Journal articles on the topic 'Skating ability'

In order to point out the relationship between the lower muscles force and 500m result f6r short track speed skating, the knee and ankle muscle strength of elite male skating athletes is measured and analyzed by IsoMed 2000 isokinetic testing system. Based on the features of athletes’ muscle strength, the study tends to find out the differences and drawbacks in short track speed skating athletes and to make further discussion on the laws and determinations of the event. The main conclusions are as follows: 500m result of elite male short track skating athletes are determined by that the muscle performances of fast speed, which including force opportunity, power ability and max-strength ability; the knee muscles are more important than that of the ankle’s; the strength with technique is the core factor for result.

AIM: Speed skills are among the decisive factors in sports performance in ice hockey. Therefore, it is necessary to examine them in all age categories. Our goal was to determine the effect of plyometric exercises on the level of running and skating speed at 40 m with changes of direction in young hockey players aged 14-15 years.METHODS: The research group consisted of 33 ice hockey players (Male; age: 14.7 ± 0.7; height: 166.5cm ± 7.3; weight: 53.4kg ± 6.9) divided into two sets. HC 05 Banská Bystrica players formed an experimental group (n = 18), MHC Martin players formed a control group (n = 15). During 8 weeks, the players completed training units of general preparation and training units on ice, in the experimental set was added an experimental factor of plyometric exercises carried out according to the training protocol. Speed diagnostics consisted of the following two tests: running at 40 m with changes of direction and skating forward at 40 m with changes of direction.RESULTS: Between the results of the tests in running speed and skating speed, significant differences were found both in the pretest and in the posttest between the experimental (EXP) and the control (KO) set in favor of the EXP set. Thus, the EXP set did not show the effect of plyometric exercises on improving the level of running speed and only a small effect on improving the level of skating speed.CONCLUSION: The results of the quasi-experiment showed that the influence of plyometric exercises on the improvement of the level of running and skating speed of the players of the experimental group was not proven. In further research, it will be necessary to modify the training protocol and verify its application to comparable files.

Purpose: To investigate the contribution from maximal speed (Vmax) and %Vmax to the finish sprint speed obtained in a cross-country sprint in the classical and skating style, as well as the coinciding changes in kinematic patterns and the effect of pacing strategy on the %Vmax. Methods: Twelve elite male cross-country skiers performed two 80-m Vmax tests on flat terrain using the classical double-poling and skating G3 techniques, followed by 4 simulated 1.4-km sprint time trials, performed with conservative (controlled start) and positive (hard start) pacing strategies in both styles with a randomized order. In all cases, these time trials were finalized by sprinting maximally over the last 80 m (the Vmax section). Results: Approximately 85% of Vmax was obtained in the finish sprint of the 1.4-km competitions, with Vmax and %Vmax contributing similarly (R2 = 51–78%) to explain the overall variance in finish sprint speed in all 4 cases (P < .05). The changes in kinematic pattern from the Vmax to the finish sprint included 11–22% reduced cycle rate in both styles (P < .01), without any changes in cycle length. A 3.6% faster finish sprint speed, explained by higher cycle rate, was found by conservative pacing in classic style (P < .001), whereas no difference was seen in skating. Conclusions: Vmax ability and %Vmax contributed similarly to explain the finish sprint speed, both in the classic and skating styles, and independent of pacing strategy. Therefore, sprint cross-country skiers should concurrently develop both these capacities and employ technical strategies where a high cycle rate can be sustained when fatigue occurs.

Sprint and technique abilities of Para ice hockey players are of great importance to increase skating performance. To assess skating abilities, kinematics is widely used. This study had two purposes: (1) to assess two-dimensional kinematics of Para ice hockey players’ performance in the laboratory and on ice (sprint and agility) tests and (2) to quantify the relationship between the laboratory and on ice performance. Seven athletes were recruited. In the laboratory, three alternated reach tests were performed in which athletes touched the ground as many times as possible with hands, elbows, or shoulders. The sprint test consisted of 30-m skating at the highest speed starting from standstill, whereas the agility test consisted of sprinting for four left curves and four right curves. Athletes’ movements in the laboratory and on ice tests were acquired using a portable technology. In the laboratory, the best performance was realized when participants touched the ground with hand or elbow. In the sprint test, lower speed and trunk inclination were observed in the first 10 m. In the agility test, greater blade angle was observed in the left curves, compared with the right curves. Significant correlations were found between the laboratory and on ice test performance. Overall, these findings are a useful indicator of athletes’ skating abilities and could be used to increase athletes’ ability to accelerate rapidly and improve sledge manoeuvrability. For detailed player information, kinematics should still be evaluated using sport specific tests and video analysis.

Wingate test scores are strongly associated with anaerobic capacity in athletes involved in speed-endurance sports. In speed skating Wingate results are known to predict performance cross-sectionally but have not been investigated relative to their ability to predict performance longitudinally. Purpose: To investigate whether Wingate tests performed during summer training are predictive of 1500-m speed-skating performance the subsequent winter in elite speed skaters. Methods: Wingate test results from the summer training periods and 1500-m performances during the subsequent winter were analyzed over a 3-y period in 5 female and 8 male elite (Olympic, World Championship, and World Cup medalists) speed skaters. Regression analyses using generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to estimate the relationship between Wingate test variables and 1500-m speed-skating performance. Wingate peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) were used to predict 1500-m time and 400-m lap times. Results: Improvements of 1 W/kg on PP and MP in women predict improvements of −0.75 s and −2.05 s, respectively, on 1500-m time (World Record 110.85 s). In men, improvements in PP and MP were associated with performance improvements of −0.92 s and −2.32 s on 1500-m time per 1 W/kg (World Record 101.04 s). Conclusion: Wingate test results achieved during the summer training period are a good predictor of improvements in 1500-m speed-skating performance during the subsequent winter. For the smallest worthwhile improvement in 1500-m performance, a gain in PP and MP of 2.1% and 1.4% (0.38 and 0.14 W/kg) for females and 1.2% and 0.9% (0.29 and 0.12 W/kg) for males is needed.

ABSTRACT In 2008, our country successfully held the Olympic Games, where China won the most gold medals. After these Olympic Games, China has also become a world sports power. Our country’s table tennis, diving, skating and other sports are also in the leading ranks in the world. In this study, according to the current training status of Chinese football players, we used data mining algorithm to analyze the unawareness of acceleration and speed of Chinese athletes in the running process. In this study, these indicators were quantified and analyzed, which has successfully promoted the training level of Chinese football players.

