Books: 'Size and temperature of nanomaterials'

1

Whittenberger, J. Daniel. Effect of grain size on the high temperature properties of B2 aluminides. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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2

Whittenberger, J. Daniel. Effect of grain size on the high temperature properties of B2 aluminides. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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3

Baker, Mark D. Intriguing centrality dependence of the Au-Au source size at the AGS. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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4

Awrejcewicz, Jan, Anton V. Krysko, Maxim V. Zhigalov, and Vadim A. Krysko. Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis of Size-Dependent Structural Members in Temperature Fields. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55993-9.

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5

Claussen, Julie E. Annual variation in the reproductive activity of a bluegill population: Effect of clutch size and temperature. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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6

Villagra, Federico. The relationships linking tremor size and skilled performance with limb temperature, and voluntary movement with tremor phase. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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7

O'Mara, Duncan F. Effect of heating rate to test temperature on superplastic response in an A1-8%Mg-1%Li-0.2%Zr alloy. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.

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8

Ingebo, Robert D. Scattered-light scanner measurements of cryogenic liquid-jet breakup. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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9

Barnard, Amanda S. Size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.5.

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This article investigates size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale. In general, the crystallization of a nanomaterial into a particular structure is kinetically driven. However, the choice of which structure occurs in a specific size range is often a result of thermodynamics. These size-dependent phase relationships may be explored by analyzing the free energy and enthalpy of formation. This article considers the size-dependent phase stability of nanomaterials based on experimental and theoretical studies of zirconia and titania. It describes the use of bulk phase diagrams to capture important information on the stability of materials. It also highlights some of the physical parameters that influence phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale, including temperature, pressure, shape, solution chemistry, surface chemistry and surface charge.

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10

Clarke, Andrew. Temperature, growth and size. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0013.

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Growth involves two flows of energy. The first is chemical potential energy in the monomers used to construct the proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acids forming the new tissue. The second is the metabolic energy (ATP or GTP) used to construct the new tissue; this is the metabolic cost of growth and can be expressed as a dimensionless fraction of the energy retained in the new tissue. Its value is ~0.33. Typical temperature sensitivities for growth in the wild lie in the range Q10 1.5 – 3. Within species there may be evolutionary adjustments to growth rate to offset the effects of temperature, though these involve trade-offs with other physiological factors affecting fitness. Outside the tropics, many mammals and birds exhibit a cline in size, with larger species at higher latitudes (Bergmann’s rule). Carl Bergmann predicted such a cline from biophysical arguments based on endotherm thermoregulatory costs; Bergmann’s rule thus applies only to mammals and birds. Many ectotherms grow more slowly but attain a larger adult size when grown at lower temperatures (the temperature-size rule). The large size of some aquatic invertebrates at lower temperatures (notably in the polar regions and the deep sea) is associated with a higher oxygen content of the water.

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11

Joyce, Chou, Welch Ronald M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Relationship between cirrus particle size and cloud top temperature. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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12

Joyce, Chou, Welch Ronald M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Relationship between cirrus particle size and cloud top temperature. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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13

Relationship between cirrus particle size and cloud top temperature. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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14

Detonation cell size measurements in high-temperature hydrogen-air-steam mixtures at the BNL high-temperature combustion facility. Washington, DC: Division of Systems Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1997.

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15

G, Pierce Vicky, and Lewis Research Center, eds. High-temperature LDV seed particle development. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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16

G, Pierce Vicky, and Lewis Research Center, eds. High-temperature LDV seed particle development. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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17

Clarke, Andrew. Temperature and diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0015.

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The diversity (species richness) of plants and animals is typically highest in the tropics and the strongest environmental correlate of species richness is often climate. The energy for plant production is sunlight, but the rate is governed jointly by temperature and the availability of water (as captured by actual evapotranspiration, AET). Greater production is then linked to higher diversity because larger population size protects against stochastic extinction (the more individuals mechanism). A greater biomass and diversity of plants allows for a greater diversity of herbivores and so on through the food web, though the correlation with climate (AET) gets progressively weaker at higher trophic levels. This is the basis of the species-energy theory of diversity. The Metabolic Theory of Biodiversity posits a mechanistic explanation for higher diversity in warmer places mediated through an enhanced generation of mutations as a by-product of the faster metabolic rate associated with a higher body temperature. Evidence for this is equivocal, and this mechanism cannot explain the strong association between endotherm species richness and climate. The striking differences between the northern and southern hemispheres point to an important role for history, particularly recent glacial history, in influencing current patterns of diversity. We still lack a comprehensive theory of biological diversity, but evidence points to a complex series of factors being important, with the dominant ones being energy and time (history).

