Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Size spectra'

Aquatic ecosystems are observed to follow regular patterns in abundance. The frequency distribution of all individuals across the spectrum of body mass, irrespective of their taxonomic identity (known as a ’size spectrum’), follows a power law and this has mathematically been explained by the processes of growth and mortality primarily driven by predation. In this theory of the size spectrum, predation is driven by body size: as organisms grow bigger the size of their prey also increases. This process is thought to be particularly important for marine organisms such as fish, where individual body size is an important determinant for what they eat because they are mostly limited by the size of their mouths. Models need to capture the behaviour of real systems if reliable predictions are to emerge from them. Here, new equations for size-based predation are derived from a stochastic process, allowing variability in organism growth. The new equations are postulated to capture real feeding behaviour better than classical models often used to simulate size spectra. Marine systems are often perturbed by seasonal processes, environmental factors and exploitation. I show how models with diffusive growth stabilise the observed power-law steady state in marine systems, and stability is explicitly linked to parameters involved in feeding. Seasonal plankton blooms are introduced into the model, along with time-dependent reproduction, both of which are widely observed in aquatic systems. The population dynamics, along with growth and survival rates during blooms are investigated, and preliminary results are reflected in empirical data. The match/mismatch hypothesis is tested, with theoretical findings in agreement with observed seasonal trends. Adding factors such as these will make the behaviour of size-based models more indicative of real ecosystems, and thus well-informed management decisions about exploitation can be made.

Abundance-size distributions of organisms within a community reflect fundamental properties underlying population dynamics. These include characteristics such as predator to prey biomass ratios, given the relationships that exist between body mass and metabolic activity, and between body mass and the ecological regulation of population density. In this way, plankton size has an important role in structuring the rates and pathways of material transfer in the marine pelagic food web, and consequently the oceanic carbon cycle. The transfer of energy between trophic levels can be inferred from regular patterns in population size structure, where plots of abundance within size classes, also known as plankton size spectra, typically show a power-law dependence on size. Metabolic theory, based on such size relations, has provided the basis for using an allometric approach to investigate the metabolic balance of the Atlantic Ocean and to identify the main drivers of trophic status in the plankton community. Samples were collected during three Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) cruises with further samples from a Marine Productivity (MarProd) cruise in the Irminger Sea. Three image analysis instruments were used to obtain plankton size spectra in the pico- to mesozooplankton size range. Data from a decadal time series at a coastal station off Plymouth, UK additionally enabled seasonal trends in plankton size spectra to be interpreted. Allometric relationships were also derived from physiological rates of individual plankton and scaled from organisms to ecosystems using community size structure data that were obtained from six earlier AMT cruises. Contrary to common perception, the transfer efficiency between phytoplankton and mesozooplankton in the Atlantic was not related to ecosystem productivity in oceanic and coastal systems. The flow of carbon up the food web was controlled by how quickly the consumers are able to respond to a resource pulse. These findings have fundamental implications for upper ocean carbon flux and suggest that global carbon flux models should reconsider the differences in carbon transfer efficiency between productive and oligotrophic areas of the world’s ocean. The allometric models of microbial community respiration and production provide a complementary method for understanding the metabolic balance of the upper ocean. Respiration exceeded photosynthesis in large areas of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting that planktonic communities act as potential net sources of CO2. Large-sized phytoplankton are suggested as the main drivers of the balance between net autotrophy and heterotrophy.

In this thesis, we describe some recent results obtained in the analysis of two-dimensional quantum field theories by means of semiclassical techniques. These achievements represent a natural development of the non-perturbative studies performed in the past years for conformally invariant and integrable theories, which have lead to analytical predictions for several measurable quantities in the universality classes of statistical systems. Here we propose a semiclassical method to control analytically the spectrum and the finite-size effects in both integrable and non-integrable theories. The techniques used are appropriate generalization of the ones introduced in seminal works during the Seventies by Dashen, Hasllacher and Neveu and by Goldstone and Jackiw. Their approaches, which do not require integrability and therefore can be applied to a large class of system, are best suited to deal with those quantum field theories characterized by a non-linear interaction potential with different degenerate minima. In fact, these systems display kink excitations which generally have a large mass in the small coupling regime. Under these circumstances, although the results obtained are based on a small coupling assumption, they are nevertheless non-perturbative, since the kink backgrounds around which the semiclassical expansion is performed are non-perturbative too.

Since the Eu3+ ion can occupy different cation sites in a host material, it can serve as a useful probe of nanocrystalline structures to gain more insight into the structural changes that can occur when the particle size is reduced from the bulk to nanometer regime. The use of laser spectroscopy to probe two nanocrystalline structures, Eu3+:Y2O3 and Eu3+:CaO, was investigated. The nanocrystalline structures were prepared by the laser-vaporization-gas-phase condensation of the bulk oxides. The particle size distribution and dominant particle diameters of the nanocrystals were determined by transmission electron microscopy. The particle size dependency results of Eu3+:Y2O3 revealed three distinct phases: (1) the sharp lines of the monoclinic Y2O3 were dominant in the larger particles; (2) the C2 site of the cubic phase, which appears in the smaller particles; and (3) the amorphous phase that increases in intensity as the particle size decreases. The observation of distinct spectral lines from the monoclinic phase confirms the presence of a crystalline phase for all of particle sizes studied. The site-selective results of various concentrations of 13-nm Eu3+:CaO showed that the laser-vaporization-gas-phase condensation method of preparation produced two europium-containing phases at most concentrations: cubic CaO and monoclinic Eu2O3. Results showed that the monoclinic Eu2O3 phase could be reduced by 95% by annealing at 800 0C for 30 minutes without particle growth. Since the Eu3+ ion and the Y3+ ion are isovalent, the substitution of a Eu3+ ion into Y2O3 is considered a trivial case of extrinsic disorder since the impurity is neutral relative to a perfect crystal1. As a result, it is not necessary to have any other defects present in the crystals to maintain charge neutrality. With Eu3+:CaO, the dopant and host cation charges are different and therefore the dopant distribution can be investigated by site-selective spectroscopy. Since the experimental dopant distribution results for nanocrystalline Eu3+:CaO were inconclusive, a model to predict the theoretical change in the dopant distribution in Eu3+:CaO as a function of particle size was developed. The model predicts that the defect chemistry is affected when the particle size is approximately 50 nm and smaller.
Ph. D.

The biomass size spectrum - the power-law scaling relationship between average individual size and total biomass - has often been studied in lake and marine ecosystems, but rarely in lotic systems. The objective of this study was to test for characteristic biomass spectra in small temperate streams. Seasonal fish and macroinvertebrate data, including population abundance and biomass estimates, were collected in three wadeable, southern West Virginia streams from October 2013 to May 2015. Fish abundances were estimated with 3-pass electrofishing (depletion) surveys and individuals were weighed in the field. Macroinvertebrates were collected with a Hess sampler and returned to the lab for identification to the lowest practical level (usually genus). Published length-mass regressions were then used to estimate individual mass. All size spectra relationships (linear regression of log-log data) were highly significant (p<0.001). Size spectra intercepts were variable and may reflect seasonal differences in fish and invertebrate densities. Size spectra slopes were more consistent, with a mean slope of approximately -0.73, suggesting a common scaling relationship between stream consumers at differing trophic levels.

This thesis uses a range of different size spectra to compare contrasting benthic habitats in the aquatic realm. Temporal and spatial variation in benthic size spectra were investigated across a full salinity gradient (i.e. from freshwater, through estuarine to marine) in the River Yealm, south Devon, in order to gauge the influence of large differences in taxonomy and evolutionary history. Abundance and biomass size spectra showed a similar pattern among sites in all seasons but winter, suggesting that the size structure of benthic communities may be similar in sites with very different community compositions. A subsequent study comparing size spectra across salinity by employing artificial substrata suggested that substratum type also had little effect on the size structure of these benthic communities. A technique was developed for obtaining microbial size distributions for benthic communities and showed that microbial size structures were also similar between the marine and freshwater sites within the Yealm system. A final study demonstrated that the shape of size spectra was clearly affected by metal contamination. Size spectra across a salinity gradient -(i.e. from freshwater to lower estuary) in the highly contaminated Fal system were very different to those in the uncontaminated Yealm, due mostly to the low macrofaunal abundance in the former. This thesis is the first to assess patterns in benthic size spectra across a full salinity range in the same system. It is hoped that it will provide a base line for further studies in this exciting research area in macroecology and that biomass spectra might also prove useful as metrics for biomonitoring.

