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Gu, Rui, and 顧瑞. "Size effect on deformation of aluminum and duralumin micro-pillars." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206336.
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It is by now well-known that micron-sized metallic crystals exhibit a smaller-being-stronger size effect: the yield strength σvaries with specimen size D approximately as a power law σ~D^(-m)_, and the exponent m has been found to vary within a range of ~0.3 to ~1.0 for different metals. However, little is known about why such a power law comes into play, and what determines the actual value of the exponent m involved. In this study, the power-law scaling of size effect on strength in micro-crystals is explained in terms of the Taylor-type resistance in the dislocation network distribution in the specimen. Theoretical analysis shows that the power-law dependence of yield strength of metallic micro-specimens is derived from a fractal geometry of the initial dislocation network, with m = 3/(q + n) where q is the fractal dimension and n the stress exponent of dislocation velocity. Moderate departures of the initial dislocation structure from an exact fractal geometry may also yield approximate power-law dependence of strength on size.
The plastic deformation of micro-pillars is also known to be affected by whether dislocations can escape easily from the material volume, and the extent to which they mutually interact during the deformation. In the present work, pre-straining and coating are used to modify the initial dislocation content and the constraints on the escape of dislocations. Aluminum micro-pillars with or without thin coating by tungsten deposition and pre-straining, were compressed using a flat-punch nanoindenter to study their plasticity behavior. The results reveal very different behavior between specimens in the size regime of a few microns and that about one micron, suggesting that the dominant hardening mechanisms are different.
As mentioned above, pure and pristine metal micro-specimens have been found to exhibit very strong size dependence of strength, but alloyed counterparts with a much refined microstructural length scale due to the precipitates present are unknown in this aspect. Here, compression tests on duralumin (aluminum 2025 alloy) micro-pillars reveal a much weaker size dependence of strength compared to pure Al, indicating the predominance of the internal length scale in determining strength. Moreover, two-dimensional dislocation dynamics simulations are used to study precipitate strengthening effects in duralumin micro-pillars. The results show that a refined microstructure may resist and slow down the movement of dislocations inside the confined volume, leading to hardening and weak size dependence of strength.
In addition to the compression behavior, the size dependence of the creep behavior of duralumin micro-pillars is also investigated at room temperature. The effects of an internal grain boundary are also investigated. The results reveal that peak-aged duralumin pillars show increasingly significant creep with increasing pillar size, with a typical creep rate of ~〖10〗^(-4) S^(-1) which is drastically larger than that of bulk at room temperature. The bi-crystalline pillars creep even faster than the single crystalline counterparts. TEM examination of the deformed microstructures reveals that the creep rate depends on the residual dislocation density, indicating that dislocations are the agents for creep. Theoretical modeling suggests that the steadystate creep rate is proportional to the lifetime of mobile dislocations, which rises with specimen size in the microns range due to the fact that the dislocations are not easily pinned in this range, therefore they spend longer time in viscous motion across the specimen, leading to a higher strain rate according to the Orowan equation.published_or_final_version
Mechanical Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Akasheh, Firas. "Size effects and deformation mechanisms in nanoscale metallic multilayered composites." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2007/F_Akasheh_050107.pdf.
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Li, Yuan. "General size effect in the Hall-Petch effect and in micromechanical deformation." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25904.
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This thesis is a study of the size effect. Improvements on both theoretical work and experimental design are involved in this thesis. The theoretical section focuses on the grain size effect, while the experimental section is related to the micro-foil bending test. Both classic experimental data and theories for the Hall-Petch relationship are reviewed comprehensively. The fitting of the datasets show that the inverse square-root dependence and simple inverse expressions are equally good. The fully Bayesian analysis strongly suggests that the latter is correct. Since the physical mechanism underlying the simple inverse dependence is a general size effect, the precise description of the Hall-Petch effect is that it is a manifestation of the general size effect, instead of having its own special character. Improvements on the classic Stolken and Evans' micro-foil bending experiments are also carried out in this thesis. The smart design of the new equipment eliminates the big risk of error in the classic experiment. By using the new device, precise datasets from the elastic region through the yield point and to high plastic strain area can be obtained. The initial results correspond well with the old published data.
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Ssemakula, Hamzah. "Manufacturihng of heavy rings and large copper canisters by plastic deformation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Production Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3682.
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Plastic deformation processes transform material fromas-received state to products meeting certain requirements inproperties, microstructure and shape. To achieve thistransformation, the relationship between material response andprocess conditions should be understood. This is usuallycomplicated by the complex conditions describing the actualprocess. Numerous techniques including empirical, physical,analytical and numerical can be employed.
In this thesis, numerical technique supported by lab- andfull-scale experiments has been employed to analyse the formingparameters. The first part of the thesis is focused on the useof such parameters to predict occurrence of material poresduring manufacturing of bearing rings. The second part dealswith the influence of forming parameters on the grain sizeduring fabrication of large copper canisters for encapsulationof nuclear waste. The primary task has been to study with thehelp of commercial FE-codes the magnitude and distribution offorming parameters such as accumulated effective strain,temperature, instantaneous hydrostatic pressure and materialflow at different stages of the forming process. In the firstpart, two types of ring manufacturing routes, which result inpore free and pore loaded rings are studied and compared.Material elements located in different areas of the workpiecehave been traced throughout the process. Results of theaccumulated strain and instant hydrostatic pressure have beenanalysed and presented in pressure-strain space. Itsassumed that high hydrostatic pressures together with higheffective strains are favourable for pore closure. Area of theworkpiece with unfavourable parameters have been identified andcompared with ultrasonic test results. Good agreement has beenobtained. Based on the results of this analysis, a new conceptfor avoiding pores in manufacturing of yet heavier rings hasbeen presented. The concept proposes a lighter upsetting in theinitial stage of the process and a more efficient piercingwhich results in higher hydrostatic pressure and bigger andbetter distributed effective strain.
In the second part of the thesis, the influence of formingparameters such as effective strain and temperature on thefinal grain size of the product has been studied in laboratoryscale. As-cast billets of cylindrical shape were extruded atdifferent temperatures and reductions. It has been shown thatthe grain size in the final product should be small in order toenable ultrasonic tests and to guarantee resistance towardscreep and corrosion. Simulations for different materialelements located at different distances from the axis ofsymmetry of the initial cylindrical workpiece have been carriedout. In this way, the parameters describing the deformationhistory of the elements have been determined as functions oftime. Experimentally obtained pre- and post deformation grainsize in the corresponding locations of the material weredetermined. Its concluded that low temperature coupledwith high effective strain are conducive for obtaining a smallgrain size. Based on the beneficial conditions for extrusion ofcopper, a more detailed FE-analysis of a full-scale industrialprocess is carried out. A coarse-grained cast ingot of purecopper is heated and by upset forging formed into a cylinder,which is then punched into a hollow blank for subsequentextrusion. The blank is extruded over a mandrel through a45-degree semi-angle die. Accumulated effective strain andtemperatureas functions of the tubular wall thickness havebeen studied at five different locations along the tubularaxis. Forming load requirement as function of tool displacementfor each stage of the process has been determined. Strain andtemperature levels obtained have been related to the grain sizeinterval obtained in the earlier work. It has been concludedthat the levels reached are within the interval that ensures asmall grain size. A similar analysis has been carried out forforging of large copper lids and bottoms. Die designmodifications to improve the grain size in the lid and tooptimise the forging process with respect to forging load andmaterial yield have been proposed. A method requiring a smallforging load for fabrication of the lids has been analysed
Keywords:Pores; grain size; low forging load; effective strain;temperature; hydrostatic pressure; extrusion; forging;canister; lid; rings
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Mao, Wenqi. "Deformation mechanism of metastable austenitic steel with TRIP effect and associated kinetics of deformation induced martensitic transformation." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263657.
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Vašíček, Jiří. "Kompatibilita vozidel při čelním střetu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232731.
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Thesis deals with the compatibility of vehicles in a frontal collision. The first section discusses about compatibility from different views. There are the physical processes used in the mechanics of impact. The second part is focused on solving the compatibility of vehicles in a frontal collision by crash analysis using the finite element method. Firstly there are described collisions of vehicles from different vehicle classes (small cars, lower middle class, Pick up / SUV) into the fixed barrier by the US NCAP. Furthermore there are simulated head-on collisions of vehicles from different vehicle classes. In the end there is shown the possibility of using data from crash tests to determine the EES.
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Knoche, Elisabeth Marie. "Influence of the precipitate size on the deformation mechanisms in two nickel-base superalloys." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/influence-of-the-precipitate-size-on-the-deformation-mechanisms-in-two-nickelbase-superalloys(8b80d24c-62de-4741-a827-4fb5a10c752b).html.
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The polycrystalline nickel-base superalloys RR1000 and Udimet 720Li (U720Li) were developed for turbine disc applications. These alloys contain a higher volume fraction of the ordered γ' phase (close to 50%) when compared to previous generation alloys (~ 25%) in order to ensure that they retain high strength at operating temperatures exceeding 700°C. The increased percentage of precipitates in the material leads to higher levels of constraint between matrix and the precipitates, and this will have consequences for the deformation mechanisms of the aggregate. It is therefore important to understand how the increased volume fraction of precipitates affects the deformation behaviour of the material. This is not only crucial for the design of the optimum microstructure, but also for lifing models, which predict the lifetime of a component. It is the aim of the present work to improve the understanding of the deformation behaviour of these alloys by focussing on the influence of the γ' precipitate size. These alloys usually comprise a complex trimodal γ' size distribution, which complicates studies on the dependence of the deformation behaviour on the precipitate size. Hence, simplified model microstructures were generated here with a unimodal γ' size distribution. The model microstructures were subjected to in-situ loading experiments with neutron diffraction at temperatures of 20°C, 500°C and 750°C. Neutron diffraction measurements during loading revealed the elastic lattice strain response of both the γ and the γ' phases, which can indicate changes in their respective deformation behaviour. These measurements showed a load transfer from γ to γ' for some test conditions, which indicated that γ was able to deform with noticeably less deformation in the γ' phase. With a larger γ' precipitate size and/or higher test temperature, the tendency for load transfer increased. A post-mortem analysis of the deformed microstructures using advanced electron microscopy techniques (EBSD, ECCI, TEM) showed that shearing of the γ' precipitates dominated the deformed microstructures at 20°C and 500°C and was also observed after deformation at 750°C. Deformation was less localised in the microstructures with large γ' precipitates, which might be correlated with the increased trend for load transfer. The onset of multiple slip or the activation of Orowan looping as an additional deformation mechanism are suggested as possible explanations for these observations.
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Norfleet, David M. "Sample size effects related to nickel, titanium and nickel-titanium at the micron size scale." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1187038020.
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Callejas, Juan. "Induced Asymmetric Deformation of Silver Coated Micron-Sized Wires." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/9.
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The stimuli response of a polymer – metal bilayer architecture was investigated. This solvent activated system showed a dynamic response when exposed to a particular solvent.
Polymer wires were fabricated using a glass capillary array (GCA) as a template. The synthesized wires were then sputtered with silver and exposed to dichloromethane (DCM). The solvent activated response results in a number of physical distortions of which the circular deformation was the most predominant. The thicknesses of the metal coating and the direction of the solvent front were studied in an effort to determine their relationship to the observed wired deformations.