A longitudinal analysis of a group of speed skaters was done to identify the performance-determining factors for a successful speed skating career. This paper presents both the physiological and anthropometric results of this longitudinal study. Twenty-four athletes from the Dutch National Junior Speed Skating Team were followed from age 16–17 yr to age 20–21 yr. During the development from junior to senior speed skater, a number of anthropometric and physiological variables changed. There were no differences between successful and unsuccessful speed skaters from an anthropometric perspective; consequently, it was not possible to distinguish successful from unsuccessful athletes on anthropometric grounds. The longitudinal data showed that at a younger age the successful speed skaters had similar oxygen consumption, mechanical efficiency, and power output values compared with the unsuccessful speed skaters. Later in the study, successful speed skaters distinguished themselves by the ability to produce higher power output values. There were no anthropometric or physiological relationships found in this study on which performance at the age of 20–21 yr could be predicted with measurements at a junior age.

Acceptance of the klap speed skate was fully realized on the world speed skating scene in 1997. However, one of the most important unknowns regarding the klapskate was the positioning of the point of foot rotation (pivot point), which is believed to play an important role in optimizing klapskate performance. The purposes of this study were to explore the ankle, knee, and hip joint mechanical changes that occurred when the pivot point location was modified, and to determine whether maximal ankle torques provide predictive ability as to where the optimal pivot point positioning is for a skater. We tested 16 proficient skaters at three pivot point (PP) locations, ranging from just in front of the metatarsal-phalangeal joint to just in front of the first phalangeal joint. Of the 16 skaters, 10 were tested at a fourth position: tip of the toe. Push phase kinetics and kinematics were measured on a modified slide board. The optimal PP for each skater was defined as the position that allowed him to generate the most total push energy. Maximum voluntary static torque measures of the ankle and knee were collected on a Biodex dynamometer. Overall, anterior pivot point shifting led to a significant increase in ankle energy generated and a decrease in knee energy generated, with no significant change at the hip joint. We found no significant correlations between the static strength measures and the skaters' optimal pivot points.

Background:There is a lack of knowledge of the motor abilities required in different exercise modes which are needed when counseling sedentary middle-aged people to start a physically active lifestyle.Methods:Nominal group technique was used to establish the consensus statement concerning motor abilities and physical fitness in 31 exercise modes.Results:Walking, running, jogging, and calisthenics were regarded as the most suitable exercise modes for most people with no specific requirements. The most demanding exercise modes of evaluated exercise modes were roller skating, downhill skiing, and martial arts, requiring all five motor abilities. Four abilities were necessary in skating, jazz dance, and ice hockey. When exercising is target-oriented, endurance is trained evidently in 27 out of 31 and muscle strength in 22 out of 31 exercise modes.Conclusions:The consensus statement gives theoretical basis for the components of motor abilities and physical fitness components in different exercise modes. The statement is instructive in order to promote health-enhancing physical activity among sedentary people. This study completes the selection of the exercise modes more detailed than current PA recommendation and guidelines for public health. A variety of exercise modes with one or none motor requirements is available to start. When amount and intensity of exercise is increased the training effects can be found in most components of motor ability and physical fitness.

Purpose: To provide novel insight regarding the influence of exercise modality on training load management by (1) providing a theoretical framework for the impact of physiological and biomechanical mechanisms associated with different exercise modalities on training load management in endurance exercise and (2) comparing effort-matched low-intensity training sessions performed by top-level athletes in endurance sports with similar energy demands. Practical Applications and Conclusions: The ability to perform endurance training with manageable muscular loads and low injury risks in different exercise modalities is influenced both by mechanical factors and by muscular state and coordination, which interrelate in optimizing power production while reducing friction and/or drag. Consequently, the choice of exercise modality in endurance training influences effort beyond commonly used external and internal load measurements and should be considered alongside duration, frequency, and intensity when managing training load. By comparing effort-matched low- to moderate-intensity sessions performed by top-level athletes in endurance sports, this study exemplifies how endurance exercise with varying modalities leads to different tolerable volumes. For example, the weight-bearing exercise and high-impact forces in long-distance running put high loads on muscles and tendons, leading to relatively low training volume tolerance. In speed skating, the flexed knee and hip position required for effective speed skating leads to occlusion of thighs and low volume tolerance. In contrast, the non-weight-bearing, low-contraction exercises in cycling or swimming allow for large volumes in the specific exercise modalities. Overall, these differences have major implications on training load management in sports.

There exist surprisingly few marine insects, most of which are confined to the intertidal zone. Halobates is the only genus to have some oceanic species along with some coastal species. Among the coastal sea skaters, that is, genus Halobates and its close relative, genus Asclepios, there are variations in their affinity for the shore. We have studied the distributions of two endangered Japanese sea skaters, Halobates matsumurai and Asclepios shiranui in Kujukushima, where they cooccur in coves. To compare their survival strategies at sea, we especially noted differences in their distributions along the shore during high and low tides. The results show that A. shiranui tended to remain along the shore during low tide. This species appeared to cling to the shore against the ebb current and to stay in the protected coves. By contrast, H. matsumurai tended to leave the shore during low tide. Notably, some adults were found skating outside the coves. The strategy of H. matsumurai appeared to be leaving with the ebb current even beyond the coves, thereby using more resources and enlarging its habitat. Some such coastal Halobates might have acquired the ability to live on the open ocean clearly independent of the shoreline.

AbstractKnowledge about lower leg chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is largely obtained from highly selected populations. Patient characteristics may therefore not be appropriate for the general population. Our purpose was to describe a heterogeneous population of individuals suspected of lower leg CECS and to identify predictors of CECS. Charts of individuals who were analyzed for exercise-induced lower leg pain in a referral center between 2001 and 2013 were retrospectively studied. Patients were included if history and physical examination were suggestive of CECS and if they had undergone a dynamic intracompartmental pressure measurement. Six hundred ninety-eight of 1411 individuals were diagnosed with CECS in one or more of three lower leg muscle compartments (anterior tibial, deep flexor, lateral). Prevalence of CECS peaked around the age of 20–25 years and decreased thereafter, although a plateau around 50 years was found. Age, gender, bilateral symptoms, previous lower leg pathology, sports (running and skating) and tender muscle compartments were identified as independent predictors of lower leg CECS. The proposed predictive model has moderate discriminative ability (AUC 0.66) and good calibration over the complete range of predicted probabilities. The predictive model, displayed as a nomogram, may aid in selecting individuals requiring an invasive dynamic intracompartmental muscle pressure measurement.

