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1

Wirén, Joakim, and Olof Eriksson. "Skandinavisk valutaunion : Handelseffekterna av en gemensam valuta i Skandinavien." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143441.

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Syftet med uppsatsen var att analysera effekterna av en skandinavisk valutaunion ur ett handelsperspektiv med fokus på intern- och externhandel för regionen. För att göra detta användes teorier och tidigare forskning av gemensamma valutaområden samt empiri för det aktuella området. För bedömning av handelsförutsättningarna har Jonungs kriterier som berör handel granskats och resultatet tyder på att Danmark och Sverige uppfyller kriterierna för ett optimalt valutaområde medan Norge på vissa punkter avviker. Detta gör att Norge kan anses som en mindre lämpad kandidat sett till ett optimalt valutaområde men med detta sagt inte en olämplig kandidat i ett skandinaviskt valutasamarbete. För att beräkna effekterna på handeln vid ett skandinaviskt valutasamarbete skapades ett intervall baserat på resultat från tidigare forskning anpassat efter de skandinaviska förhållandena. Resultatet är att den interna handeln kommer att öka med 50 % - 90 % med bakgrund av tidigare beräknade effekter på EMU-området och andra monetära unioner. Gällande den externa handeln påvisades inget entydigt resultat. Slutsatsen om ett monetärt samarbete leder till ökat ekonomiskt inflytande i världen eller till en mer stängd region är svår att dra.
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Wadström, Paul, and Anton Gille. "Smart Defence i Skandinavien : En analys av de skandinaviska länderns försvars- och säkerhetsstrategier." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138193.

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Defence and security related issues are constantly changing. Many of the current platforms which encourage international cooperation between countries was created during the end of previous wars. This has also strengthened a will to maintain stability and peace through collective defence. Nato is today an organisation that plays an intricate role of importance of further investments towards a better global security, and the initiation of Smart Defence was a way to achieve that. This thesis focuses on the concept of Smart Defence in a Scandinavian context. The aim of the thesis is to examine to what extent the concept is to be found in the Scandinavian countries’ defence and security strategies, in what ways this concept is manifested and how relevant the concept is to Scandinavia. With the outset of examining strategic documents, the thesis is performing a qualitative concept analysis. Adopting the concept definition of Carl Lagerström, the analysis is performed by a constructed coding and analysis scheme, in which separate categories have been created to represent the crucial ideas of the concept. The results show that even though the Scandinavian countries are similar in many ways, they differ in terms of their relationship to Nato. While none of the Scandinavian countries entirely correspond to concept in a Scandinavian context, it is notable that Sweden is the only country to be in line with more than one category of the conceptual framework. Norway and Denmark, in the light of their commitment to Nato, show none or little correspondence to the concept from a Scandinavian point of view. Regarding the relevance of the concept, we consider it to be potentially high because of their common threat scenarios and the emphasis on improving the effective use of resources.
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Linde, Ellen. "Skandinavien och de andra : En studie av jämställdheten i skandinavisk biståndspolitik ifrån ett tredje världenperspektiv." Thesis, Fakulteten för samhälls- och livsvetenskaper, Avdelningen för politiska och historiska studier, Politices magister, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2802.

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<p>In this essay I’m asking if the Scandinavian countries Sweden, Denmark and Norway use a third world perspective on gender equality in their development aid politics. A third world perspective on gender equality is a perspective that considers the special experiences and priorities of women in the third world. My point of view is that third world perspectives represent women in the third world better than western perspectives.</p><p>To determine if the countries uses a third world perspective on gender equality or not I have examined the countries aid policies with a third world theory. The material that I have used is policy documents on gender equality from the three countries and my method is discourse analysis.</p><p>My study shows that Sweden Denmark and Norway uses a third world perspective on gender equality to a certain extent. There are some aspects of the third world perspective on gender equality that none of the countries reflect about. Norway is the country with the best result in the study. </p>
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Mehdi, Ibrahim. "Från Ugarit till Uppland : En studie om kontakter mellan Skandinavien och Medelhavsvärlden under den skandinaviska bronsåldern." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385530.

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This thesis studies the contacts between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean area during the Scandinavian Bronze Age. These contacts have been the topic of controversy for a long time as one side of the debate believes in direct contacts between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean area, and the other side believes that contacts between the two areas could only have been by down the line trading contacts. This thesis then aims to see what evidence there is that the contacts would have been direct or otherwise. This is done by studying the archaeological evidence as well as the pictographic depictions on rock art in Scandinavia and painted pottery from the Mediterranean area, as well as ships and ship technology to understand if Scandinavian ships would have been able to travel to the Mediterranean in the first place. Further, this thesis also studies the urn burials introduced to Scandinavia during the Bronze Age from northern Italy to see the spreading of ideas, as well as isotope analysis of bronze from Sweden and Denmark together with strontium analysis of Bronze Age individuals to form a complete picture about these contacts and how they took place.
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Korpela, Jukka. "The world of Ladoga : society, trade, transformation and state building in the Eastern Fennoscandian boreal forest zone c. 1000 - 1555 /." Berlin ; Münster : Lit, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989930963/04.

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6

Arbelius, Sofi. "Skandinavisk modernism i USA." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1173.

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7

Anz, Christoph. "Gilden im mittelalterlichen Skandinavien." Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37026786p.

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Klein, Simone. "Der skandinavische Adoleszenzroman der Gegenwart und seine Bedeutung für die Theorie des Adoleszenzromans in Deutschland." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975390341.

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Ahlund, Claes. "Den skandinaviska universitetsromanen 1877-1890." Uppsala : Stockholm : [Uppsala universitet] ; Almqvist & Wiksell International i distribution, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23268400.html.

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10

Jörler, Per, and Viktor Sigonius. "Transportflödesanalys på Peab/Skandinaviska Byggelement." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97209.

