Relevant bibliographies by topics / Size effect in micro-mesoscale

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Academic literature on the topic 'Size effect in micro-mesoscale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Size effect in micro-mesoscale"

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Kim, Gap-Yong, Jun Ni, and Muammer Koç. "Modeling of the Size Effects on the Behavior of Metals in Microscale Deformation Processes." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 129, no. 3 (December 4, 2006): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2714582.

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For the accurate analysis and design of microforming process, proper modeling of material behavior at the micro/mesoscale is necessary by considering the size effects. Two size effects are known to exist in metallic materials. One is the “grain size” effect, and the other is the “feature/specimen size” effect. This study investigated the feature/specimen size effect and introduced a scaling model which combined both feature/specimen and grain size effects. Predicted size effects were compared with three separate experiments obtained from previous research: a simple compression with a round specimen, a simple tension with a round specimen, and a simple tension in sheet metal. The predicted results had a very good agreement with the experiments. Quantification of the miniaturization effect has been achieved by introducing two parameters, α and β, which can be determined by the scaling parameter n, to the Hall–Petch equation. The scaling model offers a simple way to model the size effect down to length scales of a couple of grains and to extend the use of continuum plasticity theories to micro/mesolength scales.
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Lee, Sang Won, Rhett Mayor, and Jun Ni. "Dynamic Analysis of a Mesoscale Machine Tool." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 128, no. 1 (June 21, 2005): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2123007.

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Miniaturized machine tools, referred to as mesoscale machine tools (mMTs) henceforth, have been proposed as a way to manufacture micro/mesoscale mechanical components. A thorough study of the dynamic behavior of the mMT is required for the successful development of its machine structure. This paper demonstrates the development of an mMT, the performance evaluation of its mesoscale milling process, and the characterization of its dynamic behavior. The mMT is developed by using an air turbine spindle and three piezoelectric linear stages, and its volumetric size is 150×70×140mm. A series of micro/mesoscale milling experiments are conducted, and the performances in the developed mMT testbed are evaluated. The dynamic characteristics of the mMT can be different from those of conventional machine tools because the mMT is a miniaturized structure and comprises different machine components. Therefore, the effect of the miniaturization of a structure on the change of its dynamic behavior, called scaling law of the structural dynamics, is studied numerically and experimentally. The dynamic characteristics of the developed mMT that are estimated from the scaling law of the structural dynamics are much different from those obtained from an experimental modal analysis, and the flexible joints of the developed mMT are mainly responsible for this significant difference. Therefore, the joint dynamics of the mMT are studied by introducing an equivalent lumped parameter model, thus enabling simple identification of the joint dynamics and the effective modification of its critical joints to enhance a machining performance.
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Vollertsen, Frank. "Size Effects in Micro Forming." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.3.

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Size effects are effects which might occur, if the dimensions of a forming process are scaled up or down. They might enable or disable the application of a process in the micro range. Based on the systematic order of size effects, which defines density, shape and structure effects, one example for each group is given. A density effect, which occurs in Tiffany structures, explains the changes in forming behavior of foils with respect to the forming limit diagram. The feasibility of a new heading process only in the micro range is due to a shape effect, driven by the surface energy. The changes in the tribology in deep drawing by a structure effect, known as closed an open lubricant pocket model, can be explained only if one takes the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the lubricant into account.
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Lee, Seoung Soo. "Effect of Aerosol on Circulations and Precipitation in Deep Convective Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1957–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0111.1.

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Abstract This study examines the effect of a mesoscale perturbation of aerosol on a larger-scale cloud system driven by deep convective clouds. An aerosol-perturbed domain of size 120 km is prescribed in the middle of the larger-scale domain of size 1100 km. Aerosol perturbations in the mesoscale domain result in an intensification of convection in a mesoscale convective system (MCS). This leads to an intensification of the larger-scale circulations, which in turn leads to an intensification of the larger-scale subsidence. While the invigorated convection enhances precipitation in the MCS, the intensified larger-scale subsidence acts to increase the larger-scale stability and thus to suppress convection and precipitation in the larger-scale domain. The suppression of precipitation in the larger-scale domain outweighs the enhancement of precipitation in the mesoscale domain, leading to suppressed precipitation over the entire domain. The ramifications of aerosol perturbations therefore need to be considered on scales much larger than the scale of the perturbation.
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Wi, Daehan, and Angela Sodemann. "Investigation of the size effect on the resonant behavior of mesoscale cantilever beams." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 23-24 (September 17, 2019): 2946–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319872311.

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A vibrational resonant cantilever beam device is a type of tactile vision substitution device for the visually impaired that has the potential to achieve a high resolution in a small space. In order to realize a device of this type, it is necessary to accurately model the resonant behavior of the mesoscale (0.1–1.0 mm) metal cantilever beams of which the device is composed. Specifically, the natural frequencies and damping ratios of these beams must be analytically modeled in order to design beam dimensions for the device. In this paper, the resonant frequencies and damping ratios of a set of A2 tool-steel mesoscale cantilever beams are obtained using three different methods: calculation based on a mass–spring–damper model of the beams; a forced response experiment; and a free response experiment. The results are compared, and the size effect on stiffness and elastic modulus is investigated. Based on the modified couple stress theory, the length scale parameter is calculated. The damping ratio difference depending on the dimension of material in the mesoscale is also investigated.
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Bhimireddy, Sudheer, and Kiran Bhaganagar. "Performance Assessment of Dynamic Downscaling of WRF to Simulate Convective Conditions during Sagebrush Phase 1 Tracer Experiments." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120505.