Everyday life in urban public space means living amongst people unknown to one another. As part of the broader convivial turn within the study of everyday urban life (Wise &amp; Noble, 2016), this article examines outdoor public ice rinks as spaces for encounter between strangers. With data drawn from 100 hours of naturalistic and participant observation at free and accessible outdoor public non-hockey ice rinks in two Canadian cities, we show how ‘rink life’ is animated by a shared everyday ethic of public sociability, with strangers regularly engaging in fleeting moments of sociable interaction. At first glance, researching the outdoor public ice rink may seem frivolous, but in treating it seriously as a public space we find it to be threaded through with an ethos of interactional equality, reciprocal respect, and mutual support. We argue that the shared everyday ethic of public sociability that characterizes the rinks that we observed is a function of the (1) public and (2) personal materiality required for skating; (3) the emergence of on ice norms; (4) generalized trust amongst users; (5) ambiguities of socio-spatial differentiation by skill; and (6) flattened social hierarchies, or what we call the quotidian carnivalesque. Our data and analysis suggest that by drawing together different generations and levels of ability, this distinct public space facilitates social interactions between strangers, and so provides insights relevant to planners, policy makers and practitioners.

Twenty years ago it was shown that friction increases the temperature of snow skis. Change of state permits for water skis glide. Th e aim of this pilot study was to determine whether dynamic infrared thermography is able to capture rapid changes in temperature of snow some areas (not just at one point), the ski tracks before and aft er passing. We monitored the snow on the track aft er 60 races two runners in various weights (86 and 73 kg) on two types of skis and lubrication (for classic and skating cross) and three diff erent speeds (3,04±0,180, 3,81±0,273 a 5,30±0,314 m.s-1). Measurements of infrared radiation and the calculation of snow surface temperature immediately before and aft er passing skier was carried out thermo-graphic system FLIR SC620 with 30 Mhz. Nonparametric Wilcoxon test for paired comparison of values was found signifi cant increases in temperature aft er the snow cleared the skies: runner A from -3,71 to -3,50 °C (p=0,000000) and runner B from -3,75 na -3,50 °C (p=0,000000). To return to the baseline temperature is within 5 seconds aft er passing. Diff erences were demonstrated in the heat of snow between runners with diff erent masses and for the use of diff erent types of skis. Th e study confi rmed the ability of dynamic infrared thermography to register a very rapid temperature changes of snow in an area immediately before and aft er crossing the cross-country skiers. Dimensional dynamic thermography would seem to contribute to the choice of the correct strategy and lubrication in ski racing. However, it is necessary to make a series of validation studies.

Evidence is accumulating that suggests that the large human brain is most likely to have evolved in littoral and estuarine habitats rich in naturally occurring essential fatty acids. This paper adds further weight to this view, suggesting that another key human trait, our bipedality might also be best explained as an adaptation to a water-side niche. Evidence is provided here that extant apes, although preferring to keep dry, go into water when driven to do so by hunger. The anecdotal evidence has suggested that they tend to do this bipedally. Here, a new empirical study of captive bonobos found them to exhibit 2% or less bipedality on the ground or in trees but over 90% when wading in water to collect food. The skeletal morphology of AL 288-1 (“Lucy” ) is shown to indicate a strong ability to abduct and adduct the femur. These traits, together with a remarkably platypelloid pelvis, have not yet been adequately explained by terrestrial or arboreal models for early bipedalism but are consistent with those expected in an ape that adopted a specialist side-to-side ‘ice-skating’ or sideways wading mode. It is argued that this explanation of A. afarensis locomotor morphology is more parsimonious than others which have plainly failed to produce a consensus. Microwear evidence of Australopithecus dentition is also presented as evidence that the drive for such a wading form of locomotion might well have been waterside foods. This model obtains further support from the paleo-habitats of the earliest known bipeds, which are consistent with the hypothesis that wading contributed to the adaptive pressure towards bipedality.

Kindergarten (TK) or Raudatul Atfal (RA) children are generally very active, they have mastery over their bodies and really like doing activities on their own. Therefore, parents or teachers need to provide space and time for children to do activities that can train the child's gross muscles as well as provide items and equipment for children that can be pushed, lifted, thrown or carried. Teachers must also be creative in seeing learning models that can attract children's interest in learning. Traditional games are a wealth of the Indonesian nation. One of these types of traditional games, namely sondah gunung or crank, is a favorite game for children because it can be played by boys or girls. In the crank game there is a value for good physical development which is reflected in the crank game which requires whole body movements, namely lifting one leg, moving the body and hands. By doing these activities, it means that the child has carried out activities for sports, especially in gross motor movements, namely throwing, jumping, jumping, and standing on one leg. Apart from that, the mountain skating game can improve coordination and body balance and develop children's skills. All of which aim to help the child's growth. The implementation of gross motor learning activities for children aged 4-5 years with the traditional game of sondah gunung (crank) at RA Miftahul Jannah, Bogor City that has been implemented can significantly improve children's motor skills. The research was conducted with 1 pre-research activity and 2 research cycles with a total of 7 meetings. This is evidenced by an increase in the average in each assessment, namely in the pre-test the average motoric ability of children is 47.36%, then in cycle 1 it is 71.23% and in cycle 2 it is 86.54%. The average percentage increase from pretest to posttest in cycle 1 was 23.85%. The percentage of average increase from posttest in cycle 1 to posttest cycle 2 was 15.21%. So the average percentage increase from pretest to posttest cycle 2 is (23, 85% + 15, 21%) = 39, 06%.

