Relevant bibliographies by topics / Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Academic literature on the topic 'Skeletal Muscle Fibers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Skeletal Muscle Fibers"

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Larson, Lauren, Jessica Lioy, Jordan Johnson, and Scott Medler. "Transitional Hybrid Skeletal Muscle Fibers in Rat Soleus Development." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 12 (September 11, 2019): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155419876421.

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Skeletal muscles comprise hundreds of individual muscle fibers, with each possessing specialized contractile properties. Skeletal muscles are recognized as being highly plastic, meaning that the physiological properties of single muscle fibers can change with appropriate use. During fiber type transitions, one myosin heavy chain isoform is exchanged for another and over time the fundamental nature of the fiber adapts to become a different fiber type. Within the rat triceps surae complex, the soleus muscle starts out as a muscle comprised of a mixture type IIA and type I fibers. As neonatal rats grow and mature, the soleus undergoes a near complete transition into a muscle with close to 100% type I fibers at maturity. We used immunohistochemistry and single fiber SDS-PAGE to track the transformation of type IIA into type I fibers. We found that transitioning fibers progressively incorporate new myofibrils containing type I myosin into existing type IIA fibers. During this exchange, distinct type I-containing myofibrils are segregated among IIA myofibrils. The individual myofibrils within existing muscle fibers thus appear to represent the functional unit that is exchanged during fiber type transitions that occur as part of normal muscle development:
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Mattson, John P., Todd A. Miller, David C. Poole, and Michael D. Delp. "Fiber Composition and Oxidative Capacity of Hamster Skeletal Muscle." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 50, no. 12 (December 2002): 1685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540205001214.

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The hamster is a valuable biological model for physiological investigation. Despite the obvious importance of the integration of cardiorespiratory and muscular system function, little information is available regarding hamster muscle fiber type and oxidative capacity, both of which are key determinants of muscle function. The purpose of this investigation was to measure immunohistochemically the relative composition and size of muscle fibers composed of types I, IIA, IIX, and IIB fibers in hamster skeletal muscle. The oxidative capacity of each muscle was also assessed by measuring citrate synthase activity. Twenty-eight hindlimb, respiratory, and facial muscles or muscle parts from adult (144–147 g bw) male Syrian golden hamsters ( n=3) were dissected bilaterally, weighed, and frozen for immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis. Combining data from all 28 muscles analyzed, type I fibers made up 5% of the muscle mass, type IIA fibers 16%, type IIX fibers 39%, and type IIB fibers 40%. Mean fiber cross-sectional area across muscles was 1665 ± 328 μm2 for type I fibers, 1900 ± 417 μm2 for type IIA fibers, 3230 ± 784 μm2 for type IIX fibers, and 4171 ± 864 μm2 for type IIB fibers. Citrate synthase activity was most closely related to the population of type IIA fibers ( r=0.68, p<0.0001) and was in the rank order of type IIA > I > IIX > IIB. These data demonstrate that hamster skeletal muscle is predominantly composed of type IIB and IIX fibers.
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Donovan, C. M., and J. A. Faulkner. "Plasticity of skeletal muscle: regenerating fibers adapt more rapidly than surviving fibers." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 2507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2507.

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The properties of mammalian skeletal muscle demonstrate a high degree of structural and functional plasticity as evidenced by their adaptability to an atypical site after cross-transplantation and to atypical innervation after cross-innervation. We tested the hypothesis that, regardless of fiber type, skeletal muscles composed of regenerating fibers adapt more readily than muscles composed of surviving fibers when placed in an atypical site with atypical innervation. Fast muscles of rats were autografted into the site of slow muscles or vice versa with the donor muscle innervated by the motor nerve to the recipient site. Surviving fibers in donor muscles were obtained by grafting with vasculature intact (vascularized muscle graft), and regenerating fibers were obtained by grafting with vasculature severed (free muscle graft). Our hypothesis was supported because 60 days after grafting, transposed muscles with surviving fibers demonstrated only a slight change from the contractile properties and fiber typing of donor muscles, whereas transplanted muscles with regenerating fibers demonstrated almost complete change to those of the muscle formerly in the atypical site.
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Emerson, Geoffrey G., and Steven S. Segal. "Alignment of microvascular units along skeletal muscle fibers of hamster retractor." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.42.