Adsorbed carbon monoxide is utilized as a double layer probe molecule because of its strong absorption in infrared region and because of the high sensitivity of the carbon-oxygen bond to changes in the environment local to the electrode surface. Potential Difference Infrared Spectroscopy was used to investigate the structural behavior of CO adsorbed on a platinum electrode. Carbon monoxide was found to be exclusively linear-bonded on platinum electrode in the presence of tetran- alkylammonium perchlorate/acetonitrile. No bridge-bonded species were observed. It was also found that the IR peak position of adsorbed CO is linearly dependent upon applied electrode potential, in agreement with Electrochemical Stark effect. The Stark tuning rate of adsorbed CO was determined to be inversely proportional to electrolyte cation size. This quantitative relationship between the Stark tuning rate and cation size is the first time that this has been experimentally demonstrated. Statistical treatment proved that surface coverage influences the rate of infrared peak position shift. The effect of surface coverage upon the conformation of tetra-n-octylammonium cation was also observed. Data suggested that tetra-n-octylammonium cation changes its conformation with surface coverage
Master of Science

This thesis is centered on the application of the Normalized Biomass Size Spectra (NBSS) theory to the study of plankton systems in shelf and oceanic areas of the tropical and subtropical Southwest Atlantic. I evaluated NBSS parameters over different environmental settings and their utility as proxies for system in Brazilian waters. The LOPC and the ZooScan are recently developed optical systems to automatically detect and measure plankton and particle size distributions in situ and in laboratory, respectively. I present two case studies: the first deals with the spatial variability over the Abrolhos Bank and adjacent oceanic areas in tropical latitudes, and the second focuses on temporal variability of plankton communities along a 5-year time series on a fixed station on the inner shelf at a subtropical location (Ubatuba, São Paulo). The data sets consisted of vertical profiles obtained with a LOPC and plankton preserved samples collected with a 200-m-mesh net. I observed in both data sets the accumulation of small particles (< 1 mm) above and within the pycnocline. NBSS slopes and intercepts were significantly different according to the contrasting environmental conditions observed in both areas; higher intercepts and steeper slopes were associated with higher productivity. The results highlight: i) water-column stratification as a key feature driving particle and plankton vertical distribution, ii) NBSS parameters as indicators of different environmental settings, and iii) that the cold and nutrient-rich South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) have an important role structuring the zooplankton size distributions over the Abrolhos Bank and vicinities and off Ubatuba. The NBSS parameters associated with information on plankton composition and distributions provided important information to evaluate the influence of oceanographic forcing on plankton dynamics in distinct ecosystems of the Southwest Atlantic
O tema central desta tese é a aplicação da teoria do espectro de biomassa normalizado (NBSS, em inglês) no estudo de sistemas planctônicos em áreas costeiras e oceânicas, no Atlântico Sudoeste tropical e subtropical. Eu avaliei os parâmetros do NBSS em diferentes situações ambientais na Plataforma Continental Brasileira e a utilidade desses índices para inferir sobre produtividade. O LOPC e o ZooScan são sistemas ópticos recentemente desenvolvidos para detectar e mensurar a distribuição de tamanhos de partículas e zooplâncton in situ e em laboratório, respectivamente. Eu apresento dois estudos de caso: o primeiro lida com a variabilidade espacial sobre o banco de Abrolhos e áreas adjacentes oceânicas em latitudes tropicais, enquanto o segundo enfatiza a variabilidade temporal de comunidades planctônicas ao longo de 5 anos numa estação fixa na plataforma interna em uma localidade subtropical (Ubatuba, SP). O conjunto de dados consistiu de perfis verticais obtidos com o LOPC e com rede de plâncton, malha de 200-m. Eu observei o acúmulo de partículas < 1 mm na picnoclina e acima desta de forma consistente. Ambos inclinação e intercepto das retas ajustadas ao NBSS responderam à condições ambientais contrastantes em ambas as áreas; associamos interceptos maiores e inclinações mais negativas com maior produtividade do plâncton. Os principais resultados indicam: i) que a estratificação é um fator chave na distribuição vertical de partículas e do plâncton, ii) os parâmetros do NBSS como indicadores de diferentes condições ambientais e iii) que a Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS, fria e rica em nutrientes) tem um importante papel na estruturação da distribuição de tamanhos acima do Banco de Abrolhos e proximidades e ao largo de Ubatuba. Os parâmetros do NBSS, associados com informações sobre a composição taxonômica e distribuição do plâncton foram importantes para avaliar a influência de feições oceanográficas sobre a dinâmica do mesozooplâncton em diferentes ecossistemas no Atlântico Sudoeste

Permafrost thaw slumping along lakeshores in lakes of the Mackenzie Delta Uplands, NT is known to alter water chemistry significantly. Its impact on benthic communities and persistent organic pollutant (POP) behaviour in lakes is not known. Benthic invertebrate communities responded to slumps through changes to community composition and size spectra. Larger taxa tended to dominate in lakes with slumps. Variability in biomass size spectra was related to total dissolved nitrogen concentration and slump size. Concentrations of POPs in Gammarus were negatively correlated with total phosphorus and positively correlated with the percentage of the catchment slumped. Lakes with slumps generally had higher mean concentrations of POPs in Gammarus (ex. ΣPCBsDisturbed = 27.54 ng/g lipid, ΣPCBsUndisturbed = 16.97 ng/g lipid; ΣDDT Disturbed =18.47 ng/g lipid and ΣDDTUndisturbed =10.86 ng/g lipid). Benthic invertebrate biomass was also negatively correlated with concentrations of contaminants in Gammarus, supporting the biomass dilution hypothesis. Thaw slumps have large enough impacts on the physico-chemical characteristics of lakes that they alter benthic invertebrate community composition and size-structure, and contaminant concentrations in Gammarus.

A Differential Mobility Analyzer/Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA/TDMA) was used to measure size distributions, hygroscopicity, and volatility during the May 2003 Aerosol Intensive Operational Period at the Central Facility of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site. Hygroscopic growth factor distributions for particles at eight dry diameters ranging from 0.012 µm to 0.600 µm were measured. These measurements, along with backtrajectory clustering, were used to infer aerosol composition and evolution. The hygroscopic growth of the smallest and largest particles analyzed was typically less than that of particles with dry diameters of about 0.100 µm. Condensation of secondary organic aerosol on nucleation mode particles may be responsible for the minimal growth observed at the smallest sizes. Growth factor distributions of the largest particles typically contained a non-hygroscopic mode believed to be composed of dust. A model was developed to characterize the hygroscopic properties of particles within a size distribution mode through analysis of the fixed-size hygroscopic growth measurements. This model was used to examine three cases in which the sampled aerosol evolved over a period of hours or days. Additionally, size and hygroscopicity information were combined to model the aerosol as a population of multi-component particles. With this model, the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor f(RH), relating the submicron scattering at high RH to that at low RH, is predicted. The f(RH) values predicted when the hygroscopic fraction of the aerosol is assumed to be metastable agree better with measurements than do those predicted under the assumption of crystalline aerosol. Agreement decreases at RH greater than 65%. This multi-component aerosol model is used to derive cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra for comparison with spectra measured directly with two Desert Research Institute (DRI) CCN spectrometers. Among the 1490 pairs of DMA/TDMA-predicted and DRI-measured CCN concentrations at various critical supersaturations from 0.02-1.05%, the sample number-weighted mean R2 value is 0.74. CCN concentrations are slightly overpredicted at both the lowest (0.02-0.04%) and highest (0.80-1.05%) supersaturations measured. Overall, this multi-component aerosol model based on size distributions and size-resolved hygroscopicity yields reasonable predictions of the humidity-dependent optical properties and CCN spectra of the aerosol.

As land use transformations are the main driver of biological diversity loss at the global scale, it is essential to provide predictions and understanding of their impacts in order to improve the mitigation of ecosystem perturbations. The first objective of this project was to describe the response of biological assemblages along a gradient of urbanization and to compare metrics of watershed imperviousness in order to determine, as has been suggested in the literature, whether effective imperviousness, which represents the proportion of impervious area directly connected to the stream by storm sewers, is a better predictor of stream impairement than total imperviousness in the watershed. Decline in sensitive taxa abundance is initiated at 14% total imperviousness and 3% effective imperviousness in the Ottawa-Carleton region and, total and effective imperviousness have equivalent predictive power. The second objective of this project was to describe how the structure of metazoan assemblages in urban streams, as described by size spectra attributes (i.e. slopes, intercepts, number of logarithmic size classes occupied, and residual variance), varies with watershed size, land use and water quality. Streams size spectra of the Ottawa-Gatineau region have relatively shallow slopes, reflecting relatively higher densities of organisms in the larger size classes compared to other ecosystem types (e.g. lakes, oceans, soils, coastal waters). Size spectra slopes, density corrected for size, number of size classes, and residual variance vary predictably along gradients of watershed size, watershed proportion of natural land use and periphyton chlorophyll a. A systematic trend of declining spectra slopes with increasing periphyton biomass suggests that ecological efficiency declines in urban eutrophic streams.