Kindergarten (TK) or Raudatul Atfal (RA) children are generally very active, they have mastery over their bodies and really like doing activities on their own. Therefore, parents or teachers need to provide space and time for children to do activities that can train the child's gross muscles as well as provide items and equipment for children that can be pushed, lifted, thrown or carried. Teachers must also be creative in seeing learning models that can attract children's interest in learning. Traditional games are a wealth of the Indonesian nation. One of these types of traditional games, namely sondah gunung or crank, is a favorite game for children because it can be played by boys or girls. In the crank game there is a value for good physical development which is reflected in the crank game which requires whole body movements, namely lifting one leg, moving the body and hands. By doing these activities, it means that the child has carried out activities for sports, especially in gross motor movements, namely throwing, jumping, jumping, and standing on one leg. Apart from that, the mountain skating game can improve coordination and body balance and develop children's skills. All of which aim to help the child's growth. The implementation of gross motor learning activities for children aged 4-5 years with the traditional game of sondah gunung (crank) at RA Miftahul Jannah, Bogor City that has been implemented can significantly improve children's motor skills. The research was conducted with 1 pre-research activity and 2 research cycles with a total of 7 meetings. This is evidenced by an increase in the average in each assessment, namely in the pre-test the average motoric ability of children is 47.36%, then in cycle 1 it is 71.23% and in cycle 2 it is 86.54%. The average percentage increase from pretest to posttest in cycle 1 was 23.85%. The percentage of average increase from posttest in cycle 1 to posttest cycle 2 was 15.21%. So the average percentage increase from pretest to posttest cycle 2 is (23, 85% + 15, 21%) = 39, 06%.

Over the last decade, Lithuania has witnessed a growing interest in investment promoted by the need to successfully manage available funds. Direct investments (e. g. buying and selling stocks) require a specific knowledge of investment instruments. Therefore, an ordinary investor finds investment in mutual funds easier and cheaper. Usually the most important questions to the investor include measuring the results of a fund and the quality of the actions performed by the fund managers. The article evaluates the rates of mutual fund performance and identifies their shortages. The methods for evaluating investment return according to the level of risk and timing ability of the fund managers are presented using the Sharpe ratio and Treynor-Mazuy model on the basis of which mutual funds in Lithuania are analyzed. Santrauka Paskutinįjį dešimtmetį Lietuvoje pastebimas žmonių susidomėjimo investavimu augimas – tai skatina poreikis sėkmingai „įdarbinti“ turimas laisvas lėšas. Investuoti tiesiogiai (perkant atskirų įmonių akcijas ir pan.) daug kam yra pernelyg sudėtinga (reikia specialių žinių apie įvairius investavimo objektus, gilios rinkos analizės), be to, dažnai tiesiogiai investuoti yra gana brangu, todėl ne vienas žmogus pasirenka sprendimą – investuoti į fondus. Fondų dalyviams aktualiausia, kaip tinkamai vertinti fondų rezultatus. Straipsnyje identifikuojami investicinių fondų valdymo įmonių naudojami veiklos vertinimo rodikliai bei jų trūkumai. Pateikiamas investicinių fondų veiklos vertinimo, atsižvelgiant į riziką ir savalaikiškumą, metodas naudojant Šarpo bei Treynoro ir Mazuy rodiklius. Remiantis rodikliais atlikta Lietuvos investicinių fondų grąžos bei fondų valdytojų efektyvumo analizė.