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Combrinck, Willem Ludwig. "Crustal deformation and geodetic site stability determination using GPS." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4193.
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Gullberg, Daniel. "Influence of composition, grain size and manufacture process on the anisotropy of tube materials." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Engineering Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-125336.
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A problem with cold pilgered tubes for OCTG applications is that they can get anisotropic properties with regard to yield strength. One source of anisotropy is texture that is developed during the cold deformation. EBSD measurements have been made on several austenitic stainless steels with different deformations to see what influence the composition has on the texture formation. The same measurements were used to study the influence of grain size on texture formation. The conclusion was that the composition can have an impact on the texture and hence has potential to also affect the anisotropy. The differences in texture cannot be associated with a specific alloying element, but is rather a synergetic effect. It was also concluded that grain structure has no strong influence on texture formation. An evaluation of three different tool designs used for cold pilgering was made. The designs evaluated are referred to as design A, B and C. EBSD measurements showed large deviations in texture in the middle of the wall compared to close to the surface of pilgered OCTG. However, the measurements showed no large differences between the three designs and the texture could not be coupled to the anisotropy.
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Fraccica, Alessandro. "Experimental study and numerical modelling of soil-roots hydro-mechanical interactions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671105.
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The thesis is aimed at characterising the multi-scale and hydro-mechanical behaviour of lightly compacted silty sand penetrated by a turf-grass (Cynodon Dactilon). The study will allow better assessing the impact of vegetation on this compacted soil that has been used in an experimental and fully-instrumented embankment.
The literature agrees that roots are enhancing soil shear strength properties while contrasting results have been found in terms of soil hydraulic behaviour. Moreover, there is a lack of information on how roots affect soil microstructure and its consequences at the macroscopic scale (soil hydraulic behaviour, volume change and shear strength properties).
A protocol for soil compaction and roots growth was followed for preparing all the tested samples. The soil was lightly compacted, wetted under unconfined conditions to favour plant growth, and then dried up to different hydraulic states. The same soil, plant and seeding density used in the monitored embankment were adopted. Several techniques were exploited to characterise roots geometrical and mechanical features.
Large cell triaxial and direct shear tests were performed under saturated and partially saturated conditions. Different stress-strain responses were observed in the vegetated soil at different hydraulic states, due to different roots failure mechanisms and to the combination of water availability and the suction within the soil. Results were interpreted with several constitutive stress expressions for partially saturated soils to consider these state and stress variables. Larger compression deformations on shearing were systematically observed on rooted samples. Roots slightly affected the friction angle but generated an increase in soil cohesion. These observations were confirmed by direct tensile tests performed at different roots growth stages and hydraulic states. A constitutive expression was proposed to predict the increase in cohesion knowing the properties of roots and the soil hydraulic state.
Concerning the hydraulic behaviour, roots induced a systematic increase in soil water-saturated permeability. Water retention properties were also affected, with a decrease in the retention capacity as roots volume increased. Micro-CT tomography and mercury intrusion porosimetry were carried out at different soil hydraulic states on samples including plant individuals to obtain information about changes in soil microstructure. Reconstructed information from the two techniques showed that roots were generally increasing macropores (larger than 100 micrometres) due to fissuring and soil-root interface phenomena while reducing smaller pores (below 5 micrometres) due to mucilage clogging. The opening of fissures was enhanced on concurrent soil and roots shrinkage upon drying. The alterations generated by roots growth on the soil structure allowed explaining not only the different soil hydraulic responses but also the soil volume change behaviour. A good agreement between the volume of fissures and the volume of roots was found and allowed calibrating and validating a model able to predict the soil water retention properties and permeability values based on the microstructural changes observed.
Results were used to simulate the effect of different periods of plants growth on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of the monitored embankment during a rainfall event. The vegetated slopes remained stable throughout the simulation, even when completely saturated, thanks to the mechanical reinforcement of the roots. Nevertheless, the higher permeability within the vegetated soil had a negative consequence, which was evidenced by a drastic drop in the slope stability safety factor at the early stages of the hydraulic event.La tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el comportamiento hidromecánico de una arena limosa compactada y con raíces (Cynodon Dactilon). El estudio ha permitido evaluar el impacto de la vegetación en este suelo, que ha sido utilizado en un terraplén experimental. El estado de arte indica que las raíces mejoran las propiedades de resistencia al corte de un suelo, mientras que hay resultados contrastantes en términos del comportamiento hidráulico. Además, se carece de información sobre cómo las raíces afectan a la microestructura del suelo y sus consecuencias a escala macroscópica. Se siguió un protocolo para la compactación del suelo y el crecimiento de las raíces para la preparación de todas las muestras estudiadas. El suelo se compactó ligeramente, se humedeció en condiciones no confinadas para favorecer el crecimiento de la planta, y luego se secó a diferentes estados hidráulicos. Se utilizaron varias técnicas para caracterizar las propiedades geométricas y mecánicas de las raíces. Se realizaron ensayos de corte directo, edométricos y triaxiales con equipos de grandes dimensiones. Se observaron diferentes respuestas de tensión-deformación en el suelo con vegetación debido a los diferentes mecanismos de rotura de las raíces y a la combinación de humedad y de succión en el suelo. Los resultados se interpretaron con leyes constitutivas en términos de tensiones efectivas para suelos parcialmente saturados. En las muestras con raíces se observaron sistemáticamente deformaciones mayores de compresión durante el desarrollo del corte. Las raíces afectaron ligeramente el ángulo de fricción y desarrollaron un aumento en la cohesión del suelo. Estas observaciones también se confirmaron mediante ensayos de tracción, que se realizaron a diferentes estados de crecimiento de las raíces. Se propuso una expresión constitutiva para predecir el aumento de la cohesión en función de las propiedades de las raíces y el estado hidráulico del suelo. En cuanto al comportamiento hidráulico, las raíces inducen un aumento de la permeabilidad saturada del suelo y una disminución en la capacidad de retención al agua a medida que aumenta el volumen de las raíces en el suelo. Se realizaron ensayos de micro-tomografía de rayos X y de porosimetría de intrusión de mercurio sobre muestras con raíces. La información reconstruida de las dos técnicas ha indicado que las raíces han inducido el aumento de los poros de más de 100 micrómetros debido a la generación de fisuras y a fenómenos de interfase suelo-raíz, a la vez que han ocluido los poros más pequeños (menores de 5 micrómetros) debido a la producción de mucílago. Las fisuras también se han abierto por la retracción simultánea del suelo y de las raíces durante el secado. Estas alteraciones inducidas sobre la microestructura han permitido explicar mejor los cambios en las propiedades hidráulicas y de cambio de volumen del suelo. Se ha encontrado una relación entre el volumen de fisuras y el volumen de raíces, lo que ha permitido desarrollar y calibrar un modelo capaz de predecir las propiedades de retención al agua y los valores de permeabilidad del suelo. Los resultados experimentales se han utilizado para simular el efecto que tiene los diferentes crecimientos de las plantas sobre el comportamiento hidromecánico del terraplén instrumentado durante un episodio de lluvia. Los taludes con raíces se mantuvieron estables a lo largo de la simulación, incluso cuando estaban completamente saturados, gracias al refuerzo mecánico de las raíces. Sin embargo, la mayor permeabilidad del suelo vegetado tuvo una consecuencia negativa, que se evidenció con una drástica caída en el factor de seguridad del talud en las primeras etapas del episodio de lluvia.
La thèse vise à caractériser le comportement multi-échelles et hydro-mécanique du sable silteux pénétré par des racines de Cynodon Dactilon. L'étude permettra d’évaluer l'impact de la végétation sur ce sol compacté utilisé dans un remblai expérimental en extérieur. La littérature s'accorde à dire que les racines améliorent les propriétés de résistance au cisaillement du sol, tandis que des résultats contrastés ont été obtenus en ce qui concerne leur effet sur le comportement hydraulique. De plus il existe peu d'information sur la façon dont les racines affectent la microstructure du sol et leurs conséquences à l'échelle macroscopique. Un protocole de compactage du sol et de croissance de racines a été suivi pour la préparation de tous les échantillons testés. Le sol a été légèrement compacté, mouillé pour favoriser la croissance des plantes, puis séché jusqu'à différents états hydrauliques. Les plantes et la densité d'ensemencement ont été les mêmes que ceux utilisés dans le remblai. Plusieurs techniques ont été exploitées pour évaluer les caractéristiques géométriques et mécaniques des racines. Des essais de cisaillement triaxial et direct ont été effectués avec des équipements de grande dimension dans des conditions saturées et partiellement saturées. Différentes réponses de contraintedéformation ont été observées pour le sol végétalisé à différents états hydrauliques, en raison de différents mécanismes de rupture des racines. Les résultats ont été interprétés à l'aide de plusieurs lois de comportement pour les sols partiellement saturés afin de tenir compte des variables d'état et de stress. Des déformations de compression plus importantes lors du cisaillement ont été observées sur des échantillons avec racines. Les racines ont généré une augmentation de la cohésion du sol. Ces observations ont été confirmées par des essais de traction directe effectués à différents stades de croissance des racines. Une loi de comportement a été proposée pour prédire l'augmentation de la cohésion en connaissant les propriétés des racines et l'état hydraulique du sol. En ce qui concerne le comportement hydraulique, les racines ont induit une augmentation de la perméabilité saturée en eau du sol et une diminution de la capacité de rétention à mesure que le volume des racines augmentait. La tomographie microCT et la porosimétrie par intrusion de mercure ont été effectuées à différents états hydrauliques du sol sur des échantillons avec racines pour obtenir des informations sur les changements de la microstructure du sol. L'information reconstruite à partir des deux techniques a montré que les racines augmentaient généralement les macropores (plus de 100 micromètres) en raison de phénomènes de fissuration et des interfaces sol-racine tout en réduisant les pores plus petits (moins de 5 micromètres) en raison du colmatage dû au mucilage. L'ouverture des fissures a été augmentée par le retrait simultané du sol et des racines lors du séchage. Les altérations générées par la croissance des racines sur la structure du sol ont permis d'expliquer les différentes réponses hydrauliques du sol et aussi son changement de volume. Un bon accord entre le volume des fissures et le volume des racines a été trouvé et a permis de calibrer et de valider un modèle capable de prédire les propriétés de rétention d'eau et les valeurs de perméabilité du sol à partir des changements microstructurels observés. Les résultats ont été utilisés pour simuler l'effet de différentes périodes de croissance des plantes sur le comportement hydro-mécanique du remblai lors d'une chute de pluie. Les pentes végétalisées sont restées stables tout au long de la simulation, même complètement saturées, grâce au renforcement mécanique des racines. Néanmoins, la perméabilité plus élevée dans le sol végétalisé a eu une conséquence négative, qui a été mise en évidence par une baisse drastique du facteur de sécurité de stabilité de la pente aux premiers stades de l'événement hydraulique.
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Husser, Edgar [Verfasser], and Swantje [Akademischer Betreuer] Bargmann. "Micromechanical modeling of size-dependent crystal plasticity and deformation twinning / Edgar Husser ; Betreuer: Swantje Bargmann." Hamburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1193575192/34.
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Kaonda, Mususu Kosta Mpongo. "Prediction of the recrystallised grain size distribution after deformation for the Nb free and model steel." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7680/.