[ES] La comprensión de los fenómenos físicos que acontecen en la región densa (también conocida como campo cercano) durante la atomización de los sprays ha sido una de las mayores incógnitas a la hora de estudiar sus aplicaciones. En el sector industrial, el rango de interés abarca desde toberas en aplicaciones propulsivas a sprays en aplicaciones médicas, agrícolas o culinarias. Esta evidente falta de conocimiento obliga a realizar simplificaciones en la modelización, provocando resultados poco precisos y la necesidad de grandes caracterizaciones experimentales en la fase de diseño. De esta manera, los procesos de rotura del spray y atomización primaria se consideran problemas físicos fundamentales, cuya complejidad viene dada como resultado de un flujo multifásico en un régimen altamente turbulento, originando escenarios caóticos. El análisis de este problema es extremadamente complejo debido a la ausencia sustancial de teorías validadas referentes a los fenómenos físicos involucrados como son la turbulencia y la atomización. Además, la combinación de la naturaleza multifásica del flujo y su comportamiento turbulento resultan en una gran dificultad para afrontar el problema. Durante los últimos 10 años, las técnicas experimentales han sido finalmente capaces de visualizar la región densa, pero la confianza, análisis y efectividad de dichos experimentos en esta región del spray todavía requiere de mejoras sustanciales. En este contexto, esta tesis trata de contribuir al entendimiento de estos procesos físicos y de proporcionar herramientas de análisis para estos flujos tan complejos. Para ello, mediante Direct Numerical Simulations se ha afrontado el problema resolviendo las escalas de movimiento más pequeñas, y capturando todas las escalas de turbulencia y eventos de rotura. Uno de los objetivos de la tesis ha sido evaluar la influencia de las condiciones de contorno del flujo entrante en la atomización primaria y en el comportamiento turbulento del spray. Para ello, se han empleado dos condiciones de contorno diferentes. En primer lugar se ha empleado una condición de contorno sintética para producir turbulencia homogenea a la entrada, simulando el comporamiento de la tobera. Una de las características más interesantes de este método es la posibilidad de retocar los parámetros dentro del algoritmo. En particular, la escala de longitud integral se ha variado para evaluar la influencia de las estructuras mas grandes de la tobera en la atomización primaria. El análisis de la condición de contorno sintética también ha permitido el diseño óptimo de simulaciones de las cuales se han derivado estadísticas turbulentas significativas. En este escenario, se han llevado a cabo estudios más profundos sobre la influencia de propiedades de las estructuras turbulentas como la homogeneidad y la anisotropía tanto en el espectro de los flujos como en las estadísticas de las gotas. Para tal fin, se han desarrollado metodologías novedosas para computar el análisis espectral y la estadística de las gotas Entre los resultados de este análisis destaca la independencia de la condición de contorno de entrada en las estadísticas de las gotas, mientras que por otra parte, recalca que las características turbulentas desarrolladas en el interior de la tobera afectan a la cantidad total de masa atomizada. Estas consideraciones se encuentran respaldadas por el análisis espectral realizado, mediante el cuál se concluye que la turbulencia multifásica comparte el comportamiento universal descrito por las teorías de Kolmogorov.
[CAT] La comprensió dels fenòmens físics que succeïxen en la regió densa (també coneguda com a camp pròxim) durant l'atomització dels sprays ha sigut una de les majors incògnites a l'hora d'estudiar les seues aplicacions. En el sector industrial, el rang d'interés comprén des de toveres en aplicacions propulsives a sprays en aplicacions mèdiques, agrícoles o culinàries. Esta evident falta de coneixement obliga a realitzar simplificacions en la modelització, provocant resultats poc precisos i la necessitat de grans caracteritzacions experimentals en la fase de disseny. D'esta manera, els processos de ruptura del spray i atomització primària es consideren problemes físics fonamentals, la complexitat dels quals ve donada com resultat d'un flux multifàsic en un règim altament turbulent, originant escenaris caòtics. L'anàlisi d'este problema és extremadament complex a causa de l'absència substancial de teories validades dels fenòmens físics involucrats com són la turbulència i l'atomització. A més, la combinació de la naturalesa multifàsica del flux i el seu comportament turbulent resulten en una gran dificultat per a afrontar el problema. Durant els últims 10 anys les tècniques experimentals han sigut finalment capaces de visualitzar la regió densa, però la confiança, anàlisi i efectivitat dels experiments en esta regió del spray encara requerix de millores substancials. En este context, esta tesi tracta de contribuir en l'enteniment d'estos processos físics i de proporcionar ferramentes d'anàlisi per a estos fluxos tan complexos. Per a això, per mitjà de Direct Numerical Simulations s'ha afrontat el problema resolent les escales de moviment més menudes, al mateix temps que es capturen totes les escales de turbulència i esdeveniments de ruptura. Un dels objectius de la tesi ha sigut avaluar la influència que les condicions de contorn del flux entrant tenen en l'atomització primària i en el comportament turbulent del spray. Per a això, s'han empleat dos condicions de contorn diferents. En primer lloc s'ha empleat una condició de contorn sintètica per a produir turbulència homogènia a l'entrada, simulant el comportament de la tovera. Una de les característiques més interessants d'este mètod és la possibilitat de retocar els paràmetres dins de l'algoritme. En particular, l'escala de longitud integral s'ha variat per a avaluar la influència de les estructures mes grans de la tovera en l'atomització primària. L'anàlisi de la condició de contorn sintètica també ha permés el disseny òptim de simulacions de les quals s'han derivat estadístiques turbulentes significatives. En este escenari, s'han dut a terme estudis més profunds sobre la influència de propietats de les estructures turbulentes com l'homogeneïtat i l'anisotropia tant en l'espectre dels fluxos com en les estadístiques de les gotes. Per a tal fi, s'han desenrotllat metodologies noves per a computar l'anàlisi espectral i l'estadística de les gotes. Entre els resultats d'esta anàlisi destaca la independència de la condició de contorn d'entrada en les estadístiques de les gotes, mentres que d'altra banda, es recalca que les característiques turbulentes desenrotllades en l'interior de la tovera afecten a la quantitat total de massa atomitzada. Estes consideracions es troben recolzades per l'anàlisi espectral realitzat, per mitjà del qual es conclou que la turbulència multifásica compartix el comportament universal descrit per les teories de Kolmogorov.
[EN] The understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in the dense region (also known as near field) of atomizing sprays has been long seen as one of the biggest unknown when studying sprays applications. The industrial range of interest goes from nozzles in combustion and propulsion applications to medical sprays, agricultural and food process applications. This substantial lack of knowledge is responsible for some important simplification in modeling, that often result to be inaccurate or simply partial, leading to the evident need of large experimental characterization during the design phase. In fact, the spray breakup and primary atomization processes are indeed fundamental problems of physics, which complexity results from the combination of a multiphase flow in a highly turbulent regime that leads to chaotic scenarios. The analysis of this problem is extremely problematic, due to a substantial lack of definitive theories about the physical phenomena involved, namely turbulence and atomization. Furthermore, the combination of the multiphase nature of the flow and its turbulent behavior makes substantially difficult to address the problem. Only within the last 10 years, experimental techniques have been capable of visualizing the dense region, but the experiments reliability, analysis and effectiveness in this region still requires vast improvements. In this scenario, this thesis aims to contribute in the understanding of these physical process and to provide analysis tools for these complex flows. In order to do so, Direct Numerical Simulations have been used for addressing the problem at its smallest scale of motion, while reliably capturing all turbulence scales and breakup events. The multiphase nature of the flow is accounted for by using the Volume of Fluid method. One of the goal of the thesis was to assess the influence of the inflow boundary conditions on the primary atomization and on the spray's turbulence behavior. In order to do so, two different boundary conditions were used. In a first place, a synthetic inflow boundary condition was used in order to produce a homogeneous turbulence inflow, simulating the nozzle behavior. One of the interesting features of this method was the possibility of tweaking the parameters within the algorithm. In particular, the integral length scale was varied in order to assess the influence of nozzle larger turbulent structures on the primary atomization. The analysis on the synthetic boundary condition also allowed to optimally design simulations from which derive meaningful turbulence statistics. On this framework, further studies were carried over on the influence of turbulent structures properties, namely homogeneity and anisotropy, on both the flows spectra and droplets statistics. In order to achieve this goal, novel procedures for both computing the flow spectra and analyzing droplets were developed and are carefully addressed in the thesis. The results of the analysis highlight the independence of droplets statistics from the inflow boundary condition, while, on the other hand, remarking how the total quantity of atomized mass is significantly affected by the turbulence features developed within the nozzle. This considerations are supported by the spectrum analysis performed, which also highlighted how multiphase turbulence shares the universal features described in Kolmogorov theories.
Crialesi Esposito, M. (2019). Analysis of primary atomization in sprays using Direct Numerical Simulation [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133975
TESIS

Um dos principais problemas relacionados aos estudos limnológicos realizados manualmente em laboratório consiste no grande esforço, tempo de análise e trabalho especializado necessário. Esses fatores limitam a quantidade de amostras possíveis de serem analisadas em um determinado estudo, já que recursos sejam eles reagentes, recursos financeiros ou tempo são limitados. No presente trabalho foi utilizado um sistema semi-automatizado de medidas de variáveis físicas e químicas da água. O sistema é composto por uma sonda multi-parâmetro (Horiba U-22) e um sistema de posicionamento global (GPS) acoplados a um micro-computador, que realizam medidas georeferenciadas em curtos intervalos de tempo, permitindo um rastreamento horizontal das características da água. Foi ainda desenvolvido um sistema semi-automático para coleta fracionada da comunidade planctônica por meio de bomba de sucção operada por bateria e filtro coletor com rede de plâncton de diferentes aberturas de malha. O material coletado foi fotografado por meio de sistema de aquisição digital de imagens (microscópio Zeiss equipado com câmera AxionCan). Neste trabalho foi produzido um software (Planktonscan) que a partir da análise das imagens capturadas permite produzir dados com estimativas das medidas e dimensões dos organismos, calcular biovolumes e, utilizando fatores de conversão, estimar os valores de biomassa. O software apresenta uma interface para identificação, calcula a densidade dos organismos e produz relatório gráfico com informações sobre os organismos individuais e sobre a comunidade. Os equipamentos e o software foram testados em análises limnológicas e amostragem de plâncton no reservatório do Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP, em dezembro de 2005. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os disponíveis na literatura e demonstraram a aplicabilidade do sistema.
A major problem associated with the study of planktonic communities lies on the difficulties of analyzing the collected material, a long time-consuming procedure. Biomass determination is also a step requiring great effort and is subjected to large errors. In the present work a semi-automated system for measuring physical and chemical variables in the water was developed. The system is made up by a flow-pump, a multi-parameter probe and a global positioning system coupled to a microcomputer that performs measurements at short time intervals, allowing a horizontal tracking of the water quality, in much shorter times than traditional methods. Another semi-automated device was developed for collecting separate plankton size fractions. It uses a battery operating suction-pump coupled to a filter with different mesh nets. The collected materials are then submitted to image computer acquisition (Axion Vision Zeiss System). Additionally, in this study a software was produced (Planktonscan), that taking the measures of individuals dimensions (length, width and height) calculates biovolume and using conversion factors calculate the biomass for each zooplankton organism identified in the sample. Both systems were tested, regarding the measurement of limnological variables and plankton sampling, in the Monjolinho Reservoir, SP. The performance was good, resulting in a larger number of points sampled (60) in a shorter sampling time (1 hour) than those usually required. The biomass results provided by Planktonscan software were compared to data from literature, obtained by the traditional gravimetric method for dry weight determination and also with data generated from the use of mathematical models (length dry-weight regressions) available. The results were expressed as species population densities, biomasses and size spectra, evidencing the applicability of the models here developed.

