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Academic literature on the topic 'Size indicators'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Size indicators"

Houle, Jennifer E., Keith D. Farnsworth, Axel G. Rossberg, and David G. Reid. "Assessing the sensitivity and specificity of fish community indicators to management action." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 6 (2012): 1065–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-044.

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We assessed ten trophodynamic indicators of ecosystem status for their sensitivity and specificity to fishing management using a size-resolved multispecies fish community model. The responses of indicators to fishing depended on effort and the size selectivity (sigmoid or Gaussian) of fishing mortality. The highest specificity against sigmoid (trawl-like) size selection was seen from inverse fishing pressure and the large fish indicator, but for Gaussian size selection, the large species indicator was most specific. Biomass, mean trophic level of the community and of the catch, and fishing in balance had the lowest specificity against both size selectivities. Length-based indicators weighted by biomass, rather than abundance, were more sensitive and specific to fishing pressure. Most indicators showed a greater response to sigmoid than Gaussian size selection. Indicators were generally more sensitive at low levels of effort because of nonlinear sensitivity in trophic cascades to fishing mortality. No single indicator emerged as superior in all respects, so given available data, multiple complementary indicators are recommended for community monitoring in the ecosystem approach to fisheries management.

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Upadhayay, Lalit, R. Singh, Ashish Tewari, Swati Bisht, and Shruti Shah. "Seed maturation indicators in Bauhinia retusa Ham. in Kumaun Central Himalayas." Indian Journal of Forestry 29, no. 4 (2006): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2006-cc6l1c.

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The present study was undertaken to ascertain the regeneration potential and pod/seed maturation time in Bauhinia retusa. The pods of the species were collected from two locations. The change in pod colour from green to dark red and the seed colour from green to whitish brown is a useful indicator of maturity. Other indicators of maturity appear to be change in pod size, seed size and moisture content of seeds. When mean pod size ranged between 72.17± 0.45 and 75.05±0.25 and seed size between 3.5 ± 0.19 and 3.70 ±0.22 maximum germination occurred. The seed moisture content was 41.48 ±3.03% at Site-1 and 40.65 ± 1.05% at Site-2, which coincided with maximum germination.

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Akbaraliev, Islambek Rahimberdievich, and Islamov Sohibjon Yakhshibekovich. "BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF TREES OF WALNUT VARIETIES." American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 03, no. 06 (2023): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-08.

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Bakker, Jurrièn, Dennis Verhoeven, Lin Zhang, and Bart Van Looy. "Patent citation indicators: one size fits all?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 14018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.14018abstract.

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Bakker, Jurriën, Dennis Verhoeven, Lin Zhang, and Bart Van Looy. "Patent citation indicators: One size fits all?" Scientometrics 106, no. 1 (2015): 187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1786-0.

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Petchey, Owen L., and Andrea Belgrano. "Body-size distributions and size-spectra: universal indicators of ecological status?" Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (2010): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0240.

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The sizes of individual organisms, rather than their taxonomy, are used to inform management and conservation in some aquatic ecosystems. The European Science Foundation Research Network, SIZEMIC, facilitates integration of such approaches with the more taxonomic approaches used in terrestrial ecology. During its 4-year tenure, the Network is bringing together researchers from disciplines including theorists, empiricists, government employees, and practitioners, via a series of meetings, working groups and research visits. The research conducted suggests that organismal size, with a generous helping of taxonomy, provides the most probable route to universal indicators of ecological status.

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BUNGET, Ovidiu Constantin, and Cristian LUNGU. "The Impact of Company Size Indicators on the Audit Fee." Audit Financiar 21, no. 171 (2023): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20869/auditf/2023/171/015.

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Audit fees are among some of the most important concerns of audit firms, financial/statutory audit regulators and academia. The objective of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the impact of company size indicators on the formation of audit fees. Based on the data available in the “Audit Analytics” database, a sample of 27 companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange was selected, for which 524 observations were reported, representing the indicators “Audit Fee”, “Total Assets” and “Turnover” during 2017-2021. From the research carried out, it emerged that the turnover and total assets size indicators have a significant and positive influence on the financial audit fee. In addition, the findings indicate that “the market capitalization” indicator is not a predictive and causal variable of the value of the financial audit service.

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Travers, Morgane, Yunne-Jai Shin, Lynne Shannon, and Philippe Cury. "Simulating and testing the sensitivity of ecosystem-based indicators to fishing in the southern Benguela ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 4 (2006): 943–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-003.

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The sensitivity of size-based, species-based, and trophodynamic indicators is examined for the fish community of the southern Benguela ecosystem (South Africa) through simulations of different fishing scenarios using the multispecies model OSMOSE. The simulations suggest that it may be erroneous to consider one absolute reference direction of change for any indicator because the direction of change is specific to both the multispecies assemblage and the fishing scenario considered. The analysis of species versus community indicators is helpful for understanding which processes drive the emergent properties of the ecosystem. Informative about the structure and state of the ecosystem, both types of indicators weighted by biomass or by abundance should be used to evaluate ecosystem changes. Indicators characterizing size distribution (e.g., slope of size spectrum) appear to be more helpful in distinguishing the cause of ecosystem changes than mean community indicators because their response is specific to the fishing scenario simulated (i.e., global or hake-targeting fishing). Some indicators do not seem to be sensitive to fishing pressure (slope of the diversity size spectrum) or do not vary consistently with other studies (W statistic).

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Gómez-Canchong, Paúl, José M. Blanco, and Renato A. Quiñones. "On the use of biomass size spectra linear adjustments to design ecosystem indicators." Scientia Marina 77, no. 2 (2013): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03708.22a.

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Fajri, Siti Rabiatul, AAIA Rai Sudiatmika, I. Ketut Suma, and I. Nyoman Suardana. "Studi Meta Analisis : Peningkatan Kemampuan Literasi Biodiversitas Berdasarkan Model Pembelajaran dan Tingkat Pendidikan." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 11, no. 2 (2023): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v11i2.9686.