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Emerson, Geoffrey G., and Steven S. Segal. Alignment of microvascular units along skeletal muscle fibers of hamster retractor. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 42–48, 1997.—When muscle fibers contract, blood flow requirements increase along their entire length. However, the organization of capillary perfusion along muscle fibers is unclear. The microvascular unit (MVU) is defined as a terminal arteriole and the group of capillaries it supplies. We investigated whether neighboring MVUs along the fiber axis perfused the same group of muscle fibers by using the parallel-fibered retractor muscle. Hamsters were anesthetized and perfused with Microfil to visualize MVUs relative to muscle fibers. Fields of study, which encompassed five to seven neighboring MVUs along a muscle fiber, were chosen from the interior of muscles and along muscle edges. On average, MVUs were 1 mm in length, 0.50 mm in width, and 0.1 mm deep; segments of ∼30 fibers were contained in this tissue volume of 0.05 mm3 (20 MVUs/mg muscle). The total distance across muscle fibers encompassed by a pair of MVUs is designated “union” (U); the fraction of this distance common to both MVUs is designated “intersection” (I). The ratio of I to U for the widths of neighboring MVUs provides an index of MVU alignment along muscle fibers (e.g., I/U = 1.0 indicates complete alignment, where the fibers perfused by one MVU are the same as those perfused by the neighboring MVU). We found that I/U along muscle edges (0.71 ± 0.02) was greater ( P < 0.05) than the ratio measured within muscles (0.66 ± 0.02). A model predicted a maximum I/U of 0.58 with random MVU alignment. Thus measured values were closer to random than to complete alignment. These findings indicate that an increase in blood flow along muscle fibers requires the perfusion of many MVUs and imply that vasodilation is coordinated among the parent arterioles from which corresponding MVUs arise.
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Brunner, Florian, Annina Schmid, Ali Sheikhzadeh, Margareta Nordin, Jangwhon Yoon, and Victor Frankel. "Effects of Aging on Type II Muscle Fibers: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 15, no. 3 (July 2007): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.15.3.336.

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The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature for scientific articles in selected databases to determine the effects of aging on Type II muscle fibers in human skeletal muscles. They found that aging of Type II muscle fibers is primarily associated with a loss of fibers and a decrease in fiber size. Morphological changes with increasing age particularly included Type II fiber grouping. There is conflicting evidence regarding the change of proportion of Type II fibers. Type II muscle fibers seem to play an important role in the aging process of human skeletal muscles. According to this literature review, loss of fibers, decrease in size, and fiber-type grouping represent major quantitative changes. Because the process of aging involves various complex phenomena such as fiber-type coexpression, however, it seems difficult to assign those changes solely to a specific fiber type.
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Caiozzo, Vincent J., Michael J. Baker, Karen Huang, Harvey Chou, Ya Zhen Wu, and Kenneth M. Baldwin. "Single-fiber myosin heavy chain polymorphism: how many patterns and what proportions?" American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 285, no. 3 (September 2003): R570—R580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00646.2002.

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Previous studies have reported the existence of skeletal muscle fibers that coexpress multiple myosin heavy chain isoforms. These surveys have usually been limited to studying the polymorphic profiles of skeletal muscle fibers from a limited number of muscles (i.e., usually <4). Additionally, few studies have considered the functional implications of polymorphism. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to survey a relatively large number of rat skeletal muscle/muscle regions and muscle fibers ( n≈ 5,000) to test the hypothesis that polymorphic fibers represent a larger fraction of the total pool of fibers than do so-called monomorphic fibers, which express only one myosin heavy chain isoform. Additionally, we used Hill's statistical model of the force-velocity relationship to differentiate the functional consequences of single-fiber myosin heavy chain isoform distributions found in these muscles. The results demonstrate that most muscles and regions of rodent skeletal muscles contain large proportions of polymorphic fibers, with the exception of muscles such as the slow soleus muscle and white regions of fast muscles. Several muscles were also found to have polymorphic profiles that are not consistent with the I↔IIA↔IIX↔IIB scheme of muscle plasticity. For instance, it was found that the diaphragm muscle normally contains I/IIX fibers. Functionally, the high degree of polymorphism may 1) represent a strategy for producing a spectrum of contractile properties that far exceeds that simply defined by the presence of four myosin heavy chain isoforms and 2) result in relatively small differences in function as defined by the force-velocity relationship.
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Wei, Wei, Chengwan Zha, Aiwen Jiang, Zhe Chao, Liming Hou, Honglin Liu, Ruihua Huang, and Wangjun Wu. "A Combined Differential Proteome and Transcriptome Profiling of Fast- and Slow-Twitch Skeletal Muscle in Pigs." Foods 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182842.