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Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) corresponding to four convective intensive observation periods of Sagebrush Phase 1 tracer experiment were conducted with realistic boundary conditions using Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF). Multiple nested domains were used to dynamically downscale the conditions from domain with grid size of 24 km to local scales with grid size of 150 m. Sensitivity analysis of mesoscale model was conducted using three boundary layer, three surface layer and two micro-physics schemes. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the surface meteorological variables and boundary layer height from the mesoscale runs and observed values during tracer experiment. Output from mesoscale simulations was used to drive the LES domains. Effect of vertical resolution and sub-grid scale parameterizations were studied by comparing the wind speed and direction profiles along with turbulent kinetic energy at two different heights. Atmospheric stability estimated using the Richardson number and shear exponent evaluated between 8- and 60-m levels was found to vary between weakly unstable to unstable. Comparing the wind direction standard deviations coupled with the wind speeds showed that the WRF-LES underestimated the wind direction fluctuations for wind speeds smaller than 3-ms − 1 . Based on the strengths of convection and shear, WRF-LES was able to simulate horizontal convection roll and convective cell type features.
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Huang, You Min, and Yao Min Chang. "Size Effect on Micro Tensile Test of Copper." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.108.

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There has been a significant research interest in metal micro-forming for the last ten years. However, neither a methodology nor an exact micro mechanical property has been well determined. Hence, several experiments are carried out in this research to point out the influence of “size effect”. Based on the comparison between the experimental data and relevant parameters, the material characteristics in micro scale can be found. In order to find the mechanical properties in micro scale, this study shows the effect of specimen size and grain size on the micro tensile test of copper material. Firstly, five copper micro-sheets with different thicknesses have been chosen as experimental materials. Since the minimum standard test piece formulated in ASTM is still too big for this micro tensile test, this study decided to shrink the sample size of specimen shape to 1/2 . Then the flow stress decreases with decreasing specimen size. This way is able to get the important factor which influence the flow stress on the micro tensile test. Secondly, these samples of different grain sizes are made by heat treatment. Then these samples of different grain sizes are used to conduct the experiment. According to the experimental result, the change of flow stress, which is influenced by various grain sizes, can be found. Finally, the change in the mechanical behavior between specimen size and grain size is obtained.
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Jang, Jin Man, Won Sik Lee, Hyong Jae Lee, Yong In Kim, Se Hyun Ko, Seong Ho Son, and Sung Cheol Park. "Size Effect in Sintering of Micro Metal Injection Molded Part." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.137.

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Micro gears with different dimension were fabricated by micro metal injection molding and sintering behavior of the micro gear was investigated. For this, ultraprecision micro molds were prepared by micro electroforming. The sintered micro gears had outer diameter of 470μm and 250 μm, respectively. From the sintering results at 1200°C and 1250°C, the grain growth and the degree of thermal etching depend dominantly on the size of micro part rather than micro feature size. The sintering temperature of micro parts should be lower than that of macro components.
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Abbas, Eman, and Alaa H. AlZuhairi. "Effect of Maximum Size of Aggregate on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Analyzed using Meso Scale Modeling." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.05.10.

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In this study, simply supported reinforced concrete (RC) beams were analyzed using the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM). This is a powerful method that is used for the treatment of discontinuities resulting from the fracture process and crack propagation in concrete. The mesoscale is used in modeling concrete as a two-phasic material of coarse aggregate and cement mortar. Air voids in the cement paste will also be modeled. The coarse aggregate used in the casting of these beams is a rounded aggregate consisting of different maximum sizes. The maximum size is 25 mm in the first model, and in the second model, the maximum size is 20 mm. The compressive strength used in these beams is equal to 26 MPa. The subjects of this study are two RC beams subjected to a two-point loading designed to fail due to flexure. The RC beams under loading were studied in the laboratory as well as numerically. ABAQUS program was used for modeling and analyzing the RC beams. The mesoscale modeling that was used to model the concrete required used a special program using different programs but has not used the ABAQUS program directly. The result of the comparison between the numerical and experimental showed that the mesoscale numerical model gave results that were more approximate to the experimental ones, and the mesoscale modeling of reinforced concrete is most convenient when the maximum size of aggregate is decreased.
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Liu, Qiqian, Wenzhi Fu, Cheng Lu, Kiet Tieu, and Mingzhe Li. "Size Effect in Micro Multi-Point Sheet Forming." Advanced Science Letters 4, no. 6 (July 1, 2011): 2054–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2011.1571.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Size effect in micro-mesoscale"

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Mian, Aamer Jalil. "Size effect in micromachining." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/size-effect-in-micromachining(91bf7280-a937-4509-9c40-4ff2e36d26c6).html.