The idea, representing a fundamental starting point in this article, is to confirm that the models for demand forecasting, in terms of planning urban development, gave the results of the forecasted period. In other words, the available models continue to be a valid theoretical basis to be used for planning the sustainable development of the cities. The presentation of model development in the cities of South-East Europe shows that the matter of city sustain-ability has always represented the focus of attention and has been the subject since the early ‘50s till the present day. Modelling trip generation in transportation studies in the cities of the former Yugoslavia has been taken as the basis for this paper, because it reflects all the stages modelling went through. Such situation was strongly influenced by foreign experience, especially that gained by Anglo-Saxons. Introducing procedures for analytical modelling that relate household socio-economic and land use characteristics to the intensity of land use represented the pioneering step in procedures for integral land use, activity intensity and transportation demand planning. In the cities of South-East Europe, all known methods of trip generation modelling were applied in transportation planning practice. Recently, Serbian researchers have acknowledged that the process of balancing demand for mobility resulting from the purpose, activity intensity and supply to the transportation system (infrastructure and services) terminates in forming the ‘fields of improved accessibility’ (i.e. the parts of the urban area more influenced by investments). The process of forming them causes ‘pressure’ to increase activity intensity (appearance is known as induced construction) that ends in inducing new demand. In this context, there are efforts to integrate trip generation models into ones of spatial distribution taking into consideration the above described conditions and creating the basis for balanced and sustainable development of the cities. Santrauka Pirminė ir pagrindinė šio straipsnio mintis—patvirtinimas, kad modeliai, numatantys paklausą miesto plėtros planavimo požiūriu, pateikė prognozuojamo periodo rezultatus, t. y. siūlomi modeliai ir toliau išlieka vertingu teoriniu pagrindu planuojant darniąją miestų plėtrą. Vystymo modelių, naudojamų Pietryčių Europos miestuose, pristatymas rodo, kad miestų darnos klausimas visada buvo dėmesio centre nuo 1950-ųjų iki šios dienos. Pietryčių Europos miestuose vežimams planuoti buvo taikomi visi žinomi kelionių modeliavimo būdai. Pastaruoju metu Serbijos mokslininkai atskleidė, kad mobilumo paklausos balansavimas, atsirandantis dėl transportavimo sistemos paskirties, veiklos intensyvumo ir pasiūlos (infrastruktūra ir paslaugos), apsiriboja formuodamas „geresnio prieinamumo sritis”, t. y. labiau investuojama į mieste esančias teritorijas. Visa tai sudaro sąlygas „spaudimui” padidinti veiklos intensyvumą ir skatina naują paklausą. Šiame kontekste reikia pastangų integruoti kelionių plėtros modelius į erdvinį pasiskirstymą, atsižvelgiant į pirmiau išdėstytas sąlygas ir sukuriant pagrindą subalansuotam ir darniam miestų vystymui. Резюме Основной целью публикации было подтвердить, что модели, определяющие спрос при развитии городов в контексте планирования, представляют результаты прогнозируемого периода. Таким образом, они и в дальнейшем остаются важной теоретической основой при планировании устойчивого развития городов. Обзор моделей, используемых в юго-восточной Европе для развития городов, показал, что вопрос устойчивого развития городов был и остается в центре внимания с 50-х годов прошлого столетия до наших дней. Для планирования перевозок (транспортирования) в городах юго-восточной Европы использовались почти все известные способы их моделирования. В настоящее время сербские ученые установили, что баланс спроса на мобильность, возникающий из-за назначения транспортной системы, интенсивности деятельности и спроса (инфраструктура и спрос), ограничивается формированием «областей лучшего подхода», т. е. основной поток инвестиций направляется на развитие отдельных частей территорий города. Это в свою очередь создает условия для интенсификации деятельности и поощряет новый спрос. В данном контексте нужны усилия для интеграции моделей развития перевозок (транспортирования) в пространственное распределение, создавая основу для сбалансированного и устойчивого развития городов.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti informacijos ir komunikacijos elementų svarbą šiuolaikinėje marketingo vadyboje, informaciją suvokiant kaip esminį mainų atributą, kuris skatina sandoriais (angl. transaction) grindžiamus mainus keisti santykių (angl. relationship) mainais. Šis aprašomojo pobūdžio tyrimas yra atliktas pasitelkiant mokslinės santykių marketingo literatūros šaltinių apžvalgos ir hipotetinio pobūdžio interpretacijomis grindžiamus mokslinės kūrybos metodus. Straipsnyje siekiama pagrįsti hipotezę, jog santykių mainai tarp įmonės ir vartotojo pasireiškia kaip informacijos ir komunikacijos procesų nulemta veikla, kuria mažinamas pažinimo disonansas, užtikrinamas saugumo jausmas, emocinis pasitenkinimas informacijos turiniu ir kiekiu. Santykių mainai nagrinėjami informacijos ir komunikacijos aspektais, siekiant atskleisti jų svarbą marketingo vadyboje. Informacija interpretuojama kaip esminė šiuolaikinės marketingo vadybos kategorija, nuo kurios valdymo priklauso būsima mainų tarp įmonės ir vartotojo forma bei mainų trukmė. Kintančio sociumo kontekste marketingas gali būti apibrėžiamas kaip informacijos procesų nulemta veikla, kuri leidžia didinti žinojimą apie rinką ir joje veikiančius dalyvius, šias žinias naudojant vertybiniams vartotojų bruožams nustatyti ir jomis remiantis kurti vertę rinkoje.Reikšminiai žodžiai: informacijos valdymas, komunikacija, dialogas, santykiai, socialinis emocinis ryšys.Informational aspects of relationship exchange in marketingTomas Rytel SummaryThe article aims at rationalizing a hypothesis that exchange of relations between a company and a user occurs as an activity conditioned by informational and communicational processes, which reduces cognitive dissonance and guarantees the feeling of safety and emotional satisfaction in terms of the content and amount of information. Information is interpreted as a basic category of modern marketing management, which influences the future swap between a company and a user as well as the duration of exchanges. Needs of current users may be approached as natural demand of a person for information, materialization of which in terms of content and amount enables to reduce cognitive dissonance in market exchanges. By applying postmodernistic discourse in the context of marketing management, the basic factor generating market-based exclusiveness and competitiveness (or an element of the value-establishing chain) is the know-how, and the main resource is information; thus, from the economic point of view, success or failure of any kind of business depends not on its production efficiency, but on the ability to involve the creative potential and know-how. An increasing need for brands and symbols in marketing prompts to satisfy individual expectations of users in terms of the content and amount of information. Users in today’s market are being governed by a great number of rapidly changing symbols which are being created in terms of the content and amount of information.The performed research has confirmed that relationship exchange is being generated as an activity determined by information and communication, which may change even the very conception of marketing management. The scientific problem discussed in the paper effectuates the following conclusions:1. Relations are being interpreted as an activity determined by verbal and non-verbal communication, which stimulate information spread, en courage a user to trust a company, minimize the search of alternatives, and increase loyalty towards a company, its products / services or brand name.2. Relationship exchanges appeal to the maximally individual relationship between a user and a company, which may occur only in the presence of the feeling of reliability and obligation, which is being generated as permanent phenomena of information exchange. These facts act as the basis for interpreting information and communication as a significant category of exchanges, which under participation in the process of exchange is likely to reduce formal separation and to increase the interdependence in terms of fellow-feeling.3. Relations are being generated on the emotional basis which is established according to the social-economic features of exchange. The mentioned features of exchange occur when swapping not material objects, but those involving the informational features.4. Bilateral communication is being developed, which discloses exchange as the process of information and know-how exchange capable of turning the interrelation between a company and a user into a relationship.5. Information and know-how turn into commodity which is a value for a company and a user. Information and know-how in the modern market ensure an organic link between a company and a user and serve for the development of relations, for exchanges based on relationship, reducing formal divides, determining a communication.Key words: information management, communication, dialogue, relationship.

The most common race format in cross-country (XC) skiing is the mass-start event, which is under-explored in the scientific literature. To explore factors important for XC skiing mass-starts, the main purpose of this study was to investigate physiological and biomechanical determinants of sprint ability following variable intensity exercise when roller ski skating. Thirteen elite male XC skiers performed a simulated mass-start competition while roller ski skating on a treadmill. The protocol consisted of an initial 21-min bout with a varying track profile, designed as a competition track with preset inclines and speeds, directly followed by an all-out sprint (AOS) with gradually increased speed to rank their performance. The initial part was projected to simulate the “stay-in-the-group” condition during a mass-start, while the AOS was designed to assess the residual physiological capacities required to perform well during the final part of a mass-start race. Cardiorespiratory variables, kinematics and pole forces were measured continuously, and the cycles were automatically detected and classified into skating sub-techniques through a machine learning model. Better performance ranking was associated with higher VO2Max (r = 0.68) and gross efficiency (r = 0.70) measured on separate days, as well as the ability to ski on a lower relative intensity [i.e., %HRMax (r = 0.87), %VO2Max (r = 0.89), and rating of perceived exertion (r = 0.73)] during the initial 21-min of the simulated mass-start (all p-values &lt; 0.05). Accordingly, the ability to increase HR (r = 0.76) and VO2 (r = 0.72), beyond the corresponding values achieved during the initial 21-min, in the AOS correlated positively with performance (both p &lt; 0.05). In addition, greater utilization of the G3 sub-technique in the steepest uphill (r = 0.69, p &lt; 0.05), as well as a trend for longer cycle lengths (CLs) during the AOS (r = 0.52, p = 0.07), were associated with performance. In conclusion, VO2Max and gross efficiency were the most significant performance-determining variables of simulated mass-start performance, enabling lower relative intensity and less accumulation of fatigue before entering the final AOS. Subsequently, better performance ranking was associated with more utilization of the demanding G3 sub-technique in the steepest uphill, and physiological reserves allowing better-performing skiers to utilize a larger portion of their aerobic potential and achieve longer CLs and higher speed during the AOS.