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18

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Characteristics of vaporizing cryogenic sprays for rocket combustion modeling. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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19

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Characteristics of vaporizing cryogenic sprays for rocket combustion modeling. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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20

F, Landrum Peter, and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, eds. Toxicokinetics of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by Diporeia spp.: Effects of temperature and organism size / P.F. Landrum ... [et al.]. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 1998.

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21

R, Buchele Donald, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Scattered-light scanner measurements of cryogenic liquid-jet breakup. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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22

R, Buchele Donald, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Scattered-light scanner measurements of cryogenic liquid-jet breakup. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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23

Scattered-light scanner measurements of cryogenic liquid-jet breakup. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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24

Zwartz, Gordon. Studies in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions using a detector arrays for measuring the temperature and size of the interaction region. 1989.

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25

Clarke, Andrew. Principles of Thermal Ecology: Temperature, Energy, and Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.001.0001.

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Temperature affects everything. It influences all aspects of the physical environment and governs any process that involves a flow of energy, setting boundaries on what an organism can or cannot do. This novel textbook explores the key principles behind the complex relationship between organisms and temperature, namely the science of thermal ecology. It starts providing a rigorous framework for understanding the nature of temperature and the flow of energy in and out of the organism, before describing the influence of temperature on what organisms can do, and how fast they can do it. Central to this is the relationship between temperature and metabolism, which then forms the basis for an exploration of the effects of temperature on growth and size. Two chapters cover first endothermy (including how this expensive lifestyle might have evolved), and then when and how this is suspended in torpor and hibernation. With these fundamental principles covered, the book’s final section explores thermal ecology itself, incorporating the important extra dimension of interactions with other organisms. After an examination of the relationship between temperature, energy and diversity, an entire chapter is devoted to the crucially important subject of the nature of climate change and how organisms are responding to this. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on the need for an understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms, and the important insights that can be gained from the historical and fossil record.

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26

J, Santoro Gilbert, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Determination of convective diffusion heat/mass transfer rates to burner rig test targets comparable in size to cross-stream jet diameter. [Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.

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27

Finkler, Michael S. Effects of temperature, body size, substrate and season on the locomotor performance of three species of Colubrid snake (Nerodia sipedon, Regina septemvittata and Thamnophis sirtalis). 1995.

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28

Narlikar, A. V., and Y. Y. Fu, eds. Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.001.0001.

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This Handbook presents important developments in the field of nanoscience and technology, focusing on the advances made with a host of nanomaterials including DNA and protein-based nanostructures. Topics include: optical properties of carbon nanotubes and nanographene; defects and disorder in carbon nanotubes; roles of shape and space in electronic properties of carbon nanomaterials; size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale; scanning transmission electron microscopy of nanostructures; the use of microspectroscopy to discriminate nanomolecular cellular alterations in biomedical research; holographic laser processing for three-dimensional photonic lattices; and nanoanalysis of materials using near-field Raman spectroscopy. The volume also explores new phenomena in the nanospace of single-wall carbon nanotubes; ZnO wide-bandgap semiconductor nanostructures; selective self-assembly of semi-metal straight and branched nanorods on inert substrates; nanostructured crystals and nanocrystalline zeolites; unusual properties of nanoscale ferroelectrics; structural, electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of carbon-fullerene-based polymers; fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanowires; and properties and potential of protein-DNA conjugates for analytic applications.

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29

Netzer, Falko P., and Claudine Noguera. Oxide Thin Films and Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834618.001.0001.