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The world is experiencing a growing demand for miniaturised products. Micro-milling, using carbide micro tools has the potential for direct, economical manufacture of micro parts from a wide range of workpiece materials. However, in previous studies several critical issues have been identified that preclude the direct application of macro machining knowledge in the micro domain through simple dimensional analysis. The research presented in this thesis focused on some of the areas that require development of the scientific knowledge base to enable determining improved microscale cutting performance. In the mechanical micro machining of coarse grained materials, the programmed undeformed chip thickness can be lower than the length scale of the workpiece grains. Moreover, when the microstructure of such materials is composed of more than one phase, the micro cutting process can be undertaken at a length scale where this heterogeneity has to be considered. Driven by this challenge, the material microstructure 'size effect' on micro-machinability of coarse grain steel materials was investigated in this PhD. In this regard, a predominantly single phase ferritic workpiece steel material and another workpiece material with near balanced ferrite/pearlite volume fractions was studied over a range of feedrates. The results suggested that for micro machined parts, differential elastic recovery between phases leads to higher surface roughness when the surface quality of micro machined multiphase phase material is compared to that of single phase material. On the other hand, for single phase predominantly ferritic materials, reducing burr size and tool wear are major challenges. In micro machining the so called 'size effect' has been identified as critical in defining the process performance. However, an extensive literature search had indicated that there was no clear reported evidence on the effect of process variables on driving this size effect phenomenon. It is often assumed in literature that the un-deformed chip thickness was the main factor driving the size effect. This limit manufactures to only altering the feedrate to try and influence size effect. To explore the significance of a range of inputs variables and specifically, cutting variables on the size effect, micro cutting tests were conducted on Inconel 718 nickel alloy. Taguchi methodology along with signal processing techniques were applied to micro milling acoustic emission signals to identify frequency/energy bands and hence size effect specific process mechanism. The dominant cutting parameters for size effect characteristics were determined by analysis of variance. These findings show that despite most literature focussing on chip thickness as the dominant parameter on size effect, the cutting velocity is a dominant factor on size effect related process performance. This suggests that manipulating the cutting speed can also be a very effective strategy in optimising surface finish in micro machining and in breaking the lower limit of micro machining.In micro machining the lower limit of the process window is set by the minimum chip thickness. Identifying this limit is thus important for establishing the process window. Process windows are valuable guidelines for industrial selection of cutting conditions. Additionally, understanding factors that influence the value of minimum chip thickness is even more important for progressing micro machining capability to the nano-scale machining regime. For this reason, in this PhD study, acoustic emission signatures emanating from microscale milling of six different workpiece materials were characterised to identify the rubbing mode and this enabled the identification of the threshold conditions for occurrence of minimum chip thickness. The minimum chip thickness predicted by this novel approach compares reasonably well to the values that exist in published literature. Additionally, the decomposition of raw acoustic signal allowed the determination of energy levels corresponding to deformation mechanisms. The PhD work provides significant and new knowledge on the utility and importance of acoustic emission signals in characterising chip formation in micro machining. A novel method for determining the minimum chip thickness was developed, micro machining chip formation mechanisms were identified and the machinability of coarse grained multiphase material is presented.
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Leung, Pak Kin. "Size effect in micro and nano bubble actuators /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202006%20LEUNG.

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Gu, Rui, and 顧瑞. "Size effect on deformation of aluminum and duralumin micro-pillars." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206336.

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It is by now well-known that micron-sized metallic crystals exhibit a smaller-being-stronger size effect: the yield strength σvaries with specimen size D approximately as a power law σ~D^(-m)_, and the exponent m has been found to vary within a range of ~0.3 to ~1.0 for different metals. However, little is known about why such a power law comes into play, and what determines the actual value of the exponent m involved. In this study, the power-law scaling of size effect on strength in micro-crystals is explained in terms of the Taylor-type resistance in the dislocation network distribution in the specimen. Theoretical analysis shows that the power-law dependence of yield strength of metallic micro-specimens is derived from a fractal geometry of the initial dislocation network, with m = 3/(q + n) where q is the fractal dimension and n the stress exponent of dislocation velocity. Moderate departures of the initial dislocation structure from an exact fractal geometry may also yield approximate power-law dependence of strength on size. The plastic deformation of micro-pillars is also known to be affected by whether dislocations can escape easily from the material volume, and the extent to which they mutually interact during the deformation. In the present work, pre-straining and coating are used to modify the initial dislocation content and the constraints on the escape of dislocations. Aluminum micro-pillars with or without thin coating by tungsten deposition and pre-straining, were compressed using a flat-punch nanoindenter to study their plasticity behavior. The results reveal very different behavior between specimens in the size regime of a few microns and that about one micron, suggesting that the dominant hardening mechanisms are different. As mentioned above, pure and pristine metal micro-specimens have been found to exhibit very strong size dependence of strength, but alloyed counterparts with a much refined microstructural length scale due to the precipitates present are unknown in this aspect. Here, compression tests on duralumin (aluminum 2025 alloy) micro-pillars reveal a much weaker size dependence of strength compared to pure Al, indicating the predominance of the internal length scale in determining strength. Moreover, two-dimensional dislocation dynamics simulations are used to study precipitate strengthening effects in duralumin micro-pillars. The results show that a refined microstructure may resist and slow down the movement of dislocations inside the confined volume, leading to hardening and weak size dependence of strength. In addition to the compression behavior, the size dependence of the creep behavior of duralumin micro-pillars is also investigated at room temperature. The effects of an internal grain boundary are also investigated. The results reveal that peak-aged duralumin pillars show increasingly significant creep with increasing pillar size, with a typical creep rate of ~〖10〗^(-4) S^(-1) which is drastically larger than that of bulk at room temperature. The bi-crystalline pillars creep even faster than the single crystalline counterparts. TEM examination of the deformed microstructures reveals that the creep rate depends on the residual dislocation density, indicating that dislocations are the agents for creep. Theoretical modeling suggests that the steadystate creep rate is proportional to the lifetime of mobile dislocations, which rises with specimen size in the microns range due to the fact that the dislocations are not easily pinned in this range, therefore they spend longer time in viscous motion across the specimen, leading to a higher strain rate according to the Orowan equation.
published_or_final_version
Mechanical Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Li, Yuan. "General size effect in the Hall-Petch effect and in micromechanical deformation." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25904.