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Detta examensarbete utgör resultatet av en studie på uppdrag av byggföretaget Peab och dess dotterbolag Skandinaviska Byggelement. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka transporternas påverkan till följd av en högre grad prefabricering vid byggnationer av flerfamiljshus. Med hjälp av kartläggning och data har en analys renderat i rekommendationer för företagen. Från Skandinaviska Byggelements fabrik i Katrineholm transporteras prefabricerade skalväggar till Peab och övriga kunder. Studien har därmed en helhetssyn från underleverantörer till kund för att försöka identifiera problem som stör transportflödet genom försörjningskedjan. Transporter till och från Skandinaviska Byggelement fungerar i nuläget tillfredsställande, med få praktiska problem och en tillfredsställande fyllnadsgrad. Transporterna är väl integrerade i Skandinaviska Byggelements strategi att hålla låga lagernivåer på ingående material. Vid en eventuell framtida produktionsökning ställs därmed högre krav på transporterna, inte enbart för det fysiska flödet utan också för informationsflödet för att kunna bibehålla de låga lagernivåerna. För distributionstransporterna med prefabricerade betongelement finns en liknande situation även om problem finns i lossningen av väggelementen på byggplatsen, då många lossningar tar för lång tid. Eftersom transporterna är planerade att anlända enligt Just In Time-principen skapar förseningar under transport och lossning planeringsproblem på byggplatsen. För att undvika dessa problem under flödet krävs en bättre integration mellan aktörerna i försörjningskedjan, som även skapar möjligheter att få ytterligare konkurrensfördelar. Att använda prefabricering av skalväggar genererar en högre miljöpåverkan än platsgjutning i och med ett ökat transportarbete. För en årsvolym av skalväggar för Skandinaviska Byggelement åstadkommer dessa transporter mer än dubbelt så lång transportsträcka per kvadratmeter än för platsgjutna väggar. Detta medför en tydlig skillnad i miljöpåverkan då transporterna till största del i nuläget utförs med lastbil. Enbart en bråkdel av företagets leveranser transporteras på järnväg och således rekommenderas en ökad grad av järnvägstransporter, speciellt om produktionsvolymen ökar. Utifrån Skandinaviska Byggelements produktion av skalväggar bör företaget sträva efter en ökad standardisering av processer och produkter. Detta skulle innebära att byggelementen som beställs inte längre är kundspecifika med ett minskat konstruktionsarbete som följd. Standardiserade produkter underlättar dessutom hanteringen vid transport samt lastning och lossning vilket även skapar nyttor för andra aktörer i försörjningskedjan.<br>This master thesis examines the companies Peab and Skandinaviska Byggelement’s transport flow and how an increased prefabrication in the construction industry of apartment blocks will affect the transports. The recommendations given in this report are based on theory and a survey of the companies. Skandinaviska Byggelement’s factory is located in Katrineholm and supplies Peab and other customers with prefabricated construction elements. The study involves a wide perspective from suppliers to customers to identify problems, which affect the transport flow through the supply chain. The present transports to and from Skandinaviska Byggelement have a satisfying level of transport utilization and involve only a few practical problems. The transports are well integrated into Skandinaviska Byggelement’s overall strategy to keep low levels of inventory of incoming material. To keep these levels low, it is important to focus on the physical distribution and the flow of information, especially if an increase in production volume will occur. Concerning the distribution of prefabricated construction elements, the same situation arises even though longer unloading times are needed at the construction sites. Since the construction elements are planned to arrive according to the Just In Time-principle, delays during the transport and unloading activities cause problems for the planning on site. To avoid these problems a higher level of integration between the participants in the supply chain is necessary. Additional competition advantages are also possible with this integration. The use of prefabricated walls has a greater environmental impact than using a traditional construction strategy, due to increased total transport work. According to present annual volume of production at Skandinaviska Byggelement, the prefabricated walls are transported more than twice as long as the material concerning building on site. This clearly affects the impact on the environment since most of the transports are by truck. Only a few of the company’s deliveries are carried out by railway and to gain competitive advantages, a recommendation is to increase the amount of railway transports, especially if the transportation volume will increase. A recommendation to Skandinaviska Byggelement would be to strive for an increased standardization strategy in terms of processes and products. By this standardization, the construction elements will no longer be customer specific, which leads to a decreased workload in the design of the elements. The standardization process also improves handling within loading and unloading, leading to improved benefits for other participants in the supply chain.
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11

Landberg, Kaj. "Skandinaviska Socialistiska Arbetareförbundet 1904-1928." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-35614.

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12

Karlsson, Maria. "Glaspärlor i Skandinavien : ett långtidsperspektiv." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99187.

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New research has shed light on the origin of the Danish glass beads dating to the BronzeAge and the increase in long-distance exchange during this period. This has provided newknowledge about glass beads during the Bronze Age, which unlocked the question of whatit looks like in the rest of Scandinavia. To get a broader perspective I have chosen to studythe first evidence of early craft sites where glass beads were made in Scandinavia. Then acomparison is made between the Bronze and Iron Ages from a broader perspective, whichincludes both the use of glass beads and the glass productions sites. I have therefore chosento study glass beads from a long-term perspective, from the introduction of the first glassbeads in Scandinavia during the Early Bronze Age until the Vendel period when the firstglass beads were manufactured in Scandinavia. By studying glass beads from a long-termperspective, we can learn more about the significance of glass beads in society.
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Ahlund, Claes. "Den skandinaviska universitetsroman 1877-1890 /." Stockholm : Almqvist och Wiksell, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35519569n.

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Santivanez, Andrea. "Skandinavisk design ur ett annat perspektiv." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23144.

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Sköld, Oscar, and Tobias Andersson. "Utlandsflyttar för skandinaviska landslagsspelare i fotboll." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-31635.

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Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på hur gamla landslagsspelarna i Danmark, Sverige och Norge, över de senaste tre mästerskapskvalen, var när de flyttade till en utländsk klubb för första gången. Arbetet grundar sig i debatten kring när unga svenska fotbollsspelare är redo för och bör flytta till en utländsk klubb. Undersökningen har gjorts med teorierna om globalisering, professionalisering och specialisering som grund. Empirin har insamlats genom en kvantitativ metod där vi först tog reda på vilka spelare som representerat de tre landslagen i kval- och mästerskapsmatcher från och med hösten 2012 till och med hösten 2017. Därefter gick vi igenom spelare för spelare och tog reda på hur gamla de var första gången de flyttade till en utländsk klubb respektive en icke-skandinavisk klubb. Med den empirin insamlad började vi sedan att analysera datan och jämföra mönstren de olika länderna emellan. Det hela ledde till ett resultat som visade att majoriteten av spelarna lämnade sina hemländer i åldersspannet 21–23. En femtedel av spelarna flyttade utomlands innan de fyllt 20 år. En förkrossande majoritet flyttade till utländska klubbar någon gång under karriären. Betydligt fler norska spelare stannade i Skandinavien hela karriären än de danska och svenska spelarna, och de norrmän som lämnade tenderade att göra detta senare än danskarna och svenskarna. Slutsatsen man kan dra av vårt arbete är att i förhållande till hur många av de svenska ungdomslandslagsspelarna som har utländska klubbadresser ligger antalet spelare i landslaget som flyttat utomlands senast i 19-årsåldern i fas eller till och med lite i överkant.<br>The study ”Tendencies of moving abroad among Scandinavian internationals in football” wants to examine when Scandinavian internationals in football moves abroad for the first time in their career. Today it’s an ongoing debate in Sweden whether young football players should stay and develop their football skills in their home country or strive for success abroad. With theories about globalization, professionalization and specialization we hope to provide you with the background info needed to understand the examined area. The material has been collected with a quantitative method and our results has been presented with diagrams, numbers and text. The result shows that there is a connection between representing your country (Sweden, Norway and Denmark) and a move abroad sometime in your career. One out of every five player in our examination moved to a foreign club before they turned 20 which is consistent with the share of players in the Swedish youth national teams that play abroad. This indicates that it’s not necessarily a bad move to go abroad in a young age.
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Hashem, Khandan. "Dynamiska solskyddslösningar för den skandinaviska marknaden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105939.

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Arbetet jämför och beskriver skillnaderna mellan tre olika solskyddslösningar, utvändig- och invändig solavskärmning och elektrokroma solskyddsglas. Valet av solskydd är en återkommande fråga i många projekt. Ofta kompromissas det mellan olika parametrar som dagsljus, utblick, glasarea, design och energi vid val av solskydd.  Syftet och målet med arbetet är att skapa en sammanställning som visar för- och nackdelar med de olika solskyddslösningarna. För att komma fram till ett resultat har olika studier analyserats, beräkningar och simuleringar gjorts och intervjufrågor har skickats ut till experter inom området.  Resultatet från beräkningarna och simuleringarna visar att utvändig solavskärmning är mest effektiv mot att blockera solens energi och att elektrokroma solskyddsglas släpper in mest nyttigt och användbart dagsljus in i lokalen beräknat enligt UDI – Useful Daylight Illuminance. Resultatet visar även att den invändiga solavskärmningen tar bort mest av bländningsproblematiken.  En sammanvägning av de analyserade studierna, beräkningarna och simuleringarna samt intervjufrågorna visar att elektrokroma solskyddsglas presterar bäst i sin helhet med hänsyn tagen till energi, solskydd, utsikt och byggnadens utformning.<br>The study compares and describes the differences between three different solar shading solutions, external and internal awnings, and electrochromic glass. The choice of solar shading is a recurring issue in many projects. It is often compromised between different parameters such as daylight, view, glass area, design and energy when choosing solar shading systems. The purpose and goal of the study is to create a compilation that shows the pros and cons of the various solar shading solutions. To get to a result various studies have been analysed, calculations and simulations have been made and interview questions have been sent out to a group of experts in the glass and solar shading field.   The results from the calculations and simulations show that external awnings are most effective against blocking the sun's energy and that the electrochromic glass allows the most useful daylight to enter the room in accordance with UDI - Useful Daylight Illuminance. The results also show that internal awnings are the most effective glare protection solution. A balance of the studies analysed, the calculations and simulations as well as the interview questions show that electrochromic glass performs best when taking energy, solar shading, views, and the design of the building into account.<br><p>Presentationen skedde via Zoom från distans pga Corona.</p>
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Skoog, Haslum Ewa. "Försvarsmaktens roll vid terrorismbekämpning - En skandinavisk jämförelse." Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-721.