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Skeletal muscle fiber types can contribute in part to affecting pork quality parameters. Biceps femoris (Bf) (fast muscle or white muscle) and Soleus (Sol) (slow muscle or red muscle) are two typical skeletal muscles characterized by obvious muscle fiber type differences in pigs. However, the critical proteins and potential regulatory mechanisms regulating porcine skeletal muscle fibers have yet to be clearly defined. In this study, the isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteome was used to identify the key proteins affecting the skeletal muscle fiber types with Bf and Sol, by integrating the previous transcriptome data, while function enrichment analysis and a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network were utilized to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of skeletal muscle fibers. A total of 126 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between the Bf and Sol were identified, and 12 genes were found to be overlapping between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and DAPs, which are the critical proteins regulating the formation of skeletal muscle fibers. Functional enrichment and PPI analysis showed that the DAPs were mainly involved in the skeletal-muscle-associated structural proteins, mitochondria and energy metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and kinase activity, suggesting that PPI networks including DAPs are the main regulatory network affecting muscle fiber formation. Overall, these data provide valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the formation and conversion of muscle fiber types, and provide potential markers for the evaluation of meat quality.
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Paul, Angelika C., and Nadia Rosenthal. "Different modes of hypertrophy in skeletal muscle fibers." Journal of Cell Biology 156, no. 4 (February 11, 2002): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200105147.

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Skeletal muscles display a remarkable diversity in their arrangement of fibers into fascicles and in their patterns of innervation, depending on functional requirements and species differences. Most human muscle fascicles, despite their great length, consist of fibers that extend continuously from one tendon to the other with a single nerve endplate band. Other mammalian muscles have multiple endplate bands and fibers that do not insert into both tendons but terminate intrafascicularly. We investigated whether these alternate structural features may dictate different modes of cell hypertrophy in two mouse gracilis muscles, in response to expression of a muscle-specific insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 transgene (mIGF-1) or to chronic exercise. Both hypertrophic stimuli independently activated GATA-2 expression and increased muscle cross-sectional area in both muscle types, with additive effects in exercising myosin light chain/mIGF transgenic mice, but without increasing fiber number. In singly innervated gracilis posterior muscle, hypertrophy was characterized by a greater average diameter of individual fibers, and centralized nuclei. In contrast, hypertrophic gracilis anterior muscle, which is multiply innervated, contained longer muscle fibers, with no increase in average diameter, or in centralized nuclei. Different modes of muscle hypertrophy in domestic and laboratory animals have important implications for building appropriate models of human neuromuscular disease.
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Braund, Kyle G., Karen A. Amling, Jagjivan R. Mehta, Janet E. Steiss, and Carole Scholz. "Histochemical and morphometric study of fiber types in ten skeletal muscles of healthy young adult cats." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.03.349.

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SUMMARY A histochemical and morphometric study of fiber types in a variety of skeletal muscles of healthy young adult cats was undertaken to provide normative data not available previously. Using a standardized system of nomenclature, fiber types 1, 2A, 2B, and 2C were identified in most cat muscles on the basis of myosin ATPase staining at pH 4.45. Type-2M fibers were present in temporalis (tem) and masseter (mas) muscles. Type-1 fibers predominated in medial head of triceps (mht) and soleus muscles. Type-2B fibers were dominant in biceps femoris, lateral head of gastrocnemius, cranial tibial, long head of triceps, and superficial digital flexor muscles; type-2A fibers were dominant in buccinator muscle samples; and type-2M fibers were dominant in tem and mas muscles. Numbers of type-2C fibers did not exceed 2 to 3% of the myofiber population in any muscle. In CT and LHT muscles, a gradient of fiber type distribution was observed, with significant (P < 0.05) increase in numbers of type-1 and type-2A fibers in deeper regions of the muscles. The distribution of fiber types was compartmentalized in mht and mas specimens. Diameter of type-2B fibers was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that of type-1 and type-2A fibers in biceps femoris, lateral head of gastrocnemius, cranial tibial, long head of triceps, and superficial mht muscles. Diameter of type-2M fibers was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that of type-1 fibers in tem and mas muscles. The soleus type-1 muscle fibers were the largest fibers encountered in any muscle. In mht muscle, fiber diameter of type-1 and type-2B fibers varied significantly (P < 0.05) in oxidative and glycolytic compartments. Variability coefficients were less than 200 in all muscles. In every muscle specimen, the number of fibers with internal nuclei was less than or equal to 2%.
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Thabet, M., T. Miki, S. Seino, and J. M. Renaud. "Treadmill running causes significant fiber damage in skeletal muscle of KATP channel-deficient mice." Physiological Genomics 22, no. 2 (July 14, 2005): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00064.2005.