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Grain size refinement can be achieved by recrystallisation during hot deformation, with multiple deformation steps during rolling or forging being used to generate fine grain sizes. Whilst the mode (or average) grain size after recrystallisation can be determined from standard equations the full grain size distribution is required for predicting a range of mechanical properties. In this work an approach has been proposed to allow prediction of the full grain size distribution by varying the value of the D’ parameter value in the Dutta - Sellars equation developed to predict the recrystallised mode/average grain sizes. It has been found that D’ is a function of strain at high strain values (above 0.3) and the relative position of the grain size in the grain size range (D*). Results for recrystallised grain size distributions for a range of steel grades (including model Fe - Ni steels, commercial Nb-microalloyed plate and high alloy (9Cr) forging steel) with different initial grain sizes and following deformation to different deformation strains, show that the predictions give good agreement with the experimental data except for samples with larger mode grain sizes deformed to a strain of 0.15.
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Fredriksson, Per. "Modelling and simulation of plastic deformation on small scales : interface conditions and size effects of thin films." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Hållfasthetslära, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4652.
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Zhemchuzhnikova, Daria. "Influence of the extreme grain size reduction on plastic deformation instability in an AlMg and AlMgScZr alloys." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0324/document.
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L'élaboration de nouveaux alliages maintient un fort intérêt pour le phénomène d’instabilité plastique, ou l'effet Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC), provoqué par l'interaction des dislocations avec des atomes de soluté. Par ailleurs, l'effet PLC attire l'intérêt comme un exemple remarquable d'auto-organisation dans les systèmes dynamiques. Il est associé à des motifs complexes de séries de chutes de contrainte liées à la nucléation et au mouvement des bandes de déformation dans le matériau déformé, et nécessite une compréhension de l'auto-organisation des dislocations. La déformation plastique des alliages Al-Mg est sujette à l'instabilité dans une large gamme de conditions expérimentales. Pour cette raison, les alliages Al-Mg binaires ont longtemps servi d'objets modèles pour l'étude de l'effet PLC. En même temps, l'utilisation pratique des alliages binaires Al-Mg est limitée en raison d’une faible résistance mécanique. Une amélioration significative de leurs propriétés peut être atteinte en ajoutant des solutés supplémentaires, conduisant en particulier à la formation de précipités. En outre, une forte réduction de la taille de grains du polycristal pourrait être une technique clé pour produire des matériaux à haute résistance et ténacité. Cependant, il existe très peu d'information, souvent contradictoire, sur l'instabilité PLC dans les alliages Al-Mg à grains fins et contenant des précipités. Le but de l'étude de cette thèse a été d'étudier les caractéristiques spécifiques de l'effet PLC dans les alliages à base AlMg, avec et sans nanoparticules, à gros grains et à grains fins, ces derniers obtenus par une méthode de déformation plastique sévère. Grâce à l’application de méthodes d’extensométrie locale, notamment de la technique de corrélation d’images, ces études ont révélé une persistance non habituelle de la propagation des bandes de déformation dans les alliages comprenant des précipités et/ou des grains fins. Ce mode dynamique est observé dans un large intervalle de vitesses de déformation, tandis qu’il n’apparait qu’à haute vitesse dans des alliages modèles AlMg. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des distributions statistiques des amplitudes des chutes de contrainte a révélé une tendance vers une statistique en loi puissance, caractéristique du mode de propagation. Ce phénomène est attribué à une modification du couplage spatial entre les dislocations, due à la concentration de contraintes internes. La combinaison de ces études avec l’analyse de l’émission acoustique a mis en évidence une influence de la microstructure sur la compétition entre un facteur aléatoire et la synchronisation des dislocations. Enfin, l’étude par corrélation d’images a permis d’observer une interrelation entre l’instabilité PLC et la formation de la strictionThe elaboration of new alloys sustains a strong interest to the phenomenon of unstable plastic flow, or the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect, caused by interaction of dislocations with solute atoms. Moreover, this effect attracts interest as a rich example of self-organization in dynamical systems. It is associated with complex patterns of stress serrations related to nucleation and motion of deformation bands in the deforming material, and requires understanding of self-organization of dislocations. Plastic deformation of Al-Mg alloys is prone to instability in a wide range of experimental conditions. For this reason, binary Al-Mg alloys served for a long time as model objects for investigation of the PLC effect. At the same time, the practical use of binary Al-Mg alloys is limited because of their low strength. A significant improvement of their properties can be achieved by additional alloying, in particular, leading to precipitation. Further, extensive grain refinement could be a key technique used to produce tough and high- strength materials. However, there exists very limited and often contradictory information on the PLC instability in fine-grained Al-Mg alloys containing precipitates. The objective of the present thesis was to investigate specific features of the PLC effect in AlMg-based alloys with and without nanoscale particles, both in coarse-grained and fine-grained states, the latter obtained by severe plastic deformation. Using local extensometry methods, particularly the image correlation technique, these studies revealed an unusual persistence of the propagation of deformation bands in alloys with precipitates and/or fine grains. This dynamic mode is observed in a wide range of strain rates, whereas it only appears at high strain rate in model Al-Mg alloys. Moreover, the analysis of statistical distributions of stress drop amplitudes revealed a tendency to power law statistics characteristic of the propagation mode. This phenomenon was attributed to a modification of the spatial coupling between dislocations due to the concentration of internal stresses. The combination of these studies with the acoustic emission analysis uncovered an influence of the microstructure on the competition between a random factor and the dislocation synchronization. Finally, the study by the image correlation made it possible to observe an interrelation between the PLC instability and the neck formation
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Lan, Xiaodong. "Effects of grain size and Mg contents on deformation behavior and strengthening mechanisms in Al-Mg alloys." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263656.
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Salim, Md Wadud. "Deformation and degradation aspects of ballast and constitutive modelling under cyclic loading." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050215.114659/index.html.
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Kwon, Jonghan. "Characterization of deformation mechanisms in pre-strained NiAl-Mo composites and α-Ti alloy." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343796987.
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Afrin, Nasima. "An investigation of deformation behaviour and creep properties of micron sized Ni3Al columns." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37005467.
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Chauhan, Shakti Singh. "An experimental assessment of the size effects on the strength and ductility of freestanding Cu films under macroscopically homogenous deformation." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Deblock, Yves. "Caractérisation ultrasonore haute fréquence des propriétés viscoélastiques de milieux liquides." Valenciennes, 1997. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/d2e436b7-2cfd-4b8b-9ff8-9e725f939e0a.
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Les modules de compression et de rigidité constituent des paramètres macroscopiques, caractéristiques des matériaux homogènes, linéaires et isotropes. Nous proposons, dans ce travail, deux méthodes acoustiques, originales et complémentaires, applicables aux matériaux liquides, qui permettent leur détermination dans le domaine haute fréquence. La première méthode est basée sur le traitement de l'impédance électrique d'entrée d'un capteur à onde de cisaillement, place au contact du matériau liquide étudié. Ce traitement permet d'extraire le coefficient de réflexion a l'interface entre les matériaux solide et liquide, puis finalement, le module de rigidité. La seconde méthode utilise des capteurs onde de pression. Elle repose sur le traitement de la fonction de transfert en tension d'un système compose de deux capteurs et du matériau liquide dispose entre eux. La vitesse et l'absorption du matériau liquide sont extraites de ce traitement et reliées à une combinaison des deux modules. La connaissance du module de rigidité, issu de la méthode précédente, permet d'atteindre le module de compression. Les deux méthodes de mesure ont été validées, à l'aide d'un matériau liquide de référence. En guise d'exemple, elles ont été appliquées pour l'étude d'un matériau liquide particulier.
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Yilmaz, Halil. "Mechanical properties of body-centred cubic nanopillars." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/mechanical-properties-of-bodycentred-cubic-nanopillars(ccb1efd0-30f2-4988-9af3-c8646257d826).html.
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Understanding the mechanical properties and deformation characteristics of nanoscale metallic nanopillars and wires is a significant concern for designing reliable small devices that must resist loads in service. This thesis aims to extend understanding of the size dependent behaviour of nanopillars and wires in compression and tension by investigating their mechanical properties and deformation characteristics. Single crystal bcc pillars were fabricated by focussed ion beam (FIB) machining from Fe, Nb, V, Ta, Mo, W and Cr, as well as the ferrite (bcc) and austenite (fcc) components of a duplex stainless steel (DSS). These were tested in compression over a range of test temperatures from 193 K to 393 K using various types of nanomechanical devices. The effect of sample size (pillar diameter) on the strength was investigated and found to increase with decreasing pillar size. In bcc metals, the yield or flow stress, 􀀂􀀖, is inversely proportional with some power of the pillar diameter, d. In bcc metals tested, the power-law exponent, n, were found in the range of between -0.23 to -0.63, showing a less pronounced size effect than found for fcc pillars. The power-law exponent for bcc pillar deformation is also temperature dependent and was found to scale with the ratio of test temperature, Ttest to the critical temperature for screw dislocation mobility, Tc, of the bcc metal (T*= Ttest / Tc). It is notable that the size effect exponent weakens (approaches 0) as T* decreases. However, when the experiments are carried out at temperatures close to or just above Tc, the power-law exponents approaches the value reported in the literature for a range of fcc metals (-1 < n < -0.6). The variation in the power-law exponent observed for bcc metals can be explained by the change in mobility of thermally activated screw dislocations. Their mobility can be modelled by a threshold or lattice friction stress. If this friction stress is introduced into the empirical equation that relates the strength of fcc metal pillars to their diameter, a strong correlation between size effect exponent, the normalised test temperature (T*) and friction stress is obtained. It was found that the friction stress values (Fe, Nb and V) increase as Ttest decreases from 296 to 193 K. When the pillar diameter decreases, the friction stress would be more easily overcome due to the increase in surface-to-volume ratio. The contribution of lattice friction stress on the strength is higher at larger pillars than those for nanopillars. Thus, the divergence between best fit lines has become more apparent at micron-sized pillars, resulting in weaker size effects. Furthermore, the transition in deformation morphology from localized to wavy deformation was only found in Fe pillars, as the Ttest decreased from 296 to 193 K, further revealing that temperature has also strong influence on deformation behaviours of bcc pillars.
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Moore, Leslie Diane. "Shallow subsurface deformation along the Pen Branch Fault in South Carolina : interpretation from seismic refraction stack sections /." Thesis, This resource online, 1997. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09182008-063212/.
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Vernazza, Niccolo. "Non-linear integral equations for the finite size effects in the integrable deformation of the quantum o(3) non-linear sigma model." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5674/.
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Couvy, Hélène. "Experimental deformation of fosterite, wadsleyite and ringwoodite : implications for seismic anisotropy of the Earth's mantle." Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/20a4058e-6551-48e6-8d30-59857aa01f67.
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L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier la rhéologie du manteau terrestre à travers les propriétés mécaniques de la forsterite, de la wadsleyite et de la ringwoodite (Mg2SiO4). Les échantillons ont été déformés dans les presses multi enclumes Kawai et D-DIA. Les microstructures et les textures des échantillons ont été caractérisées par Microscopie Electronique en Transmission et par diffraction des électrons rétrodiffusés. A haute pression, [001] {hkO}. Est dominant dans la forsterite. Les textures de la wadsleyite sont caractérisées par [100] parallèle à la direction de cisaillement et [001] normal au plan de cisaillement. Pour la ringwoodite, aucune texture fiable ne peut être proposée. Enfin, le changement de système de glissement dominant de la forsterite permet d'expliquer la faible anisotropie sismique observée dans la partie inférieure du manteau supérieur et la texture de la wadsleyite indique un écoulement horizontal dominant dans la partie supérieure de la zone de transition.