Cities are shared spaces. As the massive worldwide Iraq war protests that began in 2002 indicate, the structure of the city allows for the presentation of social statements, where large groups can gather, share ideas or argue beliefs, and where media outlets can broadcast these activities. While cities enable these forms of interaction, digital technologies also allow for worldwide connections, both through communication and entertainment. What is the relationship between the shared, often contested spaces of the city and how they are represented in interactive media such as videogames? What statements are formed in the streets of Grand Theft Auto? In this paper I will discuss three popular games that reproduce urban spaces: the Grand Theft Auto series (1998-2006), Tony Hawk’s American Wasteland (2004), and Getting Up: Contents under Pressure (2006). These games are of interest due to their popularity, as well as the forms of interaction reinforced by the urban game environment. Cities have always been spaces for interaction and competition, becoming the site for festivals, protests and games. Ancient forms of graffiti in Rome and Pompeii have been re-envisioned in a worldwide graffiti movement, transforming blighted areas into image-laden environments. Games of stickball, hockey and football transform streets into fields, as do modern marathons and bicycle races. The city street becomes a zone of interpretation, for adaptation and personalization. More recently, skateboarders have transformed cities into skateparks, forcing designers to develop such curiosities as handrail and planter augmentation meant to deter skating. Even more peculiar, a possible response to the anti-skating backlash is the sport known as ‘free-running’ or le parkeur, where participants use the existing infrastructure to express themselves, jumping from rooftop to rooftop, climbing concrete peaks and adding stylistic flourish with each step. These forms of urban gameplay may also be accompanied by dangerous activities as well. Jenkins suggests that discussions on the negative effects of increased gameplay might be addressed by looking at socioeconomic factors, such as the increasing numbers of young people living in urban or semi-urban areas who have fewer opportunities for activity that takes place out of doors, creating the prospect for increased interaction with videogames (“Complete Freedom”). The adaptability combined with the dangerous allure of the city street makes for problematic, intriguing representations in contemporary videogames that deal with urban spaces. I will first discuss a brief history of games that deal with urban spaces, before discussing three popular games and the manner in which they attempt to represent, and recreate the experiences in the city. Games and the City One of the earliest examples of the city represented in a videogame can be seen in Rampage, released by Bally/Midway in 1986. The game includes the city only as backdrop for demolition by hyperagressive mutant animals. SimCity, created by Will Wright and released in 1989, is considered a landmark in the history of videogames, as it is based in forms of cooperation rather than competition. It has spawned at least 21 varieties, including the highly anticipated Spore, a game that allows the player to control life on a microbiological level. Game developers also have explored the recreation of cities from the past. Games such as Civilization and Children of the Nile: Immortal Cities (2004) allow players to control events on a broad social scale, in the style of SimCity, with the addition of historical information that comes into play. As videogames have developed, an increase in processing power has allowed programmers to create spaces rendered in real-time, in three dimensions, allowing for immersive ‘first-person’ perspectives not possible in earlier game systems. This perspective has changed the way in which the city is engaged, from the simplistic destruction of Rampage to more nuanced ways of moving through game space. When discussing the perspective of the player in the urban game space, we should also discuss the perspective of the city inhabitant. As de Certeau describes it, the act of walking in the city represents a form of ownership, reading and creating ‘texts’ through movement. This perspective can shift, through travel in automobile or train, or by ascending in skyscrapers, changing the understanding of the text in the process. This process is inevitably collaborative, as the urban terrain that is monitored both by individuals and by groups: businesses, governments, police. As Flynn suggests, this notion of walking closely resembles the procedural nature of generating meaning in many videogames. Recent games such as the Grand Theft Auto series (1998-2006), Tony Hawk’s American Wasteland (2004), and Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure (2006) raise issues regarding the representation of the city, and the possibilities afforded the player. Of interest are the following questions: How is the urban environment represented? What options are provided to players for interaction within this environment? Are their implications for everyday practices that borrow from these game-based environments? Grand Theft Auto Grand Theft Auto (GTA) was first released in 1998, and has since expanded into a series of increasingly controversial games. Originally designed for top-down gameplay, a third person point of view was introduced in GTA II (2001). Along with this new point of view came the ability for players to interact with a highly detailed cityspace, deviating from the urban gangster storyline, and interacting with city inhabitants in any number of illicit ways. This interactivity was taken to an extreme in GTA: San Andreas (2004). GTA: San Andreas is set in a state that is a fictional blend of California and Nevada. It continued the gangster storyline of the previous games, becoming notorious for including an encoded, hidden level that allowed players to take part in explicit sex scenes. It featured a style of nonlinear gameplay that allowed players to entertain themselves, exploring the urban landscape free from rigid game requirements. It also limited interactions with city dwellers, limiting narrative elements to ‘cut scenes’ that allow for uninhibited gameplay. As Frasca suggests, the later Grand Theft Auto games are really about moving through space, typically seen as a mundane activity, in an interesting way. However, that which makes the movement interesting typically involves killing and maiming and destroying that which stands in the way of the main character. Without getting into a discussion of morals and videogames, the GTA series certainly has pushed the boundaries of video game acceptability, as well as engaging gameplay, allowing players to drift through the urban environment. The Situationist International (SI) sought to engage with the city, opening up possibilities for new forms of engagement and interaction through drifts, or derivé. Through various forms of derivé they engaged with the psychogeographic space of the city, walking through varied areas, and reorganizing these experiences as though in a dream state, or, perhaps, game (Sadler). Surely any video game can be experienced in a similar manner. I suggest that the GTA series, through interactive openness, allows players to reread the text of this virtual city, while at the same time contributing to the ‘society of the spectacle’ that situationist Guy Debord so maligned (Debord). As a successful yet problematic blend of simulation and quest, the rules in GTA: San Andreas are not made explicit; we are familiar with the urban spaces depicted in GTA, at least through the stereotypes portrayed in the media. Players therefore know the rules implicit to these spaces, and what happens when we break them; thus, the allure of the simulated urban environment. The text created is one that combines lived experience, mediated images, and interaction with the fictional urban space. What happens when this environment is made specific, when the game depicts a real city? Tony Hawk Pro Skater The Tony Hawk Pro Skater (THPS) series became very popular after its release in 1999, capitalizing on the marketing of ‘extreme sports’ as seen in events such as ESPN X Games, which debuted in 1995. While not the first skateboarding game on the market, THPS captured the imagination of the game buying audience, allowing players to skate as Tony Hawk, or any number of pro skaters. The latest installment of the series is Tony Hawk American Wasteland (THAW), which promotes the seamless connections between levels that are detailed reproductions of Los Angeles. While the GTA series allows for, and in many cases encourages, activities that would be deemed illegal, THAW extends the possibility that the player could actually perform these acts in the place depicted in the game. Does this allow for greater immersion, which then inspires players to ‘take it to the street?’ Or, does the gameplay reinforce the argument against such activities in the actual urban space, affirming their ‘destructive’ nature? Although skaters can be a nuisance, particularly in crowded downtown areas, the appropriation of utilitarian infrastructure can also be seen as improvisational art, adapting existing urban features in the process of skating. The SI notion of detournement can be seen in the actions of many skaters, as the process of skating brings new meanings to the urban landscape. Whether the Pro Skater series adds to the possibilities for detournement, or further limits the actual skating that happens in the city, is only relevant to those who skate and those who attempt to prevent this sport from taking place. As you skate through the city, writing the text of your experience through railslides and grinds, you are also given the ability to ‘tag’ the walls of Los Angeles, literally inscribing your place in the environment. The control of urban spaces, and the possibilities for rewriting these spaces—for detournement—brings me to my third example. Getting Up Marc Ecko, clothing designer and hip-hop aficionado, released Getting Up: Contents under Pressure in 2006. Players assume the identity of ‘Trane,’ a young graffiti artists desparate to learn the ropes in the city of ‘New Radius.’ New Radius is currently under the draconian control of ‘Mayor Sung,’ who has promised to rid the city of the scourge of graffiti. As Trane, you make your way through New Radius, battling foes and meeting graffiti legends, who teach you new skills along the way. Getting Up is unique from the games previously mentioned, as you have the ability to interact with the urban environment in a manner that is not incessantly violent or overtly destructive. In fact, the game is marketed as a way to get the thrill of ‘tagging’ without actually taking part in illegal activity. It is also a unique experience, as Trane walks through the entire environment. This slows down the gameplay, and allows the character to take in the highly detailed environments. It a very literal way, the player in Getting Up is writing the city, as de Certeau describes it, though this writing is typically underappreciated as creative activity, much less art. Conclusion The games that I have described present the city in very different ways, and offer players diverse options for interacting and thinking about the city. While, the impact of these games remains to be seen, and may never register beyond the world of the gamer, these games present urban environments as active spaces for engagement, even if it is the thuggishness reinforced in Grand Theft Auto. I would hope that the creativity shown in Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater would lead to the creation of not only more skateparks in suburban spaces, but the acknowledgement of the need for detournement in public urban spaces such as Philadelphia’s Love Park, a favorite East Coast US skate spot that has been the center of much controversy as a result of its popularity. If Pro Skater brings the issue of street skating to a national audience, it is doing good, both as entertainment and social force. Similarly, Marc Ecko’s Getting Up has the potential to not only memorialize the birth of graffiti and hip hop in 1970’s New York; it can also instruct on the flourishing worldwide graffiti scene, allowing those who deserve (and desire) attention to have it. Recent projects such as pacmanhattan have inverted the relationships between gaming and the urban environment that I have described. Taking the game to the city, players engage in interpretations of the video game classic Pac Man in the streets of Manhattan, utilizing a variety of locative media devices. While these games do not change the physicality of the city, they surely change our psycheographical interpretation of that space, in a way that folds together the freedom of gameplay with the control of the street. Jenkins suggests that designers should pay more attention to the work of architects and urban planners as they create interactive worlds (“Game Design”). I would also suggest that the opposite take place. Urban designers might learn from the urban spaces created in games such as American Wasteland and Getting Up, as they present options for the detournement of fixed spaces evident in the graffiti and skate cultures. Increased control will result in diverse responses that subvert this control. Cities should remain spaces for walking, for drifting, for protesting: for games. References Bureau of Public Secrets. Situationist International Anthology. Ed. K. Knabb. Berkeley, Calif.: Bureau of Public Secrets, 1981. Debord, Guy. Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books, 1991. De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1984. Flynn, B. Languages of Navigation within Computer Games. Paper presentation, Digital Art and Culture, Melbourne, Australia, 2003. April 2006 http://hypertext.rmit.edu.au/dac/papers/Flynn.pdf>. Jenkins, Henry. “Complete Freedom of Movement: Videogames as Gendered Play Spaces.” In The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology. Eds. K. Salen and E. Zimmerman. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006. Jenkins, Henry. “Game Design as Narrative Architecture.” In The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology. Eds. K. Salen and E. Zimmerman. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006. Frasca, G. Sim Sin City: Some Thoughts on Grand Theft Auto. Game Studies 2003. April 2006 http://www.gamestudies.org/0302/frasca/>. Sadler, S. The Situationist City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Sweeny, Robert. "Code of the Streets: Videogames and the City." M/C Journal 9.3 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0607/07-sweeny.php>. APA Style Sweeny, R. (Jul. 2006) "Code of the Streets: Videogames and the City," M/C Journal, 9(3). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0607/07-sweeny.php>.