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This research aims to analyze the increase in biodiversity literacy skills based on learning methods and level of education. Apart from that, this research also analyzes indicators of biodiversity literacy. The research analyzed 8 reputable international journals with 6 learning methods, 4 levels of education, and 10 biodiversity literacy assessment indicators. The research was carried out with meta analysis in the form of effect size analysis using the OpenMEE application. The research results stated that, based on the analysis of 8 reputable international journals, the estimated Effect Size (ES) value was 0.357 in the medium category (0.2 ≤ ES ≤ 0.8) and the p-Value < 0.001. Meanwhile, heterogeneous analysis shows that the Tau^2 value is 0.127 with an I^2 of 89.434, meaning that the diversity of variance from the journal studies analyzed has a very significant effect. Meanwhile, the results of the effect size analysis based on the learning model stated that there were 3 learning methods that obtained an estimated Effect Size (ES) value in the high category, including: Green Learning Method (GeLem) obtained an estimated effect size value of 3.797, a learning method based on local wisdom obtained a value The estimated effect size was 1.665, and the Virtual Field Trip assisted by Augmented Reality obtained an estimated effect size value of 0.974. Furthermore, the results of the effect size analysis of biodiversity literacy abilities at various levels of education stated that high school students had higher biodiversity literacy abilities compared to other levels of education, namely 1.281 in the high category (ES ³ 0.8). This research also analyzes the effect size value based on biodiversity literacy indicators. Based on 10 biodiversity literacy indicators, only one indicator shows the highest estimated effect size value compared to other indicators, namely the environmental knowledge indicator of 1.813. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence in increasing biodiversity literacy skills based on learning methods and level of education.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Size indicators"

Meachen-Samuels, Julie Anna. "Morphological indicators of prey-size preference in the Felidae." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1680040971&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Adams, Georgina. "Understanding human impacts on aquatic ecosystems : quantitative approaches to size-based community indicators." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/59952.

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Body size is a fundamental property of organisms that underpins the structure and function of aquatic communities. Human impacts such as climate or fishing can significantly alter the size structure of ecological communities. This thesis aimed to understand further the effect of those impacts on properties of size-based indicators in real communities, by examining trends at levels of organisation or scales that have not been studied in detail before. To do this, various quantitative approaches were developed that allowed 1) trends in size-based indicators to be decomposed into contributions of constituent parts, and 2) significance of indicators and trends in indicators to be appropriately assessed. Results revealed important features of community size structure that should be considered when assessing trends in indicators. A study of the response of body size to warming in a diatom community did not support the commonly held idea that reduced body size is a universal response to warming at either the species or community levels. Results further demonstrated that overall community trends in body size are not wholly representative of the responses of the components that made up the community. This was further supported by results from decomposing a size-based fisheries indicator, where the overall trend in the indicator was an average of wildly diverging contributions of both species and geographic locations. The methods developed also allowed finer structure of the size spectrum in the North Sea fish community to be examined, and found empirical evidence of biologically meaningful deviations in the overall size structure over time. Finally, the methods developed for assessing significance provided a useful tool for analysing the components of size-based indicators and their response to human pressures, and offer a solution for detecting significant trends in indicators calculated from trawl survey sampling data that has applications for management of marine systems.

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Starrett, Teresa M. Huffman Jane Bumpers. "State accountability ratings as related to district size and diversity." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6049.

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Yong, Richard Hickrod G. Alan. "The impact of wealth and size on selected accountability indicators of Illinois school districts." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1987. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p8713235.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1987.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed August 10, 2005. Dissertation Committee: G. Alan Hickrod (chair), John L. Brickell, Ramesh B. Chaudhari, Mary Ann Lynn, Sally B. Pancrazio. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-131) and abstract. Also available in print.

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Starrett, Teresa M. "State accountability ratings as related to district size and diversity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6049/.

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All Texas school districts were examined to determine the relationship of district size and diversity to the accountability ratings of selected Texas school districts and the implications of including all data in the accountability rating system. Eight large districts and 12 small districts were matched demographically utilizing data from the 2003-2004 school year. Information from the Texas Education Agency was accessed over 2003-2004 and 2004-2005. The ratings were found to be lowered from Recognized to Academically Acceptable with the inclusion of these groups 6 out of 20 times. These findings indicate that the Texas accountability system, in its current structure, excludes certain students based upon race and economic status and is not in compliance with what the law intended. This study should be replicated on a larger scale to assess its validity for a larger sample of small districts. Equity among states should be examined to provide information for a nationwide accountability system.

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Schiehlé, Tristan, and Jonas Wallin. "The reporting on sustainability performance indicators : A thesis about the reporting of the Global Reporting Initiative’s sustainability Performance Indicators by the largest Swedish companies of the industrial sector." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-91004.

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More and more companies and organizations around the world are aiming towards a sustainable path for their businesses. Pressure from stakeholders and society pushes companies to report on their sustainability performance; however, companies are also seeing the opportunities which arise with these reports and especially large companies are embracing the sustainable path according to prior studies. With an increasing number of sustainability reports produced around the world, the need for measuring the performance indicators within these reports is increasing.With the expansion of sustainability reports among companies, the use of the Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) Guidelines becomes a popular framework for companies to adopt. GRI is widely used around the world, as their comprehensive framework includes many performance indicators for companies to report on.It has also been proved that the use of sustainability reports and the number of indicators disclosed in these reports are depending on several criteria among which the size of the company, its sector of activity, and its nationality.As master students studying in Sweden, we considered it would be interesting to know more about the sustainability reporting inside the country we are studying in. Large-size companies tend to disclose use more sustainability reporting and to disclose more information. Some sectors as the industrial sector are in need of sustainability reporting. As no prior studies were found in our search for showing which GRI indicators companies of the industrial sector preferably report on, we decided to embrace the challenge and fill the research gap by conducting a research of large Swedish companies within the industrial sector.This thesis adopted a quantitative approach. We collected data from 30 large Swedish companies within the industrial sector. We also conducted five hypotheses for our analysis in order to make conclusions on our work, and our main findings show that among the Swedish large-size companies belonging to the industrial sector, the largest report more on sustainability using the GRI. Besides, among the large companies which disclose on the GRI the largest disclose on more indicators than the smallest. Finally, we succeeded in identifying indicators of the GRI which are largely and poorly disclosed by the Swedish large-size companies belonging to the industrial sector.

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Holler, Edward W. "A comparison of selected indicators of educational inputs and outcomes in small and large high schools in Virginia." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-162132/.

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Weiss, Nicole Marie. "Body Size and Social Status in Medieval and Post-Medieval Italy: A Comparison of Alba (CN) and Trino (VC)." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492189176642129.