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1. The size spectrum associates the abundance of individuals with the size of their body. The main objective was to investigate the influence of reservoir operation regime on the process of energy transfer in fishes assemblage, testing the hypothesis that the reservoir operation modify the spatial variability of the slopes of the size spectra. 2. For this, samples were carried out the period from January 2005 to December 2007. Data were obtained in eight reservoir with different operation regime, located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. To calculate the slopes of fish size spectra we used Pareto I model. The effects of operation regime on the size spectra were evaluate from the paired t test. 3. The results showed that the reservoir operation regime presents significant effect on the size spectra of the fish assemblages, wherein the slopes of spectra indicated that the reservoirs tend to present higher proportions of the small individuals. This effect were more pronounced in the reservoirs that operate in accumulation, indicating less efficient energy transfer through food webs in these environments
O espectro de tamanho associa a abundância de indivíduos com o tamanho do corpo destes. O objetivo principal foi investigar o efeito do regime de operação de reservatórios, sobre o processo de transferência de energia em assembleias ictiícas, testando-se a hipótese de que o regime de operação do reservatório altera a variabilidade espacial das inclinações dos espectros de tamanho, influenciando o fluxo de energia nos distintos reservatórios. Para isso, as amostras foram coletadas no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2007. Os dados foram obtidos de oito reservatórios, com diferentes regimes de operação localizados no estado do Paraná, região sul do Brasil. Para calcular as inclinações dos espectros de tamanho de peixes foi utilizado um modelo de Pareto tipo I. Os efeitos dos regimes de operação sobre os espectros de tamanho foram avaliados através do Teste t pareado. Com a análise dos resultados evidenciou-se que o regime de operação do reservatório apresenta efeito significativo sobre os espectros de tamanho das assembleias de peixes, sendo que as inclinações dos espectros indicaram que os reservatórios tendem a apresentar maiores proporções de indivíduos pequenos, sendo esse efeito mais pronunciado nos reservatórios que operam em regime de acumulação, indicando menor eficiência na transferência de energia nesses ambientes

Le plancton constitue l’essentiel de la biomasse pélagique et est un acteur majeur des cycles biogéochimiques globaux qui régulent le système Terre. Il comprend l'ensemble des organismes portés par les courants, des bactéries aux méduses géantes. La communauté n'est que très rarement étudiée dans son ensemble mais plutôt par fraction. L’expédition Tara Oceans constitue le premier effort de collecte simultané de toutes les classes de taille de plancton à l’échelle de l’océan global. Pour démontrer la faisabilité de cette approche à grande échelle, des échantillons hebdomadaires de plancton, depuis les bactéries jusqu’au macroplancton gélatineux, ont d’abord été analysés en combinant plusieurs instruments d’imagerie sur une période de 10 mois, en un site de référence (point B) dans la rade de Villefranche sur mer. L’imagerie nous a permis de comparer 1) l’information fonctionnelle définie comme l’agrégation de taxons en 18 Groupes Ecologiques de Plancton (GEP), et 2) la structure en taille des communautés échantillonnées sur un intervalle de taille de 6 ordres de grandeur (0.1 µm à 10000 µm). La communauté planctonique au point B évolue en une succession écologique complexe impliquant tous les groupes planctoniques, depuis les bactéries jusqu’aux prédateurs gélatineux du macroplancton. Des évènements impulsifs, tels que des coups de vent, déclenchent des réorganisations de la communauté par un jeu d’interactions entre des contrôles « bottom-up » et « top-down ». Toutefois, le biovolume planctonique total ne varie que d’un seul ordre de grandeur au cours de la période échantillonnée. De même, la structure en taille des communautés planctoniques totales ne varie pas significativement au cours du temps. La stabilité du biovolume total et de la structure en taille suggère que des mécanismes structurant et de compensation forts maintiennent les communautés planctoniques dans un intervalle de biomasse restreint. Le couplage entre données de taille et de taxonomie révèle une réorganisation du réseau trophique entre l’été et l’hiver. En hiver, Le réseau trophique microplancton-zooplancton est dominé par la fonction de broutage. En été, le réseau trophique microplancton-zooplancton est dominé par la fonction de prédation (chaetognathes et gélatineux carnivores). En été, ce réseau trophique s’organise en deux chaines trophiques parallèles et distinctes discriminées par des relations de taille entre proies et prédateurs. Cette réorganisation souligne le rôle clef du zooplancton et de la prédation dans la structuration des communautés planctoniques. Parallèlement à cette analyse temporelle en un point fixe, nous avons montré l’existence de types caractéristiques de communautés zooplanctoniques, associés à des conditions environnementales distinctes, à partir des échantillons de l’expédition Tara Oceans, à l’échelle globale. En utilisant la même méthodologie que pour l’analyse de la dynamique temporelle, nous avons identifié trois types de communautés mésozooplanctoniques à l’échelle globale selon le type d’environement: 1) des communautés associées aux environnements productifs (upwellings côtiers et équatoriaux), 2) des communautés associées aux zones de minimum d’oxygène (OMZs, « Oxygen Minimum Zones »), et 3) des communautés associées aux gyres océaniques oligotrophes. Ce travail constitue une première typologie des communautés zooplanctoniques, structurées en taille et GEP, à l’échelle globale. Il sera complété dans le futur par l’intégration de données issus des autres compartiments planctoniques, et de données d’export vertical de matière organique particulaire pour affiner les estimations des relations qui existent entre phytoplancton, zooplancton et flux biogéochimiques
Plankton constitutes the bulk of pelagic biomass and plays a major role in the global biogeochemical cycles that regulate the earth system. It encompasses all the organisms that drift with the water masses movements, from bacteria to giant medusae. Studies of the entire community are scarce, and plankton has been traditionally studied by fractions. The Tara Oceans expedition is the first attempt to simultaneously collect plankton in every size classes at the global scale. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, samples of plankton from bacteria to gelatinous macroplankton were collected weekly over ten months at a reference site (point B), in Villefranche Bay, northwestern Mediterranean, and analyzed using imaging techniques. Imaging enabled us to compare 1) the functional taxonomic information as derived from the analysis of 18 Plankton Ecological Groups (PEGs), and 2) the size structure of the same planktonic community over 6 orders of magnitude in size. The plankton dynamics at point B are driven by a complex succession process involving all plankton groups, from bacteria to macroplanktonic gelatinous predators. Environmental impulsive events such as wind events trigger sharp community level reorganizations via interplay of bottom-up controls followed by top-down controls. However, the total biovolume of the planktonic community varies within only one order of magnitude over the period studied. In addition, the size structure of the entire community does not vary significantly over time. The total biovolume and size structure stability suggest that strong and compensative mechanisms drive community dynamics within a narrow range of biomass variation. The use of both taxonomic and size structured data reveals a reorganization of the food web between winter and summer. In winter and spring the microplanktoniczooplanktonic food web is shaped by the grazing function. In summer, it is shaped by the predation function (chaetognaths and gelatinous predators). In summer, the food web self organizes in two distinct food chains discriminated by size relations between predators and preys. This reorganization underlines the key role of zooplankton and predation in structuring planktonic communities. In parallel to this temporal dynamics study, we used the Tara Oceans expedition samples to study the global scale distribution of mesozooplankton. We showed that characteristic mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with distinct environmental conditions, at the global scale. Using a similar methodology as for the temporal study we found that three different mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with 1) productive environments (e.g. upwellings), 2) Oxygen Minimum Zones, and 3) Oligotrophic oceanic gyres. This work is the first typology of mesozooplanktonic communities at the global scale. It will be further developed in the future by the integration of other planktonic compartments and particulate organic matter fluxes data, to improve our knowledge on the relations between phytoplankton, zooplankton and particulate organic matter fluxes

The description of a novel device to measure the spectral direct normal irradiance is presented. The solar spectral irradiance meter (SSIM) was designed at the University of Ottawa as a cost-effective alternative to a prohibitively expensive field spectroradiometer (FSR). The latter measures highly-varying and location-dependent solar spectrum, which is essential for accurate characterization of a concentrating photovoltaic system’s performance. The SSIM measures solar spectral irradiance in several narrow wavelength bands with a combination of photodiodes with integrated interference filters. This device performs spectral measurements at a fraction of the cost of a FSR, but additional post-processing is required to deduce the solar spectrum. The model was developed to take the SSIM’s inputs and reconstruct the solar spectrum in 280–4000 nm range. It resolves major atmospheric processes, such as air mass changes, Rayleigh scattering, aerosol extinction, ozone and water vapour absorptions. The SSIM was installed at the University of Ottawa’s CPV testing facility in September, 2013. The device gathered six months of data from October, 2013 to March, 2014. The mean difference between the SSIM and the Eppley pyrheliometer was within ±1.5% for cloudless periods in October, 2013. However, interference filter degradation and condensation negatively affected the performance of the SSIM. Future design changes will improve the longterm reliability of the next generation SSIMs.