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Merabet, Amina. "Etude par microscopie électronique du silicium aux petites échelles : comportement mécanique et structure atomique des défauts." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0554/document.
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De récents travaux consacrés à l’étude des propriétés des matériaux aux petites échelles ont souligné des différences exceptionnelles dans le comportement mécanique des nano-objets par rapport aux matériaux massifs. Dans le cas du silicium, une transition fragile-ductile à température ambiante a été observée lorsque la taille des échantillons est réduite. Cependant, les défauts et les mécanismes à l’origine de ce changement de comportement n’ont pas été clairement identifiés. Ce travail repose sur l’étude post mortem de nanopiliers déformés, en utilisant différentes techniques de microscopie électronique. Les nanopiliers étudiés ont été préparés par gravure plasma et déformés en compression à température ambiante. Les résultats obtenus durant cette thèse, confirment la différence de comportement des nano-objets par rapport au matériau massif. Par ailleurs, une grande variété de défauts produits lors de la compression a été observée. L’orientation cristallographique de l’axe de sollicitation semble avoir un impact important sur les mécanismes à l’origine du comportement ductile observé. La comparaison entre images HRTEM expérimentales et simulées témoigne de la propagation simultanée de dislocations partielles et parfaites dans les plans {111}. De plus, des événements plastiques ont également été observés dans des plans {115}. Divers mécanismes de déformation possibles impliqués lors de la compression des piliers sont décrits à partir des observations microscopiques. Un modèle tenant compte de l’influence sur la mobilité des dislocations des interactions entre systèmes de glissement est proposé afin d’expliquer la transition fragile-ductile observé aux petites échellesSeveral recent works devoted to the study of the properties of materials at small scales have revealed exceptional differences in the mechanical behavior of nano-objects as compared to bulk material. In the case of silicon, a brittle-ductile transition at room temperature has been observed when the sample size decreases. However, the extended defects and mechanisms behind this behavioral change have not been clearly identified. This work is based on the post mortem study of deformed nanopillars, using different electron microscopy techniques. The studied nano-pillars of 100 nm in diameter were prepared by plasma etching (RIE) and deformed in compression at room temperature. The results obtained during this thesis confirm the difference in the behavior of nano-objects compared to bulk material. Moreover, a large variety of defects produced during plastic deformation has been observed. The crystallographic orientation of the deformation axis seems to have a significant impact on the mechanisms behind the observed ductile behavior. The comparison between experimental and simulated HRTEM images notably evidences the simultaneous propagation of partial and perfect dislocations in {111} planes. In addition, unexpected plastic events have also been observed in {115} planes. Various possible deformation mechanisms involved during the nano-compression of the pillars are described, based on the microscopic observations. Finally, a model considering the influence of interactions between various activated systems on the mobility of dislocations is proposed to explain the brittle-ductile transition observed at small scales in silicon
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Eriksson, Mirva. "Spark Plasma Sintering Enhancing Grain Sliding, Deformation and Grain Size Control : Studies of the Systems Ti, Ti/TiB2, Na0.5 K0.5 NbO3, and Hydroxyapatite." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för material- och miljökemi (MMK), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38681.
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The unique features of the Spark plasma sintering (SPS) were used to investigate the sintering and deformation behaviour of titanium and titanium–titanium diboride composites, and to control the sintering and grain growth of ferroelectric Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) and of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the SPS the samples experience a temperature different from that recorded by the thermocouple (pyrometer) used and this temperature difference has been estimated for Ti and NKN. Sintering and deformation of titanium was investigated. Increasing heating rate and/or pressure shifted the sintering to lower temperatures, and the sintering and deformation rates changed when the α→β phase transition temperature was passed. Fully dense Ti/TiB2 composites were prepared. The Ti/TiB2 composites could be deformed at high temperatures, but the hardness decreased due to the formation of TiB. The kinetic windows within which it is possible to obtain fully dense NKN and HAp ceramics and simultaneously avoid grain growth are defined. Materials have a threshold temperature above which rapid and abnormal grain growth takes place. The abnormal grain growth of NKN is due to a small shift in the stoichiometry, which in turn impairs the ferroelectric properties. Fully transparent HAp nanoceramics was prepared, and between 900 and 1050 oC elongated grains are formed, while above 1050 oC abnormal grain growth takes place.NKN samples containing grains of the sizes 0.35–0.6 µm yielded optimum ferroelectric properties, i.e. a high remanent polarization (Pr = 30 µC/cm2) and high piezoelectric constant (d33= 160 pC/N). The ferroelectric domain structure was studied, and all grains exhibited a multi-domain type of structure.At the time of doctoral defense the following articles were unpublished and had a status as follows: Article 4: Manuscript; Article 5 : Manuscript
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Le, Breton Éline. "Differential spreading along the North East Atlantic ridge system and post-breakup deformation of the adjacent continental margins." Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/3a45a239-35ea-4751-9544-30854d9008d1.
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La théorie de la tectonique des plaques implique que les plaques lithosphériques soient rigides. Or les reconstructions de l'ouverture de l'océan Atlantique Nord Est, utilisant deux plaques rigides (Eurasie et Groenland), conduisent à des écarts et recouvrements des plaques. De plus, l'ouverture océanique de la zone située entre l'Islande et la zone de fracture de Jan Mayen (JMFZ) fut très complexe, incluant la formation progressive du microcontinent de Jan Mayen et un saut de ride entre la dorsale d'Aegir et de Kolbeinsey. J'ai développé une méthode de reconstruction palinspastique d'ouverture de l'Atlantique Nord Est, à partir de données d'anomalies magnétiques et de zones de fracture, méthode qui permet d'obtenir un bon ajustement des anomalies magnétiques. Le modèle prédit des différences de direction et de taux d'ouverture entre les segments océaniques. Cette ouverture différentielle a induit des mouvements décrochants sénestres le long des zones de fractures océaniques, compatibles avec le développement de structures compressives le long de la marge continentale européenne, (1) de l'Éocène inférieur à l'Oligocène supérieur, le long de la zone de fracture des îles Féroé (FFZ), et (2) de l'Éocène supérieur à Oligocène inférieur, et au Miocène, le long de la JMFZ. Aussi, j'ai mis en évidence, par une étude de terrain, une réactivation Cénozoïque en dextre de la Great Glen Fault, en Ecosse, que j'interprète comme étant due aux mouvements senestres le long de la FFZ. Je suggère également que les forces motrices proviennent du point chaud, actuellement sous l'Islande, qui était en mesure de générer une ouverture différentielle de l'Atlantique Nord Est et les déformations compressives de la marge continentale européenneOne of the main assumptions of the theory of plate tectonics is that all lithospheric plates are rigid. However, reconstructions of the opening of the North East Atlantic Ocean, on the basis of two rigid plates (Eurasia and Greenland), lead to gaps and overlaps between the plates. Also, the area between Iceland and the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone (JMFZ) had a complex spreading history, including progressive separation of the Jan Mayen Microcontinent and a ridge jump from the Aegir to Kolbeinsey Ridge. I have developed a method of palinspastic reconstruction of the opening of the North East Atlantic, using magnetic anomalies and fracture zones. The model ensures a good fit of the magnetic anomalies and predicts differences in the direction and rate of sea-floor spreading between the North East Atlantic ridge systems. This differential spreading generated left-lateral strike-slip deformation along oceanic fracture zones : (1) from Early Eocene to Late Oligocene, along the Faeroe Fracture Zone (FFZ) ; and (2) from Late Eocene to Early Oligocene and during the Miocene, along the JMFZ. Such motion and relative rotation between the oceanic segments are compatible with the development of inversion structures on the North West European Margin at these times. Furthermore, a field study along the Great Glen Fault (GGF), NE Scotland, provided additional evidence for right-lateral reactivation of the GGF during the Cenozoic. I infer this to be a result of left-lateral slip along the FFZ. I also suggest that the driving forces came from the Iceland Mantle Plume, which was in a position to generate differential sea-floor spreading along the NE Atlantic and resulting deformation of the North West European margin
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Tan, Evren. "The Effect Of Hot-deformation On Mechanical Properties And Age Hardening Characteristics Of Al-mg-si Based Wrought Aluminum Alloys." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607937/index.pdf.
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Microstructural and mechanical characterizations of heat treatable Al-Mg-Si-Cu based wrought aluminum alloys have been studied. The aim of this work was to produce fine grained, high strength alloy by adjusting processing conditions: deformation, solutionizing and aging.
First, primary characterization was carried out via SEM-EDS analyses and tensile tests. Then an extensive experimental study has been carried out on two sets of samples. The first set has been studied to determine the ideal conditions for solutionizing and aging processes by analyzing the variation of hardness with different solutionizing and aging time and temperature. The second set, have first been mechanically deformed by swaging at four different deformations and four different temperatures, then heat treated. The hardness measurements have been carried out before and after solutionizing and also after aging. Finally, recrystallization behavior has been investigated by measuring grain size before and after solutionizing treatment using image analyzer software.
The initial characterizations showed that Mg2Si and complex iron, manganese bearing intermetallics were the primary particles observed in the α
-Al matrix. Nearly 140HB hardness could be obtained with solutionizing at 530°
C and aging at 175°
C for 8 hours which was determined as the optimum treatment for obtaining peak hardness. When shaping (deformation) was concerned
strength loss was the overall outcome of any hot or cold deformation before solutionizing
which was most probably due to the destruction of the initial microstructure. Improvement in the percent elongation was the promising aspect of this application. Strength loss was increased for samples deformed at higher temperatures and higher reductions.
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Sharifi, Brojerdi Fatemeh. "Analysis of Seismic Data Acquired at the Forsmark Site for Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel, Central Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-251621.
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The Forsmark area, the main study area in this thesis, is located about 140 km north of Stockholm, central Sweden. It belongs to the Paleoproterozoic Svecokarelian orogen and contains several major ductile and brittle deformation zones including the Forsmark, Eckarfjärden and Singö zones. The bedrock between these zones, in general is less deformed and considered suitable for a nuclear waste repository. While several site investigations have already been carried out in the area, this thesis focuses primarily on (i) re-processing some of the existing reflection seismic lines to improve imaging of deeper structures, (ii) acquiring and processing high-resolution reflection and refraction data for better characterization of the near surface geology for the planning of a new access ramp, (iii) studying possible seismic anisotropy from active sources recorded onto sparse three-component receivers and multi-offset-azimuth vertical seismic profiling data (VSP). Reflection seismic surveys are an important component of these investigations. The re-processing helped in improving the deeper parts (1-5 km) of the seismic images and allowing three major deeper reflections to be better characterized, one of which is sub-horizontal while the other two are dipping moderately. These reflections were attributed to originate from either dolerite sills or brittle fault systems. First break traveltime tomography allowed delineating an undulating bedrock-surface topography, which is typical in the Forsmark area. Shallow reflections imaged in 3D, thanks to the acquisition design were compared with existing borehole data and explained by fractured or weak zones in the bedrock. The analysis of seismic anisotropy indicates the presence of shear-wave splitting due to transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis in the uppermost hundreds of meters of crust. Open fractures and joints were interpreted to be responsible for the large delays observed between the transverse and radial components of the shear-wave arrivals, both on surface and VSP data.
