares with us his expert view and experiences regarding the Resolution on Women, Peace and Security. By focusing on international operations and missions, he draws attention to the advantages and disadvantages of the Resolution. Garry McKeon wrote an article titled Better citizens – humanitarian and gender training, EUTM Somalia. The author has been member of the Irish Defence Forces for over 30 years and has also been deployed in a mission in Somalia. His experiences regarding training in the implementation of Resolution 1325 are very interesting, since they concern a cultural setting, which is substantially different from ours. In her article Some of the best practices in gender perspective and the implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the 25 years of Slovenian armed forces, Suzana Tkavc provides an insight into gender perspective in the 25 years of Slovenia’s independence with a special emphasis on the armed forces and their activities in international operations and missions. How well did Slovenia do compared to female and male representatives of other armed forces? Jovanka Šaranović, Brankica Potkonjak-Lukić and Tatjana Višacki are the authors of the article Achievements and perspectives of the implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces. Serbia invested important effort into the implementation of Resolution 1325, since this subject matter is included in the national action plan, which includes a number of different state authorities and other non-governmental institutions. In their article, the authors determine how successful they were in this mission. In the article titled An analysis and critique of the UNSCR 1325 – what are recommendations for future opportunities? Jane Derbyshire acquaints us with the perspective and experiences of the New Zealand Defence Force regarding the resolution. Are they very different from the experiences of other countries? The author believes that time has come for changes. Unlike the majority of the authors, who are members of armed forces or are directly related to them, Nadja Furlan Štante wrote her article Women in military system: between violence and vulnerability from a different perspective. She specialises in religion and women’s studies and as such bases her writing on biological, historical, religious and other aspects, also taking into consideration the findings, practice and works of the authors who write about defence and the military. We believe that with this themed issue we have passed on new experiences and added some views to the mosaic of gender perspective, encouraged you to read or maybe even write.