Le plancton constitue l’essentiel de la biomasse pélagique et est un acteur majeur des cycles biogéochimiques globaux qui régulent le système Terre. Il comprend l'ensemble des organismes portés par les courants, des bactéries aux méduses géantes. La communauté n'est que très rarement étudiée dans son ensemble mais plutôt par fraction. L’expédition Tara Oceans constitue le premier effort de collecte simultané de toutes les classes de taille de plancton à l’échelle de l’océan global. Pour démontrer la faisabilité de cette approche à grande échelle, des échantillons hebdomadaires de plancton, depuis les bactéries jusqu’au macroplancton gélatineux, ont d’abord été analysés en combinant plusieurs instruments d’imagerie sur une période de 10 mois, en un site de référence (point B) dans la rade de Villefranche sur mer. L’imagerie nous a permis de comparer 1) l’information fonctionnelle définie comme l’agrégation de taxons en 18 Groupes Ecologiques de Plancton (GEP), et 2) la structure en taille des communautés échantillonnées sur un intervalle de taille de 6 ordres de grandeur (0.1 µm à 10000 µm). La communauté planctonique au point B évolue en une succession écologique complexe impliquant tous les groupes planctoniques, depuis les bactéries jusqu’aux prédateurs gélatineux du macroplancton. Des évènements impulsifs, tels que des coups de vent, déclenchent des réorganisations de la communauté par un jeu d’interactions entre des contrôles « bottom-up » et « top-down ». Toutefois, le biovolume planctonique total ne varie que d’un seul ordre de grandeur au cours de la période échantillonnée. De même, la structure en taille des communautés planctoniques totales ne varie pas significativement au cours du temps. La stabilité du biovolume total et de la structure en taille suggère que des mécanismes structurant et de compensation forts maintiennent les communautés planctoniques dans un intervalle de biomasse restreint. Le couplage entre données de taille et de taxonomie révèle une réorganisation du réseau trophique entre l’été et l’hiver. En hiver, Le réseau trophique microplancton-zooplancton est dominé par la fonction de broutage. En été, le réseau trophique microplancton-zooplancton est dominé par la fonction de prédation (chaetognathes et gélatineux carnivores). En été, ce réseau trophique s’organise en deux chaines trophiques parallèles et distinctes discriminées par des relations de taille entre proies et prédateurs. Cette réorganisation souligne le rôle clef du zooplancton et de la prédation dans la structuration des communautés planctoniques. Parallèlement à cette analyse temporelle en un point fixe, nous avons montré l’existence de types caractéristiques de communautés zooplanctoniques, associés à des conditions environnementales distinctes, à partir des échantillons de l’expédition Tara Oceans, à l’échelle globale. En utilisant la même méthodologie que pour l’analyse de la dynamique temporelle, nous avons identifié trois types de communautés mésozooplanctoniques à l’échelle globale selon le type d’environement: 1) des communautés associées aux environnements productifs (upwellings côtiers et équatoriaux), 2) des communautés associées aux zones de minimum d’oxygène (OMZs, « Oxygen Minimum Zones »), et 3) des communautés associées aux gyres océaniques oligotrophes. Ce travail constitue une première typologie des communautés zooplanctoniques, structurées en taille et GEP, à l’échelle globale. Il sera complété dans le futur par l’intégration de données issus des autres compartiments planctoniques, et de données d’export vertical de matière organique particulaire pour affiner les estimations des relations qui existent entre phytoplancton, zooplancton et flux biogéochimiques
Plankton constitutes the bulk of pelagic biomass and plays a major role in the global biogeochemical cycles that regulate the earth system. It encompasses all the organisms that drift with the water masses movements, from bacteria to giant medusae. Studies of the entire community are scarce, and plankton has been traditionally studied by fractions. The Tara Oceans expedition is the first attempt to simultaneously collect plankton in every size classes at the global scale. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, samples of plankton from bacteria to gelatinous macroplankton were collected weekly over ten months at a reference site (point B), in Villefranche Bay, northwestern Mediterranean, and analyzed using imaging techniques. Imaging enabled us to compare 1) the functional taxonomic information as derived from the analysis of 18 Plankton Ecological Groups (PEGs), and 2) the size structure of the same planktonic community over 6 orders of magnitude in size. The plankton dynamics at point B are driven by a complex succession process involving all plankton groups, from bacteria to macroplanktonic gelatinous predators. Environmental impulsive events such as wind events trigger sharp community level reorganizations via interplay of bottom-up controls followed by top-down controls. However, the total biovolume of the planktonic community varies within only one order of magnitude over the period studied. In addition, the size structure of the entire community does not vary significantly over time. The total biovolume and size structure stability suggest that strong and compensative mechanisms drive community dynamics within a narrow range of biomass variation. The use of both taxonomic and size structured data reveals a reorganization of the food web between winter and summer. In winter and spring the microplanktoniczooplanktonic food web is shaped by the grazing function. In summer, it is shaped by the predation function (chaetognaths and gelatinous predators). In summer, the food web self organizes in two distinct food chains discriminated by size relations between predators and preys. This reorganization underlines the key role of zooplankton and predation in structuring planktonic communities. In parallel to this temporal dynamics study, we used the Tara Oceans expedition samples to study the global scale distribution of mesozooplankton. We showed that characteristic mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with distinct environmental conditions, at the global scale. Using a similar methodology as for the temporal study we found that three different mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with 1) productive environments (e.g. upwellings), 2) Oxygen Minimum Zones, and 3) Oligotrophic oceanic gyres. This work is the first typology of mesozooplanktonic communities at the global scale. It will be further developed in the future by the integration of other planktonic compartments and particulate organic matter fluxes data, to improve our knowledge on the relations between phytoplankton, zooplankton and particulate organic matter fluxes

Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2001.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 47-48).
The spectral slopes of 701 S-type asteroids have been statistically shown to depend on asteroid size. The spectral reflectance data were taken during the second phase of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey. It was concluded that larger S-type asteroids have a higher spectral slope than smaller S-type asteroids, implying that S-type asteroids are likely to be undergoing a time-dependent surface alteration process, known as space weathering.
by Lindsey Ellen Malcom.
S.B.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-44).
by Charles Kasimer Sestok, IV.
S.M.

Modern processors use architecture like caches, branch predictors, and speculative execution in order to maximize computation throughput. For instance, recently accessed memory can be stored in a cache so that subsequent accesses take less time. Unfortunately microarchitecture-based side channel attacks can utilize this cache property to enable unauthorized memory accesses. The Spectre attack is a recent example of this attack. The Spectre attack is particularly dangerous because the vulnerabilities that it exploits are found in microprocessors used in billions of current systems. It involves the attacker inducing a victim’s process to speculatively execute code with a malicious input and store the recently accessed memory into the cache. This paper describes the previous microarchitecture side channel attacks. It then describes the three variants of the Spectre attack. It describes and evaluates proposed defenses against Spectre.

Deux méthodes de traitement du signal ont été développées. La 1ere, basée sur l'utilisation de la fonction d'autocorrélation donne des résultats satisfaisants pour des milieux faiblement hétérogènes. La 2eme méthode fournit une valeur d'espacement moyen entre diffuseurs non biaisée même dans le cas de matériaux très hétérogènes. Cette méthode est basée sur l'utilisation du spectre de puissance des signaux rf rétrodiffusés en mode a. L'utilisation d'un milieu de simulation constitue de billes de polystyrène noyées dans l'eau, nous a permis de mettre en évidence l'intérêt de ces méthodes et de confirmer les résultats théoriques attendus. Ces techniques trouvent leur intérêt dans la caractérisation des milieux hétérogènes, dans la mesure des multicouches fines ainsi que dans le comptage de diffuseurs dans les milieux hétérogènes

Pattern recognition in urban areas is one of the most challenging issues in classifying satellite remote sensing data. Parametric pixel-by-pixel classification algorithms tend to perform poorly in this context. This is because urban areas comprise a complex spatial assemblage of disparate land cover types - including built structures, numerous vegetation types, bare soil and water bodies. Thus, there is a need for more powerful spectral pattern recognition techniques, utilizing pixel-by-pixel spectral information as the basis for automated urban land cover detection. This paper adopts the multi-layer perceptron classifier suggested and implemented in [5]. The objective of this study is to analyse the performance and stability of this classifier - trained and tested for supervised classification (8 a priori given land use classes) of a Landsat-5 TM image (270 x 360 pixels) from the city of Vienna and its northern surroundings - along with varying the training data set in the single-training-site case. The performance is measured in terms of total classification, map user's and map producer's accuracies. In addition, the stability with initial parameter conditions, classification error matrices, and error curves are analysed in some detail. (authors' abstract)
Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

Structure, composition, and optical properties of colloidal mercaptoacetate-stabilized Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystal inks produced by a “green” method directly in aqueous solutions were characterized. A size-selective precipitation procedure using 2-propanol as a non-solvent allows separating a series of fractions of CZTS nanocrystals with an average size (bandgap) varying from 3 nm (1.72 eV) to 2 nm (2.04 eV). The size-selected CZTS nanocrystals revealed also phonon confinement, with the main phonon mode frequency varying by about 4 cm−1 between 2 nm and 3 nm NCs.

L'étalement de spectre permet d'atténuer les interférences, de résister aux brouillages, de combattre les trajets multiples et d'offrir une possibilité de communication à accès multiples l'acquisition peut être lente ou rapide selon la longueur du code et surtout selon le niveau du rapport signal à bruit (SNR) à l'entrée du récepteur si ce dernier a un niveau suffisant, on peut utiliser plusieurs techniques rapides et peu complexes, telle que l'estimation séquentielle dans le cas ou le SNR à l'entrée du récepteur est insuffisant, il est nécessaire d'effectuer une recherche sur la totalité du code on peut pour cela utiliser la recherche série qui est lente mais simple à implémenter. Pour avoir des temps d'acquisition courts il faut opter pour une architecture parallèle qui est sans doute complexe à implémenter. Nous proposons dans ce mémoire une architecture pseudo parallèle pour l'acquisition des signaux a spectre étale à séquence directe offrant des temps d'acquisition voisins de ceux offerts par l'architecture parallèle tout en garantissant une faible complexité d'implémentation un algorithme d'optimisation de l'implémentation de cette architecture a également été proposé dans ce mémoire l'acquisition achevée, la poursuite du code veille à ce que le synchronisme persiste, surtout en milieu hostile et en présence d'une modulation doppler nous proposons une boucle numérique robuste, pour la poursuite du code, appelée PDLL(passive delay locked loop) ainsi qu'une version améliorée de celle-ci, nommée PDLL améliorée, la poursuite en parallèle de codes différents entaches de modulations doppler différentes, nécessite une boucle propre à chaque code. Avec les boucles PDLL améliorée que nous proposons, il suffit d'un seul oscillateur commun à toutes les boucles, lorsque l'écart maximal entre les fréquences doppler est compris dans la plage de poursuite tolérée alors que les boucles classiques DLL et Tau-DL nécessitent autant d'oscillateurs que de codes.