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This thesis is a study of the size effect. Improvements on both theoretical work and experimental design are involved in this thesis. The theoretical section focuses on the grain size effect, while the experimental section is related to the micro-foil bending test. Both classic experimental data and theories for the Hall-Petch relationship are reviewed comprehensively. The fitting of the datasets show that the inverse square-root dependence and simple inverse expressions are equally good. The fully Bayesian analysis strongly suggests that the latter is correct. Since the physical mechanism underlying the simple inverse dependence is a general size effect, the precise description of the Hall-Petch effect is that it is a manifestation of the general size effect, instead of having its own special character. Improvements on the classic Stolken and Evans' micro-foil bending experiments are also carried out in this thesis. The smart design of the new equipment eliminates the big risk of error in the classic experiment. By using the new device, precise datasets from the elastic region through the yield point and to high plastic strain area can be obtained. The initial results correspond well with the old published data.
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Jiao, Feifei. "Investigation on micro-cutting mechanics with application to micro-milling." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12066.

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Nowadays technology development places increasing demands on miniature and micro components and products, and micro-milling is one of the most flexible machining processes in manufacturing 3D structures and complex structured surfaces. A thorough and scientific understanding on fundamentals of the micro-milling process is essential for applying it in an industrial scale. Therefore, in-depth scientific understanding of the micro-cutting mechanics is critical, particularly on size effect, minimum chip thickness, chip formation, tool wear and cutting temperature, etc. so as to fulfil the gap between fundamentals and industrial scale applications. Therefore, three key fundamental research topics are determined for this research, and a comprehensive study on those topics is conducted by means of modeling, simulation, experiments. The topics include chip formation process in micro-milling, novel cutting force modeling in multiscale and study on the tool wear and process monitoring. The investigation into chip formation process in micro-milling consists of three stages; the micro-cutting process is firstly simulated by means of FEA with a primary focus on finding the minimum chip thickness for different tool/material pair and explaining the size effect; the simulation results are then validated by conducting micro-cutting experiment on the ultra-precision lathe. Experiments are carried out on aluminium 6082-T6 with both natural diamond and tungsten carbide tool. By knowing the minimum chip thickness for different tool/material pair, the chip formation process is investigated by performing comparative study by using the diamond and tungsten carbide micro-milling tools. As the minimum chip thickness for diamond micro-milling tool is smaller than that for tungsten carbide tool compared to nominal chip thickness, MCT is ignored in diamond micro-milling. Thus the comparative study is conducted by utilizing both tools with perfectly sharpened cutting edge and tools with the rounded cutting edge in micro-milling. The chips are inspected and associated with cutting force variations in the micro-milling process. The findings are further consolidated by comparing with research results by other researchers. The cutting force modeling is developed in three different aspects, e.g. cutting force on the unit length or area and cutting force on the unit volume in order to better understand the micro-cutting mechanics in aspects of size effect, tool wear mechanism and the cutting energy consumption. The mathematical modeling firstly starts with a novel instantaneous chip thickness algorithm, in which the instantaneous chip thickness is computed by taking account of the change of tool geometry brought about by the tool runout; then the collected cutting forces are utilized to calibrate the model coefficients. For accurate measurement on cutting forces, the Kalman Filter technique is employed to compensate the distortion of the measured cutting force. Model calibration is implemented using least-square method. The proposed cutting force model is then applied in micro-milling to represent the conditions of tool wear and the cutting energy consumption. Further study on the surface generation simulation is based on force model and its comparison with the machined surface is also performed. Cutting experiments using the new tungsten carbide tool are carried out and the tool wear is monitored offline at different machining stages. The dominant tool wear types are characterised. Tool wear is investigated by mainly analysing cutting force at different tool wear status. Frequency analysis by Fourier Transform and Wavelet Transform are carried out on the force signals, and features closely related to the tool wear status are identified and extracted. The potential of applying these features to monitoring the tool wear process is then discussed. Experimental studies to machine the structured surface and nano-metric level surface roughness are presented, the machining efficiency, dimensional accuracy and tool-path strategies are optimised so as to achieve the desired outcomes. Moreover, investigation on cutting temperature in micro-cutting is also studied to some extent by means of simulation; the influence of cutting edge radius on cutting temperature is particularly investigated. Investigation on above aspects provides systematic exploration into the micro-milling process and can contribute substantially to future micro-milling applications.
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Liu, Kai. "Process modeling of micro-cutting including strain gradient effects." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11112005-142011/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.
Melkote, Shreyes, Committee Chair ; Zhou, Min, Committee Member ; Liang, Steven, Committee Member ; Thadhani, Naresh, Committee Member ; Haj-Ali, Rami, Committee Member. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Subbiah, Sathyan. "Some Investigations of Scaling Effects in Micro-Cutting." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13938.