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Pan, L. (Longxiu). "Two methods for processing an ultrafine ferritic grain size in steels and the thermal stability of the structure." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:951427489X.
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Abstract
In this thesis, methods to process ultrafine ferritic (UFF) structures in steels, i.e. grain sizes below about 3 μm have been investigated. It is shown here, in accordance with the results in the literature, that a steel with a UFF grain size can be obtained by two methods, more or less convenient to mass production: deformation-induced ferrite transformation from fine-grained austenite (the DIF route) and the static recrystallization of various heavily cold-worked initial microstructures (the SRF/SRM route).
In the present work, the influencing factors in the processing of UFF structure in the DIF route have been systematically studied in four low-carbon steels: one C-Mn steel and Nb, Nb-Ti and Nb-high Ti microalloyed steels. A high strain, a low deformation temperature close to Ar3 and a fine prior austenite grain size are beneficial to promote the formation of UFF grains. Especially by using complex pretreatments to refine the prior austenite grain size, cold rolling, repeating the low-temperature reheating cycle or using martensitic initial microstructure, a UFF grain size can be obtained in these steels at the strain of 1.2 (70% reduction) at 780 °C. By controlling the cooling rate, the type of the second phase can be adjusted.
When using the static recrystallization route, it was found that UFF is difficult to obtain from a single-phase ferrite, but it is relatively readily obtained from deformed pearlite, bainite or martensite, especially in high-carbon steels with 0.3–0.8%C. In deformed pearlite, the cementite lamellae fragmented and spheroidised in the course of heavy deformation can provide numerous nucleation sites by the particle stimulated nucleation mechanism and retard the subgrain and recrystallized grain growth. Nucleation and retardation of grain growth are effective also in deformed bainite, martensite or high-carbon tempered martensite, as discussed in detail in the work.
The thermal stability of UFF grained steels was tested and found to be generally excellent, but it varies depending on the processing method. The UFF structure obtained by the SRM route has a thermal stability somewhat weaker than that of the DIF route. For a given steel, UFF grains may show different grain growth modes, related to the dispersion of second phase particles. In the DIF structure, abnormal grain growth occurs at 700 °C after about 2.5 h, while in the SRM structure, normal grain growth takes place slowly at 600 °C. Carbides on the grain boundaries seem to play an important role in inhibiting grain coarsening. No coarse-grained zone was formed at the HAZ of electron beam or laser welded seams, as performed at low heat inputs (up to 1.5 kJ/cm) on thin strips. The hardness even increased from the base metal towards the HAZ and the weld metal in all seams as an indication that they were hardened during the rapid cooling.
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Marissal, Alain. "Collision bidimensionnelle dans les transports guidés : Expérimentation et modélisation des risques de chevauchement." Valenciennes, 1993. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/a3c3014d-5275-41b2-bd52-4225197636b6.
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Dans le domaine de la collision de véhicules de transports guidés, le chevauchement est considéré comme la conséquence du choc frontal la plus dramatique pour la sécurité des passagers. La définition de nouvelles méthodes de conception des véhicules de transports guidés est alors nécessaire afin de minimiser les conséquences d'une collision sur les voyageurs. Afin de mieux comprendre les phénomènes physiques du chevauchement, nous avons expérimenté la collision d'une rame de véhicules contre une rame de véhicules à l'arrêt. Cet essai de choc représente une source de résultats que nous utilisons pour confronter et valider les modèles globaux et locaux. Le modèle global est base sur la dynamique plane non linéaire des systèmes multi-corps rigides articules. Les grandes déformations plastiques sont modélisées par des ressorts et amortisseurs non linéaires et des liaisons cinématiques. Cet outil de calcul est utilisé pour pre-dimensionner les paramètres qui ont une influence sur les risques de chevauchement et les efforts verticaux. Le modèle local met en œuvre la méthode des éléments finis. Ce modèle est conçu pour étudier la réponse dynamique en grandes déformations des structures non linéaires tridimensionnelles. Dans une stratégie de conception, le couplage des méthodes globale et locale est une nécessité d'autant plus que les modèles locaux sont fortement sensibles à la finesse des maillages utilises. Les deux confrontations ont donc permis de montrer que les modèles globaux et locaux étaient des outils adaptés respectivement aux stades de la pré-conception et de la conception des véhicules de transports guides lors d'un choc frontal avec chevauchement.
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Zeng, Zhipeng. "Deformation Behaviour, Microstructure and Texture Evolution of CP Ti Deformed at Elevated Temperatures." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för industriell teknik och management, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10404.
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Jackson, Kathryn Pamela. "The mechanics of incremental sheet forming." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267843.
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Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is a flexible process where an indenter moves over the surface of a sheet of metal to form a 3D shell incrementally by a progression of localised deformation. Despite extensive research into the process, the deformation mechanics is not fully understood. This thesis presents new insights into the mechanics of ISF applied to two groups of materials: sheet metals and sandwich panels. A new system for measuring tool forces in ISF is commissioned. The system uses six loadcells to measure reaction forces on the workpiece frame. Each force signal has an uncertainty of ±15 N. This is likely to be small in comparison to tool forces measured in ISF. The mechanics of ISF of sheet metals is researched. Through-thickness deformation and strains of copper plates are measured for single-point incremental forming (SPIF) and two-point incremental forming (TPIF). It is shown that the deformation mechanisms of SPIF and TPIF are shear parallel to the tool direction, with both shear and stretching perpendicular to the tool direction. Tool forces are measured and compared throughout the two processes. Tool forces follow similar trends to strains, suggesting that shear parallel to the tool direction is a result of friction between the tool and workpiece. The mechanics of ISF of sandwich panels is investigated. The mechanical viability of applying ISF to various sandwich panel designs is evaluated by observing failure modes and damage under two simple tool paths. ISF is applicable to metal/polymer/metal sandwich panels. This is because the cores and faceplates are ductile and largely incompressible, and therefore survive local indentation during ISF without collapse. Through-thickness deformation, tool forces and applicability of the sine law for prediction of wall thickness are measured and compared for a metal/polymer/metal sandwich panel and a monolithic sheet metal. The mechanical results for ISF of sheet metals transfer closely to sandwich panels. Hence, established knowledge and process implementation procedures derived for ISF of monolithic sheet metals may be used in the future for ISF of sandwich panels.
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Sapezanskaia, Ina. "Deformation mechanisms of metastable stainless steels accessed locally by monotonic and cyclic nanoindentation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398401.
Full textAbstract:
Metastable austenitic stainless steels feature an abundance of different deformation mechanisms, which
contribute to the distinguished mechanical properties of these alloys. However, these properties are
known to depend on the local microstructure and also are highly anisotropic. Furthermore, deformation is
expected to be different for the bulk and the surface of a sample. In this sense, a discrete study is not
trivial.
The present work aims at investigation of the main deformation mechanisms and their gradual evolution,
by employing controlled deformation of individual austenite grains via monotonic and cyclic
nanoindentation. The corresponding loading–unloading curves have given extensive information about
underlying mechanical properties, which could be related to an exhaustive reconstruction of the
deformation substructure, both in surface and bulk, by different small scale characterization techniques.
Amongst others, features such as time-dependent deformation, reversible phase transformation under
load, crystalline anisotropy and grain size influences, besides plasticity transmission and fatigue behavior
have been found and analyzed.Los aceros inoxidables austeníticos metaestables pueden experimentar una amplia gama de mecanismos de deformación diferentes, los cuales contribuyen a sus extraordinarias propiedades mecánicas. Sin embargo, estas propiedades dependen de la microestructura y son altamente anisotrópicas. Además, la deformación es diferente en la superficie y en el interior de una muestra. Por lo tanto, un estudio detallado no resulta trivial. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de los principales mecanismos de deformación, así como de su desarrollo gradual. Para ello se han realizado ensayos de nanoindentación, tanto monotónica como cíclica, los cuales han permitido la deformación controlada de granos austeníticos preseleccionados. Las curvas de carga y descarga de los ensayos de nanoindentación han proporcionado amplia información sobre el comportamiento mecánico del acero, la cual se ha podido correlacionar con la reconstrucción detallada de las subestructuras de deformación, tanto a nivel superficial como en el interior, la cual se ha llevado a cabo mediante técnicas de caracterización a escala microscópica. Entre otros, se encontraron y estudiaron fenómenos como las transformaciones de fase reversibles bajo carga, la influencia tanto de la anisotropía cristalina como del tamaño de grano, mecanismos dependientes del tiempo, junto con la transmisión de plasticidad y la respuesta a fatiga.
Les aciers inoxydables austénitiques métastables sont le siège de différents mécanismes de déformation qui sont à l'origine des propriétés mécaniques qui distinguent ce type d’alliages. Cependant, ces dernières, dépendant de la microstructure locale, sont fortement anisotropes. Par ailleurs, la déformation d'un échantillon massif serait différente de celle obtenue en surface. De ce fait, une étude détaillée trouve tout son intérêt. Le présent travail vise donc à identifier les principaux mécanismes de déformation et de leur évolution progressive, en se basant sur une déformation contrôlée de grains austénitiques individuels par des tests mécaniques de nanoindentation monotoniques et cycliques. Les courbes correspondantes au chargement-déchargement révèlent des informations détaillées sur les propriétés mécaniques sous-jacentes qui pourraient être liées à une étude complète de la structure de déformation en surface et en volume par différentes techniques de caractérisation à une échelle très fine. La déformation en fonction du temps, les phénomènes de transformation de phase réversible sous charge, l'anisotropie cristalline, l'influences de la taille des grains, la transmission de la plasticité et la tenue en fatigue ont été mis en évidence et étudiés.
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Phang, Shiau Shing. "Investigating and developing a model for iris changes under varied lighting conditions." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16672/.
Full textAbstract:
Biometric identification systems have several distinct advantages over other authentication technologies, such as passwords, in reliably recognising individuals. Iris based recognition is one such biometric recognition system. Unlike other biometrics such as fingerprints or face images, the distinct aspect of the iris comes from its randomly distributed features. The patterns of these randomly distributed features on the iris have been proved to be fixed in a person's lifetime, and are stable over time for healthy eyes except for the distortions caused by the constriction and dilation of the pupil. The distortion of the iris pattern caused by pupillary activity, which is mainly due changes in ambient lighting conditions, can be significant. One important question that arises from this is: How closely do two different iris images of the same person, taken at different times using different cameras, in different environments, and under different lighting conditions, agree with each other? It is also problematic for iris recognition systems to correctly identify a person when his/her pupil size is very different from the person's iris images, used at the time of constructing the system's data-base. To date, researchers in the field of iris recognition have made attempts to address this problem, with varying degrees of success. However, there is still a need to conduct in-depth investigations into this matter in order to arrive at more reliable solutions. It is therefore necessary to study the behaviour of iris surface deformation caused by the change of lighting conditions. In this thesis, a study of the physiological behaviour of pupil size variation under different normal indoor lighting conditions (100 lux ~ 1,200 lux) and brightness levels is presented. The thesis also presents the results of applying Elastic Graph Matching (EGM) tracking techniques to study the mechanisms of iris surface deformation. A study of the pupil size variation under different normal indoor lighting conditions was conducted. The study showed that the behaviour of the pupil size can be significantly different from one person to another under the same lighting conditions. There was no evidence from this study to show that the exact pupil sizes of an individual can be determined at a given illumination level. However, the range of pupil sizes can be estimated for a range of specific lighting conditions. The range of average pupil sizes under normal indoor lighting found was between 3 mm and 4 mm. One of the advantages of using EGM for iris surface deformation tracking is that it incorporates the benefit of the use of Gabor wavelets to encode the iris features for tracking. The tracking results showed that the radial stretch of the iris surface is nonlinear. However, the amount of extension of iris surface at any point on the iris during the stretch is approximately linear. The analyses of the tracking results also showed that the behaviour of iris surface deformation is different from one person to another. This implies that a generalised iris surface deformation model cannot be established for personal identification. However, a deformation model can be established for every individual based on their analysis result, which can be useful for personal verification using the iris. Therefore, analysis of the tracking results of each individual was used to model iris surface deformations for that individual. The model was able to estimate the movement of a point on the iris surface at a particular pupil size. This makes it possible to estimate and construct the 2D deformed iris image of a desired pupil size from a given iris image of another different pupil size. The estimated deformed iris images were compared with their actual images for similarity, using an intensitybased (zero mean normalised cross-correlation). The result shows that 86% of the comparisons have over 65% similarity between the estimated and actual iris image. Preliminary tests of the estimated deformed iris images using an open-source iris recognition algorithm have showed an improved personal verification performance. The studies presented in this thesis were conducted using a very small sample of iris images and therefore should not be generalised, before further investigations are conducted.