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Although it has been suggested that the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel protects muscle against function impairment, most studies have so far given little evidence for significant perturbation in the integrity and function of skeletal muscle fibers from inactive mice that lack KATP channel activity in their cell membrane. The objective was, therefore, to test the hypothesis that KATP channel-deficient skeletal muscle fibers become damaged when mice are subjected to stress. Wild-type and KATP channel-deficient mice (Kir6.2−/− mice) were subjected to 4–5 wk of treadmill running at either 20 m/min with 0° inclination or at 24 m/min with 20° uphill inclination. Muscles of all wild-type mice and of nonexercised Kir6.2−/− mice had very few fibers with internal nuclei. After 4–5 wk of treadmill running, there was little evidence for connective tissues and mononucleated cells in Kir6.2−/− hindlimb muscles, whereas the number of fibers with internal nuclei, which appear when damaged fibers are regenerated by satellite cells, was significantly higher in Kir6.2−/− than wild-type mice. Between 5% and 25% of the total number of fibers in Kir6.2−/− extensor digitum longus, plantaris, and tibialis muscles had internal nuclei, and most of such fibers were type IIB fibers. Contrary to hindlimb muscles, diaphragms of Kir6.2−/− mice that had run at 24 m/min had few fibers with internal nuclei, but mild to severe fiber damage was observed. In conclusion, the study provides for the first time evidence 1) that the KATP channels of skeletal muscle are essential to prevent fiber damage, and thus muscle dysfunction; and 2) that the extent of fiber damage is greater and the capacity of fiber regeneration is less in Kir6.2−/− diaphragm muscles compared with hindlimb muscles.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Skeletal Muscle Fibers"

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Bishop, Derron L. "Alterations in Z-line thickness following fast motoneuron transplantation onto slow twitch skeletal muscle fibers." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/935926.

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Differentiation of skeletal muscle fibers into fast and slow twitch appears to be under control of the stimulation pattern imparted by motoneurons innervating these muscle fibers. Fast twitch muscle fibers receive intense stimulation for brief periods of time while slow twitch muscle fibers receive less intense stimulation for much longer periods of time. This study examined thickness of Zlines in dually innervated skeletal muscle fibers of slow twitch soleus muscle following transplantation of the fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) nerve onto the surface of the soleus. Eight individual dually innervated fibers were dissected from four transplanted mouse soleus muscles and examined with a transmission electron microscope. Z-lines in these dually innervated fibers were thinner (mean = 83 nm) than control soleus (mean = 123 nm) and thicker than control EDL (mean = 57 nm). A significant difference (p< .002) was also found between Z-line thickness near the foreign EDL endplate (mean = 81 nm) versus the original soleus endplate (mean = 85 nm). These results suggest the factors controlling protein synthesis in skeletal muscle fibers have both a global and localized effect.
Department of Physiology and Health Science
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Nishimura, Daigo. "Roles of ADAM8 in elimination of injured muscle fibers prior to skeletal muscle regeneration." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199212.

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Hubatsch, Douglas A. "Passive mechanical stimulation regulates expression of acetylcholinesterase in skeletal muscle fibers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq20923.pdf.

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Ting, Lok Yin. "Calcium dependence of titin-regulated passive force in skeletal muscle fibers." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110598.

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AbstractRationale: There is evidence that the passive forces produced by titin in skeletal muscles may be regulated by Ca2+. Studies have shown an upwards shift in the passive force-sarcomere length (SL) relation when muscle fibres are tested with a high concentration of Ca2+ and the myosin-actin interaction is abolished.Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is a direct relation between the concentrations of Ca2+ and the cross-bridge independent increase in passive forces.Hypothesis: There is an upward shift in passive force-sarcomere length relation with increase calcium concentration.Methods: Single fibres were isolated from the rabbit psoas muscle and transferred into an experimental chamber, between a force transducer and a motor arm. Fibres were activated in a range of Ca2+ concentrations (pCa2+ between 4.5 and 9.0), before and after administration of the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin. The fibres were submitted to a protocol in which they underwent consecutive step-stretches, starting at an initial SL of 2.5µm (amplitude of stretch: 5% initial SL, duration 300 ms, pauses between stretches: 30 sec).Results: We observed similar passive force-sarcomere length curves in all calcium concentrations. Different pCa2+ did not affect the amount of passive force produced. Conclusions: The results suggest that the passive forces in skeletal muscles are not regulated by calcium concentrations.
RésuméPréambule: Il existe des preuves que les forces passives produites par titine des muscles squelettique sont liées avec la concentration de Ca2+. Plusieurs études montrent qu'il existe un lien positif entre la longueur des sarcomères et la force passive générée lorsque les tests sont faits dans des hautes concentrations de Ca2+ et lorsque les interactions actine-myosine sont abolies. Objectifs: Tester l'hypothèse qu'il y a un lien positif entre la concentration de Ca2+ et l'augmentation de la force passive lorsque les pontages croisés sont abolis. Hypothèse: La force passive augmente parallèlement avec l'augmentation de la concentration de calcium.Méthodologie: Les fibres musculaires psoas des lapins sont d'abord isolées et transférées dans une chambre expérimentale fixées entre un transducteur de force et un bras moteur du système. Ces fibres sont activées dans une solution de calcium entre pCa2+4.5 et pCa2+9.0 avant et après l'administration de l'inhibiteur de myosine, blebbistatin. Les fibres sont étirées consécutivement débutant à une longueur de sarcomère 2.5m. (À une amplitude d'étirement de 5% de LS initiale, une durée de 300ms et 30s de pause entre chacun des étirements. Résultats: La force passive est semblable pour chacun des concentrations de calcium, donc il n'y a aucuns effets de calcium sur la production de la force passive.Conclusions: Les résultats nous suggèrent que la force passive n'est pas liée à la concentration de calcium.
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Mligiliche, Nurru Lameck. "Nerve regeneration through basal lamina tubes of detergent treated skeletal muscle fibers." Kyoto University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149700.