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The scaling of specific cutting energy is studied when micro-cutting ductile metals. A unified framework for understanding the scaling in specific cutting energy is first presented by viewing the cutting force as a combination of constant, increasing, and decreasing force components, the independent variable being the uncut chip thickness. Then, an attempt is made to isolate the constant force component by performing high rake angle orthogonal cutting experiments on OFHC Copper. The data shows a trend towards a constant cutting force component as the rake angle is increased. In order to understand the source of this constant force component the chip-root is investigated. By quickly stopping the spindle at low cutting speeds, the chip is frozen and the chip-workpiece interface is examined in a scanning electron microscope. Evidence of ductile tearing ahead of the cutting tool is seen at low and high rake angles. At higher cutting speeds a quick-stop device is used to obtain chip-roots. These experiments also clearly indicate evidence of ductile fracture ahead of the cutting tool in both OFHC Copper and Al-2024 T3. To model the cutting process with ductile fracture leading to material separation the finite element method is used. The model is implemented in a commercial finite element software using the explicit formulation. Material separation is modeled via element failure. The model is then validated using the measured cutting and thrust forces and used to study the energy consumed in cutting. As the thickness of layer removed is reduced the energy consumed in material separation becomes important. Simulations also show that the stress state ahead of the tool is favorable for ductile fracture to occur. Ductile fracture in three locations in an interface zone at the chip root is seen while cutting with edge radius tool. A hypothesis is advanced wherein an element gets wrapped around the tool edge and is stretched in two directions leading to fracture. The numerical model is then used to study the difference in stress state and energy consumption between a sharp tool and a tool with a non-zero edge radius.
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Elbishari, Haitham Idris. "Characterisation of the effect of filler size on handling, mechanical and surface properties of resin composites." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/characterisation-of-the-effect-of-filler-size-on-handling-mechanical-and-surface-properties-of-resin-composites(64a8b96f-1cd0-459c-9865-1c5f35567982).html.

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Resin composites have been in the dental field for over forty years. They are now thought to be the most commonly used restorative material due to their aesthetic and mechanical properties. Although resin composites have high success rates as restorations, they do not offer all properties of an ideal restorative material. The aims of this research were to characterise the effects of variation in resin composite formulation on handling, mechanical; and physical properties. In particular the influence of the size and distribution of the inorganic components was investigated through the study of experimental formulations. Packing stress and viscosity were assessed with pentrometer principle at two different temperatures (23 and 37 ºC). It was found that filler size was strongly correlated with both packing stress and viscosity. Additionally, temperature has a dominant effect on packing stress and viscosity. Micro computed tomography [μCT] was used to investigate percentage of voids [% voids] in 3D dimensions. It was found that smaller filler size incorporated less % voids. In contrast filler size and disruption had a little effect on fracture toughness of resin composites. 3D surface topography was used to investigate the surface roughness before and after tooth brush abrasion. It was found filler size had a significant influence in both gloss retention and surface roughness (smaller filler size exhibited higher surface gloss). Finally, the effect of different storage media (distilled water, Coca Cola and red wine) on colour stability and gloss were investigated. It was found that dietary habits effect discolouration of resin composite restorations with the acidic drinks caused more staining.
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Sjölander, Anna. "The effect of water chemistry and fibre-size distribution on dissolved air flotation efficiency." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19306.

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The purpose of this diploma work was to investigate the problem of insufficient fibre recovery in the dissolved air flotation-cell at the new thermomechanical pulping-line at Braviken Paper Mill. An investigation of the effect of process parameters on the removal efficiency in the micro-flotation process was undertaken.

The experiments were carried out for two setups at the Noss pilot plant with a small-scale flotation unit. Factorial design helped plan the experiments and four factors were controlled; temperature, fibre-size distribution, water quality and feed concentration. Three samples, feed, overflow and filtrate, were taken from each experiment and concentration measurements were made. The results were analyzed using the software MODDE.

The results from showed an influence from the fibre-size distribution. To see if the fibre-size distribution really had an effect on the results, follow-up experiments were carried out. These experiments showed no influence from temperature, fibre-size distribution or water quality. This concludes that none of those three factors influenced the results significantly.

Additional experiments were done to examine the influence from concentration and fibre-size distribution on the flotation efficiency and these showed an influence from the feed concentration. When increasing the feed concentration the efficiency of the flotation process decreased.

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Demiral, Murat. "Enhanced gradient crystal-plasticity study of size effects in B.C.C. metal." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11634.

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Owing to continuous miniaturization, many modern high-technology applications such as medical and optical devices, thermal barrier coatings, electronics, micro- and nano-electro mechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS), gems industry and semiconductors increasingly use components with sizes down to a few micrometers and even smaller. Understanding their deformation mechanisms and assessing their mechanical performance help to achieve new insights or design new material systems with superior properties through controlled microstructure at the appropriate scales. However, a fundamental understanding of mechanical response in surface-dominated structures, different than their bulk behaviours, is still elusive. In this thesis, the size effect in a single-crystal Ti alloy (Ti15V3Cr3Al3Sn) is investigated. To achieve this, nanoindentation and micropillar (with a square cross-section) compression tests were carried out in collaboration with Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Switzerland. Three-dimensional finite element models of compression and indentation with an implicit time-integration scheme incorporating a strain-gradient crystal-plasticity (SGCP) theory were developed to accurately represent deformation of the studied body-centered cubic metallic material. An appropriate hardening model was implemented to account for strain-hardening of the active slip systems, determined experimentally. The optimized set of parameters characterizing the deformation behaviour of Ti alloy was obtained based on a direct comparison of simulations and the experiments. An enhanced model based on the SGCP theory (EMSGCP), accounting for an initial microstructure of samples in terms of different types of dislocations (statistically stored and geometrically necessary dislocations), was suggested and used in the numerical analysis. This meso-scale continuum theory bridges the gap between the discrete-dislocation dynamics theory, where simulations are performed at strain rates several orders of magnitude higher than those in experiments, and the classical continuum-plasticity theory, which cannot explain the dependence of mechanical response on a specimen s size since there is no length scale in its constitutive description. A case study was performed using a cylindrical pillar to examine, on the one hand, accuracy of the proposed EMSGCP theory and, on the other hand, its universality for different pillar geometries. An extensive numerical study of the size effect in micron-size pillars was also implemented. On the other hand, an anisotropic character of surface topographies around indents along different crystallographic orientations of single crystals obtained in numerical simulations was compared to experimental findings. The size effect in nano-indentation was studied numerically. The differences in the observed hardness values for various indenter types were investigated using the developed EMSGCP theory.
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Books on the topic "Size effect in micro-mesoscale"

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A, Fisher Jeffrey. The plague makers: How we are creating catastrophic new epidemics-- and what we must do to avert them. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.