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<p>Detta är en studie över Sverige, Norge och Danmarks legala möjligheter att inrikes nyttja sin försvarsmakt för att bekämpa terrorism. De lagliga förutsättningarna skiljer sig idag mellan länderna vilket, i sin tur, innebär att ländernas möjligheter att snabbt sätta in tillräckliga resurser för att möta ett angrepp, varierar. Även angreppets karaktär är avgörande huruvida försvaret får nyttjas. Kriminalitet och ytterligheten terrorism är polisens uppgift men försvaret har möjligheter, men med varierande grad, i samtliga tre länder att stödja polisen. Preliminär lagstiftning och undantagstillstånd är inte genomförbart i alla tre länderna. Möjligheten och organisationen för att använda försvarets resurser beror dock på hur staten i fråga reglerat detta. Vad skillnaderna beror på kan dels vara historiskt beskaffat, dels bero på medvetna val. Danmark med sitt NATO-medlemskap är ett land med starkt utåtriktad säkerhetspolitik och försvaret kan nyttjas relativt obehindrat. Den andra NATO-medlemmen, Norge, har sina oljeplattformar vilka kan ses som skyddsvärda och med andra möjligheter för försvarets nyttjande. För alliansfria Sveriges del är försvarets möjlighet till nyttjande hårt reglerat i till och med grundlagen.</p><br><p>This study explores the legal possibilities for Sweden, Norway and Denmark to use their own armed forces to combat terrorism. At present, the legal requirements differ from country to country so therefore each country’s ability to rapidly deploy sufficient resources when faced with an attack will vary. The nature of the attack will decide whether defence may be deployed. Crime and extreme terrorism are tasked by the Police but the Ministry of Defence is encouraged to lend support to the Police in all these 3 countries. Provisional law and martial laws are not feasible in all three countries. The state’s regulations will dictate opportunity and organisation to deploy defense resources. The differences between each country can be part historical, part-conscious choice. Denmark with its NATO membership is a country with strong, lateral-thinking views on security and the Ministry of Defence can be deployed with relative ease. The other NATO member, Norway, has its oil platforms which can be seen as worthy of protection and as an opportunity for use by the Ministry of Defence. The ability to deploy is strictly regulated for Sweden.</p>
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Roslund, Dennis, and Linn Hedlund. "Analys av reklamationskostnader hos Skandinaviska Byggelement AB." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Industrial Engineering and Management, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-851.

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<p>Syftet med denna rapport var att undersöka vilka kostnader som uppkommer i samband med reklamationer t.ex. direkta kostnader som uppkommer då de anställda på Skandinaviska Byggelement AB (SBE) lägger ner tid på reklamationer. SBE i Katrineholm är ett företag som tillverkar prefabricerade betongelement i form av plattbärlag och skalväggar. I processen för att tillverka dessa element blir det ibland fel vilket leder till reklamationskostnader för SBE. Dessa kostnader har vi lokaliserat och analyserat för att se vilka fel som är vanligast och kostnader för dem.</p><p>Många fel begås i projekteringsfasen då man på konstruktionsavdelningen sammanställer de ritningar och handlingar som kommer in som underlag. Grunden till felen kan finnas hos flera olika inblandade konsulter eller andra parter och det är som med många sammansatta processer att information kan försvinna på vägen. Någon har missat något eller inte tänkt på hur de andra arbetar. Det är allmänt känt inom byggbranschen idag att det finns ett glapp mellan de olika funktionerna som skall hjälpas åt för att tillsammans skapa ett hus. Kvalitetssystem som arbetats fram de senaste 25 åren har kommit långt och fungerar bra men det är övergångarna från delprocess till delprocess i huvudprocessen som inte alltid fungerar.</p><p>I rapporten har vi fokuserat på processen och kartlagt arbetet från konstruktion till leverans till kund för att skapa en förståelse av komplikationerna som kan uppstå i arbetet mot kvalitetsförbättring. Vi har till vår hjälp haft dokumentering från ett flertal projekt, arbetsbeskrivnings pärmar och intervjuer av de anställda på SBE. Vi har under arbetets gång även sett att man förlorar erfarenhet på grund av den höga omsättning av personal man har på konstruktionsavdelningen. Enligt erfarenhetseffekten som beskrivs under teoretisk bakgrund tar det tid innan en anställd börjar bidra med sin fulla kapacitet till företaget, man har som anställd alltid en naturlig upplärningsperiod.</p><p>I undersökningen, i form av en enkätundersökning, om hur mycket tid var och en av tjänstemännen på SBE tillbringade med att arbeta med reklamationer gav resultatet att det var 55,8 timmar/vecka sammanlagat hos de 18 personerna, alltså i snitt 3,1 timmar/vecka per person. Därigenom kom vi också fram till att det var projektledarna som utgör största delen av denna tid och efter dem så var det konstruktionssidan och produktionsteknikern.</p><p>Tiden man lägger på att hantera reklamationer är en del av kvalitetsbristkostnaderna och i diskussionen berörs hur man förlorar goodwill vid reklamationer och hur viktigt det är i ett tillverkande företag att ständigt arbeta med förbättringar och behålla sin kundfokus. Då kostnaderna i form av reklamationskostnader ökar minskar företagets lönsamhet vilket man kan motverka genom att minska slöseri i form av reklamationskostnader.</p><p>I analysen av hur stor del av vinsten som reklamationskostnaderna utgjorde så ser vi att det är i genomsnitt ca 8,6 %. Här ser vi också att det är stora skillnader mellan de olika projekten och att reklamationerna ibland kan utgöra så stora delar som över 40% av vinsten.</p><br><p>The Purpose of this report was to investigate what costs that arise in relation to customer complaints for example direct costs that arise when the employees spend time on customer complaints. Skandinaviska Byggelement AB (SBE) is a company that manufactures prefabricated concrete components in the shape of prefabricated slab elements on which concrete is poured.</p><p>In the process of manufacturing these elements there are sometimes nonconformities which lead to complaint costs for SBE. These costs have we located and analyzed to see which nonconformities that are most common and in what range of cost it is about.</p><p>Many of the faults is carried out in the projection phase when the design department composite the drawings and documents that arrives as basis documents for the project. The roots to the faults can be found at several different involved consults or other parties that are involved in the connected processes were information can easily disappear during the process. The root can be caused by a slight miss or misunderstanding of how everyone work. It is well known that in the construction business today there is a gap between the different functions that are together creating a house. Quality systems that have been used the latest 25 years and are starting to work good but the transitions between the part processes in the main process that is not working that well all the time.</p><p>In this thesis we have focused on the process from design to delivery to customer to gain a greater understanding of the complications that can occur in the work towards quality improvement. To our help we have had documentation from several past projects, work description folders and interviews of the workers at SBE. We have during the work also seen that experience is going to waste because of the high turnover of workers especially at the design department. According to the experience rate that are described in theoretical background, it takes time before a employee start contribute whith its full capacity to the company, as an employee you always have a naturall learning process in the beginning at a job.</p><p>In our form investigation about how much time each one of the employees at the office at SBE are working with reclamations gave the result that it was 55,8 hours all together for the 18 persons that we asked. Through this we also saw that the project leaders that constitute the biggest part of this time and after them the design department and the production technician. The time aspect is a part of the quality cost and in the discussion we are discussing how you lose goodwill with reclamations and how important it is in a manufacturing company to work with continuous improvement and to stay customer focused. When the costs in form of reclamation costs are increasing the company profitability are decreasing and you can increase the profitability through decreasing waste that can be in form of reclamations.</p><p>In the analysis of how big part of the profit that consist of reclamations cost we found an average on 8, 62%. This show also that there are big differences between different projects and that the reclamation cost sometimes can be as big part as 40% of the profit.</p>
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Yalcin, Hidayet. "Nordisk grannspråksförståelse i en skandinavisk skola utomlands." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-255972.