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Benigno, Maria Ivone Mendes 1960. "Análise morfométrica e ultraestrutural dos músculos masseter e pterigóideo medial pós exodontia unilateral de molares inferiores : estudo experimental." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312598.

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Orientadores: Eliane Maria Ingrid Amstalden, Edson Aparecido Liberti
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Introdução: A atividade mastigatória é uma sincronia entre os músculos da mastigação e articulação temporomandibular (ATM). A perda de dentes é um importante fator que contribui para as disfunções do Sistema Estomatognático e consequentes danos aos músculos mastigadores. Considerando os poucos trabalhos sobre o assunto, a necessidade de maior compreensão e detalhamento quanto às alterações das fibras desta musculatura, especialmente na disfunção pela perda dentária, este estudo teve como objetivos: investigar as alterações morfológicas e ultraestruturais do músculo Pterigoideo Medial (PTM) e Masseter, pós exodontia em modelo experimental. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizados 24 ratos wistar para microscopia de luz (ML) e 12 para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), divididos em três grupos experimentais: GI -15, GII-30 e GIII-60 dias, pós exodontia de molares inferiores esquerdos. Contendo 5 animais experimentais e três controles por grupo para ML e 3 ratos para MET, com 1 controle por grupo. Sob microscopia de luz foram realizados estudos morfométricos e sob luz polarizada, dos músculos PTM e Masseter. A análise morfométrica baseou-se na medida da área das fibras, em cortes transversais, corados pelo H&E (40x.objetiva), com programa digital (software AXION¿vision). Realizadas 240 medidas por animal/ total de 1200 por grupo experimental e 200 medidas por animal/ total de 600 por grupo controle. Análise qualitativa das fibras colágenas foi obtida sob luz polarizada. Também foram observadas, qualitativamente, alterações ultraestruturais destes músculos, ipsilateral às exodontias. Teste ANOVA foi aplicado para a análise dos dados. Resultados: A morfometria da área das fibras do músculo PTM, mostrou redução significante, nos animais submetidos à exodontia, tanto ipsi quanto contralateral. Não foram detectadas diferenças quanto aos quesitos interação entre lados direito e esquerdo e grupos (GI, II e III), nem quando se comparou os lados entre si. Diferenças foram notadas quando se comparou o grupo experimental, nos distintos períodos evolutivos, detectando-se aumento progressivo das áreas das fibras musculares, sendo a média maior no Grupo GIII. Apesar do crescimento progressivo da área das fibras, elas não se tornam hipertróficas nesse estágio avaliatório, uma vez que, a média dos valores obtidos é semelhante à do grupo controle. As fibras do músculo PTM parecem adaptar-se às mudanças. Nenhuma diferença foi detectada quanto à análise morfométrica do músculo Masseter. Ultraestruturalmente, observou-se assimetria e desorganização da linha Z e banda I, apenas no grupo experimental GII, do músculo PTM. A análise das fibras colágenas mostrou que os fascículos musculares são revestidos por uma delicada rede de fibras colágenas do tipo I e do tipo III, com predomínio deste último (fibras reticulares), nos Masseteres, nos diferentes períodos evolutivos. Conclusão: A disfunção temporomandibular, promovida pela exodontia unilateral de molares inferiores em ratos, pode levar a alterações morfométricas ipsi e contralaterais, com redução de áreas de fibras, particularmente no PTM. Entretanto as fibras musculares parecem se adaptar às novas condições, ao longo do experimento. A linha Z e banda I são as mais sensíveis a essa disfunção, no músculo PTM, contudo efêmera, uma vez que foi observada apenas no grupo GII. O músculo PTM mostrou-se mais vulnerável, provavelmente pelas suas características funcionais próprias e maior participação na dinâmica dos movimentos mastigatórios, comparadas às do Masseter. As fibras colágenas do tipo I e do tipo III são os constituintes principais das estruturas fibro conjuntivas desses músculos, com predomínio do tipo III no Masseter e parecem não ser afetadas nesse procedimento
Abstract: The loss of dental elements is an important factor in stomatognathic system dysfunctions and consequential damage to the masticatory muscles. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphometric and ultrastructural changes of the pterygoid medial(PTM) and masseter muscle, under occlusal defects, induced by unilateral left molar extraction, of Wistar rats. Thirty-six male rats were used: 24 for light microscopy (LM) and 12 for transmission electron microscopy analysis (TEM), divided into three experimental groups (GI-15; GII-30 and GIII-60 days), containing 5 animals each for LM with 3 control and 3 for TEM with one animal control for each period. Morphometric studies were made measuring the area of PTM and Masseter muscle fibers ipsi and contralateral to dental extraction, using a digital program. A qualitative analysis was performed to evaluate the ultrastructural findings and of the PTM and Masseter muscle. The results were compared using ANOVA test. There was a reduction of area of PTM of animals undergoing tooth extraction, both ipsi as contralateral. Both sides were similar when compared with each other, as assessed in the various evolutive periods. Differences were observed in the fiber area, especially in the first group and these showed progressive increase, reaching their highest average in GIII. No difference was detected regarding the morphometric analysis of the masseter muscle. For ultrastructure observed asymmetry and disorganization of Z line and I band, only the experimental group GII, muscle PTM. The analysis of the collagen fibers showed that the muscle fascicles are lined by a delicate network of collagen type I and type III, with a predominance of the latter (reticular fibers), in the masseter, in different evolutionary periods. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction, promoted by unilateral molar extraction in wistar rats, can lead to morphometric changes ipsi and contralateral with reduction of areas, particularly in the PTM. However seem to adapt to new conditions throughout the experiment. The band Z and the ith row of the muscle cytoskeleton are the most sensitive to this, dysfunction in muscle PTM, however ephemeral, since it was observed only in the Group (GII) with 30 days of the experiment. The muscle PTM proved to be more vulnerable in this experimental model, probably for its own functional features and greater participation in the dynamics of the masticatory movements, compared to the Masseter. The collagen fibers of type I and type III are the major constituents of the connective fibrous tissue structures of these muscles, with a predominance of type III in the Masseter and doesn't seem to be affected, to this procedure
Doutorado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Doutora em Ciências Médicas
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Mofarrahi, Mahroo. "Regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation by NADPH oxidase." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111521.