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Toefy, Rashieda. "Extant benthic Foraminifera from two bays along the SW coast of South Africa, with a comment about their use as indicators of pollution." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8713_1307079132.

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<p>The results of the multivariate analyses suggest that most of the variation in the composition of the samples was of an intra-sample nature, illustrating large scale patchiness in foraminiferal distribution. There were, however, definite differences between communities around Robben Island and in St Helena Bay, and least variation was found between the control and pipeline sites, and between the stations of each site. When the trace metal concentrations and the percentage nitrogen increased, the richness, diversity and abundance of foraminifera tended to decrease. Sediment grain size positively affected abundance but negatively affected diversity and richness. In both areas mean grain size did not, however, appear to play a very large role in influencing diversity. Cadmium, copper, chromium, the percentage nitrogen and the mean grain size were identified as the most important variables influencing the community structure by the BIOENV BEST routine in PRIMER. The trace metals and percentage nitrogen only had negative effects on the diversity and abundance as well as on the abundance of the dominant genera, whereas the mean grain size had variable effects.</p>

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Degerstedt, Gabrielle. "Rapportering av hållbarhetsindikatorer enligt riktlinjer från GRI." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23374.

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Indikatorer har blivit ett effektivt hjälpmedel för företag att mäta hållbarheten av verksamheten och presentera företagens arbete inom ekonomiska, miljömässiga och sociala frågor. Därmed har denna studie utformats med syftet att kartlägga vilka sociala och miljömässiga indikatorer, samt antal, som företag på Stockholmbörsen valt att rapportera. Vidare är syftet att undersöka huruvida faktorer som företagsstorlek och bransch har påverkan på antalet och typen av indikatorer som nämns i företagens rapporter. Denna studie klassificeras som dokumentstudie och tillämpar en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats. Populationen utgörs av 76 företag som är listade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm som rapporterar utifrån ramverket GRI. Insamlingen av data har skett utifrån företagens årsredovisningar och hållbarhetsrapporter. Deskriptiva analyser har tillämpats för att undersöka mängden och frekvensen av rapporterade indikatorer. Regressionsanalyser har genomförts i programmet SPSS för att se om det förekommer några samband mellan antal indikatorer och faktorerna företagsstorlek samt branschtillhörighet. Studiens resultat presenteras i tabeller och under analysen har resultaten jämförts mot både den praktiska och teoretiska referensramen samt mot tidigare forskning. Studiens resultat visade en stor spridning gällande antal indikatorer som företagen väljer att rapportera samt att fler sociala indikatorer rapporterats än miljömässiga. Dessutom visade regressionsanalysen ett samband mellan antal indikatorer som företagen rapporterar och branschtillhörighet. Branscherna basmaterial och konsumtion rapporterar flest indikatorer medan finans- och sjukvårdsbranscherna rapporterar minst antal. Det erhölls inget positivt samband mellan företagsstorlek och antalet indikatorer. Eftersom denna studie endast innefattar svenska företag och ser till ett år vore det av intresse att jämföra mängden indikatorer som rapporteras mellan olika länder samt att se eventuell förändring av hållbarhetsrapportering över en längre tid.<br>Indicators have been an efficient tool for companies to measure the sustainability of the business and present their work within economy, environmental and social questions. Therefore, this study has been designed with the aim to identify the type and quantity of social and environmental indicators reported by companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine whether factors such as company size and industry type have an impact on the number and type of indicators mentioned in the companies' reports. This study is classified as a document study and applies a quantitative method and a deductive research approach. The population consists of 76 companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm, which reports are based on the GRI framework. The collection of data was based on the company's annual report and sustainability reports. Descriptive analyzes were applied to investigate the amount and frequency of reported indicators. Regression analysis was conducted in the SPSS program to see if there is any correlation between the number of indicators and factors as company size and industry type. The study results are presented in tables and the analysis results have been compared with both the practical and the theoretical framework and the previous research. The result that emerged from the study showed that more social indicators are reported than environmental indicators and there is big variation when it comes to the number of indicators that companies choose to report. In addition, regression analysis showed a positive correlation between the number of indicators which companies report, and industry type. Industries like basic materials and consumption report the most indicators while the financial and healthcare industries reported the fewest. The study showed no positive correlation between company size and the number of indicators. Because this study is only performed on Swedish companies and is specified on one year, it would be of interest to compare the number of indicators reported between countries and to see change in sustainability reporting over time.

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Books on the topic "Size indicators"

Mohnot, Sohan Raj. Intecos-cier's market forecasts and indicators, projections, 2010-2020: Scanning the emerging market of India, size, structure, segmentation. Centre for Industrial & Economic Research, 2009.

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Industrial Techno-Economic Services P. Ltd and Centre for Industrial & Economic Research (New Delhi, India), eds. Intecos-cier's market forecasts and indicators, projections, 2010-2020: Scanning the emerging market of India, size, structure, segmentation. Centre for Industrial & Economic Research, 2009.

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Industrial Techno-Economic Services P. Ltd. and Centre for Industrial & Economic Research (New Delhi, India), eds. Intecos-Cier's market forecasts and indicators, 2002-2012, the explosive decade: Scanning the emerging market of India, size, structure, segmentation. Centre for Industrial & Economic Research, Industrial Techno-Economic Services, 2002.

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Mohnot, Sohan Raj. Intecos-cier's market forecasts and indicators, projections 2005-2015, the take-off decade: Scanning the emerging market of India, size, structure, segmentation. Centre for Industrial & Economic Research, 2004.

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Relations, United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign. Estimating the size and growth of the Soviet economy: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, July 16, 1990. U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Mohnot, Sohan Raj. Intecos-cier's market forecasts and indicators, 1997-2007, the epochal decade scanning the emerging market of India, size, structure, segmentation: A multi-client study. Centre for Industrial & Economic Research, 1998.

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Costa, Dora L. Health and labor force participation of older men, 1900-1991. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Size indicators"

Pereverdieva, Ksenia, André Deutz, Tessa Ezendam, Thomas Bäck, Hèrm Hofmeyer, and Michael Emmerich. "Comparative Analysis of Indicators for Multi-objective Diversity Optimization." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3538-2_5.