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Holmström, David, and Didrik Värmon. "Direktkrav i Skandinavien : en övergripande komparativ analys." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-127686.

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Björndahl, Peter. "Trälarnas ekonomiska roll i det vikingatida Skandinavien." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451922.

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The purpose of this thesis is to address key questions concerning the status and roles of enslaved groups (thralls) in Viking-Age Scandinavia. The thesis focuses on the lives of thralls at two levels; first within the local context of the household and farm (described here as the ‘microenvironment’), and second within the wider ‘macroenvironment’ of Scandinavian society. In particular, the study seeks to uncover the different practical and economic roles that were fulfilled by thralls within these contexts, and in doing so to explore how slaveholding communities benefitted from the exploitation of these people. In order to address these issues, the thesis critically examines the archeological material associated with thralls and discusses the various issues associated with the interpretation of this evidence. Given the inherent difficulty of identifying thralls in the archaeological record, this study also utilizes a range of contemporaneous and later medieval textual sources, including the Icelandic sagas and the earliest surviving Scandinavian law codes, as a means of contextualizing the discussion of material evidence. In exploring the diverse range of archaeological evidence and textual sources available to us, the author concludes that thralls played a significant role among Scandinavian communities as a source of both domestic and economic labor. Through this, they also involuntarily helped Scandinavian communities to mount and sustain trading, raiding and settlement activity in Europe and beyond. In reaching this conclusion, the author draws upon a number of sources pointing to a significant need for (unfree?) labor, for example in tasks such as textile production. When combined with a high-level of access to slaves through raiding and trading activity, it seems logical that Viking-Age communities would have exploited thralls in this way. Given the regular appearance of thralls in both the early Scandinavian law codes and sagas, furthermore, it is likely that these people represented a prominent social group within both social and labor-related contexts.
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Bürgers, Carla. "Konzeption eines Internetportals für den Kulturkreis Skandinavien /." Berlin : Inst. für Bibliothekswiss, 2005. http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/%7Ekumlau/handreichungen/h138/h138.pdf.

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Andersson, Lars. "Pilgrimsmärken och vallfart : medeltida pilgrimskultur i Skandinavien /." Lund : Almqvist och Wiksell, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35518996d.

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Lindblom, Anders. "Medborgarskapet i välfärdsstaten föräldrainflytande i skandinavisk grundskola /." Uppsala : Stockholm : [Uppsala universitet] ; Distributor, Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33970999.html.

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Hoor, Peter. "Flugzeuggetragene Spurengasmessungen in der Tropopausenregion Implikationen für den Spurengastransport in der untersten Stratosphäre /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://ArchiMeD.uni-mainz.de/pub/2000/0119/diss.pdf.

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Korpela, Jukka. "The world of Ladoga society, trade, transformation and state building in the Eastern Fennoscandian boreal forest zone c. 1000 - 1555." Berlin Münster Lit, 2006. http://d-nb.info/989930963/04.

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Mejsholm, Lotta. "Gränsland : konstruktion av tidig barndom och begravningsritual vid tiden för kristnandet i Skandinavien /." Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2009. http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:173502.

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Steen, Merete. "Tuberkulose blant innvandrere i Skandinavia : Legetidsskriftenes omtale og myndighetenes tiltak." Thesis, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3253.

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I de vesteuropeiske landene har nedgangen i forekomst av tuberkulose stagnert de senere tiårene hovedsakelig på grunn av økt tilstrømning av mennesker fra høyinsidensland for tuberkulose. Det er stilt spørsmål om tuberkulosekunnskapene blant helsepersonell er tilstrekkelige. Studier har vist betydelige variasjoner i utformingen av tuberkulosekontrollen av innvandrere. WHO har medvirket til utvikling av policydokumenter for tuberkulosekontroll i europeiske lavinsidensland. Hensikten med denne studien var tosidig: 1) å se på i hvilket omfang nasjonale og engelskspråklige legetidsskrifter hadde publisert fagartikler om tuberkulose blant innvandrere i Danmark, Norge og Sverige og beskrive artiklene som kunnskapskilder for leger og annet helsepersonell, og 2) å beskrive de tre landenes policydokumenter for tuberkulosekontroll på noen spesifikke områder. Materialet består av 27 tidsskriftsartikler publisert i 1995-2004 og 18 policydokumenter. Studien er utvidet og oppdatert på basis av en tidligere publisert undersøkelse. Tidsskriftsartiklene inneholdt mye relevant fagstoff for helsepersonell. Artiklene viste at tuberkuloseforekomst, smitteforhold og praktisk kliniske utfordringer har mange likhetstrekk i de tre landene. Antallet artikler i nasjonale tidsskrifter ble imidlertid vurdert som for lavt til å kunne utgjøre en viktig kunnskapskilde. Det bør publiseres mer om tuberkulose blant innvandrere i nasjonale tidsskrifter da disse har en viktig klinisk og helsepolitisk betydning. Policydokumentene viste forskjeller i landenes policy for ankomstscreening, forebyggende behandling, BCG-vaksinering og bruk av direkte observert terapi. Ankomstscreening for personer fra høyinsidensland for tuberkulose er frivillig i Danmark og Sverige og obligatorisk i Norge. Studien kunne ikke forklare ulikhetene i de tre nabolandenes policy. Lokal motstand mot internasjonale føringer på tuberkuloseområdet er vist ved studier fra andre land. Obligatorisk ankomstscreening er omdiskutert og reiser etiske problemstillinger når det gjelder individers integritet og slike undersøkelsers betydning for folkehelsen<br>In recent decades, the decline of tuberculosis has stagnated in Western Europe mainly due to increased immigration from high-prevalence countries. Policies for control of tuberculosis among immigrants in these countries are very varied. Frameworks for tuberculosis control in European countries with a low incidence of disease have been published in collaboration with the WHO. The aim of this study was twofold: 1) To find out what has been published on tuberculosis among immigrants in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in medical journals and to describe the scientific literature as a source for updated knowledge for doctors and other health professions, and 2) to describe national policy documents on specified parts of the policy. The material consists of 27 medical papers published between 1995 and 2004 and 18 policy documents. This paper is based on a previously published study and an updated literature review. The medical papers were highly relevant as scientific information for health personnel. The review of the papers showed that there were many similarities between the three countries. However, the number of papers in the national medical journals was too low to represent an important source of knowledge. More publishing in national medical journals is recommended because these have clinically and health political importance. The policy documents showed differences in the countries policy on screening on arrival, preventive therapy, BCG-vaccination and use of direct observed therapy. Screening on arrival for people from countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis is voluntary in Denmark and Sweden and mandatory in Norway. The study could not explain the differences in policy in the three neighbouring countries. Local resistance to international guidelines for tuberculosis control is described in studies from other countries. Mandatory screening of new entrants is controversial and raises ethical issues concerning individuals’ integrity and the importance of screening for public health.<br><p>ISBN 91-7997-150-4</p>
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Wennerström, Ulrika. "Järnets introduktion i Skandinavien : -I ett arkeologiskt perspektiv." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-215.