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Skeletal satellite cells are adult stem cells located among muscle fibers. Proliferation, migration and subsequent differentiation of these cells are critical steps in the repair of muscle injury. We document in this study the roles and mechanisms through which the NAPDH oxidase complex regulates skeletal satellite cell proliferation. The NADPH oxidase subunits Nox2, Nox4, p22phox, p47phox and p67 phox were detected in primary human and murine skeletal muscle satellite cells. In human satellite cells, NADPH oxidase-fusion proteins were localized in the cytosolic and membrane compartments of the cell, except for p47 phox, which was detected in the nucleus. In proliferating subconfluent satellite cells, both Nox2 and Nox4 contributed to O2- production. However, Nox4 expression was significantly attenuated in confluent cells and in differentiated myotubes. Proliferation of satellite cells was significantly reduced by antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine and apocynin), inhibition of p22phox expression using siRNA oligonucleotides, and reduction of Nox4 and p47phox activities with dominant-negative vectors resulted in attenuation of activities of the Erk1/2, PI-3 kinase/AKT and NFkappaB pathways and significant reduction in cyclin D1 levels. We conclude that NADPH oxidase is expressed in skeletal satellite cells and that its activity plays an important role in promoting proliferation of these cells.
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Brault, Jeffrey J. "Creatine uptake and creatine transporter expression among rat skeletal muscle fiber types." free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091902.

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Breitenbach, Simon [Verfasser]. "Reasons for the repolarizing effects of eplerenone on edematous skeletal muscle fibers / Simon Breitenbach." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174251891/34.

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Quarta, Marco. "Calcium signals in myogenics cells and muscle fibers: an integrated study." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425176.