Objective Chinese scholars believe that physical fitness means that individuals have sufficient energy to do daily work (study) without fatigue, spare no effort to enjoy the fun of leisure life, and have the ability to adapt to emergencies. According to the American academy of sports medicine, physical fitness includes "fitness for health" and "fitness for skill". Healthy fitness includes: cardiovascular fitness, muscle fitness, flexibility fitness and body fat percentage. In this study, female teachers aged 36 to 45 from Taiyuan institute of technology were tested for fitness test based on body composition, bone density and cardiovascular fitness to understand the fitness status of its health body and analyze its possible causes in combination with the questionnaire. The health risk analysis and the exercise prescription of improving health fitness were given to different teachers. Methods The Research uses the questionnaire survey method and the interview method to investigate the teacher's life rule, the experimental method to test the female teacher's body composition, the bone density, and the cardiovascular fitness. The main indicators are as follows: (1) Body composition index (Acmeway BH-380 Body composition analyzer, China): height, weight, body mass index, body fat rate, fat volume, visceral fat content. (2) Bone mineral density index (GE Achilles EXPII, America): T value, Z value, bone strength index. (3) Cardiovascular Fitness Index (A&D TM-2656VP, Japan): systolic and diastolic pressure. Results The body mass index of female teachers in this age range is 25.8±2.6 kg/m2. Body mass index is in the normal value of high close to the overweight threshold relative standard value ((normal: 18.5≤BMI<24; overweight: 24≤BMI <28; obesity: 28≤BMI <32; very fat: 32≤BMI). female body fat rate is 31.6±4.5%, which is fat too high. (Fat too high: 30-35%; obese: women more than 35%). The T value of Bone mineral density is 0.53±1.4, which is in the normal range, but behind the relative standard value (the normal healthy skeleton: -1<T, Bone mass is less or lower: -2.5<T value <-1, osteoporosis: T value <-2.5). Systolic pressure is 121.7±6.6mmHg; Diastolic blood pressure value is 80.0±4.4mmHg. The blood pressure is in the range of the age standard value (36-45 years old, female systolic pressure <122mmHg, diastolic pressure <77mmHg), but all is the normal high range. Conclusions The BMI of female teachers aged 36 to 45 at Taiyuan institute of technology is within the normal range but it is close to the threshold of overweight and has health risks, which should be paid attention to. This people has High fat rate; The T value of bone mineral density indicates that it belongs to normal and healthy bones, but it is close to the threshold of bone oligopolies, and there is a certain risk. Blood pressure of cardiovascular fitness is in the high range of this age standard, indicating a certain risk of cardiovascular fitness. Suggestions and exercise prescriptions: The main reasons for the questionnaire analysis are: (1) The high pressure mainly from work, life, psychology and society. (2)Bad living habits: some teachers have irregular diet, poor sleep quality and unpunctuality. (3) Lack of physical exercise: they often engaged in copywriting work, with few times of exercise and short time of each exercise, and their health consciousness is shallow. (4) Lack of scientific planning and guidance for physical exercise, and be in a state of blind exercise. It is suggested that college teachers should carry out assessment and analysis of body composition, bone density and cardiovascular fitness at least once every 3 months, so as to timely find out potential or existing problems, and then take targeted measures to improve the health awareness of college teachers and reduce the risk of disease. Schools should pay more attention to the health of college teachers. The corresponding exercise prescription is formulated for each teacher, and the core exercise goal is to improve the fitness level of healthy body. The exercise method is a combination of aerobic exercise, total body strength, flexibility exercise and other exercise items. Please do warm up before exercise and relax after exercise. (1) Aerobic exercise: rhythmic gymnastics, skating, jogging, badminton and other sports can be carried out, and the target rate is kept at 100-135 times/min. Subjective feeling is best if you feel a little bit hard, as you can feel the body heat, breathing faster. (2)Body strength training: Vibration can be prone leg, reverse abdominal muscle contraction, the frog sat, sit-ups; Hand strength exercises for lower abdomen, arm and back, leg and shoulder dumbbells. Use your weight load to hold in a relatively fixed position for 3-10 seconds. The five movements are one group, 15-20 times each. (3) Flexibility exercises: hurdling posture to stretch, Hurdle stretch, Bow forward, Hip stretch, Stretch your waist and legs and other equitant stretching. The intensity of the exercise is to feel the muscles being stretched until they feel they are being stretched. Each movement is held at a fixed position for another 10-30 seconds. If you feel uncomfortable, you need to ease the tension. Be careful not to use too much or too much force in practice to prevent muscle strain.