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<p>The views on and the knowledge of the introduction of iron to Scandinavia have change by the history of archaeology. The results and discussions are put in the context of time and how that time is reflected in their work and texts. This limits that scholars put up to orientate themselves conceal the complex reality. The limits are changing all the time and is dependent of time and person.</p>
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Karlenby, Leif. "Stenbärarna : Kult och rituell praktik i skandinavisk bronsålder." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158102.

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The thesis sets out to discuss the Bronze Age cosmology in Scandinavia, based on the results from the investigations at Nibble outside Enköping in Uppland. The excavations were carried out in 2007 and revealed extensive remains of a ritual place with burials, cult houses and food preparation areas. In addition, hundreds of cupmarks and two ship rock carvings were found. The cult place was constructed by moving stones around, gathering them into stone settings, stone walls and heaps of fire-cracked stones. The importance of the stones as cosmological entities is established through this special and deliberate treatment. Nature is transformed into culture. The cult place was established in connection with the construction of a large stone setting at the top of a hillock. Cremated and crushed bones of a man had been placed centrally in the construction, and close by, several cult houses had been erected, complemented by a food preparation area, where sacrificial meals were prepared and eaten.   In many cases, stone settings and heaps of fire-cracked stones are used in similar manners. At a settlement site close to the cult place, there was a heap of fire-cracked stones that contained the cremated bones of a young woman. It had been specially constructed for her burial and contained layers of coal and fire-cracked stones from several cremation pyres. The border between what is a burial and what is not is hard to define. The burnt bones of the dead were handled in much the same way as the burnt stone. They were burnt and crushed, ground to a powder, and restored to the earth. The use of stones in connection with fire and water (and smoke) suggests the existence of a system built on the four elements: stone (earth), fire, water and air. In addition, the existence of a tripartite universe is suggested. Stone settings (and some of the heaps of fire-cracked stones) were constructed as portals to the underground, and the smoke from the funeral pyres was the means of transport to the heaven above.  During the Early Bronze Age, the functions of the warrior and the shaman were often carried out by the same individual. During the Late Bronze Age, however, the functions of the warrior and the shaman seem to have been separated.   The separation of the ritual functions show that a change in ritual practice and cosmology occurred some time in the middle of the Bronze Age. A complete cosmological change was probably not involved, and many older rituals were still carried out in the Late Bronze Age. The relationship between the four elements remained the same, and the treatment of stone in particular remained unchanged. The connection between stone and bone still prevailed, as did the crushing and grinding.
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Larsson, Marcus. "Skandinavien i Yorkshire Herald under det första världskriget." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för politiska och historiska studier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-9267.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the occurrence of Scandinavia in the then daily English newspaper Yorkshire Herald during the First World War. The dissertation looks into what the Yorkshire Herald wrote about Scandinavia in the parts of the newspaper where the newspaper´s own opinion was given. This approach is connected to the theoretical idea that the British local and regional press was politically free during the war period. The dissertation also looks into the number of news telegrams etcetera that concerned Scandinavia during the period. The result shows that Scandinavia, both as a whole as well as the three individual countries, was mentioned about 700 times, split over about 600 telegrams and articles, during the examined period stretching from the first of August 1914 to the eleventh of November 1918. Material that gives the newspaper´s opinion regarding issues concerning Scandinavia can be found six times during the period. Of these articles two have a slight aggressive tone, while the character of the remaining four is more neutral, even friendly and sympathetic.
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Fahlborg, Hannah, and Emma Flodin. "Optimering av den skandinaviska massbalansmetoden på Storglaciären, Kebnekaisemassivet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325067.

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Klimatförändringar har direkt påverkan på glaciärers tillväxt och avsmältning. Genom att studera glaciärers massbalans kan framtida riskbedömningar, för bland annat havsytans stigning, uppskattas. Skillnaden i glaciärens ackumulation och ablation ger den så kallade nettobalansen, som avslöjar om glaciären ökat eller minskat i massa under det gångna året. Storglaciären belägen i Tarfaladalen, öster om Kebnekaise, är en av världens mest välstuderade glaciärer. Här används den så kallade skandinaviska metoden för dokumentering av glaciärens massbalans. Metoden utgörs till stor del av manuella sonderingar i form av punktmätningar direkt på glaciärens yta. Då Storglaciären har upp mot 300 mätpunkter är inhämtningen av data både omfattande och tidskrävande. I detta kandidatarbete utfördes ett försök till optimering för den skandinaviska metoden på Storglaciären, med syftet att förhoppningsvis underlätta och effektivisera metoden. Punkter för mätdata avlägsnades för att undersöka om de resterande mätpunkterna gav ett godkänt värde för nettobalansen. För godkänt resultat av experimentet skall optimeringen ge ett representativt värde för storglaciärens nettobalans uppskattad med hela datamängden. Beräkningarna för nettobalansen är beroende av snöns densitet på glaciären, därav utfördes även densitetsmätningar i fält vid Tarfalas forskningsstation. Experimentet gav resultatet att metoden kan optimeras genom att var fjärde punkt för mätdata avlägsnades. Ytterligare studier kan dock utföras för att utforma mer specifika mönster för mätpunkter, som då skulle kunna ge ett ännu säkrare resultat för Storglaciärens nettobalans.<br>Climate changes has a direct impact on glaciers’ growth and melting. By studying the mass balance of glaciers, future risk assessments can be estimated by for example sea level rise. The difference between the glacier’s accumulation and ablation gives the net balance, which reveals if the glacier has increased or decreased in mass during the past year. Storglaciären, located in the Tarfala valley east of Kebnekaise, is one of the world's most studied glaciers. The Scandinavian method is used for documentations of the glacier’s mass balance. The method consists of manual probings at specific points on the glacier’s surface. Since Storglaciären has up to three hundred measurement points, the collection of the mass balance-data is both comprehensive and time consuming. For this bachelor project, an experiment was made to optimize the Scandinavian method at Storglaciären. The project was carried out with the aim of hopefully facilitating the method and to make it more efficient. Measurement points on the glacier were removed to investigate if the remaining points gave an approved value for the net balance. The requirement for the experiment to be approved is that the optimization shall provide a representative value for the net balance of Storglaciären, with all its measurement points included. The calculations for the net balance is dependent on the snow density on the glacier’s surface. Fieldwork at Tarfala research station was thereby carried out to collect data for the density on Storglaciären. The experiment gave the result that the Scandinavian method can be optimized. If every fourth measurement point on Storglaciären is removed, the glacier’s net balance is still representative. Further studies can be conducted to design specific patterns for removal of specific measurement points, which probably would provide even more accurate results for Storglaciären’s net balance.
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Sandberg, Linda. "Klimatförändringar och hur de kan påverka Skandinaviska däggdjursarter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227078.

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Lindgren, Johannes. "Arbetarklass, skandinavism och representation : Om tidningen Fäderneslandet 1866." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185090.

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This paper is an historical investigation of three political ideas presented in the newspaperFäderneslandet (”The Fatherland”) during the year of 1866. The ideas are the writers viewof the working class, the treatment of the abolishment of the estate-based parliament andthe election of the new bi-cameral parliament and their view of the ideology ofscandinavianism.
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Wendel, Filippa. "Kult och kulthus under Järnåldern i södra Skandinavien." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387312.