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Calcium release during skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling occurs at the junctions between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and either the plasma membrane or T-Tubule. These Ca2+ release units are characterized by a specific molecular composition and their specific structural organization, both of which are important for the tissue-specific mode of skeletal muscle EC coupling. Though EC coupling has been known for over half a century, it is still an active area of biomedical research. The general scheme is that an action potential arrives to depolarise the cell membrane. By mechanisms specific to the muscle type, this depolarisation results in an increase in cytosolic calcium that is called calcium transient. This increase in calcium activates calcium-sensitive myofibrillar proteins that then trigger ATP hydrolysis by myosin causing cell shortening. However, the exact mechanism if EC coupling and the role of related Ca2+ singnaling in regulating intracellular skeletal muscle ptthways is far to be clear. To higlight some of these unclear and dark points, we realized two null-mice for SR proteins. The first lacks of a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-binding protein, termed Calsequestrin (Csq), which plays an important role in buffering [Ca2+]SR and modulating Ca2+ release and reuptake during EC coupling. Our findings reveal the essential role of Csq1 in reorganizing stores and an impaired calcium handling in mice lacking Csq1. an essential role of Cs as presented in chapter 1. Our data suggest that Csq1 deficency may result in a myopathy similar to that caused by mutations of RyR1 in skeletal muscle, leading to fulminant malignant hyperthermia (MH) episodes, as presented in chapter 2. To investigate the structural role of SR we realized a second model, Ank1.5-null mice. The highly regulated nature of the arrangement of the SR around myofibrils is such that specific domains of the SR involved in the mechanisms of Ca2+ release and uptake (i.e., terminal cisternae and longitudinal tubules, respectively) are positioned at regular intervals in correspondence of specific regions of the sarcomere. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible of the interactions between these two cellular structures are not known. The small Ankirin 1.5 locates at SR level and participate in positioning SR and myofibrils. In chapter 3 we present evidence of contractile response impairment in skeletal muscles and altered animal performances of Ank1.5 deficient mices, without structural and ultrastructural morphological changes. The Ank1.5 could play a specific role not restricted to a correct positioning of the SR at specific sarcomere regions and its deficency may contribute to the generation of myopathies, and EC coupling dysfunctions. To perform a deeper study of the development of the skeletal muscle cells, and in particular to better explore calcium signals in the context of EC coupling, we developed a muscle-cell / semiconductor chip device to induce EC coupling with non invasive long termed electric capacitive stimulation. We present in chapter 4 for the first time a new technique to study live EC coupling and Calcium signals in long term experiments and with high resolution, down to single cells, to induce muscle plasticity and synaptogenesis effects. The same approach is used for muscle fibers dissociated from mouse FDB muscle. To conclude, our hybrid device put an innovative base for new approaches aimed to better understand the muscle development and regeneration in normal and pathogenic conditions.
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Books on the topic "Skeletal Muscle Fibers"

1

Dunn, Shannon Elizabeth. Regulation of myosin heavy chain isoform expression in adult rat skeletal muscle fibers. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University Press, 1996.

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Campbell, Robert J. Regulation of succinate dehydrogenase within synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments of mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University Press, 1995.

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Vrbová, Gerta. Nerve-muscle interaction. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1995.

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Viau, François M. The role of Ca+2 and calcineurin in regulating the myofibrillar and metabolic properties of individual skeletal muscle fibers. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 2001.

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Punkt, Karla. Fibre Types in Skeletal Muscles. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59399-4.

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Perry, S. V. Molecular mechanisms in striated muscle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

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Simard, Alain. Disruption of sciatic nerve axon transport inhibits skeletal muscle fiber growth. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 2000.

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Valberg, Stephanie. Skeletal muscle metabolic responses to exercise in the horse: Effects of muscle fibre properties, recruitment and fibre composition. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1986.

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Sipilä, Sarianna. Physical training and skeletal muscle in elderly women: A study of muscle mass, composition, fiber characteristics and isometric strength. Jyväskylä [Finland]: University of Jyväskylä, 1996.

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Eibl, Joseph K. Deciphering the calcineurin/nfat signaling pathway in the hypertrophy and fiber type conversions of skeletal muscle. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, School of Graduate Studies, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Skeletal Muscle Fibers"

1

Noble, E. G., C. L. Rice, R. E. Thayer, and A. W. Taylor. "Evolving Concepts of Skeletal Muscle Fibers." In Principles of Exercise Biochemistry, 36–61. Basel: KARGER, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000074364.

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Vandenburgh, H., S. Hatfaludy, P. Karlisch, and J. Shansky. "Mechanically-Induced Alterations in Cultured Skeletal Myotube Growth." In The Dynamic State of Muscle Fibers, edited by Dirk Pette, 151–64. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110884784-015.

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Carpenter, Stirling. "Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle Fibers after Necrosis." In Myoblast Transfer Therapy, 13–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5865-7_3.

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Simoneau, J. A. "Species-Specific Ranges of Metabolic Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle." In The Dynamic State of Muscle Fibers, edited by Dirk Pette, 587–600. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110884784-046.

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Umeda, P. K., R. L. Carter, R. S. Hall, J. M. Welborn, and L. B. Bugaisky. "Regulation of the Myosin Heavy Chain & Promoter in Skeletal and Cardiac Myocytes." In The Dynamic State of Muscle Fibers, edited by Dirk Pette, 61–74. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110884784-008.

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Leberer, Ekkehard, and Dirk Pette. "Influence of Neuromuscular Activity on the Expression of Parvalbumin in Mammalian Skeletal Muscle." In The Dynamic State of Muscle Fibers, edited by Dirk Pette, 497–508. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110884784-040.

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Kraus, William E., and R. Sanders Williams. "Intracellular Signals Mediating Contraction-Induced Changes in the Oxidative Capacity of Skeletal Muscle." In The Dynamic State of Muscle Fibers, edited by Dirk Pette, 601–16. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110884784-047.