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Nanostructured oxide materials ultra-thin films, nanoparticles and other nanometer-scale objects play prominent roles in many aspects of our every-day life, in nature and in technological applications, among which is the all-oxide electronics of tomorrow. Due to their reduced dimensions and dimensionality, they strongly interact with their environment gaseous atmosphere, water or support. Their novel physical and chemical properties are the subject of this book from both a fundamental and an applied perspective. It reviews and illustrates the various methodologies for their growth, fabrication, experimental and theoretical characterization. The role of key parameters such as film thickness, nanoparticle size and support interactions in driving their fundamental properties is underlined. At the ultimate thickness limit, two-dimensional oxide materials are generated, whose functionalities and potential applications are described. The emerging field of cation mixing is mentioned, which opens new avenues for engineering many oxide properties, as witnessed by natural oxide nanomaterials such as clay minerals, which, beyond their role at the Earth surface, are now widely used in a whole range of human activities. Oxide nanomaterials are involved in many interdisciplinary fields of advanced nanotechnologies: catalysis, photocatalysis, solar energy materials, fuel cells, corrosion protection, and biotechnological applications are amongst the areas where they are making an impact; prototypical examples are outlined. A cautious glimpse into future developments of scientific activity is finally ventured to round off the treatise.

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30

Jolivet, Jean-Pierre. Metal Oxide Nanostructures Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190928117.001.0001.

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This much-anticipated new edition of Jolivet's work builds on the edition published in 2000. It is entirely updated, restructured and increased in content. The book focuses on the formation by techniques of green chemistry of oxide nanoparticles having a technological interest. Jolivet introduces the most recent concepts and modelings such as dynamics of particle growth, ordered aggregation, ionic and electronic interfacial transfers. A general view of the metal hydroxides, oxy-hydroxides and oxides through the periodic table is given, highlighting the influence of the synthesis conditions on crystalline structure, size and morphology of nanoparticles. The formation of aluminum, iron, titanium, manganese and zirconium oxides are specifically studied. These nanomaterials have a special interest in many technological fields such as ceramic powders, catalysis and photocatalysis, colored pigments, polymers, cosmetics and also in some biological or environmental phenomena.

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31

Maysinger, Dusica, P. Kujawa, and Jasmina Lovrić. Nanoparticles in medicine. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.14.

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This article examines the applications of nanoparticles in medicine. Nanomedicine is a promising field that can make available different nanosystems whose novel, usually size-dependent, physical, chemical and/or biological properties are exploited to combat the disease of interest. One kind of particulate systems represents a vast array of either metallic,semiconductor, polymeric, protein or lipid nanoparticles that can be exploited for diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. This article first provides an overview of general issues related to physicochemical and biological properties of different nanoparticles. It then considers the current problems associated with the use of nanoparticles in medicine and suggests some solutions. It also discusses the interaction of nanoparticles with cells and factors that determine these interactions and concludes with some examples of new approaches for real-time imaging of experimental animals that could be useful, complementary methods for evaluations of effectiveness (or toxicity) of novel nanomaterials andnanomedicines.

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32

Mørup, Steen, Cathrine Frandsen, and Mikkel F. Hansen. Magnetic properties of nanoparticles. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.20.

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This article discusses the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. It first considers magnetic domains and the critical size for single-domain behavior of magnetic nanoparticles before providing an overview of magnetic anisotropy in nanoparticles. It then examines magnetic dynamics in nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on superparamagnetic relaxation and the use of Mössbauer spectroscopy, dc magnetization measurements, and ac susceptibility measurements for studies of superparamagnetic relaxation. It also describes magnetic dynamics below the blocking temperature, magnetic interactions between nanoparticles, and fluctuations of the magnetization directions. Finally, it analyzes the magnetic structure of nanoparticles, focusing on magnetic phase transitions and surface effects, non-collinear spin structures, and magnetic moments of antiferromagnetic nanoparticles.

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33

Clarke, Andrew. The Metabolic Theory of Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0012.

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The model of West, Brown & Enquist (WBE) is built on the assumption that the metabolic rate of cells is determined by the architecture of the vascular network that supplies them with oxygen and nutrients. For a fractal-like network, and assuming that evolution has minimised cardiovascular costs, the WBE model predicts that s=metabolism should scale with mass with an exponent, b, of 0.75 at infinite size, and ~ 0.8 at realistic larger sizes. Scaling exponents ~ 0.75 for standard or resting metabolic rate are observed widely, but far from universally, including in some invertebrates with cardiovascular systems very different from that assumed in the WBE model. Data for field metabolic rate in vertebrates typically exhibit b ~ 0.8, which matches the WBE prediction. Addition of a simple Boltzmann factor to capture the effects of body temperature on metabolic rate yields the central equation of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE). The MTE has become an important strand in ecology, and the WBE model is the most widely accepted physical explanation for the scaling of metabolic rate with body mass. Capturing the effect of temperature through a Boltzmann factor is a useful statistical description but too simple to qualify as a complete physical theory of thermal ecology.