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The existence of the prehistoric cult buildings is a highly controversial subject in archeology. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the discussion is that it is not certain that these buildings existed. Most of the recent excavations have contributed to an increased interest in central places, cult centers and the discovered material associated with mansion-like settlements. Various exclusive discoveries link relevant interpretations and terms to kings and aristocracy. In some cultural contexts the larger magnate complexes during the Iron Age have had a significant importance. The buildings that are considered to have received a great ritual significance are special houses that have been interpreted as cult houses, but also the hall buildings had a significant role in the context of cult. In the interpretation of the Iron Age cult house, there are a number of aspects that should be taken into consideration, and not merely the material findings at the cult houses. The surrounding nature of the buildings is important, since the cult houses were built on settlements, where powerful chiefs of importance to the community lived and worked. Unlike the bronze ages cult houses, the iron age is more easily interpreted, due to several aspects. On the one hand, iron age cult houses are considerably more resourceful, on the other hand, pre-Christian scriptures have contributed to various aspects of the interpretation of the buildings. These interpretations can be questioned as they are not scientific.
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Grimm, Oliver Rankov N. B. Stylegar Frans-Arne. "Grossbootshaus, Zentrum und Herrschaft Zentralplatzforschung in der nordeuropäischen Archäologie (1. - 15. Jahrhundert)." Berlin New York de Gruyter, 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2704323&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Khalil, Samer, and Omar Kadum. "Preparationstekniker i Skandinavien - likheter och skillnader. En deskriptiv enkätstudie." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19828.

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Sammanfattning Syftet: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka ifall det föreligger skillnader i den prekliniska undervisningen för preparation av en metall-keramisk konstruktion mellan tandläkarutbildningarna i Malmö, Oslo och Köpenhamn, samt om studenterna tillämpar lärd preparationsteknik i sitt kliniska arbete.Metod: Studien utfördes i form av en enkätstudie, där enkäten lämnades ut till sista års studenter på tandläkarutbildningen i universiteten Malmö, Oslo och Köpenhamn. Universiteten valdes utifrån geografiska placeringar i syfte att representera tre skandinaviska länder. Exklusionskriterierna var legitimerade tandläkare och studenter som inte utfört kronterapi kliniskt. I enkäten fick studenterna svara på om de utfört protetiska arbeten i form av fast protetik samt typen av fastprotetik, typ av material de hade preparerat för samt vilken preparationsutformning de använt till respektive material. Resultat: Studentpopulationen var 173. Antal studenter på plast vid utlämningstillfällena var 110. Totalt besvarade 65% av studenter från Malmö, 71% av studenter från Oslo och 55% av studenter från Köpenhamn. Enkäterna lämnades ut vid obligatoriska föreläsningar och samlades in vid samma tillfälle vilket gav en svarsfrekvens på 100%, baserat på antalet studenter som tilldelades enkäten. Vid Malmö universitet utförde 48,3% av studenterna en preparation för en metall-keramisk (mk) krona, 63% vid Köpenhamn-, och 83% vid Oslo- universitet. Antalet studenter som tillämpade chamferpreparation inför en metall-keramisk konstruktion kliniskt i Malmö universitet var 100%, 50% i Köpenhamn samt 51,7% i Oslo. För en mk preparation valde 36% av studenterna i Köpenhamn- och 38% i Oslo- universitet en kombinerad chamfer + slice-preparation. Konklusion: Det finns skillnader i val av klinisk behandling jämfört med utlärd preklinisk behandling vid utbildningar i Oslo och Köpenhamn. De prekliniska momenten stämmer bättre överens med det kliniska momentet i Malmö. Behandling bör i den grad det är möjligt vara baserad efter kliniska metoder som har vetenskapligt stöd.<br>Abstract The purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are differences in the preclinical teaching for the preparation of a metal-ceramic construction between the dental education in Malmö, Oslo and Copenhagen, and whether the students apply learned preparation technique in their clinical work.Method: The study was conducted in the form of a survey study, where the survey was submitted to last year's students at the dental education in the universities Malmö, Oslo and Copenhagen. The universities were selected based on geographical locations in order to represent three Scandinavian countries. The exclusion criteria were certified dentists and students who did not perform crown therapy clinically. In the survey, the students were asked if they performed prosthodontic work in the form of fixed dental prosthodontic and the type of fixed dental prosthodontic, the type of material they had prepared for, and what preparation design they used for each material. Results: The student population was 173. The number of students on plastic at the time of extradition was 110. A total of 65% of students from Malmö, 71% of students from Oslo and 55% of students from Copenhagen answered. The survey was submitted at compulsory lectures and collected at the same time, which gave a response rate of 100%, based on the number of students assigned to the survey. At Malmö University, 48.3% of the students performed a preparation for a metal-ceramic (mk) crown, 63% at Copenhagen, and 83% at Oslo University. The number of students who applied chamferpreparation for a metal-ceramic construction clinically in Malmö University was 100%, 50% in Copenhagen and 51.7% in Oslo. For a metal-ceramic preparation, 36% of the students in Copenhagen and 38% in Oslo University chose to combine a chamfer + slice preparation.Conclusion: There are differences in the choice of clinical treatment compared to the non-clinical preclinical treatment of courses in Oslo and Copenhagen. The preclinical steps are more in line with the clinical stage in Malmö. Treatment should, as far as possible, be based on clinical methods that have scientific support.
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Andersson, Louise. "Religionsskiftet i Skandinavien under vikingatid och medeltid i ett kvinnoperspektiv." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-217.

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<p>The conversion in the Viking Age and the High Middle Agea in Scandinavia and how this affected women is discussed. Did women get a better life when the people had converted to Christianity or not. Our written sources are later than the conversion to Christianity. Instead the material culture, graves, grave goods and runic stones, can help us understand the life of women. Nordic mythology presents a contrast between faith in the Viking Age and Christianity.</p>
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Wallberg, Martin, and David La. "Optimal kapitalstruktur : En undersökning tillämpad på skandinaviska och tyska företag." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-156767.

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This paper describes and develops a trade off model of optimal capital structure by Bradley et al. (1984). The model is then tested to examine how changes in corporate tax rates affect the optimal capital structure of firms. Based on theoretical implications of the model, four hypotheses are derived stating that firms’ optimal debt-to-value ratio is (1) negatively related to financial distress costs, (2) negatively related to non-debt tax shields, (3) negatively related to firm volatility and (4) positively related to the corporate tax rate. Based on the results of two regression models applied on 753 Scandinavian and German firms, we find empirical support for hypothesis 1 and 3 while we find no empirical support for hypothesis 2 and 4. These results can be explained by problematic empirical proxies and in the light of the pecking-order theory.
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Karlsson, Kristoffer, and Leo H. Koch. "Kan implementering av Lean leda till effektiviseringar i skandinavisk sjukvård?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-17690.