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Abstract Indicator-based (multi-objective) diversity optimization aims at finding a set of near (Pareto)optimal solutions that maximizes a diversity indicator, where diversity is typically interpreted as the number of essentially different solutions. Whereas, in the first diversity-oriented evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm, the NOAH algorithm by Ulrich and Thiele, the Solow Polasky Diversity (SP Diversity, also known as Magnitude [1]) served as a metric, other diversity indicators could be considered. We examine the parameter-free Max-Min Diversity and the Riesz $$s$$ s -Energy, which features uniformly distributed solution sets. Focusing on multi-objective diversity optimization, we discuss different diversity indicators from the perspective of indicator-based evolutionary algorithms with multiple objectives. We examine theoretical, computational, and practical properties of these indicators, such as monotonicity in species, twinning, monotonicity in distance, strict monotonicity in distance, uniformity of maximizing point sets, computational effort for a set of size $$n$$ n , single-point contributions, subset selection, and submodularity. We present new theorems—including a proof of the NP-hardness of the Riesz $$s$$ s -Energy Subset Selection Problem—and consolidate existing results from the literature. In the experiments, we apply these indicators in the NOAH algorithm to analyze search dynamics via an example. We study how optimizing one indicator impacts others and propose NOAH-specific modifications for the Max-Min indicator.

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Salgueiro Narciso Ribeiro, Anabela, and Alexandre Cerejeira. "ISO Standards for Urban Planning and Transport in Future Sustainable Medium-Size Cities." In Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85578-8_89.

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Abstract This work aims to understand the applicability of several recent ISO standards concerning cities’ sustainability. Among these standards, we highlight the ones related to sustainable cities and communities, namely ISO 37123:2019 - Indicators for Resilient Cities, ISO 37122:2019 - Indicators for Smart Cities and ISO 37120:2018 - Indicators for City Services and Quality of Life. Furthermore, among the long list of indicators presented in each standard, we are concerned with the ones related to transport and how they can represent a step forward in sustainable mobility promotion. Unfortunately, only a few works have dealt with this validation type. Therefore, using a NUTIII from Portugal - the Coimbra Region, a group of selected indicators concerning transport was applied to a group of municipalities. Unfortunately, the results show that most of the data needed is unavailable, and many indicators cannot be easily calculated. However, when calculated, this group of indicators can be used to compare cities’ attractions and advantages, being a precious tool to promote sustainable policies around regional cohesion and equity. Furthermore, this work can also contribute to advice regarding local applications of universal rules.

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Rocha, Luis E. C., Fatemeh Zarei, and Ruixue Jing. "The non-causal scaling of health indicators and city size 1." In Urban Scaling. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003288312-18.

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Arnell, Nigel, Stephen Dorling, Hayley Fowler, Helen Hanlon, Katie Jenkins, and Alan Kennedy-Asser. "Future Changes in Indicators of Climate Hazard and Resource in the UK." In Quantifying Climate Risk and Building Resilience in the UK. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39729-5_10.

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Abstract The UK Climate Resilience Programme (UKCR) funded several projects that have calculated how climate change is likely to affect climate hazards and resources across the UK, using the latest UK Climate Projections (UKCP18). Under a high emissions scenario, heatwaves and high temperature extremes become more frequent across the UK, leading to an increase in human mortality, animal heat stress, potato blight, wildfire danger and damage to road and rail infrastructure. Cold weather extremes continue to occur but become less frequent. Also under high emissions, the growing season starts earlier, lasts longer and is warmer; this is particularly beneficial for grassland and viticulture, but the chance of summer drought and dry soils increases. The precise effects vary across different agricultural systems. With respect to rainfall, high hourly and daily totals become more frequent, leading to a greater chance of flash flooding. River floods become more frequent in the north and west of the UK, but low river flows and droughts also become more frequent, and water quality in upland water sources declines. The actual size of the change in risk is uncertain, primarily due to uncertainty in exactly how rainfall will change. There are large differences in change in risk across the UK. However, the actual size of the change in risk is uncertain, primarily due to uncertainty in exactly how rainfall will change.

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Zhang, Zihuan, Zao Li, and Zhe Guo. "Research on Real-Time Interactive Spatial Element Optimization Method Based on EEG Signal—Taking Indoor Space Color and Window Opening Size as the Optimization Object." In Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8637-6_11.

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AbstractIn recent years, the research on digital design and perceptual evaluation has gradually become a hot topic in the field of digital design. Based on digital space optimization theory and perceptual evaluation tools, this study attempts to establish an optimization method to optimize built space elements in real-time using human psychological indicators. This method takes the specific indicators of the Meditation value and Attention value in the human EEG signal analyzed by the TGAM module as the optimization objective, the architectural space color and the window size as the optimization object, and the multi-objective genetic algorithm as the optimization tool. To realize this optimization method, this research combines virtual reality scene and parametric linkage model to establish tool platform and workflow. Taking the optimization of typical residential space as an example by recruiting 50 volunteers to participate in the experiment, this study concludes that this method is effective and feasible through experiment and quantitative analysis of experimental results and lays the foundation for more EEG indicators and more complex spatial element optimization research in the future.

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Conand, Clément, Estelle Randria, and Alexandre Le Borgne. "New Environmental Indicators for Sustainable Cities of Varying Size Scale: The Use Case of France." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06371-8_25.

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Chivers, Susan J., and Kerri Danil. "Interspecific Comparison of Reproductive Strategies." In Sex in Cetaceans. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_6.

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AbstractKnowledge of cetacean life history, morphology, and social behavior provides clues to the niche-specific adaptations that have evolved to maximize reproductive fitness. An essential component of a species’ life history is mating, particularly the sex-specific mating strategies that have evolved. Mating strategies vary within and among species reflecting phylogenetic constraints and the interplay of selective forces molding each species’ adaptations. The suite of cetacean mating strategies that have evolved ultimately determines how a species’ mating system operates. Thus, mating systems provide a unifying framework to compare and contrast cetacean strategies for reproduction and mating. Theory predicts that the degree of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and the relative testes size of mammalian species will be good indicators of their mating system. However, interspecific and intraspecific variability in SSD and relative testes size reveal unique tradeoffs made in response to evolutionary pressures and ecological processes that result in exceptions to the theoretical predictions. In this chapter, we review current knowledge of cetacean reproductive biology and how that information furthers our understanding of their mating systems.