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34

Clarke, Andrew. Global climate change and its ecological consequences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0016.

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The greenhouse effect is a simple consequence of an atmosphere containing gases that are transparent to visible light but which absorb infra-red radiation (radiatively active or greenhouse gases). The temperature of the lower troposphere is set by the radiation balance at the top of the atmosphere, and is determined predominantly by the CO2 concentration. Man has been adding radiatively active gases to the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, and this has led to an increase in the energy in the lower atmosphere, and thus a rise in its temperature. The bulk of the extra energy (~90%) has entered the ocean, which has also warmed significantly over the past century. The rate and extent of warming varies across the planet, depending on local circumstances. Palaeoecological studies have shown that changes in distribution have been a frequent response to climate change, though this requires somewhere for the organisms to move to. Many organisms have shifted their distribution in response to recent climate change. Many organisms have also shifted the timing of life-cycle events (phenology), with migration, breeding in animals, and germination, emergence, leafing and flowering in plants all occurring earlier in some (but not all) species. There are also changes in size, with some species becoming smaller as the climate warms.

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35

Vaughan, David. 3. Minerals and the interior of the Earth. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682843.003.0003.

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‘Minerals and the interior of the Earth’ looks at the role of minerals in plate tectonics during the processes of crystallization and melting. The size and range of minerals formed are dependent on the temperature and pressure of the magma during its movement through the crust. The evolution of the continental crust also involves granite formation and processes of metamorphism. Our understanding of the interior of the Earth is based on indirect evidence, mainly the study of earthquake waves. The Earth consists of concentric shells: a solid inner core; liquid outer core; a solid mantle divided into a lower mantle, a transition zone, and an upper mantle; and then the outer rigid lithosphere.

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36

Wright, A. G. PMT background. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0006.

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Photomultiplier (PMT) background derives from sources of photons, and from photoelectrons generation within a PMT. These may also act as a source of optical and radioactive background for neighbouring detectors. Dark count and dark current are reconciled by allowing for leakage currents flowing into the anode. The optimal gain setting follows from these considerations. Sources of background generated by the photocathode include thermionic emission; light generated within the PMT; gamma rays; muons and minimum ionizing particles (MIPs); insulator glow in the region of the anode; and residual gas. Pulse height distributions for dark counts, in terms of photoelectrons equivalent, reveal the size and magnitude distributions of the various contributions. Temperature and gain dependence are also covered. PMTs constructed from low radioactive glass provide ultra-low background.

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37

Wright, A. G. Secondary emission and gain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0005.

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Secondary-electron emission generates gain in conventional vacuum photomultipliers with discrete dynodes. This is a cascade process involving between 6 and 20 elements. Generally, the higher the number of stages, the higher is the gain and similarly for applied voltage. Gain is dependent on the composition of the dynodes, with SbCs and activated BeO being the most common materials. There are ten different dynode types, each of which serves a particular purpose: for example, operation in high magnetic fields and high temperature. The continuous channel dynode is available as a single unit and as a multichannel structure, the microchannel plate. The quality of a dynode system is described by its single-electron response. Discrete dynodes produce a spread in output size whereas the channel devices are generally operated in saturation. Gain may be quoted as DC, G, and pulsed ‹g› and methods for measuring these parameters are given.

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38

Rez, Peter. Buildings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0003.

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Most of the energy used by buildings goes into heating and cooling. For small buildings, such as houses, heat transfer by conduction through the sides is as much as, if not greater than, the heat transfer from air exchanges with the outside. For large buildings, such as offices and factories, the greater volume-to-surface ratio means that air exchanges are more significant. Lights, people and equipment can make significant contributions. Since the energy used depends on the difference in temperature between the inside and the outside, local climate is the most important factor that determines energy use. If heating is required, it is usually more efficient to use a heat pump than to directly burn a fossil fuel. Using diffuse daylight is always more energy efficient than lighting up a room with artificial lights, although this will set a limit on the size of buildings.

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39

Eckle, Hans-Peter. Models of Quantum Matter. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199678839.001.0001.