Dabar mūsų šalyje psichologams (išskyrus klinikinio psichologo specializaciją) ribojamos galimybės atlikti teismo psichologines ekspertizes, neatsižvelgiant į psichologo turimą kvalifikaciją, įgytą patirtį ar mokslo laipsnį. Tokia situacija nėra pagrįsta nei teisiniu, nei profesiniu, nei praktiniu požiūriu. Ji susidarė todėl, kad istoriškai psichologinė teismo ekspertizė gimė kaip sudedamoji psichiatrinės ekspertizės dalis ir ilgą laiką buvo vertinama kaip pagalbinė, „aptarnaujanti“ psichiatrinę. Ieškant problemos sprendimo būdų, reikėtų parengti naują teismo psichologinės ekspertizės norminį aktą, kuris atspindėtų modernios teismo psichologinės ekspertizės statusą. Straipsnio pabaigoje pateikiami konkretūs pasiūlymai, kurių įgyvendinimas skatintų rungtynišką teismo psichologinę ekspertizę, leistų įtraukti į ekspertizių atlikimą Lietuvos psichologų sąjungą, taip pat mokslininkus ir mokslo įstaigas, atliekančias psichologinės ekspertizės tyrimus. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: teismo psichologas ekspertas, Teismo ekspertizės įstatymas, teismo psichologinės ekspertizės norminis aktas, rungtyniška teismo psichologinė ekspertizė. PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION IN COURT IN LITHUANIA: PRESENT SITUATION, PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSGintautas Valickas, Viktoras Justickis, Ilona Čėsnienė SummaryAccording to Law of Forensic Expertise of Lithuania, only a person who has sufficient legal and psychological knowledge and passed appropriate exams can obtain the status of an expert in forensic psychology. Unfortunately, the possibilities of professional psychologists (excluding clinical psychologists) to exercise forensic psychological expertise are limited without a good reason. Obscure rules of evaluation of qualifications and practical experience regulate the process of becoming a licensed expert in forensic psychology. These rules are not based on legal, professional or practical analysis. This is a result of the historical situation when for a long time psychological expertise has been considered to be part of psychiatry and was only additional „servicing“ activity of expertise of psychiatry. Problems of education and training of experts in forensic psychology (EEP) are described in this article. At present, demand for EFP services is growing. Judges, interrogation officers, investigators need more and more special knowledge in the field of psychology, especially when analyzing the ability of juvenile witnesses to provide credible information, the ability of juveniles to understand the situation and to provide their opinion in the cases of custody or adoption. At present, the number of EEPs remains the same. A lot of psychologists who have good knowledge and experience can only consult but cannot act as experts. There are no EFP to participate actively in research activities. Moreover, the Office of Forensic Psychiatry does not provide any information and refuses to coach psychology students on practical aspects of expert work. They withhold information on expertise methods as well. The Council of Experts does not include any psychologists, and psychiatry experts represent the opinion of psychologists too. One of the possible solutions to this situation is preparation of a new legal act on forensic psychology, which would regulate the status of psychological expertise according to the new modern approach. Detailed proposals are provided at the end of the article. Implementation of the proposals would encourage the competitive process of psychological expertise and facilitate involvement of the Lithuanian Psychological Association, scientific institutions and scientists working in this area. Keywords: expert in forensic psychology, the Law of Forensic Expertise, legal act on forensic psychological expertise, adversarial forensic psychological expertise.