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Falco, Paolo, Henrik Hansen, John Rand, Finn Tarp, and Neda Trifković. Good business practices improve productivity in Myanmar’s manufacturing sector: Evidence from two matched employer–employee surveys. 45th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/983-9.

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We look into the relationship between business practices and enterprise productivity using panel data with matched employer and employee information from Myanmar. The data show that micro, small, and medium-size enterprises in Myanmar typically do only a few modern business practices. Even so, through estimates of value-added functions and labour demand relations we find a positive and economically important association between business practices and productivity. The results are confirmed when we utilize employer–employee information to estimate Mincer-type wage regressions. In combination, the value-added functions and the Mincer regressions show that at least half of the productivity gain from improved business practices stems from selection effects of employment of more productive workers. This sorting channel is important to keep in mind when supporting enterprises in Myanmar’s manufacturing sector through entrepreneurial training activities. While our results indicate that implementation of more structured business practices could be a key ingredient of a private sector development strategy in Myanmar, the full effect of such a strategy may take time to materialize. Moreover, entrepreneurial training should be accompanied by labour market initiatives aimed at improving productive matches of employers and employees.
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Chu, C. Y. Cyrus. Population Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121582.001.0001.

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Population Dynamics fills the gap between the classical supply-side population theory of Malthus and the modern demand-side theory of economic demography. In doing so, author Cyrus Chu investigates specifically the dynamic macro implications of various static micro family economic decisions. Holding the characteristic composition of the macro population to always be an aggregate result of some corresponding individual micro decision, Chu extends his research on the fertility-related decisions of families to an analysis of other economic determinations. Within this framework, Chu studies the income distribution, attitude composition, job structure, and aggregate savings and pensions of the population. While in some cases a micro-macro connection is easily established under regular behavioral assumptions, in several chapters Chu enlists the mathematical tool of branching processes to determine the connection. Offering a wealth of detail, this book provides a balanced discussion of background motivation, theoretical characterization, and empirical evidence in an effort to bring about a renewal in the economic approach to population dynamics. This welcome addition to the research and theory of economic demography will interest professional economists as well as professors and graduate students of economics.
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Reintges, Chris H., and Sonia Cyrino. Analyticization and the syntax of the synthetic residue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0010.

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Current understanding of syntactic variation and change relies on the notion of parameters of varying magnitude (micro- and macroparameters). This chapter focuses on the flipside of parameter change, namely the retention and survival of synthetic morphological structure in a context of widespread analyticization. The global effects of synthetic-to-analytic drift are examined in two diachronic scenarios: one in which the process has almost, though not entirely been completed (Coptic Egyptian), and another one in which the process is still under way (Brazilian Portuguese). Coptic has gone very far in abandoning its former synthetic features and thus exhibits a high degree of analyticity. In Brazilian Portuguese, the analyticization process is an advanced state, with synthetically inflected tenses exhibiting a decreasing productivity and gradually being replaced by the corresponding auxiliary verb constructions in the spoken language. The restriction on verb movement is a side effect of ongoing analyticization that affects language’s word order.
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Müller, A., S. E. C. Dale, and M. A. Engbarth. Micromagnetic Measurements on Electrochemically Grown Mesoscopic Superconductors. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.10.

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This article examines the behavior of superconductivity in mesoscopic type-I superconductors based on micromagnetic measurements on two electrochemically grown mesoscopic superconductors, namely lead and tin. It first provides an overview of the basic properties of mesoscopic superconductivity and the interface between two different superconductors that are in close contact with one another. It then describes the electrochemical preparation of β-tin samples in a variety of shapes and sizes in the mesoscopic regime. It also presents the results of micromagnetic measurements, carried out using micro-Hall probes, including observations of the vortex states in mesoscopic tin and lead triangles and of proximity effects in lead/tin core–shell structures.
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Levin, Dov H. Meddling in the Ballot Box. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519882.001.0001.

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This book examines why partisan electoral interventions occur as well as their effects on the election results in countries in which the great powers intervened. A new dataset shows that the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one out of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 in other countries in order to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties; the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections is just the latest example. Nevertheless, electoral interventions receive scant scholarly attention. This book develops a new theoretical model to answer both questions. It argues that electoral interventions are usually “inside jobs,” occurring only if a significant domestic actor within the target wants it. Likewise, electoral interventions won’t happen unless the intervening country fears its interests are endangered by another significant party or candidate with very different and inflexible preferences. As for the effects it argues that such meddling usually gives a significant boost to the preferred side, with overt interventions being more effective than covert ones in this regard. However, unlike in later elections, electoral interventions in founding elections usually harm the aided side. A multi-method framework is used in order to study these questions, including in-depth archival research into six cases in which the U.S. seriously considered intervening, the statistical analysis of the aforementioned dataset (PEIG), and a micro-level analysis of election surveys from three intervention cases. It also includes a preliminary analysis of the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections and the cyber-future of such meddling in general.
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Book chapters on the topic "Size effect in micro-mesoscale"

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Guruprasad, Thimmappa Shetty, Shantanu Bhattacharya, and Sumit Basu. "Investigation of Size Effect Through In-Situ SEM Testing of Polystyrene Micropillars." In Micro and Nanomechanics, Volume 5, 33–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42228-2_6.