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Jorge, Ariosto B., Guilherme F. Gomes, Sergio H. Carneiro, and Carla T. M. Anflor. "Random Field Discretization in Stochastic Finite Elements: Element Size Effects and Error Indicators in Reliability Structural Analysis." In Uncertainty Modeling: Fundamental Concepts and Models. Biblioteca Central da Universidade de Brasilia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/978-65-86503-88-3.c18.

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Rosas, Victoria Prieto, and Gisela P. Zapata. "Unequal Origins to Unequal Destinations: Trends and Characteristics of Migrants’ Social and Economic Inclusion in South America." In The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39814-8_12.

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AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the trends and characteristics of recent migration flows in South America. Specifically, it examines the size of the migrant population, its sociodemographic profile, and selected indicators of social and economic inclusion in six countries: Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay. These countries have recently witnessed rising levels of intraregional migration, diversification in the origins and motivations of flows, and/or have suddenly become immigration and transit countries. These transformations have added a layer of complexity to our understanding of the historic—and persistent—socioeconomic inequalities that characterise the region, posing additional challenges to migrants’ social and economic inclusion. The analysis is based on national household surveys and census data available before the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Beggel, Sebastian, Joachim Pander, and Jürgen Geist. "Ecological Indicators for Surface Water Quality - Methodological Approaches to Fish Community Assessments in China and Germany." In Terrestrial Environmental Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80234-9_2.

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AbstractAssessments of aquatic ecosystem health rely increasingly on biological indicators such as fish community structure, but national approaches differ. To use bioindicators efficiently and to allow cross-country comparisons, standardized tools and methods are required. Within this study, currently applied procedures for stream ecosystem assessment in China and Germany are summarized and active and passive fish sampling methodologies used in both countries are investigated. The methodological comparison was based on the results of a joint Chinese German workshops within the SINOWATER project in 2016. A joint sampling campaign was then conducted in 2017 at 6 representative sites within 70 km of the Fan River, a tributary to the Liao River System in Liaoning province, China. Active methods comprised single-pass electrofishing methods as typically applied in Germany and China as well as seining. As passive methods, common minnow traps, gill-netting and longline-fishing were used. To allow the comparability between methods, a standardized sampling design comprising several replicates at each site was chosen, covering a range of different ecological stream conditions. By comparison of the different fishing methodologies, electrofishing yielded the best overall results to assess fish biodiversity in terms of species abundance, richness and catch per unit effort. Differences in the effectiveness of the different electrofishing approaches mostly depended on the power source used. To cover the full spectrum of the fish community and to detect very rare species, a combination of different active and passive methods was most useful. If electrofishing is the method of choice, it is very important to adjust the gear power to river specific conditions such as flow, size and depth. The results of this joint Chinese-German study may aid in the selection of suitable sampling methods for fish community assessments in the future.

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Conference papers on the topic "Size indicators"

Vel�zquez-S�mano, Tadeo E., Heriberto Alcocer-Garc�a, Eduardo S�nchez-Ram�rez, Carlos R. Caceres-Barrera, and Juan G. Segovia-Hern�ndez. "Analysis of Control Properties as a Sustainability Indicator in Intensified Processes for Levulinic Acid Purification." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.104729.

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The evaluation of control properties in industrial processes is essential to achieve sustainability, a very relevant topic today. This study emphasizes the importance of control studies to ensure that processes are efficient, operable and safe. While strategies such as process intensification can reduce the size, cost, and consumption of energy, it can present challenges in control and operability. This work focuses on the evaluation of the control properties of schemes with different degrees of intensification for the purification of levulinic acid, with the aim of identifying designs with the best control properties and the best economic and environmental indicators. The schemes were designed under a systematic synthesis strategy and optimized using the hybrid method of differential evolution with a tabu list, considering the total annual cost and Eco-indicator 99. An open-loop study analyzed the relationship between manipulable variables and output variables using total condition number, sensitivity index, and relative gain matrix analysis. The dynamic behavior in a closed loop was subsequently analyzed using the minimization of the absolute error integral as a criterion. The results showed that the design, which includes a liquid-liquid extraction column, three distillation columns, and thermal coupling, presented the best dynamic performance. This design had a low total condition number, a below-average sensitivity index, a stable control structure, and low values of the absolute error integral. In addition, it stood out for its excellent cost and environmental impact indicators, which makes it the most favorable option among the proposed designs.

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Skliar, Viktoriia, Nataliia Yaroshenko, Maryna Sherstiuk, and Yurii Skliar. "SIZE AND VITALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF STELLARIA HOLOSTEA L. PLANTS AND POPULATIONS IN DESNIANSKO-STAROHUTSKYI NATIONAL NATURE PARK." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/3.2/s13.38.

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The study of coenotic species in forest herb layers enables detection of ecosystem-level changes, with research in protected areas providing a foundation for long-term monitoring. This study assessed Stellaria holostea L. populations in forest phytocoenoses of Desniansko-Starohutskyi National Nature Park, typical of the Sumy Polissia region. Populations were surveyed in various forest types: Pinetum (sylvestris) convallarioso (majalis) � hylocomiosum, Pinetum (sylvestris) vaccinioso (myrtilli) � moliniosum (caeruleae), Pinetum (sylvestris) vaccinioso (myrtilli) � sphagnosum, Betuletum (pendulae) caricosum (pilosae), and Quercetum (roboris) convallariosum (majalis). Morphometric analysis of plant size traits and vitality assessments, following Yu. A. Zlobin�s method, enabled classification of populations as depressive, balanced, or thriving. Ecological indicators from Y. P. Didukh�s scales provided insight into edaphotope and climatotope influences. Statistical analysis revealed significant morphometric variability across phytocoenoses, and model plants were developed for each type. Vitality levels were categorized into three classes (a, b, and c), with quality index (Q) values ranging from 0.10 to 0.48. Depressive populations were found in Pinetum (sylvestris) convallarioso (majalis) � hylocomiosum and Betuletum (pendulae) caricosum (pilosae), balanced in Pinetum (sylvestris) vaccinioso (myrtilli) � sphagnosum, and thriving in Pinetum (sylvestris) vaccinioso (myrtilli) � moliniosum (caeruleae) and Quercetum (roboris) convallariosum (majalis). Findings indicate a strong response to soil moisture and fertility, with inter-factor interactions significantly impacting plant characteristics. These results underscore the effectiveness of using size and vitality traits in long-term monitoring of Stellaria holostea populations.