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Abstract Our purpose for making this study is to study the implementation, the use of and the effects of Lean within our case objects.  We chose to make this thesis by case studies. The three themes mentioned above is also the main research questions that we aim to find an answer to by this study. We have chosen to do a cross section analysis where we conducted structured interviews to find answers to these questions. The theoretical reference frame consists partly of traditional theoreticians within Lean but also more recent research within the subject as well as theory specifically for Lean within the Health Care sector. The result of this study shows in all our case studies that the Management has been supporting the implementation, but that the implementation process proceeds faster if also the professionals are involved in the process.  To succeed with the implementation there is a great need for good reasons and strives that can benefit the professionals. By the use of Lean our case studies have evaluated its processes, with the main intentions being to reduce waste activities and to create flows with “pull systems”. The effects are that the internal processes have been clearly improved. Partly regarding quality, but foremost regarding time savings in terms of less waste activities. This has been done through factors like increasing the internal co-operations. The level of acceptance within the personal has large influence on the effects of the use of Lean, which leads back to the importance of a good implementation process. This study has covered many parts of Lean and our motive has been to analyze, without having the motive of doing an evaluation of Lean as a concept. The effects of capital tied up in warehouses, the economical measures and how the economical interaction between the hospitals and the politic world works is what we have focuses least on. These parts we recommend as future research. For future research we can also mention case studies of where the objects have implemented Lean within the whole organization (health care). It could be interesting to follow the patient from the emergency room, through the nursing process until the final stop of being discharged. We see the definition “customer value” as an ambiguous term. Is it enough to reduce what is not of value for the customer or should one give the costumer quality above what is expected? It would be interesting to study this through interviews with customers to companies who are using Lean.<br>Sammanfattning Vårt syfte med studien är att genom en kvalitativ studie på våra fallstudieobjekt studera implementeringen av Lean, användningen av Lean samt vilka effekter man kan se av Lean. Detta är också de huvudfrågeställningar vi vill ha besvarade. Metoden är en tvärsnittsstudie där vi utfört strukturerade intervjuer för att besvara våra frågeställningar. Den teoretiska referensramen består bl a av traditionella teoretiker inom Lean men också senare forskning på området kompletterat med teori som är specifik för Lean i sjukvården. Vi har i studien kommit fram till att alla våra studieobjekt har haft ledningens stöd i implementeringen, men att dess process påskyndas betydligt när man får med de professionella i implementeringen. För det behövs skäl och drivkrafter med implementeringen som de professionella kan se fördelar av. Användningen av Lean har lett till att man sett över sina processer med det huvudsakliga arbetet att reducera slöseriaktiviteter och att skapa flöden med drag-system. Effekterna är att de interna processerna förbättrats avsevärt, delvis kvalité men framför allt tidsbesparingar i bl a form av färre slöseriaktiviteter genom bl a ökade interna samarbeten. Hur väl personalen accepterar Lean har stor påverkan på hur stora effekterna blir, vilket leder tillbaka till hur viktig implementeringen är. Vi har gjort en studie som täckt många delar av Lean och som vi analyserat utan att ha som syfte att utvärdera Lean. Lagrets påverkan, de ekonomiska måtten och hur det ekonomiska samspelet sker mellan sjukhus och politiken är det vi lagt minst fokus och som vi rekommenderar som fortsatt forskning. Som fortsatt forskning kan även nämnas studieobjekt som implementerat Lean i hela organisationen - inom sjukvård vore av intresse att följa patientens väg från akuten via inskrivning/vård till utskrivning. Definitionen ”kundens värde” ser vi som ett tvetydligt begrepp – räcker det att reducera det som inte är av värde för kunden eller bör man förse kunden med kvalité den inte kan förvänta sig? Intressant vore att studera det utifrån intervjuer med kunder till företag som använder Lean.
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Schymik, Carsten. "Europäische Anti-Föderalisten Volksbewegungen gegen die Europäische Union in Skandinavien." Leipzig Berlin Ed. Kirchhof und Franke, 2005. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2837324&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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42

Ejderdun, Anita. "Riskbedömning av skandinaviska isolat av Sclerotinia homoeocarpa vid olika klimat." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19231.

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ABSTRACT Dollar spot is a fungal disease that affects grass, and is caused by the fungus Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. It was discovered for the first time in Scandinavia in 2013. Dollar spot is a very serious disease of grass in the United States and a lot of money is spent to control the fungus. In the present study, dollar spot development in potted turfgrass, caused by four geographically distinct, Scandinavian isolates of S. homoeocarpa, was investigated at three different temperatures; 6 °C, 15 °C and 21 °C. The objective was to identify the lowest temperature of development of disease, and to establish possible differences among the isolates with regard to disease development. The isolates used originated from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The grass samples that were inoculated with S. homoeocarpa came from two golf courses in Sweden, located in Uppsala and in Gävle, respectively. Turf grass was dug out and placed in pots, and subsequently inoculated with fungal hyphae from cultures of S. homoeocarpa. These pots were individually covered with plastic bags and placed in different climate chambers at set temperatures. At three time points (day 7, 14 and 21), the ratio of area infected grass to total grass-covered area was estimated. After all the results had been analysed, it was concluded that dollar spot had the most severe disease development at 6 °C. Differences in disease development of dollar spot were also observed among the four isolates at different temperatures. There was a link between geographical origin of an isolate and its optimum temperature for disease development, which may suggest that the isolates can have adapted to the environment in which they have established themselves. S. homoeocarpa is apparently able to proliferate at low temperatures. The present study demonstrates it should be able to infect grass and establish in turf grass even in a colder climate, and thus it is very likely that dollar spot has gained a foothold in Scandinavia, and that it is here to stay. With climate change taking place, i.e. increasing temperatures and precipitation, which in turn results in elevated humidity, the disease will be able to establish and spread yet more, because the fungus thrives in humid conditions. If the climate zones will continue to move northward in the Nordic countries, it will increase the potential for continued establishment and spread of dollar spot.<br>SAMMANFATTNING Dollar spot är en svampsjukdom som drabbar gräs och som orsakas av svampen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Under 2013 upptäcktes dollar spot för första gången i Norden. Dollar spot är en mycket allvarlig grässjukdom i USA och man spenderar massor med pengar för att bekämpa svampen. I denna uppsats har sjukdomsutvecklingen av dollar spot, från fyra geografiskt skilda isolat, undersökts vid olika temperaturer; 6 °C, 15 °C och 21°C. Detta för att hitta den lägsta tillväxttemperaturen hos svampen som orsakar sjukdomen och även för att upptäcka eventuell skillnad mellan de olika isolatens sjukdomsutveckling i gräs. Isolaten som använts i experimenten kom ifrån Danmark, Norge och Sverige. Gräsproverna som svampen S. homoeocarpa odlades på kom ifrån två golfbanor, från Uppsala respektive Gävle. Krukor med gräs inokulerades med S. homoeocarpa och dessa krukor placerades i klimatskåp som höll olika temperatur. Vid tre tidpunkter (dag 7, 14 och 21) lästes den infekterade gräsarean av. Efter att alla resultat hade sammanställts visade det sig att dollar spot hade den snabbaste och mest aggressiva sjukdomsutvecklingen vid 6 °C. Det fanns även skillnader i sjukdomsutveckling av dollar spot mellan de fyra isolaten vid olika temperaturer. Det fanns en viss koppling mellan geografisk härkomst och optimumtemperatur för sjukdomsutveckling hos isolaten, vilket kan tyda på att de kan ha anpassat sig till den omgivning som de etablerat sig i. Med de låga tillväxttemperaturer som svampen S. homoeocarpa klarar för infektion och etablering i grönytor är det mycket troligt att sjukdomen dollar spot fått fäste i Norden, och kommit för att stanna. Med de klimatförändringar som sker, dvs. ökade temperaturer och ökad nederbörd, som i sin tur medför förhöjd luftfuktighet, kommer sjukdomen att kunna breda ut sig ännu mer, eftersom svampen trivs vid hög luftfuktighet. Flyttas klimatzonerna högre upp i Norden kommer det att bidra till att utbredningen av dollar spot ökar.
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Andersson, Sara, and Rune Fjelldal. "Kartläggning av biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap i Skandinavien : En bibliometrisk undersökning." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap / Bibliotekshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17146.