Cette thèse se place dans le cadre de l'analyse des forces évolutives qui génèrent les polymorphismes et les divergences entre les génomes d'une même espèce. Le cadre théorique utilisé dans la majorité des domaines de l'évolution moléculaire est la théorie neutraliste, proposée par Motoo Kimura en 1968. Ce modèle est caractérisé par les hypothèses de neutralité, de taille constante de la population étudiée, et de panmixie. Dans un premier temps nous avons cherché à comprendre comment ce cadre théorique est utilisé en pratique et quelles peuvent être les conséquences de ces hypothèses sur les inférences et les prédictions faites dans ce cadre théorique. Pour cela nous avons mené deux études confrontant des données à des méthodes existantes d'inférence démographique. Une première étude a montré que les méthodes utilisées fréquemment pour l'inférence démographique microbienne, basées sur la reconstruction d'un arbre phylogénétique unique, sont biaisées par la sélection, la recombinaison et les biais d'échantillonnage. Nous avons ensuite comparé plusieurs méthodes d'inférence démographique en les appliquant à une population humaine africaine, les Yoruba. Cette étude a montré les limites d'une méthode existante, et elle illustre le problème d'identifiabilité des histoires démographiques lorsque l'inférence est basée sur le spectre de fréquence. Enfin, dans un troisième temps nous avons analysé plusieurs jeux de données de polymorphisme génétique avec un modèle de référence alternatif à coalescences multiples avec démographie. Nous avons comparé comment le modèle de référence actuel et ce modèle alternatif pouvaient expliquer les données observées de diversité génétique
The general setting of this thesis is the analysis of evolutionary forces that generate polymorphisms and divergence between genomes within a species. The theoretical framework used in the majority of disciplines of molecular evolution is the neutral theory, formulated by Motoo Kimura in 1968. This model is characterized by the hypotheses of neutrality, constant population size and panmixia. First, we investigated how this theoretical framework is used in practice and what are the consequences of these hypotheses on the inferences and predictions made in this framework. To this end, we carried out two studies confronting existing demographic inference methods with data. A first study demonstrated that methods frequently used for bacterial demographic inference, based on a single reconstructed phylogenetic tree, are biased by selection, recombination and sampling bias. We then compared several demographic inference methods, by applying them to an African human population, the Yoruba. This study showed the limits of an existing method, and illustrates the issue of identifiability of demographic histories, when the inference is based on the site frequency spectrum. Finally, in a third study we analyzed several genetic polymorphism datasets with an alternative reference model comprising multiple mergers and demography. We compared how the current reference model and this alternative model can explain the observed genetic diversity

De nombreux modèles de réseaux constitués d'un nombre fini d'éléments flexibles, comme des cordes, des poutres, des plaques ou des coques, ont été récemment étudiés. Dans ce travail, nous considérons des réseaux de poutres d'Euler-Bernoulli, modélisées par un operateur d'ordre 4 avec différentes conditions de bord et de transmission. Nous étudions dans un premier temps le problème spectral en utilisant une représentation matricielle du problème initial. Celui-ci s'en trouve alors réduit à l'étude des zéros d'une équation transcendante ne dépendant que de la structure du réseau. Cette équation peut elle-même être réduite en une équation algébrique dans certains cas. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous étudions la contrôlabilité exacte par contrôle externe de l'un de ces modèles, avec des conditions de Dirichlet sur les sommets extérieurs. Nous montrons comment contrôler cette structure a l'aide de la méthode HUM (Hilbert Uniqueness Method). Cependant la méthode classique des multiplicateurs n'offre ici de résultat vraiment probant que pour des réseaux en étoile (dont toutes les branches ont un seul sommet en commun). Nous avons donc décidé de donner des conditions suffisantes assurant la contrôlabilité exacte pour tout temps t>0 à l'aide des propriétés asymptotiques des valeurs propres et des propriétés des vecteurs propres sur les sommets extérieurs. Ce travail se termine par l'étude de différents exemples significatifs.

Marine biogeochemical processes are closely linked to phytoplankton community assemblages. Cell abundance and biomass are a measure of the successful conversion of inorganic to organic carbon. Carbon estimates are therefore often used to analyse metabolism and energy transfers within marine environments, and carbon is frequently the main parameter used in ecosystem models. Phytoplankton can be divided into functional types based on cell size: microplankton (<200 μm), nanoplankton (2-20 μm) and picoplankton (≤ 3 μm). Differences in cell volume govern variations in carbon content, nutrient uptake and influence cell fate. Reduced diameters equate to lower sedimentation rates and promote participation within the microbial loop and recycling of carbon within surface waters. Larger diameters can increase settling rates, resulting in the loss of carbon from surface waters. Current North Sea monitoring and research programmes typically only consider larger micro- and nanoplankton cells, or the bulk phytoplankton community as a whole: there is little separation by functional type. Inclusion of picoplankton and the delineation of biomass contribution by cell size are required for accurate depictions of phytoplankton productivity within this region, but this is not feasible with current water sampling protocols. Flow cytometry is a new multiparametric analysis technique offering high-speed enumeration and assessment of particles. Phytoplankton cells from 2-200 μm can be easily distinguished from debris and reproducible data on cell size and pigment content is supplied within minutes. This research uses flow cytometry to provide detailed assessments of phytoplankton community structure at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Distribution patterns are related to environmental parameters and observed patterns are used to test existing paradigm and advance current ecological theory.

Deposition of silica shells onto ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in dimethyl sulfoxide was found to be an efficient tool for terminating the growth of ZnO NPs during thermal treatment and producing stable core–shell ZnO NPs with core sizes of 3.5–5.8 nm. The core–shell ZnO–SiO2 NPs emit two photoluminescence (PL) bands centred at [similar]370 and [similar]550 nm originating from the direct radiative electron–hole recombination and defect-mediated electron–hole recombination, respectively. An increase of the ZnO NP size from 3.5 to 5.8 nm is accompanied by a decrease of the intensity of the defect PL band and growth of its radiative life-time from 0.78 to 1.49 μs. FTIR spectroscopy reveals no size dependence of the FTIR-active spectral features of ZnO–SiO2 NPs in the ZnO core size range of 3.5–5.8 nm, while in the Raman spectra a shift of the LO frequency from 577 cm−1 for the 3.5 nm ZnO core to 573 cm−1 for the 5.8 nm core is observed, which can indicate a larger compressive stress in smaller ZnO cores induced by the SiO2 shell. Simultaneous hydrolysis of zinc(II) acetate and tetraethyl orthosilicate also results in the formation of ZnO–SiO2 NPs with the ZnO core size varying from 3.1 to 3.8 nm. However, unlike the case of the SiO2 shell deposition onto the pre-formed ZnO NPs, individual core–shell NPs are not formed but loosely aggregated constellations of ZnO–SiO2 NPs with a size of 20–30 nm are. The variation of the synthetic procedures in the latter method proposed here allows the size of both the ZnO core and SiO2 host particles to be tuned
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Cette thèse se place dans le cadre de l'analyse des forces évolutives qui génèrent les polymorphismes et les divergences entre les génomes d'une même espèce. Le cadre théorique utilisé dans la majorité des domaines de l'évolution moléculaire est la théorie neutraliste, proposée par Motoo Kimura en 1968. Ce modèle est caractérisé par les hypothèses de neutralité, de taille constante de la population étudiée, et de panmixie. Dans un premier temps nous avons cherché à comprendre comment ce cadre théorique est utilisé en pratique et quelles peuvent être les conséquences de ces hypothèses sur les inférences et les prédictions faites dans ce cadre théorique. Pour cela nous avons mené deux études confrontant des données à des méthodes existantes d'inférence démographique. Une première étude a montré que les méthodes utilisées fréquemment pour l'inférence démographique microbienne, basées sur la reconstruction d'un arbre phylogénétique unique, sont biaisées par la sélection, la recombinaison et les biais d'échantillonnage. Nous avons ensuite comparé plusieurs méthodes d'inférence démographique en les appliquant à une population humaine africaine, les Yoruba. Cette étude a montré les limites d'une méthode existante, et elle illustre le problème d'identifiabilité des histoires démographiques lorsque l'inférence est basée sur le spectre de fréquence. Enfin, dans un troisième temps nous avons analysé plusieurs jeux de données de polymorphisme génétique avec un modèle de référence alternatif à coalescences multiples avec démographie. Nous avons comparé comment le modèle de référence actuel et ce modèle alternatif pouvaient expliquer les données observées de diversité génétique
The general setting of this thesis is the analysis of evolutionary forces that generate polymorphisms and divergence between genomes within a species. The theoretical framework used in the majority of disciplines of molecular evolution is the neutral theory, formulated by Motoo Kimura in 1968. This model is characterized by the hypotheses of neutrality, constant population size and panmixia. First, we investigated how this theoretical framework is used in practice and what are the consequences of these hypotheses on the inferences and predictions made in this framework. To this end, we carried out two studies confronting existing demographic inference methods with data. A first study demonstrated that methods frequently used for bacterial demographic inference, based on a single reconstructed phylogenetic tree, are biased by selection, recombination and sampling bias. We then compared several demographic inference methods, by applying them to an African human population, the Yoruba. This study showed the limits of an existing method, and illustrates the issue of identifiability of demographic histories, when the inference is based on the site frequency spectrum. Finally, in a third study we analyzed several genetic polymorphism datasets with an alternative reference model comprising multiple mergers and demography. We compared how the current reference model and this alternative model can explain the observed genetic diversity

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Civil Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

The study investigated the viability of employing a receptor modelling technique to characterize the sources of atmospheric aerosols from different air quality datasets. Chemical speciated datasets from two Brisbane sites; particle size distribution and organic mass spectral data from Garden Island, Western Australia have been analysed. The investigation produced quantitative information about the nature of the dominant primary and secondary emission sources of atmospheric aerosols at the study sites. Such information can aid air quality management.