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Waggeling, Robert, and Gemma Ponte. "Characterization in Raw Materials using Particle Shape and Size Indicators." In 15th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering (MeCCE-15). Grupo Pacífico, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.48158/mecce-15.t2-o-11.

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Cruz Romero, Roberto. "A Matter of Size? Visibility and Impact of Small Open Access Journals in Two Large Databases." In 27th International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (STI 2023). International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55835/6442b264f6484429f00ec882.

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Small academic publishers are commonly associated with universities, learned societies, or scientific groups with shared research agendas, differing from their larger commercial counterparts. This research explores specific bibliometric data to highlight differences and similarities of citation coverage for small journals indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. The paper looks at small journals in open access format in comparison to larger, non-open access journals. The goal is to problematize and assess the visibility and impact of the literature being cited in indexed and non-indexed journals and discuss the role of small open access journals as bridges for field-specific (usually non-indexed) and highly cited (mostly indexed) literature in these databases. This approach sheds light into the scholarly, publishing practices of different academic fields and disciplines.

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Tulegenov, Erlan M., and Vsevolod V. Ostrouhov. "Mechatronic Modules with Improved Mass-Size Indicators of Pipe Rolling Production." In 2020 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eiconrus49466.2020.9039133.

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Charalampidou, Sofia, Apostolos Ampatzoglou, and Paris Avgeriou. "Size and cohesion metrics as indicators of the long method bad smell." In PROMISE '15: The 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering. ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2810146.2810155.

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Katrichek, Valeriia S., Maksim A. Grigorev, and Artyom A. Gryzlov. "Synthesis of Mechatronic Modules With Improved Mass-Size Indicators of Metallurgical Facilities." In 2018 International Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern Technologies (FarEastCon). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fareastcon.2018.8602914.

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Karimov, Abdulmusavvir A., Dilshod Ch Ravshanov, Khusen Kh Begimov, and Chorshanbe B. Ravshanov. "Investigation of a Parallel Matrix Scheme with Reduced Weight and Size Indicators." In 2022 Moscow Workshop on Electronic and Networking Technologies (MWENT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwent55238.2022.9802279.

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Sholes, Steven F., Amit Mushkin, and David C. Catling. "BOULDER-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AS INDICATORS FOR DEPOSITION PROCESSES ON EARTH AND MARS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-304073.

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Katrichek, Valeriia S., Maksim A. Grigorev, and Artyom A. Gryzlov. "Synthesis of Mechatronic Modules with Improved Mass-Size Indicators of Metallurgical Facilities." In 2019 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eiconrus.2019.8657082.

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Reports on the topic "Size indicators"

Naddafi, Rahmat, Göran Sundblad, Alfred Sandström, et al. Developing management goals and associated assessment methods for Sweden’s nationally managed fish stocks : a project synthesis. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.31cfjep2i0.

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This report summarizes and synthesizes results from the Swedish Agency of Marine and Water Management (SwAM, or HaV) funded project “Förvaltningsmål för nationella arter (Management goals for nationally managed species)”. The objectives of the project have been to promote the development of management goals and associated status assessment methods and indicators, as well as reference points, for some nationally managed fish stocks both in coastal as well as freshwater areas. The report focusses largely on species and stocks that can be defined as data-poor. Such stocks are characterised by marked limitations in data availability and/or resources allocated to detailed analytical stock projections. Data-poor stocks also often lack carefully formulated management goals and associated methods and indicators for assessing stock status. In this report, we provide an overview of potential assessment methods and indicators and try to synthesise how they work and what the strengths and weaknesses are by applying them to selected data poor stocks such as pikeperch, pike, whitefish, and vendace. We also discuss how they relate to different potential management goals and provide recommendations for their application. We grouped the indicators and assessment methods by the three categories that are now used in the yearly status assessment framework provided by SLU Aqua (Resursöversikten/Fiskbarometern) – i) mortality, ii) abundance/biomass and iii) size/age structure. The results are also described for these three main categories of assessment indicators. Included is also a status report from a size- and age-based population dynamics model (Stock Synthesis 3) that is being developed for pikeperch in Lake Hjälmaren. An important experience from the project is that to improve the assessment methods for Swedish national fish stocks, it is important that managers develop both general as well as more detailed quantitative goals for the individual stocks. This should ideally be conducted in various forms of collaboration with the main stakeholders and scientists involved with assessment as participatory processes foster legitimacy. Carefully articulated management goals, which are possible to translate into quantitative targets, will facilitate the development of various approaches and methods to monitor stock statuses. Given the strong and complex interactions of fish and their environments it is also important to consider other pressures than fisheries when developing indicators and assessment methods. Our synthesis highlights a number of areas where the assessment of data-poor stocks can be improved: 1. Apply precautionary principles for data-limited stocks, particularly ones that are known to be vulnerable to exploitation. 2. Tailor approaches to how fisheries are managed in Sweden. Swedish nationally managed fish stocks are not managed by quotas (with one exception, vendace in the Bothnian Bay) and do not aim for maximum sustainable yield. Instead, the coastal and inland fisheries are managed by regulating the effort in the small-scale commercial fisheries (number of fishers/licenses and amount of gear). Regulation of recreational and subsistence fisheries effort, in terms of licenses or number of fishers) is not applied, nor possible since the fisheries is lacking obligatory notification and reporting systems. All national fisheries, however, are regulated by various technical measures (closed areas, size-limits, bag-limits, gear restrictions etc). Thus, goals and assessment methods that result in harvest limits or quota recommendations expressed in e.g. biomass/numbers are difficult to use as basis for management. Instead, there is a need for alternative management goals and associated assessment methods. 3. Use best practice methods and indicators and adapt as scientific knowledge is developed. Data-limited methods are developing rapidly, and new methods/approaches are proposed in the scientific literature every year. It is thus important to be updated on the most recent developments. 4. Clearly describe limitations/assumptions of methods used. It is important to be aware of and critically evaluate the assumptions underlying the analyses, and to carefully communicate uncertainty together with the stock status assessment. 5. Be particularly careful with low sample numbers. Many indicators and methods can be applied also on small sample sizes, however, the accuracy and precision of the estimates risk being low in such cases. 6. Accept that there is no "gold standard" for fisheries assessment. Each case study is unique and needs to be balanced against data availability, local needs and other important factors. This also means that analysts need to be careful when using generic reference levels or “borrowing” data from other stocks. 7. If possible, use several different methods/indicators. Although several indicators aim to measure similar aspects of the stock, small methodological differences can support the overall interpretation of individual indicator values. It is particularly important to incorporate many aspects and indicators (size/age/abundance/mortality) in order to produce a balanced assessment. 8. Develop means of communication. Indicators and goals should be easy to understand. However, interpretation of results from multi-indicator frameworks can be challenging. There is thus a need for finding ways of communication that can convey complicated results in a simple-to-understand manner. 9. For details on additional improvements, we refer the reader to the sub-header “recommendations for the future” found under each chapter. The implementation of Stock Synthesis for pikeperch in Lake Hjälmaren showed that it is possible to develop a more ambitious and detailed stock assessment model for a relatively data-poor stock. The model results partly support earlier interpretations of the development of the stock and the importance of the changes in regulations in 2001 (increased minimum size, increased mesh size and reduced mortality of undersized pikeperch). Before the model can be implemented and used for practical management, a number of actions for improvement are needed, which are highlighted in the relevant chapter. The most important next step is establishing management goals and reference levels for this stock. We recommend that such a dialogue is initiated by managers. The fisheries management goals should consider both biomass, fisheries mortality and size-based targets. To conclude, we stress the importance of improving all ongoing aspects related to the assessments of data-poor Swedish stocks. Strong local stocks and sustainable fisheries are vital for a variety of fisheries-related businesses and practices, particularly in rural areas, providing economical and societal value. Fishes also have important roles in aquatic food-webs and it is important that ecological values are managed wisely in order to reach targets for water quality, ecosystem structure and diversity. Given the strong and complex interactions of fish and their environments it is also important to consider other pressures than fisheries when developing indicators and assessment methods.