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This paper aims to map and contrast the research front and theresearch base of Library and Information Science (LIS) inScandinavia during 1980-1989 and 2003-2013 from articlespublished in Web of Science.The research questions are:1. How is the research base and research front in LIS inScandinavia between 1980-1989 and 2003-2012 structured?2. What differences can be observed between the two time periods1980-1989 and 2003-2012 with regards to the research base?3. What differences can be observed between the two time periods1980-1989 and 2003-2012 with regards to the research front?This study is based on bibliometrical methods and uses authorco-citation analysis and bibliographic coupling. To interpret theresults a cluster analysis were made by using the applicationVosviewer. When the cluster analysis were made, a contentanalysis were done on the titles of publications from the clusteranalysis to determine what subject category they belonged to.The results indicates that the field of LIS has a large focus oninformation science, there were hardly any trace of the libraryaspect of the field. The study also showed that the bibliometricfield has grown since 1980-1989. It was also clear that hard andsoft information retrieval had grown apart.<br>Program: Bibliotekarie
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Granekull, Elin. "Dekorationsbelysning : ett projekt om belysning i hemmet med skandinavisk minimalism." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53033.

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Mitt examensarbete handlar om ett sammarbete mellan mig som designer och företaget Globen Lighting. Jag skapade en dekorationsbelysning med skandinavisk minimalism, på vägen dit stötte jag på många val och det är dem jag redovisar här.
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Bergsten, Gustaf. "Högerpopulistiska partiers parlamentariska etablering : Skillnaden mellan Sverige och övriga Skandinavien." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-59898.

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Tadic, Maria. "Nymphomaniac - porträttet av den skandinaviska nymfen? : En feministiskt driven närläsning." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för film och litteratur (IFL), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-107083.

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Nymphomaniac represents yet another complex art-movie by director Lars von Trier. The reception amongst film critics is seemingly incoherent about whether the film reproduces misogynist values or if the film could be perceived as feminist.  This thesis aims to explore how Laura Mulvey’s theory of the male gaze still applies and provides tools for examination together with the intersectional approach, to decode and identify patriarchal conventions. As whiteness is inextricably linked to patriarchal structure it is discussed throughout this thesis and in a separate chapter. Hence this thesis suggests an intersectional feminist critical analysis to be the most adequate method to examine this movie and to fully comprehend how different elements of power coexist to suppress women and racialized people within the context of Nymphomaniac.  This thesis concludes that von Trier does not only embrace the male gaze, he also occasionally rejects it.
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Källgren, Saga. "Rituellt stål – symbolik och vidare implikationer för den skandinaviska järnåldern." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414788.

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The theory of using bonecoal to create steel during the scandinavian iron- and viking-age also came with theories of ancestor worship - through use of ancestor´s bones, fertility - by liking iron-work to childbirth, and the ritual role of iron-smiths - in making that happen. This text endeavors to compare these theories with others and conclude that ancestor worship was a possible motive for grave-robbing or chosing particular animal bones to create steel, but no conclusive evidence for it has been found, nor, indeed for ancestor worship itself. The childbirth metaphor for iron-work have no regard for the gender dynamics of the two situations, which were presumably very different, nor have it regard for the technicalities of childbirth, which, before modern medicine, can be assumed happened on the woman´s knees and utilized the power of gravity for help. The transformation and liminal role of smiths and smithing is on the other hand, almost universally agreed upon.
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Gustafsson, Malte. "Skandinavisk motocross : En jämförelse kring synen på barn- och ungdomsutveckling." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104779.

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Syftet med studie är att undersöka hur de skandinaviska länderna och dess specialidrottsförbund ser på barn- och ungdomsutveckling inom motocross samt hur detta kan förstås. Detta har genomförts med hjälp av en dokumentanalys och de dokument som förbunden har publicerade på respektives webbsida. I studien framgår det att förbunden använder sig av olika koncept för att utveckla talangfulla förare. Det presenteras likheter och skillnader i respektive lands syn på idrott och att uppbyggnaden av idrotten i respektive land har en inverkan på barn- och ungdomsutvecklingen. Det presenteras även att förbundens insatser är relativt lik den linje kring hur landet vill att idrotten ska bedrivas.<br>The purpose of the study is to investigate how the Scandinavian countries and its special sports federations view child- and youth development in motocross, as well as how this can be understood. This has been carried out using a content analysis and the documents published by the federations on their website. The study shows that the federations uses different concepts to develop talented drivers. Similarities and differences are presented in each country's view of sport and that the construction of sport in each country has an impact on the child- and youth development. It is also presented that the efforts of the federations are relatively similar to the line on how the country wants sport to be conducted.
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Malmquist, Hampus, and Anton Hansson. "Är det ett under? : En studie om underprissättning i Skandinavien." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105475.

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Bakgrund : Underprissättning är ingen ny företeelse utan det finns mängder av forskning påämnet. Underprissättning förekommer vid de börsintroduktioner där teckningskursen är lägreän vad stängningskursen är för aktien efter första handelsdagen. Tidigare forskningundersöker många tänkbara orsaker bakom underprissättning och vi har valt att inkludera trevanligt förekommande vilket är asymmetrisk information, institutionella faktorer samtkulturella skillnader. Syfte : Syftet med denna studien är att undersöka underprissättning och faktorer bakom detpå de skandinaviska marknaderna. Metod : Studien följer ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt med en deduktiv ansats där 7hypoteser ska besvaras. Dessa hypoteser grundar sig i tidigare forskning där bland annatindex representerar variabler som potentiellt kan påverka underprissättning. Hypoteserna äräven grundade från teori inom underprissättning. Studiens kortsiktiga urval består 224 bolagunder tidsperioden 2005 till 2021 medans det långsiktiga perspektivet inkluderar 163 styckenobservationer mellan 2005 till 2018. Studien är baserad på de skandinaviskaaktiemarknaderna. Resultat : Studiens resultat indikerar att underprissättning existerar och skiljer sig åt mellande skandinaviska länderna. Kulturella skillnader och institutionella faktorer är signifikanta irelation till underprissättning vilket tyder på att det finns ett samband mellan dessavariablerna. Studien hittar inga bevis som stödjer att underprissättning har en påverkan påaktiekurser långsiktigt men vi finner att underprissatta bolag presterar bättre på en treårsperiod än icke underprissatta bolag.<br>Background : Underpricing is not a new phenomenon or area per say since there is plenty ofexisting research. Underpricing occurs when an IPO has a higher closing price after the firstday compared to their initial offer price. Prior research examines possible explanations for theunderpricing phenomenon and we have chosen to include three commonly used causes whichis, asymmetric information, institutional factors along with cultural differences. Purpose : The purpose with this paper is to examine underpricing and the factors behind itwithin the scandinavian markets. Method : This paper follows a quantitative approach including a deductive path in whichseven hypotheses shall be examined. These hypotheses are based on prior research in whichindexes are used as explanatory factors for the underpricing. The hypotheses are also basedon theory within underpricing. For the short run a sample of 224 observations were chosenunder the timeframe 2005 to 2021. Whilst for the long run 163 observations are includedwithin the period 2005 to 2018. The paper is based on the scandinavian stock markets. Results : The results indicate that underpricing exists and differs between the scandinaviancountries. Cultural differences and institutional factors are significant to underpricing whichimplies that there is causality between the variables. The paper finds no evidence thatunderpricing has an influence on the stock price in the long run but we do find thatcompanies that have been underpriced tend to perform better over a three year period thannon underpriced companies.
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Yngborn, Katarina. "Auf den Spuren einer "Poetik des Weissen" Funktionalisierung von Weiss in der skandinavischen Literatur der Moderne." Freiburg, Br. Berlin Wien Rombach, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1001280431/04.

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