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Nagoshi, Takashi, Tso-Fu Mark Chang, Tatsuo Sato, and Masato Sone. "Size Effect on the Electrodeposited Nickel Investigated by Micro-compression Test." In Materials for Energy Infrastructure, 33–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-724-6_4.

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Baek, Eung Ryul, Sugen Supriadi, Chul Jin Choi, Byong Taek Lee, and Jae Wook Lee. "Effect of Particle Size in Feedstock Properties in Micro Powder Injection Molding." In Progress in Powder Metallurgy, 349–52. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-419-7.349.

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Chae, Young Hun. "Effect of Size for Micro-Scale Dimples on Surface under Lubricated Sliding Contact." In The Mechanical Behavior of Materials X, 765–68. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-440-5.765.

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Izquierdo, Javier, Jorge Vicente, Roberto Aguado, and Martin Olazar. "Effect of the Technique Used for the Particle Size Analysis on the Cut Size of a Micro-hydrocyclone." In Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering, 293–301. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54410-2_21.

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Wang, J., R. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Ye, X. Zhang, and S. Tu. "Micro-notch Size Effect on Small Fatigue Crack Propagation of Nickel-Based Superalloy GH4169." In Structural Integrity, 187–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13980-3_25.

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Zhu, Chengxi, Jie Xu, Haiping Yu, Debin Shan, and Bin Guo. "Grain Size Effect on Formability in Electromagnetically Assisted Micro-Bulging of Pure Titanium Sheet." In Forming the Future, 1351–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_112.

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El Meguenni, M., B. Bachir Bouiadjra, M. Benguediab, A. Ziadi, M. Naït-Abdelaziz, and F. Zaïri. "Micro-cavity Effect on the Plastic Zone Size ahead of the Crack Tip in Confined Plasticity." In Particle and Continuum Aspects of Mesomechanics, 229–36. London, UK: ISTE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470610794.ch22.

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Anand Krishnan, N., G. Venkatesh, and Jose Mathew. "Investigations on the Influence of Size Effect on Surface Characteristics During Micro-End Milling of Inconel 718." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 177–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9425-7_15.

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Yuan, Xiao Wen, Debes Bhattacharyya, and Allan Easteal. "Effect of Coupling Agents and Particle Size on Mechanical Performance of Polyethylene Composites Comprising Wollastonite Micro-Fibres." In Advances in Composite Materials and Structures, 265–68. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-427-8.265.

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Conference papers on the topic "Size effect in micro-mesoscale"

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Tseng, Yuan-Tai, Fan-Gang Tseng, and Ching-Chang Chieng. "Size Effect on Micro-Droplet Movement Due to Marangoni Effect." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47163.

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Fundamental physics are studied on the movement of droplets for sizes ranging from 0.1 μl to 1.0 μl on a solid surface subjected to temperature gradients using numerical computations and the comparison with experiments. The receding/advancing contact angles relating to the droplet size and shape are the key parameters of droplet moving and the differences subjected to the temperature gradients induce unbalanced recirculation zones inside the moving droplet, thus induces driving force to drag the droplet. It is found that droplet of smaller size moves faster with smoothly changing speed and the droplet of larger size moves with fluctuating speed and the average moving speed is roughly the same magnitude as that with two-dimensional heating.
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Bouchey, Stephanie N. Q., and Jeromy T. Hollenshead. "Mesoscale modeling and debris generation in hypervelocity impacts." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-017.

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Abstract Material fragmentation after a hypervelocity impact is of interest to predictive electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR) modeling. Successful comparisons with data require that submicron fragments are generated in such impacts; however, experimental data has so far been unable to produce fragments of this scale [e.g., 1-3]. This effort investigated the generation of predicted debris from hypervelocity impact of a sphere on a flat, semi-infinite plate. It is hypothesized that explicit modeling of grains, especially in the presence of void and varying grain properties, may lead to differences in predicted strain rates (locally higher) associated with the grain boundaries. Such an effect may lead to smaller predicted fragments sizes than when using the traditional bulk modeling approach and may provide improved understanding of fragmentation modeling in hypervelocity impacts. Comparisons of predicted strain rates at failure (a proxy for fragment size) and material temperature were made between simulations run using a bulk modeling approach and a mesoscale grain modeling approach.
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Sato, Hideki, Ken-ichi Manabe, Dongbin Wei, and Zhengyi Jiang. "Numerical modeling of size effect in micro hydromechanical deep drawing." In NUMISHEET 2014: The 9th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes: Part A Benchmark Problems and Results and Part B General Papers. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4850121.

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Min, Bok-Ki, In-Sung Kim, Soon-Jong Jeong, and Jae-Sung Song. "Coating materials and particle size effect of nano- and micro-sized iron powder composites." In Microelectronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology, edited by Jung-Chih Chiao, Andrew S. Dzurak, Chennupati Jagadish, and David V. Thiel. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.638573.

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Wan, Yanling, Bin Dong, Lining Xu, Jinkai Xu, Huadong Yu, and Zhanjiang Yu. "Effect of micro-groove size on the hydrophobicity of aluminum surface." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3m-nano.2016.7824924.

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Liu, Kai, Sathyan Subbiah, and Shreyes N. Melkote. "Material Strengthening Mechanisms and Their Contribution to Size Effect in Micro-Cutting." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81477.