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Jansson, Tor, and Miguel Taborga. The Latin American Microfinance Industry: How Does it Measure Up? Inter-American Development Bank, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008865.

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This publication aims to help donors, creditors and investors evaluate the performance, condition and risk of individual microfinance institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean, in hopes of strengthening the microfinance industry and building the microenterprise sector. It provides concrete and reliable reference values for several benchmark indicators relevant to the industry. Specifically, it explores nineteen benchmark indicators in six major categories: profitability, capital, asset quality, liquidity, productivity, and growth. The report finds important patterns with regard to institutional form, size, and maturity. Moreover, the report represents an attempt to assign reference values to these indicators for the microfinance industry in Latin America and the Caribbean.

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Fontanari, Claudia, Antonella Palumbo, and Chiara Salvatori. The Updated Okun Method for Estimation of Potential Output with Broad Measures of Labor Underutilization: An Empirical Analysis. Institute for New Economic ThinkingInstitute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp158.

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This paper extends to different indicators of labor underutilization the Updated Okun Method (UOM) for estimation of potential output proposed in Fontanari et al (2020), which, from a demand-led growth perspective, regards potential output as an empirical approximation to full-employment output, as in A.M.Okun’s (1962) original method. Based on the apparent incapability of the official rate of unemployment to fully account for labor underutilization, in this paper we offer estimates of Okun’s law both with broad unemployment indicators and with an indicator of ‘standardized hours worked’ which we propose as a novel measure of the labor input. The paper reflects on the possible different empirical measures of full employment. The various measures of potential output that we extract from our analysis show greater output gaps than those produced by standard methods, thus highlighting a systematic tendency of the latter to underestimate potential output. Output gaps that underestimate the size of the output loss or that tend to close too soon during recovery, may produce a bias towards untimely restriction.

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Martinho, Diogo, Adam Field, and Hugo Sarmento. Soccer referees are also part of the game: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0052.

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Review question / Objective: The of this study was to review and organise the literature using a holistic approach about match indicators, testing, nutrition and physiology on soccer refereeing. Condition being studied: This review is focused on physical, physiological, body composition, and physiological outputs among soccer referees. Each main topic will be organized according to the results of extracted studies. Eligibility criteria: (1) population – male and/or female soccer referees and/or assistant referees; (2) relevant data about body size, body composition, physical performance, physiological outputs and nutrition.

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Beck, Thorsten. Long-term Finance in Latin America: A Scoreboard Model. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007018.

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Theory and empirical work have shown that long-term finance is critical for households, firms and government and for the overall development of the economy. The development of efficient and sustainable long-term financial markets, however, depends on macroeconomic stability and an effective institutional framework. Policy initiatives, including tax policy, regulation and competition policies can also improve the availability of long-term finance within these more fundamental constraints. However, country characteristics including size and demographic structure also play an important role. When comparing the provision of long-term finance across countries, it is important to take into account both structural characteristics and long-term policy constraints. A scoreboard for long-term finance in Latin America is suggested with indicators comparing different dimensions of long-term finance. Specifically, the paper suggests several indicators of the depth and inclusiveness of long-term financial markets, to be benchmarked according to country characteristics, and several policy variables, to be included in a scoreboard for long-term finance in Latin America.

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Saalman, Lora. Multidomain Deterrence and Strategic Stability in China. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/fyxq3853.

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Over the past few years, China has displayed a wide range of advances in military capabilities and infrastructure, including its test of a hypersonic glide vehicle coupled with a fractional orbital bombardment system and evidence of new intercontinental ballistic missile silos. While China and the United States remain at political odds, there are indications that China’s strategies in space, cyberspace and nuclear domains are increasingly converging with those of the USA, as well as Russia. A key question is whether this strategic convergence is a stabilizing or destabilizing phenomenon. To answer the question, this paper explores the current state of Chinese discussions on multidomain deterrence and strategic stability, with a focus on active defence and proactive defence. It then examines how these concepts are manifesting themselves in China’s postural and technological indicators, including pre-mating of nuclear warheads to delivery platforms, expanded nuclear arsenal size, possible shifts towards launch on warning, integration of dual-capable systems, and advances in machine learning and autonomy. It concludes with a discussion of what these trends mean for future strategic stability talks.

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Monsalve, Emma, Alma Romero, and António Afonso. Public Sector Efficiency: Evidence for Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006949.