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This book focuses on the theory of quantum matter, strongly interacting systems of quantum many–particle physics, particularly on their study using exactly solvable and quantum integrable models with Bethe ansatz methods. Part 1 explores the fundamental methods of statistical physics and quantum many–particle physics required for an understanding of quantum matter. It also presents a selection of the most important model systems to describe quantum matter ranging from the Hubbard model of condensed matter physics to the Rabi model of quantum optics. The remaining five parts of the book examines appropriate special cases of these models with respect to their exact solutions using Bethe ansatz methods for the ground state, finite–size, and finite temperature properties. They also demonstrate the quantum integrability of an exemplary model, the Heisenberg quantum spin chain, within the framework of the quantum inverse scattering method and through the algebraic Bethe ansatz. Further models, whose Bethe ansatz solutions are derived and examined, include the Bose and Fermi gases in one dimension, the one–dimensional Hubbard model, the Kondo model, and the quantum Tavis–Cummings model, the latter a model descendent from the Rabi model.

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40

Zinn, S., and S. L. Semiatin. Elements of Induction Heating. ASM International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.9781627083416.

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Elements of Induction Heating: Design, Control, and Applications discusses the principles of electromagnetic induction and the setup and use of induction heating processes and equipment. The first few chapters cover the theory of induction heating and the factors that must be considered when selecting and configuring components for a given application. As the text explains, the frequency required for efficient heating is determined by the geometry of the coil, the properties, size, and shape of the workpiece, and the need to maintain adequate skin effect. It also depends on proper tuning and load matching, which is explained as well. Subsequent chapters discuss the use of external cooling, temperature sensing, and power-timing devices, the fundamentals of process control, the role of flux concentrators, shields, and susceptors, and the integration of material handling equipment. The book also covers coil design and fabrication and explains how induction heating systems can be tailored for specific applications such as billet and bar heating, surface hardening, pipe welding, tin reflow, powder metal sintering, and brazing, and for curing adhesives and coatings. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-308-8, follow this link.

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41

Araújo, Ana Cláudia Vaz de. Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e nanocompósitos com polianilina. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-120-2.

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In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions around 57 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed average particle diameters around 29 nm, in the same order of magnitude of the crystallite size determined with Scherrer’s equation. These magnetic nanoparticles were used to obtain nanocomposites with polyaniline (PAni). The material was prepared under exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) or under heating, from dispersions of the nanoparticles in an acidic solution of aniline. Unlike other synthetic routes reported elsewhere, this new route does not utilize any additional oxidizing agent. XRD analysis showed the appearance of a second crystalline phase in all the PAni-Fe3O4 composites, which was indexed as goethite. Furthermore, the crystallite size decreases nearly 50 % with the increase in the synthesis time. This size decrease suggests that the nanoparticles are consumed during the synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the amount of polyaniline increases with synthesis time. The nanocomposite electric conductivity was around 10-5 S cm-1, nearly one order of magnitude higher than for pure magnetite. Conductivity varied with the amount of PAni in the system, suggesting that the electric properties of the nanocomposites can be tuned according to their composition. Under an external magnetic field the nanocomposites showed hysteresis behavior at room temperature, characteristic of ferromagnetic materials. Saturation magnetization (MS) for pure magnetite was ~ 74 emu g-1. For the PAni-Fe3O4 nanocomposites, MS ranged from ~ 2 to 70 emu g-1, depending on the synthesis conditions. This suggests that composition can also be used to control the magnetic properties of the material.

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42

Worm, Boris, and Derek P. Tittensor. A Theory of Global Biodiversity (MPB-60). Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154831.001.0001.

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The number of species found at a given point on the planet varies by orders of magnitude, yet large-scale gradients in biodiversity appear to follow some very general patterns. Little mechanistic theory has been formulated to explain the emergence of observed gradients of biodiversity both on land and in the oceans. Based on a comprehensive empirical synthesis of global patterns of species diversity and their drivers, this book develops and applies a new theory that can predict such patterns from few underlying processes. The book shows that global patterns of biodiversity fall into four consistent categories, according to where species live: on land or in coastal, pelagic, and deep ocean habitats. The fact that most species groups, from bacteria to whales, appear to follow similar biogeographic patterns of richness within these habitats points toward some underlying structuring principles. Based on empirical analyses of environmental correlates across these habitats, the book combines aspects of neutral, metabolic, and niche theory into one unifying framework. Applying it to model terrestrial and marine realms, the book demonstrates that a relatively simple theory that incorporates temperature and community size as driving variables is able to explain divergent patterns of species richness at a global scale. Integrating ecological and evolutionary perspectives, the book yields surprising insights into the fundamental mechanisms that shape the distribution of life on our planet.