Vertical design spectra may be developed in a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) by computing the hazard using vertical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), or using a vertical-to-horizontal spectral acceleration (V/H) ratio GMPEs to scale the horizontal spectrum that was developed using the results of horizontal component PSHA. The objective of this study is to provide GMPEs that are compatible with regional ground motion characteristics to perform both alternatives. GMPEs for the V/H ratio were developed recently by Gü
lerce and Abrahamson (2011) using NGA-W1 database. A strong motion dataset consistent with the V/H ratio model parameters is developed by including strong motion data from earthquakes occurred in Turkey with at least three recordings per earthquake. The compatibility of GA2011 V/H ratio model with the magnitude, distance, and site amplification scaling of Turkish ground motion dataset is evaluated by using inter-event and intra-event residual plots and necessary coefficients of the model is adjusted to reflect the regional characteristics. Analysis of the model performance in the recent moderate-tolarge magnitude earthquakes occurred in Turkey shows that the Turkey-Adjusted GA2011 model is a suitable candidate V/H ratio model for PSHA studies conducted in Turkey. Using the same dataset, a preliminary vertical ground motion prediction equation for Turkey consistent with the preliminary vertical model based on NGA-W1 dataset is developed. Proposed preliminary model is applicable to magnitudes 5-8.5, distances 0-200 km, and spectral periods of 0-10 seconds and offers an up-to-date alternative to the regional vertical GMPEs proposed by Kalkan and Gü
lkan (2004).

SiGe nanostructures on crystalline Si substrates with (001) orientation are among the most studied system in condensed matter physics and nanoscience. This interest has been mainly driven by the important potential applications in opto and nano-electronic devices thanks to the improvement of the optical and electronic properties compared to bulk systems. These features come essentially from the possibility of engineering the strain field within the nanostructures using the lattice mismatch of ~ 4 % between Ge and Si and from the spatial confinement, capable of modifying the electronic band structure leading to an increase of the charge carrier mobility. It is obvious that these applications largely depend on the control of surface processes during the growth of the nanostructures, and their performance are strongly dependent on strain relaxation and dislocation injection. Besides the technological interest, the SiGe/Si(001) system has received much attention since it is also a model for understanding the fundamental processes occurring during 3D island formation and self-organization phenomena. In fact, the lattice mismatch between Ge and Si introduces a stress field which has dramatic effects on the growth process and is responsible for a number of structural and electronic phenomena. In particular, the stored elastic energy can be partially relieved by spontaneous formation of 3D objects of nanometric size on top of a pseudomorphic SiGe wetting layer. This growth mode, called Stranski-Krastanov (SK), is a way of easily forming self-assembled nanostructures, which can be used to obtain quantum confinement of charge carriers in nanoelectronics device applications. In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to the growth of hetero-epitaxial SiGe nanostructures with well controlled size, shape and positioning, and with defined stoichiometry and strain state. However, some aspects still need to be addressed for a complete understanding of this system, including: (i) the competition between kinetic and thermodynamic factors for island formation, (ii) the mechanisms governing the relative growth of individual nanostructures, (iii) the interplay between SiGe intermixing and strain relaxation mechanisms. In the present work, we carry out an experimental investigation of the relationship between morphology, elemental composition, strain state and electronic structure of self-assembled and lithographically defined SiGe nanostructures by means of several spectro-microscopy techniques. The Si and Ge diffusion dynamics and the self-organization phenomena during the growth of SiGe islands have been studied by Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Micro-Raman, SAM and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) techniques have been used for the investigation of the interplay between strain relaxation mechanisms and SiGe intermixing in self-assembled islands. The effects of strain and composition on the electronic band structure in lithographically defined SiGe nanostructures, in layout very close to those used in prototype devices, have been characterized with nanoscale spatial resolution joining information from Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS), nanofocused X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy-Filtered PhotoElectron Emission Microscopy (PEEM). The thesis is conceptually divided in two main parts: the first, to which belong Chapters 1, 2 and 3, deals with the experimental investigation of the Ge surface diffusion and of the self-organization phenomena of SiGe islands grown in a bottom-up approach; the second, including Chapters 4 and 5, is based on the experimental characterization of the strain state and of the strain-induced effects on the electronic band structure of lithographically defined SiGe nanostructures obtained in a top-down approach Chapter 1 presents an overview on the basic processes occurring during hetero-epitaxial growth of thin solid films. In the Chapter 2 the surface diffusion of Ge on a clean and C covered Si(001) surface promoted by annealing at high temperatures in UHV of pure Ge stripes is experimentally investigated by means of in-situ Scanning Auger Microscopy. The influence of a controlled carbon coverage on the Ge surface diffusion is quantitatively studied, showing that the diffusion coefficient presents a strong dependence on carbon coverage (see Fig. 1(a)). Chapter 3 deals with the experimental investigation of the growth process of self-assembled SiGe islands on Si(001) (see Fig. 1(b)). From the size and density evolution exhibited by the nucleated islands, we propose a scenario where the island growth is essentially driven by kinetic factors within a diffusion limited regime. Finally, we investigated the interplay among SiGe intermixing and plastic relaxation, showing that the surface thermal diffusion growth method leads to the formation of coherent islands (dislocation-free), as shown in Fig. 1(c), larger than those attainable by MBE and CVD. Chapter 4 presents the mapping with nanoscale resolution of strain, composition, local work function and valence band structure of lithographically defined SiGe embedded nano-stripes using TERS and Energy-Filtered PEEM (see Fig. 1(d) showing the Ge concentration mapping of the nano-stripes as obtained by PEEM analysis). In Chapter 5 are presented the first results of a direct characterization of the strain state of lithographically defined SiGe nano-ridges using the recently developed nanofocused XRD technique. The work presented in this thesis is the outcome of an experimental PhD research project developed at the Politecnico di Milano (Milano, Italy) in co-tutorship with the École Polytechnique (Paris, France) and the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA-Saclay, France). SAM and AFM have been performed at Department of Physics of the Politecnico di Milano. Micro-Raman Spectroscopy has been carried out at the Materials Science Department of the Università Milano-Bicocca. PEEM measurements have been realized at CEA and during two standard experimental runs at the TEMPO beamline of SOLEIL Synchrotron (France). TERS and preliminary TEM analysis have been performed at the École Polytechnique, while more extensive TEM and STEM-EELS measurements have been developed at IMM-CNR in Catania. The nano-XRD experiment has been carried out during a standard experimental run at ID13 beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). The close collaboration with the laboratory L-NESS in Como made available the set of the lithographically-defined investigated samples. The experimental results have been exploited in close collaboration with a theory group at the Materials Science Department of the Università Milano-Bicocca for a deeper insight into the atomic level mechanisms during island growth process.

Dans la première partie, nous considérons un feuilletage Riemannien F sur une variété différentiable compacte connexe transversalement orientable m. Nous calculons le spectre de l'espace des adhérences des feuilles i. E. Le spectre basique et nous donnons le développement asymptotique de la trace du noyau de la chaleur basique. Nous appliquons le résultat aux variétés de satane. Dans la deuxième partie, nous considérons un feuilletage transversalement holomorphe F sur une variété différentiable M et U = (U I) I , I un recouvrement ouvert localement fini de m. Nous énonçons le problème additif de cousin basique. Soit O F le faisceau des germes de fonctions basiques holomorphes sur m. L'espace H 1 (U, O F) contient exactement les obstructions à la résolution du problème. Si le recouvrement u est acyclique alors H 1 (U, O F) = H 1 (M, O F). Lorsque H 1 (M, O F) = 0, nous appelons f un feuilletage de cousin. Nous donnons des méthodes générales de calcul de l'espace des obstructions, en particulier pour les revêtements feuilletés et les feuilletages suspension d'une représentation du groupe fondamental d'une variété dans le groupe des biholomorphismes d'une variété complexe. Des calculs explicites sont faits lorsque = Z. Nous donnons des conditions pour que la résolution se ramène celle du problème classique sur l'espace des feuilles.

L'objectif de cette recherche est d'améliorer la précision de la quantification des émissions diffuses de poussières provoquées par l'érosion éolienne des tas de minerais et charbon sur les sites sidérurgiques. Seules quelques études expérimentales récentes ont été menées sur des matériaux ayant une répartition granulométrique large. Elles ont montré que la présence de particules relativement grosses à la surface du lit entraînait une décroissance temporelle du flux massique envolé. Au cours de la présente étude, un modèle stochastique d'érosion éolienne, prenant en compte les répartitions granulométriques larges, a été développé. Il repose sur le lien étroit entre l'envol de particules et les structures tourbillonnaires pariétales. Il permet de prédire une décroissance temporelle du flux massique émis à partir d'un lit de particules soumis à un écoulement turbulent. La rapidité de décroissance dépend de la vitesse de l'écoulement et des caractéristiques des particules
This research deals with diffuse dust emissions on steelwork sites. It aims to estimate more accurately dust emissions due to wind erosion of exposed aggregate storage piles. Previous studies have shown the importance of the surface material's characteristics on aerodynamic entrainment. Only few recent experimental investigations focused on multiple grain-sized bed. They show that coarser particles at the bed's surface induces a temporal decrease in the emitted mass flux. In the present study, a stochastic wind erosion model, which takes into account a wide size distribution of materials, has been developed. It is based on the interaction between particles take-off and turbulent coherent structures. It allows to predict a temporal decrease in emitted mass flux from a multiple grain-size bed exposed to a turbulent flow. The rate of this decrease depends on the flow velocity and the characteristics of the particles. Numerical results were compared to experimental datas for adjustments