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Bahlak, Samia. "Contribution à l'étude d'un modulateur acousto-optique à puits quantiques." Valenciennes, 1997. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/a93e0d34-1079-4e51-b081-345993233dd1.
Full textAbstract:
Notre travail s'inscrit dans la mise au point de nouveaux circuits intégrées monolithiques de traitement du signal dans la gamme du Ghz. Il porte sur l'étude d'un modulateur acousto-électro-optique formé de multi-puits quantiques ou nous exploitons l'effet du confinement quantique et le phénomène de résonance excitonique. L'absorption optique est modulée par l'effet Stark et les déformations induits par une onde acoustique de surface. Un outil théorique d'optimisation de la structure du modulateur a été mis au point. La méthode des éléments finis est utilisée pour calculer les niveaux énergétiques des bandes de conduction et de valence et les fonctions d'onde électroniques correspondantes tandis que les énergies de liaisons excitoniques sont calculées par la méthode variationnelle. L'influence des différents paramètres sur l'absorption optique est étudiée. L'optimisation donne des résultats très satisfaisants : rapport de contraste de 18db et variation de transmittance de 0,75. Deux prototypes ont été réalisés dans le but de différencier les effets physiques mis en jeu. La caractérisation du composant par photoluminescence et photoréflectance met en évidence la faisabilité du modulateur acousto-electro-optique à puits quantiques et montre la bonne qualité des prototypes réalisés.
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Piao, Kun. "An Elevated-Temperature Tension-Compression Test and Its Application to Mg AZ31B." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316096630.
Full text
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Klemm, Robert. "Zyklische Plastizität von mikro- und submikrokristallinem Nickel." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1085403884093-17423.
Full textAbstract:
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der Korngröße und der Gefügestabilität auf die zyklische Plastizität von mikro- und submikrokristallinem Nickel, hergestellt durch ECAP und PED, untersucht. Zur Gefügecharakterisierung kamen verschiedene elektronenmikroskopische und röntgenographische Methoden zum Einsatz. Die Untersuchungen zur Gefügestabilität zeigten, dass (i) die Stabilität der Korn- und Substruktur bei der zyklischen Verformung empfindlich vom Gefüge im Ausgangszustand abhängt, (ii) generell die Tendenz zur Umwandlung der vorhandenen Substruktur in eine universelle ermüdungstypische Substruktur besteht, diese Transformation jedoch durch die lokale Gefügebeschaffenheit be- bzw. verhindert sein kann und (iii) zur Erklärung des Entfestigungsverhaltens der ECAP-Materialien sowohl die Transformation der Substruktur als auch die Vergröberung der Kornstruktur berücksichtigt werden müssen. Auf der Basis der Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit und unter Hinzunahme von Resultaten aus der Literatur lassen sich Schlussfolgerungen zum Einfluss der Korngröße auf die zyklische Plastizität in einem vier Größenordnungen umfassenden Korngrößenbereich ziehen. In grob- und feinkörnigem Nickel bilden sich bei der zyklischen Verformung ermüdungstypische Versetzungsstrukturen, deren Abmessungen kaum von der Korngröße abhängen. Der Versetzungslaufweg in diesen Materialien ist wesentlich kleiner als die Kornabmessungen. Dementsprechend besteht höchstens ein schwacher Einfluss der Korngröße auf das sich bei der Wechselverformung einstellende Spannungsniveau. Bei mikro- und submikrokristallinem Nickel, wo der Versetzungslaufweg in der Größenordung der Kornabmessungen liegt, wird ein deutlicher Umschlag bei der Versetzungsmusterbildung und dem zyklischen Verformungsverhalten beobachtet. In diesem Korngrößenbereich entstehen entweder qualitativ andere (D<DS1=5µm) oder keine Versetzungsstrukturen (D<DS2=1µm) und das Spannungsniveau steigt mit sinkender Korngröße entsprechend einer HALL-PETCH-Beziehung.
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Venturelli, Bianka Nani. "Efeito do refino do tamanho de grão pela adição de Hf nas propriedades mecânicas de tração e impacto do aço Hadfield." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-04052018-094951/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho consiste no estudo das propriedades mecânicas de tração e impacto do aço Hadfield refinado com Hf em relação ao aço Hadfield sem refino. Foram realizadas simulações no software Thermo-Calc para caracterizar o caminho de solidificação e a evolução microestrutural do aço Hadfield (composição química de 13% de Mn, 1,2% de C e 0,65% de Si). Foram fundidos os corpos de prova de aço Hadfield sem refino e refinado pela adição de Hf, ambos com a composição química de acordo com a norma ASTM A128 - grau B2. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao tratamento térmico de solubilização à temperatura de 1120oC por 10 horas. A caracterização macroestrutural mostrou que o aço Hadfield com adição de Hf apresenta tamanho do grão austenítico cinco vezes menor (600 µm) do que o aço Hadfield sem refino (de 3000 µm para 600 µm), sendo que este resultado foi confirmado pela técnica de EBSD (Electron backscatter diffraction). Os resultados do ensaio de tração dos corpos de prova para as duas condições mostraram que as propriedades de limite de escoamento (6%), tenacidade (88%), resistência à tração (37%), e do coeficiente de encruamento (30%) do aço Hadfield refinado aumentaram em relação ao aço Hadfield sem refino. A energia absorvida no impacto aumentou de 156 J/cm2 para 179 J/cm2 com o refino do tamanho de grão austenítico. A lei de Hall-Petch foi utilizada para explicar o efeito do refino de grão no limite de escoamento, mas não pode ser usada para explicar o aumento na resistência a tração, tenacidade, e as mudanças no coeficiente de encruamento. A caracterização microestrutural das amostras rompidas em tração e impacto mostrou que a fração de maclas aumentou em 46% (em tração) e 45% (no impacto) para o aço Hadfield refinado em comparação com o aço Hadfield sem refino. Os resultados da caracterização microestrutural dos corpos de prova rompidos no ensaio de tração e impacto indicam que o mecanismo de deformação plástica por maclação foi mais atuante com o refino do grão austenítico.The tensile and impact properties of Hf-refined Hadfield steel were compared to the properties of non-refined Hadfield steel. Simulations in Thermo-Calc software were made in order to study the solidification and microstructural evolution of a Hadfield steel (13% Mn, 1.2% C and 0.65% Si). Samples of non-refined and refined Hadfield steel (with addition of 0.1% of H), both with chemical composition as described in ASTM A128- grade B2, were cast and subjected to a solution heat treatment at 1100oC for 10 hours, followed by water quenching. Macrostructural characterization showed that the refined Hadfield steel featured an austenitic grain size equal to 600 ?m, five times smaller than the grain size of the non-refined Hadfield steel (3000 µm). These results were confirmed by EBSD (Electron backscatter diffraction) analysis. The tensile test results showed an increase in the values of the yield stress (6%), the fracture toughness (88%), the tensile strength (37%) and the strain hardening coefficient (30%) with the reduction on the austenitic grain size from 3000 µm to 600 µm. Additionally, the value of the absorbed energy of the impact test was improved from 156 J/cm2 to 179J/cm2 with reduction on the grain size. The Hall-Petch law was used to explain the small increase of 8% in the value of the yield stress with the grain refinement, but this law could not be used to explain the increase in the values of the fracture toughness, the tensile strength and the strain hardening coefficient. The microstructural characterization of the fractured test-pieces after tensile and impact testing showed that the values of the fraction of mechanical twins (definer) in the plastically deformed microstructure near the fracture surfaces of the refined condition increased by 45% when compared to the non-refined condition. These results indicated that the austenitic grain refinement of the Hadfield steel changed the plastic deformation mechanism, favoring the activation of the plastic deformation by twinning mechanism and, therefore, increasing the values of the fracture toughness (~88%), the ultimate tensile strength (~30%), the strain-hardening coefficient (~30%) and the absorbed energy during Charpy-test (~15%).
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Dausse, Lucie. "Études des déformations crâniennes intentionnelles dans la culture Paracas (800 avant-100 après J.C) : les contextes funéraires de Cerro Colorado, côte Sud du Pérou." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010628.
Full textAbstract:
La société Paracas s’est implantée sur la côte Sud des Andes centrales péruviennes vers le IXe siècle avant J.-C. jusqu’à son déclin aux alentours du IIe siècle après J.C. Le site de Cerro Colorado, localisé sur la péninsule Paracas, découvert et fouillé de 1925 à 1930 par l’archéologue péruvien Tello, est celui qui a livré le plus de vestiges culturels Paracas jusqu’à nos jours. L’étude des traitements du corps des défunts inhumés dans ces contextes funéraires est au centre de ce travail, afin de documenter de façon détaillée les différentes traditions de modifications corporelles, éphémères et définitives, du vivant des individus et après leur mort. Le réexamen de 311 défunts inhumés dans les tombes, les cavernes et la nécropole de Wari Kayan à Cerro Colorado révèle des données inédites sur les marquages corporels durant le Paracas récent (400 av. à 100 apr. J.C.), ensuite comparées aux témoignages des périodes antérieures. L’observation des représentations anthropomorphes sur les céramiques et les textiles permet, quant à elle, d’aborder l’évolution de la conception du corps sur l’ensemble de la chronologie. Cette recherche présente l’importance de l’esthétique chez les Paracas à travers la diversité des modifications corporelles telles que le modelage de la tête, le percement des oreilles, les peintures corporelles, les tatouages, les différentes coiffures et les nombreux objets de parure. Dans cette ancienne société péruvienne, le corps était donc perçu comme un support identitaire dans lequel la tête occupait une place symboliqueThe Paracas society established itself on the southern coast of the central Peruvian Andean area, around the 9th century B.C. until the decline around the 2th century A.C. The site of Cerro Colorado, localized in the Paracas peninsula, discovered and excavated from 1925 to 1930 by Tello, delivered the biggest amount of Paracas cultural material until today. The study of body treatments of the deceased buried in these funerary contexts is central to this research, beacause it specifically documents the different traditions of the Paracas body modifications, ephemeral and irrevable, during life and after death. The reassessment of 311 bodies buried in these tombs, cavers and in the necropolis of Wari Kayan at Cerro Colorado, reveals unprecedented data on the corporal practices during Late Paracas (400 B.C -100 A.C.), then compared to testimonies from previous periods. The observation of anthropomorphic representations on ceramics and textiles allows addressing the evolution of the body conception during the entire Paracas chronology. This research presents the importance of aesthetics for the Paracas through the diversity of body modifications such as head modelling, ear piercing, body paintings and tattoos, different hairstyles and numerous sets of jewels. In this ancient Peruvian society, the body was hence perceived as an identity support in which the head has a symbolical place
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Klemm, Robert. "Zyklische Plastizität von mikro- und submikrokristallinem Nickel." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23831.