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The specific cutting energy in machining is known to increase nonlinearly with decrease in uncut chip thickness. It has been reported in the literature that this phenomenon is dependent on several factors such as material strengthening, ploughing due to finite edge radius, and material separation effects. This paper examines the material strengthening effect where the material strength increases as the uncut chip thickness decreases down to a few microns. This increase in strength has been attributed to various factors such as strain-rate, strain gradient and temperature effects. Given that the increase in material strength in the primary and secondary deformation zones can occur due to many factors, it is important to understand the contributions of each factor to the increase in specific cutting energy and the conditions under which they are dominant. This paper analyzes two material strengthening factors: (i) the contribution of the decrease in the secondary deformation zone cutting temperature, and (ii) strain gradient strengthening, and their relative contributions to the increase in specific cutting energy as the uncut chip thickness is reduced. Finite Element (FE) based orthogonal cutting simulations are performed using aluminum 5083-H116, a work material with a small strain-rate hardening exponent, thus minimizing strain-rate effect. Suitable cutting conditions are identified under which the temperature and strain gradient effects are dominant. Orthogonal cutting experiments are used to validate the model in terms of the cutting forces. The simulation results are then analyzed to identify the contributions of the material strengthening factors to the size effect in specific cutting energy.
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Li, Chunhui, and Chi Wang. "The Size Effect on Critical Back Pressure Ratio for Sonic Nozzles." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18097.

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As an important parameter, the critical back pressure ratio is directly related with the application of sonic nozzle. When the stagnation condition was fixed, the size effect on critical back pressure ratio was investigated. Some numerical simulations were conducted for sonic nozzles with throat diameter within (0.15–5) mm under laminar flow. From the simulation results, it was clear that the critical back pressure ratio decreased with throat diameter decreasing. From the analyses of flow filed for sonic nozzles with different throat diameters, the most possible reason was the strong interaction between core flow and boundary layer near to the wall, which intensified with throat diameter increasing. As a result, the boundary layer effect decreased with the throat diameter increased, which resulted in the increase of critical pressure ratio with the throat diameter increasing.
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Darvishian, Ali, Hamid Moeenfard, and Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian. "Influence of Fringing Field Effect on the Pull-In of Size Dependent Micro-Beams." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89238.

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This study investigates influence of fringing field effect on the voltage dependent behavior of electrostatically actuated micro-beams. For this purpose, the size dependent beam model is used. Strain gradient formulation is utilized to consider size effects. The effect of fringing field effect on the beam’s behavior is investigated and it is shown that lack of considering the fringing field effect in the formulation of the problem may lead to considerable error in predicting the size dependent micro-beams behavior under the effect of electrostatic actuation. The results of this research can be used for safe and stable design of electrostatically actuated micro-beams.
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S. M, Afazov, Ratchev S. M, and Segal J. "FE Modelling of Size-effect in Micro-machining using the Strain Gradient Plasticity Theory." In 7th International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-6555-9_159.

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Yu, Kuahai, and Danesh Tafti. "Size and Temperature Dependent Deposition Model of Micro-Sized Sand Particles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63792.

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Sand ingestion and deposition in gas turbine engine components can lead to several operational hazards. This paper discusses a physics based model for modeling the impact and deposition of sand particles. The collision model divides the impact process into three stages, the elastic stage, the elastic-plastic stage, and full plastic stage. The recovery stage is assumed to be fully elastic. The contact force, contact radius and work of contact force are conformed to the Hertzian theory, using “Young’s modulus similarity” rule to predict the recovery displacement. The adhesion loss in the recovery stage is considered using Dunn’s model, which describes the adhesion force as an idealized line force with the contact radius. The validation case of steel spherical particle impact on a glass surface with the maximum Stokes number of 10000, shows that the adhesion model with elastoplastic impact model describes the experimental result well. When the Stokes number is less than 12, the particle deposits on the surface. Sand properties are characterized by size and temperature dependencies. Model predictions for particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 50 micron, impact velocities up to 80 m/s, and temperatures above 1300 K are given and discussed. It is shown that both size and temperature have an effect on the deposition characteristics.
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Reports on the topic "Size effect in micro-mesoscale"

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Haider, Huma. Scalability of Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Interventions: Moving Toward Wider Socio-political Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.080.

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Literature focusing on the aftermath of conflict in the Western Balkans, notes that many people remain focused on stereotypes and prejudices between different ethnic groups stoking fear of a return to conflict. This rapid review examines evidence focussing on various interventions that seek to promote inter-group relations that are greatly elusive in the political realm in the Western Balkan. Socio-political change requires a growing critical mass that sees the merit in progressive and conciliatory ethnic politics and is capable of side-lining divisive ethno-nationalist forces. This review provides an evidence synthesis of pathways through which micro-level, civil-society-based interventions can produce ‘ripple effects’ in society and scale up to affect larger geographic areas and macro-level socio-political outcomes. These interventions help in the provision of alternative platforms for dealing with divisive nationalism in post-conflict societies. There is need to ensure that the different players participating in reconciliation activities are able to scale up and attain broader reach to ensure efficacy and hence enabling them to become ‘multiplier of peace.’ One such way is by providing tools for activism. The involvement of key people and institutions, who are respected and play an important role in the everyday life of communities and participants is an important factor in the design and success of reconciliation initiatives. These include the youth, objective media, and journalists. The transformation of conflict identities through reconciliation-related activities is theorised as leading to the creation of peace constituencies that support non-violent approaches to conflict resolution and sustainable peace The success of reconciliation interventions largely depends on whether it contributes to redefining otherwise antagonistic identities and hostile relationships within a community or society.
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