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We compute Public Sector Performance (PSP) and Public Sector Efficiency (PSE) indicators and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency scores for a sample of twenty-three Latin American and Caribbean Countries (LAC) to measure efficiency of public spending for the period 2001-2010. Our results show that the PSE is inversely correlated with the size of the government, while the efficiency frontier is essentially defined by Chile, Guatemala, and Peru. Moreover, on average, output quantities could theoretically be proportionally increased by 19 percent with the same level of inputs. In addition, the performed Tobit analysis suggests that more transparency and regulatory quality improve the efficiency scores, while more transparency and control of corruption increase output-oriented efficiency.

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Castellano, Mike J., Abraham G. Shaviv, Raphael Linker, and Matt Liebman. Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile soil organic matter fractions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597926.bard.

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A major goal in Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems is to maximize nitrogen availability to crops while minimizing nitrogen losses to air and water resources. This goal has presented a significant challenge to global agronomists and scientists because crops require large inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to maximize yield, but N fertilizers are easily lost to surrounding ecosystems where they contribute to water pollution and greenhouse gas concentrations. Determination of the optimum N fertilizer input is complex because the amount of N produced from soil organic matter varies with time, space and management. Indicators of soil N availability may help to guide requirements for N fertilizer inputs and are increasingly viewed as indicators of soil health To address these challenges and improve N availability indicators, project 4550 “Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile organic matter fractions” addressed the following objectives: Link the quantity and quality of labile soil organic matter fractions to indicators of soil fertility and environmental quality including: i) laboratory potential net N mineralization ii) in situ gross N mineralization iii) in situ N accumulation on ion exchange resins iv) crop uptake of N from mineralized soil organic matter sources (non-fertilizer N), and v) soil nitrate pool size. Evaluate and compare the potential for hot water extractable organic matter (HWEOM) and particulate organic matter quantity and quality to characterize soil N dynamics in biophysically variable Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems that are managed with different N fertility sources. Ultimately, we sought to determine if nitrogen availability indicators are the same for i) gross vs. potential net N mineralization processes, ii) diverse agroecosystems (Israel vs. US) and, iii) management strategies (organic vs. inorganic N fertility sources). Nitrogen availability indicators significantly differed for gross vs. potential N mineralization processes. These results highlight that different mechanisms control each process. Although most research on N availability indicators focuses on potential net N mineralization, new research highlights that gross N mineralization may better reflect plant N availability. Results from this project identify the use of ion exchange resin (IERs) beads as a potential technical advance to improve N mineralization assays and predictors of N availability. The IERs mimic the rhizosphere by protecting mineralized N from loss and immobilization. As a result, the IERs may save time and money by providing a measurement of N mineralization that is more similar to the costly and time consuming measurement of gross N mineralization. In further search of more accurate and cost-effective predictors of N dynamics, Excitation- Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy analysis of HWEOM solution has the potential to provide reliable indicators for changes in HWEOM over time. These results demonstrated that conventional methods of labile soil organic matter quantity (HWEOM) coupled with new analyses (EEM) may be used to obtain more detailed information about N dynamics. Across Israeli and US soils with organic and inorganic based N fertility sources, multiple linear regression models were developed to predict gross and potential N mineralization. The use of N availability indicators is increasing as they are incorporated into soil health assessments and agroecosystem models that guide N inputs. Results from this project suggest that some soil variables can universally predict these important ecosystem process across diverse soils, climate and agronomic management. BARD Report - Project4550 Page 2 of 249

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Wong, Sara, and Marjan Petreski. Competition Law and Regulations: Productivity Impacts in Latin American Manufacturing Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013363.

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This paper investigates the effects of competition laws and regulations on manufacturing firms productivity in Latin American countries (LACs), addressing a gap in existing research. Leveraging firm-level panel data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys across 14 LAC economies and competition law indicators from the Comparative Competition Law initiative, the study employs total factor productivity (TFP) measures to analyze the effects of competition laws on manufacturing productivity through key mediators: firm size, distance to the frontier, and broader institutional arrangements. Utilizing various empirical methodologies that address potential biases, the findings reveal a nuanced relationship between competition law stringency, enforcement practices, and productivity outcomes across different industries and countries. Results reveal heterogeneous effects of competition law and enforcement on productivity, with certain aspects showing a positive relationship with productivity, particularly when controlling for firm size, while stronger enforcement measures weaken the positive association between competition law and productivity, potentially due to increased compliance costs and legal uncertainty. The study suggests a need for policymakers to strike a balance between regulatory stringency and enforcement in competition to avoid stifling innovation and hindering productivity growth, particularly in industries nearing technological frontiers. Accounting for industry-specific factors are essential for fostering fair competition and market efficiency without unduly burdening businesses.

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Peng, Ciyan, Jing Chen, Sini Li, and Jianhe Li. Comparative Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Injections Combined Western medicine for Non-small cell lung cancer: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0068.

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Review question / Objective: Advanced lung cancer has become the top malignant tumor in terms of morbidity and mortality, and Chinese herbal injections combined with western drugs have been widely used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer. For this purpose, we conducted a Bayesian network analysis to systematically evaluate the efficacy of different herbal injections combined with western drugs in the treatment of NSCLC. Subjects: Patients diagnosed with NSCLC by pathological or cytological examination, locally advanced or those who refused surgical treatment were included, regardless of gender, age, stage, race, nationality and sample size; Interventions: Chinese herbal injections combined with three types of commonly used western drugs (platinum, targeted and immune agents) were used in the experimental group, while the control group was treated with western drugs alone; Study type: to report the efficacy of Chinese herbal injections combined with western drugs in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer efficacy in a randomized controlled trial (rct) Eligible. No restrictions were imposed on language, year of publication, or publication status. Ending indicators: Main ending indicators: (1) disease control rate (DCR), DCR = (complete remission + partial remission + stable)/total number of cases. Efficacy rate = (number of improvement cases + number of stable cases)/total number of cases. (2) Secondary outcome indicators: quality of life, determined according to the KPS behavioral status scale, improvement was defined as an increase of ≥10 points in KPS score after treatment; stability was defined as an increase or decrease of <10 points in KPS score; decline was defined as a decrease of ≥10 points in KPS score. (3) The incidence of adverse reactions, including gastrointestinal reactions, white blood cell (WBC) reduction, hemoglobin (HGB) reduction, platelet (PLT) reduction, etc.

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