Full textAbstract:
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der Korngröße und der Gefügestabilität auf die zyklische Plastizität von mikro- und submikrokristallinem Nickel, hergestellt durch ECAP und PED, untersucht. Zur Gefügecharakterisierung kamen verschiedene elektronenmikroskopische und röntgenographische Methoden zum Einsatz. Die Untersuchungen zur Gefügestabilität zeigten, dass (i) die Stabilität der Korn- und Substruktur bei der zyklischen Verformung empfindlich vom Gefüge im Ausgangszustand abhängt, (ii) generell die Tendenz zur Umwandlung der vorhandenen Substruktur in eine universelle ermüdungstypische Substruktur besteht, diese Transformation jedoch durch die lokale Gefügebeschaffenheit be- bzw. verhindert sein kann und (iii) zur Erklärung des Entfestigungsverhaltens der ECAP-Materialien sowohl die Transformation der Substruktur als auch die Vergröberung der Kornstruktur berücksichtigt werden müssen. Auf der Basis der Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit und unter Hinzunahme von Resultaten aus der Literatur lassen sich Schlussfolgerungen zum Einfluss der Korngröße auf die zyklische Plastizität in einem vier Größenordnungen umfassenden Korngrößenbereich ziehen. In grob- und feinkörnigem Nickel bilden sich bei der zyklischen Verformung ermüdungstypische Versetzungsstrukturen, deren Abmessungen kaum von der Korngröße abhängen. Der Versetzungslaufweg in diesen Materialien ist wesentlich kleiner als die Kornabmessungen. Dementsprechend besteht höchstens ein schwacher Einfluss der Korngröße auf das sich bei der Wechselverformung einstellende Spannungsniveau. Bei mikro- und submikrokristallinem Nickel, wo der Versetzungslaufweg in der Größenordung der Kornabmessungen liegt, wird ein deutlicher Umschlag bei der Versetzungsmusterbildung und dem zyklischen Verformungsverhalten beobachtet. In diesem Korngrößenbereich entstehen entweder qualitativ andere (D<DS1=5µm) oder keine Versetzungsstrukturen (D<DS2=1µm) und das Spannungsniveau steigt mit sinkender Korngröße entsprechend einer HALL-PETCH-Beziehung.
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Blaizot, Jérôme. "Etude de l'influence des procédés de fabrication sur les propriétés mécaniques des alliages de nickel." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI024/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans l’industrie nucléaire, différents composants des réacteurs à eau pressurisée sont soudés par le procédé TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas). Pour obtenir une résistance à la corrosion et une tenue en service suffisante, ces pièces sont réalisées en alliage base nickel NY690. La compréhension des phénomènes physiques impliqués durant le soudage est nécessaire afin de connaître l’évolution de la microstructure et leur influence sur le comportement mécanique. Pour améliorer la qualité des produits soudés, il est crucial de déterminer les contraintes résiduelles après soudage ce qui implique de connaître le comportement mécanique de l’alliage NY690. En effet, le soudage de ces pièces massives dont l’épaisseur est comprise entre 50 et 250 mm nécessite un grand nombre de passes et donc grand nombre de cycles thermo-mécaniques. Pour reproduire ces chargements complexes se produisant dans la zone affectée thermiquement, des essais mécaniques ont été réalisés en utilisant la machine Gleeble 3500 et une machine de traction/torsion MTS-809. Des essais de traction et des essais cycliques ont été réalisés pour différents états microstructuraux à température ambiante et à 750°C. Plus précisément, l’influence de la taille de grain et de la présence des carbures de chrome sur le comportement mécanique a été étudiée dans le but de déterminer les paramètres à prendre en compte pour modéliser le comportement mécanique. Le comportement mécanique en chargement monotone a ensuite été modélisé en fonction de la température et de la vitesse de déformation en utilisant le formalisme de Kocks-Mecking-Estrin. Ce modèle ensuite été implémenté sous Sysweld pour simuler des expériences de soudageMechanical behavior of nickel alloy 690 (NY690) is characterized from 25°C to 1100°C and for a strain rate ranging from 10-4 to 5×10-3s-1. The effects of chromium carbides and grain size (50-150 µm) on the tensile properties of NY690, were studied at 25°C and 750°C. Chromium carbides have negligible influence on the yield stress and on the strain hardening whereas the grain size slightly decreases the yield stress and the hardening rate at room temperature. The grain size has little influence on the strain-hardening but increases the steady-state stress. The dislocation density is the major microstructural parameter governing the mechanical behavior of the alloy for the studied experimental conditions. The Kocks-Mecking-Estrin formalism is adapted to a wide range of temperature and strain rate to predict the mechanical behavior
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Issa, Inas. "In situ TEM nanocompression and mechanical analysis of ceramic nanoparticles." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI008/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans cette étude, nous proposons d’utiliser la compression in situ dans le MET afin de caractériser les propriétés mécaniques de nanoparticules céramiques dont la taille caractéristique est de l’ordre de quelques dizaines de nanomètres. Nous appliquerons cette méthode à des nanocubes monocristallins de MgO, une céramique modèle dont la plasticité est bien connue dans le matériau massif. Les essais de nanocompression montrent que les nanocubes de MgO se déforment de façon homogène jusqu’à de grandes déformations (>50%) sans fissure apparente. L’analyse des résultats est assistée par des méthodes de corrélation d’images numériques et simulations de type dynamique moléculaire. Le mécanisme de déformation et l'effet de taille sur la limite élastique sont identifiés. Dans une deuxième partie de la thèse, nous présentons une étude sur des nanoparticules d’alumine de transition compactée en CED (Cellule à Enclumes en Diamant) à température ambiante, sous plusieurs pressions (5 GPa, 15 GPa et 20 GPa). Des lames minces préparées par FIB ont été étudiées en MET. Des images HRTEM montrent une texture cristallographique qui devient plus importante à des pressions plus élevées. Une orientation cristallographique préférentielle est observée, avec les plans {220} de la phase gamma de l’alumine la plupart du temps parallèles à la surface de contact avec une particule voisine. Ce comportement mécanique est cohérent avec un système de glissement, connu pour les structures spinelles. Une corrélation de ce comportement avec les tests in situ MET réalisés sur des nanoparticules similaires, par Emilie Calvié lors de sa thèse, est présentée. Enfin, des clichés de diffraction de type Debye Scherrer sont réalisés sur ces lames minces de nanoparticules d’alumine de transition compactées en CED à différentes pressions. L’analyse quantitative de ces clichés montre une transformation de phase de ces nanoparticules d’alumine de phase gamma en phase delta, de manière croissante avec la pressionIn this study, we propose an innovative mechanical observation protocol of ceramics nanoparticles in the 100nm size range. This Protocol consists of in situ TEM nanocompression tests of isolated nanoparticles. Load–real displacements curves, obtained by Digital Image Correlation, are analyzed and these analyses are correlated with Molecular Dynamics simulations. By this protocol a constitutive law with its mechanical parameters (Young modulus, Yield stress...) of the studied material at the nano-scale can be obtained. In situ TEM nano-compression tests on magnesium oxide nanocubes are performed. Magnesium oxide is a model material and its plasticity is very well known at bulk. The MgO nanocubes show large plastic deformation, more than 50% of plastic strain without any fracture. The TEM results are correlated to MD simulations and the deformation mechanism can be identified.The size effect and the electron beam effect on the yield strength are investigated. In a second part of the dissertation, we present a study on transition alumina nanoparticles compacted in a Diamond Anvil Cell at different uniaxial pressures. Thin Foils of these compacted nanoparticles are prepared by FIB for HRTEM Observations. Their analysis reveals the plastic deformation of the nanoparticles. The crystallographic texture observed inthese compacted nanoparticles in DAC shows a preferred orientation of the {110} lattice planes, orientated perpendicular to the compression direction. This is compatible with the slip system. This argument was reinforced with a preferred orientation of slip bands observed during in situ TEM nano-compression tests. Moreover, electron diffraction patterns (Debye Scherrer) analysis on these compacted transition alumina nanoparticles reveals the decrease of the presence of gamma-alumina and the increase of delta-alumina with increasing pressure. This reveals the phase transformation with increasing pressure from gamma to delta* alumina
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Franzini, Tommaso. "Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz for a family of scattering theories with U_q(sl(2)) symmetry." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20546/.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis work we analyze a wide class of 1+1 dimensional integrable scattering theories with
Uq(sl(2)) quantum group symmetry, whose asymptotic
states are multiplets of particles with iso-spin
k/2. Their two-body S-matrices have been recently found in terms of the R matrix of the quantum group. Since
they satisfy Yang-Baxter equation, unitarity and crossing symmetry, they represent a consistent integrable factorized scattering theory. The question of
finding the corresponding underlying QFT can be addressed once the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) is obtained. In this work we get the TBA
equations and we compare them to previous known results of S. R. Aladim e M. J. Martins for the particular case when
q→1.
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Vigouroux, Mathieu Pierre. "Mesure de déformation et cristallinité à l'échelle nanométrique par diffraction électronique en mode précession." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY012/document.
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La diffraction électronique en mode précession (PED) est une méthode récente d’acquisition de clichésde diffraction permettant de minimiser les interactions dynamiques. L’objectif de cette thèse est dedévelopper une méthodologie d’acquisition et de traitement des clichés de diffraction en modeprécession afin de mesurer les champs de déformation en combinant une résolution spatialenanométrique et une sensibilité inférieure à 10-3 typiquement obtenues par d’autres techniques usuellesde microscopie, telle que l’imagerie haute-résolution. Les mesures ont été réalisées sur un JEOL 2010Aéquipé du module de précession Digistar produit par la société Nanomegas.Un système modèle constitué de multicouches Si/SiGe de concentrations connues en Ge a été utilisépour évaluer les performances de la méthodologie développée dans cette thèse. Les résultats indiquentune sensibilité sur la mesure de contraintes qui atteint, au mieux, 1x10-4 et un accord excellent avec lescontraintes simulées par éléments finis. Cette nouvelle méthode a pu ensuite être appliquée sur despuits quantique d’InGaAs et sur des transistors de type Ω−gate.La dernière partie traite d’un nouvel algorithme permettant d’évaluer de manière robuste et rapide lapolycristallinité des matériaux à partir d’une mesure PED. Nous donnons des exemples d’applicationde cette méthode sur divers dispositifsPrecession electron diffraction (PED) is a recent technique used to minimize acquired diffractionpatterns dynamic effects. The primary intention of this PhD work is to improve PED (PrecessionElectron Diffraction) data analysis and treatment methodologies in order to measure the strain at thenanoscale. The strain measurement is intended to reach a 10-3 strain precision as well as usualmicroscopy techniques like high-resolution imaging. To this end, measurements were made with aJEOL 2010A with a Digistar Nanomegas precession module.The approach developed has been used and tested by measuring the strain in a Si/SiGe multilayeredreference sample with a known Ge Content. Strain measurements reached 1x10-4 sensitivity withexcellent finite element strain simulation agreement. This process has been also applied to measure thestrain in microelectronic InGaAs Quantum Well and an "Ω-gate" experimental transistor devices.The second approach developed has been made to provide a robust means of studying electrontransparent nanomaterial polycrystallinity with precession. Examples of applications of this analysismethod are shown on different devices
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Lavogiez, Cyril. "Étude de l’effet « dwell » dans le Ti-6Al-4V : mécanismes de déformation et d’amorçage de fissures en relation avec l’orientation cristallographique locale de la phase αp Concurrent operation of slip and twinning under cycling loading of Ti-6Al-4V Analysis of deformation mechanisms operating under fatigue and dwell-fatigue loadings in an α/β titanium alloy Deformation processes at crack initiation site under cyclic loading of Ti-6Al-4V with a dwell period On the mechanism of fatigue and dwell-fatigue crack initiation in Ti-6Al-4V Why do titanium alloys withstand more strain under dwell-fatigue than under fatigue loadings." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0004.