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43

Becht, IV, Charles. Process Piping: The Complete Guide to ASME B31.3, Fourth Edition. ASME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.883792.

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Fully updated for the 2020 Edition of the ASME B31.3 Code, this fourth edition provides background information, historical perspective, and expert commentary on the ASME B31.3 Code requirements for process piping design and construction. It provides the most complete coverage of the Code that is available today and is packed with additional information useful to those responsible for the design and mechanical integrity of process piping. The author and the primary contributor to the fourth edition, Don Frikken are a long-serving members, and Prior Chairmen, of the ASME B31.3, Process Piping Code committee. Dr. Becht explains the principal intentions of the Code, covering the content of each of the Code's chapters. Book inserts cover special topics such as calculation of refractory lined pipe wall temperature, spring design, design for vibration, welding processes, bonding processes and expansion joint pressure thrust. Appendices in the book include useful information for pressure design and flexibility analysis as well as guidelines for computer flexibility analysis and design of piping systems with expansion joints. From the new designer wanting to known how to size a pipe wall thickness or design a spring to the expert piping engineer wanting to understand some nuance or intent of the code, everyone whose career involves process piping will find this to be a valuable reference.

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44

Kirchman, David L. The physical-chemical environment of microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0003.

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Many physical-chemical properties affecting microbes are familiar to ecologists examining large organisms in our visible world. This chapter starts by reviewing the basics of these properties, such as the importance of water for microbes in soils and temperature in all environments. Another important property, pH, has direct effects on organisms and indirect effects via how hydrogen ions determine the chemical form of key molecules and compounds in nature. Oxygen content is also critical, as it is essential to the survival of all but a few eukaryotes. Light is used as an energy source by phototrophs, but it can have deleterious effects on microbes. In addition to these familiar factors, the small size of microbes sets limits on their physical world. Microbes are said to live in a “low Reynolds number environment”. When the Reynolds number is smaller than about one, viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. For a macroscopic organism like us, moving in a low Reynolds number environment would seem like swimming in molasses. Microbes in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats live in a low Reynolds number world, one of many similarities between the two environments at the microbial scale. Most notably, even soil microbes live in an aqueous world, albeit a thin film of water on soil particles. But the soil environment is much more heterogeneous than water, with profound consequences for biogeochemical processes and interactions among microbes. The chapter ends with a discussion of how the physical-chemical environment of microbes in biofilms is quite different from that of free-living organisms.

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van der Hoeven, Frank, and Alexander Wandl. Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it. TU Delft Open, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.1.

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Heat waves will occur in Rotterdam with greater frequency in the future. Those affected most will be the elderly – a group that is growing in size. In the light of the Paris heat wave of August 2003 and the one in Rotterdam in July 2006, mortality rates among the elderly in particular are likely to rise in the summer. METHOD The aim of the Hotterdam research project was to gain a better understanding of urban heat. The heat was measured and the surface energy balance modelled from that perspective. Social and physical features of the city we identified in detail with the help of satellite images, GIS and 3D models. We determined the links between urban heat/surface energy balance and the social/physical features of Rotterdam by multivariable regression analysis. The crucial elements of the heat problem were then clustered and illustrated on a social and a physical heat map. RESULTS The research project produced two heat maps, an atlas of underlying data and a set of adaptation measures which, when combined, will make the city of Rotterdam and its inhabitants more aware and less vulnerable to heat wave-related health effects. CONCLUSION In different ways, the pre-war districts of the city (North, South, and West) are warmer and more vulnerable to urban heat than are other areas of Rotterdam. The temperature readings that we carried out confirm these findings as far as outdoor temperatures are concerned. Indoor temperatures vary widely. Homes seem to have their particular dynamics, in which the house’s age plays a role. The above-average mortality of those aged 75 and over during the July 2006 heat wave in Rotterdam can be explained by a) the concentration of people in this age group, b) the age of the homes they live in, and c) the sum of sensible heat and ground heat flux. A diverse mix of impervious surfaces, surface water, foliage, building envelopes and shade make one area or district warmer than another. Adaptation measures are in the hands of residents, homeowners and the local council alike, and relate to changing behaviour, physical measures for homes, and urban design respectively.

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