Local site conditions can greatly increase the intensity and character of earthquake shaking and, thus, the extent and type of structural damage. The removal and replacement of in-situ soils with compacted gravel-sized volcanic rock has been prevalent in the Icelandic foundation subgrade construction practice for decades, despite the unknown seismic site response characteristics of the fill (e.g., the predominant frequency and relative site amplification). To fill this knowledge gap, over 500 hours of microtremor measurements were made at six study sites located throughout the Reykjavík, Iceland, capital region. Measurements recorded at various construction stages (e.g., the in-situ or pre-excavation, post-excavation, intermediate grades, and final grade) reveal the change in site response characteristics before and after gravel fill placement. The data was analyzed using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique over a bandwidth of 0.3 to 25 Hz. Generally, the pre-excavation condition had a predominant site frequency between 3.5 and 7 Hz with relative amplification between 3.8 and 3.9 times. The placement of gravel fill atop dense to very dense silty sand underlain by bedrock shifts the predominant frequency between 10 and 16 Hz with a relative peak amplification between 2.5 and 5.3 times, generally increasing with fill thickness. Fill underlain by undulating lava rock also results in a higher a predominant frequency between 9 and 10.5 Hz, but little change in relative site amplification occurred at these frequencies (between 0.95 and 1.2 times). This dissimilarity is due to the unique lava rock HVSR signatures which have large amplification values (between 2.6 to 3.9 times) throughout the high-band frequency range. Additional investigations of sites underlain by lava rock are required to draw stronger empirical trends. The data set produced by this study can serve as a useful tool for the local geotechnical and seismological communities to mitigate seismic risk for the capital region.
Master of Science
Problematic soil conditions can greatly increase the intensity and character of earthquake shaking and, thus, the extent and type of building damage. The removal of native soils and replacement with compacted gravel-sized fill has been the predominant building foundation subgrade construction method in Iceland for decades. The practice of removal and replacement is one of the oldest and conceptually simplest approaches of site improvement to reduce settlement and increase soil strength. However, the understanding of how compacted gravel fill responds to earthquake shaking was nonexistent in literature. To fill this knowledge gap, the response characteristics of compacted gravel fill were derived using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) and standard spectral ratio (SSR) analysis techniques from a data set of over 500 hours of experimental in-field measurements. Measurements were recorded at various construction stages (e.g., pre-excavation or native soil, post-excavation, intermediate fill grades, and the final fill grade) to reveal the change in site response characteristics before and after gravel fill placement. The findings presented in this thesis can serve as useful information for the local geotechnical and seismological communities to mitigate seismic risk (e.g., the probability of building damage and/or loss of lives) of structures with compacted gravel fill subgrades in the Reykjavík, Iceland capital region.

La spectroscopie électrochimique d'impédance (SEI) renseigne sur les mécanismes à l'interface électrode-électrolyte, mais ne peut pas identifier la nature des espèces adsorbées à la surface de l'électrode. La spectroscopie Raman est une technique puissante pour la recherche structurale ; elle peut fournir les informations requises au niveau moléculaire, qui sont absentes des mesures de SEI. Le but de ce travail a été de mettre au point la méthode de couplage dynamique de ces deux techniques. Cette nouvelle méthode -La spectro-électrochimie Raman-Impédance- a ensuite été appliquée à l'étude d'un film de polymère conducteur. Le principe de la méthode consiste à analyser le spectre émis par l'interface, et à convertir l'intensité des bandes choisies en une tension électrique. Plusieurs fonctions de transfert ΔV/ΔI, ΔRaman/ΔV, Δ Raman/ΔI ; sont enregistrées simultanément. Les premiers résultats de cette méthode appliquée à l'étude d'un film mince de polyaniline prouvent que l'équilibre acido-basique à l'intérieur du polymère doit être pris en considération sur la base d'un mécanisme cinétique impliquant deux réactions rédox et une réaction chimique.

Les progrès des techniques de fabrication des systèmes électroniques permettent de réduire considérablement la taille des composants tout en augmentant les performances des circuits intégrés d'un point de vue rapidité ainsi que de consommation pour n'en citer que quelques-unes. Toutefois, cette révolution technologique génère davantage de problèmes de compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM). Pour pallier cela, les ingénieurs qui conçoivent les circuits électroniques réalisent différents tests de simulations et mesures CEM.Cependant, ces tests peuvent paraître insuffisants du fait qu'ils ne tiennent pas compte des variabilités PVT (Process Voltage Temperature) pouvant induire des variations intolérables des caractéristiques CEM des circuits électroniques produits.Les travaux de cette thèse ont pour but de montrer tout l'intérêt de prendre en considération les variations des paramètres électriques, de température et de processus de fabrication, aussi bien pendant la phase de simulation CEM que pendant la phase de mesures CEM, et de proposer des solutions facilement implémentables pour les entreprises de conception de circuits électroniques.Pour ce faire, ces travaux explorent en particulier l'impact des variations des paramètres caractéristiques des différentes formes d'ondes en sortie de cellules de commutation sur leur spectre fréquentiel. Ces cellules sont construites autour d'un transistor à effet de champ, principal acteur des problèmes CEM
Advances in manufacturing techniques for electronic systems have made it possible to reduce the sizes of electronic components as well as increase the performance of integrated circuits. However, this technological revolution has generated electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues. To overcome this, engineers carry out various tests of simulations and EMC measurements.However, these tests may appear insufficient because it does not consider PVT (Process Voltage Temperature) variabilities that may exist.The aim of this research work is to show the significant advantages of taking into account PVT variations, both during the EMC simulation phase and EMC measurement phase, and to propose solutions that can be easily implemented for industrial companies.In order to reach this aim, we present a study of PVT variations on the conducted emission characteristics of switching cells based on field effect transistors

Ce travail consiste dans l’étude, pour un ventilateur axial, des phénomènes aérodynamiques susceptibles de générer des raies acoustiques à la fréquence de passages des pales et à ses harmoniques et les essais sont réalisés pour le point d’adaptation. Un modèle de prédiction, qui permet le calcul de la pression acoustique pour la fréquence de passage des pales et ses harmoniques, a été élaboré par Lowson. Il repose sur le rayonnement sonore des forces instationnaires en mouvement circulaire agissant sur les aubages dont l’amplitude, décomposable en série de Fourier, dépend de la valeur de la force stationnaire. Les forces sont évaluées par une loi de puissance inverse. La distribution volumique des forces est remplacée par une force résultante F que l’on décompose en une force axiale et une force tangentielle. Dans le modèle de Lowson, l’évaluation des forces instationnaires nécessite la connaissance du profil des vitesses moyennes au refoulement du ventilateur. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous évaluons expérimentalement le niveau des forces fluctuantes. Les pales du ventilateur étudié sont équipées de capteurs de pression ce qui permet la détermination de la force résultante d’où une confrontation possible entre l’évaluation de Lowson et les résultats expérimentaux. Parallèlement aux mesures des forces, on effectue la mesure du niveau de pression sonore émis à la fréquence de passage des pales et à ses harmoniques ce qui permet de confronter les niveaux sonores réels avec ceux estimés soit en utilisant l’évaluation des forces de Lowson soit en utilisant nos résultats expérimentaux.

Il lavoro di ricerca ha avuto in oggetto la quantificazione probabilistica della pericolosità sismica lungo la rotta di una condotta per il trasporto di crudo nel Golfo del Bengala. L’esito dell’analisi è stato espresso in termini di spettri di risposta elastici medi dell’accelerazione orizzontale e in presenza di deviazione standard, riferiti a cinque periodi di ritorno (Tr =95, 225, 475, 975 e 2475 anni). Inoltre, due mappe di pericolosità sismica riferite all’accelerazione di picco orizzontale e all’accelerazione spettrale di periodo T=0.2 sec sono state prodotte per il territorio del Bangladesh e le regioni circostanti. L’analisi è stata eseguita secondo il metodo classico di Cornell-McGuire e introducendo in aggiunta un lineamento tettonico per il quale è stato applicato il modello del terremoto caratteristico. Un catalogo degli eventi sismici è stato compilato per un’area estesa circondante la condotta, consultando numerose fonti internazionali e regionali, riferito al periodo 1663-2012. I dati del catalogo sono stati successivamente sottoposti a un processo di rimozione delle repliche, omogeneizzazione, rimozione degli eventi dipendenti (precursori e repliche) e analisi di completezza. Differenti scenari tettonici presenti nell’area di studio sono stati considerati per la selezione di opportune relazioni di attenuazione. Un approccio ad albero logico, costituito da cinquantadue rami è stato adottato per tenere conto dell’incertezza epistemica. L’analisi dei valori degli spettri di accelerazione ha evidenziato un cambiamento considerevole del livello di pericolosità in diversi punti della condotta, specie per elevati periodi di ritorno (Tr= 975 e 2475 anni), giustificando la necessità di uno studio specifico lungo la rotta. Inoltre, le mappe di pericolosità ottenute hanno riportato valori molto maggiori rispetto a quelli indicati in letteratura, portando alla conclusione che gli studi probabilistici precedenti sottostimano la pericolosità sismica per la maggior parte dei distretti del Bangladesh.
The scope of the study was to perform the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) along the route of an offshore pipeline for the transport of oil in the Bay of Bengal. The outcome of the seismic hazard analysis is given in terms of horizontal median uniform hazard spectra and plus and minus one sigma for five return periods (i.e., Tr= 95, 225, 475, 975, and 2475 years), in correspondence of four selected sites of the pipeline route. In addition, two seismic hazard maps for horizontal peak acceleration and spectral acceleration at T=0.2 sec with 475 year-return period are provided, extending in Bangladesh and neighbourhood regions. PSHA was performed as per classical Cornell-McGuire approach, and introducing in addition a tectonic lineament for which the model of “characteristic earthquake” was applied. A comprehensive earthquake catalogue was produced for a large area surrounding the pipeline, consulting numerous international and local sources, spanning the period 1663-2012 A.D. Processing of the data of the catalogue was performed, consisting in removing of duplicate events, homogenising, declustering, and analysis of completeness periods for different magnitude ranges. Different tectonic environments within the study area were accounted for in the selection of appropriate ground-motion prediction equations. A logic-tree framework constituted by 52 branches was adopted in the computation for taking into account epistemic uncertainties. The analysis of the values of UHSs at different selected sites has pointed out the change of the level of hazard along the route of the pipeline, justifying the need for performing a specific hazard assessment along it. Moreover, the comparison of the hazard maps whit those available in literature, has showed higher values of hazard in the performed study, which leads to consider that for most districts of Bangladesh the earlier probabilistic hazard analyses underestimate the seismic hazard considerably.

La premiere partie de ce memoire porte sur la description du modem realise et l'evaluation theorique et experimentale de ses performances en presence de diverses perturbations. La deuxieme partie est consacree a la description de la liaison realisee et a sa mise en oeuvre en vue d'une caracterisation fine du canal urbain