Full textAbstract:
L’introduction d’un temps de maintien à charge maximale au cours d’un chargement mécanique cyclique d’un alliage de titane (α+β), conduit à une réduction du nombre de cycles à rupture. Cet abattement de durée de vie, appelé effet «dwell», s’accompagne également d’une augmentation de la déformation plastique à rupture et d’une transition de l’amorçage des fissures fatales de la surface vers le cœur. Malgré plus de 40 ans de recherche, ce phénomène, qui est lié à la viscoplasticité des alliages de titane à température ambiante, reste mal expliqué. Dans la littérature, les efforts se sont principalement concentrés sur l’étude du mécanisme d’amorçage de fissure. Différents modèles ont été proposés mais le manque de données expérimentales statistiques sur les sites d’amorçage de fissure en dwell-fatigue, ne permet pas de converger vers un accord général. De plus, peu d’études ont porté sur l’influence du temps de maintien sur les processus de déformation, qui précèdent et sont au cœur de l’amorçage des fissures de fatigue dans les alliages de titane. Les travaux de thèse présentés se proposent ainsi d’étudier l’effet «dwell» à travers l’influence du temps de maintien sur les liens entre la plasticité et l’amorçage des fissures. Pour cela, plusieurs essais de fatigue et de dwell-fatigue ont été effectués sur un alliage Ti-6Al-4V avec une microstructure bimodale. Une étude exhaustive de l’ensemble des mécanismes de déformation de la phase αp (glissement basal, prismatique, pyramidal et , aux interfaces et maclage), résultant de champs mécaniques hétérogènes influencés par le report des contraintes entre grains voisins ou l’interaction des bandes de glissement avec un joint de grain, a d’abord été effectuée. Les techniques d’analyse EBSD et d’analyse des lignes de glissement ont été utilisées dans ce but. Les mécanismes de déformation ont été comparés à des taux de déformation plastique similaires pour différentes durées de maintien. Enfin, les configurations microstructurales d’amorçage de fissures ont été caractérisées. Un mécanisme d’amorçage de fissures nouveau a été mis en évidence en lien avec des configurations microstructurales spécifiques, en fatigue comme en dwell-fatigue et en surface comme à coeur. L’association des résultats sur les modes de déformation et l’amorçage des fissures a permis finalement de de suggérer les points où de futurs efforts pourront se concentrerThe introduction of a hold time at maximum stress during the loading of an (α+β) titanium alloys leads to a reduction in the number of cycles to failure. This life debit, called “dwell effect” goes in hand with a higher plastic strain uptake at failure and a transition of the fatal crack initiation from surface to the volume. Despite more than 40 years of scientific research, the origins of this phenomenon, which is closely linked to the viscoplastic behavior of titanium alloy at room temperature, remains unclear. In the literature, the main efforts were focused on elucidating the mechanism of crack initiation. Several models have been proposed but the lack of experimental data with a statistical significance about the crack initiation sites under dwell-fatigue loading prevented to reach a general agreement. Moreover, few studies have investigated the influence of the hold time at maximum stress on the deformation mechanisms, although they precede crack initiation and govern the associated mechanisms under cyclic loading. The presented work is a study of the dwell effect through the analysis of the influence of the hold time at maximum stress in order to clarify the link between plasticity and crack initiation. In this aim, several fatigue and dwell fatigue tests have been performed on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a bimodal microstructure. An extensive study of deformation mechanism of the αp phase in relation to the heterogeneous mechanical fields influenced by load shedding between neighboring grains or interactions between slip bands and grain boundaries, has been performed. EBSD analyses and slip trace analysis were employed in this aim. The deformation mechanisms identified by these techniques (basal, prismatic, pyramidal and slip, interface sliding and twinning) were compared for different hold periods at maximum stress at similar cumulated plastic strain. Then, a microstructural configuration promoting crack initiation has been identified. It enabled to propose a new crack initiation mechanism. In addition, this mechanism is unique for crack initiation under fatigue and dwell-fatigue loadings and for surface and subsurface crack initiation. The combination of the results obtained on plasticity and crack initiation clarifies some features of the dwell effect and suggests some outlooks for future work
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Hassoun, Virginie. "Analyse multi-échelles des déstabilisations sous-marines de la Marge Ligure : implications sur la répartition spatio-temporelle des facteurs déclenchant [sic]." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4069.
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La marge Ligure est une marge passive soumise à une déformation tectonique compressive associée à la tectonique salifère messinienne. La reprise en compression de la marge s’accompagne d’une sismicité modérée récurrente ponctuée d’évènements plus forts. La marge Ligure est le siège d’une sédimentation importante au Plio-Quaternaire. Elle constitue un environnement propice à l’étude des déstabilisations gravitaires. L’objectif principal de ce travail était de décrire et caractériser les principaux mouvements en masse ayant affecté la marge continentale Ligure au cours du Plio-Quaternaire, de localiser les principales zones sujettes aux déstabilisations et d’identifier les facteurs pré-conditionnant et déclenchant les ruptures dans le but de mieux évaluer l’aléa gravitaire. Une large couverture de données bathymétriques, géophysiques et des carottages acquis sur l’ensemble de la marge a permis de réaliser une étude multi-échelles des processus de ruptures gravitaires et des facteurs déclenchant associés. Près de 1500 glissements ont été identifiés. L’étude de leur répartition spatio-temporelle illustre que l’ensemble de la marge a toujours été affectée par des déstabilisations de pente mais que les principales zones de ruptures auraient migré vers l’ouest au cours du Plio-Quaternaire. Les grandes ruptures sous-marines sont préférentiellement associées aux zones de déformation maximale, cette dernière étant contrôlée par la tectonique crustale et/ou la tectonique salifère. Il apparaît que les ruptures résultent plus généralement d’une association de facteurs distincts qui ont participé à fragiliser la stabilité des dépôts de la pente et qui ont pu provoquer leur ruptureThe Ligurian margin is a passive margin characterized by high sedimentation rates during the Plio-Quaternary. It is affected by a compressive tectonic deformation leading to the inversion of the margin, together with a salt tectonic. The present-day moderate seismic activity is punctuated by stronger seismic events. Thus, this margin offers a good natural laboratory to study submarine landslides and their triggering factors. Although the Var Turbidite System has been well investigated over the last 20 years, the morphology and tectonics/sedimentary processes affecting the whole margin remained poorly known. This study aims to describe and to characterize the main types of mass movements, their preferential locations along the Ligurian margin during the Plio-Quaternary and their triggering factors to improve geohazards assessment related to landslides. A dataset including bathymetric and geophysical data and cores allowed to realize a multi-scale study of submarine failures and their associated triggering factors. About 1500 landslides were identified on the margin and in the basin. The study of their spatio-temporal distribution revealed that the margin has always been affected by mass-wasting processes and that the main zones of landsliding migrated westward during the Plio-Quaternary. The largest submarine landslides are preferentially associated with the highest deformation rates and their location is controlled by crustal tectonics and/or salt tectonics. The initiation of failures results from the combination of several factors including the margin deformation, earthquakes, salt tectonics and sediment under-consolidation
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Martinot, Emmanuelle. "Indentation de films élastiques complexes par des sondes souples." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786422.
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La compréhension des mécanismes qui pilotent la transmission des contraintes aux interfaces déformables est au centre de nombreuses problématiques touchant des applications actuelles utilisant un film mince de polymère souple comme couche interfaciale. Arriver à caractériser de tels films fins est encore un défi aujourd'hui car l'analyse des mesures expérimentales destinées à extraire les contributions dues aux films est complexe et délicate et les techniques usuelles de caractérisation sont peu adaptées aux systèmes. Ce travail étudie la réponse mécanique de deux types de systèmes modèles au moyen de deux techniques de caractérisation différentes. Le premier système que nous avons élaboré et caractérisé mécaniquement par le test JKR, est constitué de films d'élastomère réticulé d'épaisseurs micrométriques (de 5 à 100µm) et déposés sur des wafers de silicium. Les mesures expérimentales ont été analysées par comparaison à un modèle semi-analytique récent proposé par E. Barthel dans le but d'extraire le module élastique de chaque film et de répondre à la question de savoir si l'épaisseur du film influe sur la valeur de ce module. Nous avons montré que ce modèle permet de rendre compte quantitativement du raidissement lié à la présence d'un solide supportant le film mais que la précision sur les mesures de modules de Young reste limitée (de l'ordre de 35 %).Le deuxième système modèle est constitué de brosses de polymères greffées (PDMS) par une extrémité à la surface de wafers de silicium et gonflées dans un bon solvant (47V20). Nous avons analysé la réponse mécanique dans plusieurs régimes de distance et de fréquence en utilisant un appareil à forces de surface (SFA) dans lequel on contrôle l'approche d'une sphère millimétrique d'un plan sur lequel sont greffées les polymères. En statique, nous avons vérifié que la réponse en compression était celle d'une brosse de type Alexander-de Gennes. En mode dynamique, quand la sphère est loin de la couche gonflée, nous avons vérifié que la réponse dissipative était celle d'un écoulement de Reynolds qui décrit normalement l'écoulement d'un fluide simple newtonien entre une sphère et un plan solide. Ceci nous a permis de montrer que l'écoulement du solvant pénètre partiellement à l'intérieur de la couche greffée sur une profondeur de l'ordre du tiers de l'épaisseur gonflée de la couche. Dans le régime ou les brosses sont comprimées, il n'y a pas d'accord entre les mesures réalisées et le modèle classique de Fredrickson et Pincus. Ceci s'explique par les expériences que nous avons réalisées sur un substrat nu (sans polymère) montrant pour la première fois la déformation des substrats solides qui sont indentés par l'écoulement de liquide et qu'il faut prendre en compte cette déformation dans les analyses de nanorhéologie. Finalement, une annexe est consacrée à la fabrication de surfaces hydrophobes silanisées optimisées en vue d'étudier le glissement d'un liquide simple et d'électrolytes à la paroi.