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Strohman, R. C., J. DiMario, N. Buffinger, and S. Yamada. "The Control of Satellite Cell Growth in Skeletal Muscle during Hypertrophy and Regeneration." In The Dynamic State of Muscle Fibers, edited by Dirk Pette, 707–18. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110884784-055.

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Pette, Dirk, and Robert S. Staron. "Cellular and molecular diversities of mammalian skeletal muscle fibers." In Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 1–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3540528806_3.

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Chan, Roxanne Y. Y., Céline Boudreau-Larivière, Fawzi A. Mankal, Lindsay Angus, Andrea M. Krupa, and Bernard J. Jasmin. "Expression of the Acetylcholinesterase Gene in Skeletal Muscle Fibers." In Structure and Function of Cholinesterases and Related Proteins, 119–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1540-5_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Skeletal Muscle Fibers"

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Gao, Yingxin, Alan S. Wineman, and Anthony M. Waas. "Time-Dependent Lateral Transmission of Force in Skeletal Muscle." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204820.

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The composite structure of skeletal muscle is composed of muscle fibers and an extracellular matrix (ECM) framework. This framework is associated with different levels of structure: (a) epimysium, that ensheaths the whole muscle; (b) perimysium, that binds a group of muscle fibers into bundles and (c) endomysium that surrounds the individual muscle fibers. The properties of ECM components and their interaction with muscle fibers determine the overall mechanical properties of the whole muscle. Previous studies have experimentally demonstrated that stress could be laterally transmitted through the ECM [1]. The ECM is thus an essential element in mechanical function of the muscle [2]. The most widely used model describing load transfer between a discontinuous fiber and matrix is the shear lag model, originally proposed by Cox [3]]. This model centers on the transfer of tensile stress between fibers by means of interfacial shear stresses and shear deformation of the matrix. In this paper, a modified shear lag model is developed to investigate the time-dependent mechanics of stress transfer between activated muscle fibers and the surrounding strained ECM.
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2

Zhang, Chi, and Yingxin Gao. "Finite Element Analysis of Force Transmission in Skeletal Muscle Fiber." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80670.

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Skeletal muscle has a complex hierarchical structure which is mainly composed of myofibers and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) including endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. To produce movement, force generated by individual myofibers has to be transmitted to the tendon. Previous studies have shown that many muscle fibers terminate within the fascicle without reaching either ends of the tendon[1,2], in which case force generated has to be transmitted laterally through the ECM to surrounding fibers and then to the tendon[3]. In this study, a two dimensional finite element (FE) model of a single muscle fiber was developed to determine the effects of ECM stiffness and tapered end angles of myofiber on lateral transmission of force in skeletal muscle.
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Gonzalez, Roger V., and Christopher Y. Lee. "Quantitative force comparison of polyacrylonitrile fibers with skeletal muscle." In 5th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Manfred R. Wuttig. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.316865.

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Kobayashi, Takakazu, Masaaki Iwai, and Kien Nguyen Phan. "Measurement of Muscle Fiber Stiffness during Stretch with Two Continuous Different Velocities in Skeletal Muscle Fibers." In 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4353668.

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Vergara, Julio L., Marino DiFranco, and David Novo. "Dimensions of calcium release domains in frog skeletal muscle fibers." In BiOS 2001 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Gregory H. Bearman, Darryl J. Bornhop, and Richard M. Levenson. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.432488.

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Mason, Andrew K., Ryan A. Koppes, Douglas M. Swank, and David T. Corr. "Mechanical and Electrical Stimulation Induces Calcium-Sensitive Mechanical Properties of Myoblast Derived Engineered Fibers." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14646.

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Skeletal muscle loss, through injuries, myopathies, and interventional medicine, presents major challenges in physiological function and clinical interventions [1]. Autologous tissue transplantation necessitates tissue loss from the donor site, and autologous grafts do not attain the strength of the original tissue. Exogenous tissue grafting faces similar strength issues, as well as the added challenge of immunorejection [2,3]. In vitro skeletal muscle tissue engineering holds promise for addressing these issues. However, these tissues have not yet shown proper dynamic response when compared to physiological muscle [2]. Mechanical and electrical stimulation have shown promise in improving construct properties [4], but mainly limited to 2D and scaffold-based constructs.
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Cassino, Theresa R., Masaho Okada, Lauren Drowley, Johnny Huard, and Philip R. LeDuc. "Mechanical Stimulation Improves Muscle-Derived Stem Cell Transplantation for Cardiac Repair." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192941.

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Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) have been successfully transplanted into both skeletal (1) and cardiac muscle (2) of dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice, and show potential for improving cardiac and skeletal dysfunction in diseases like Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Our previous study explored the regeneration of dystrophin-expressing myocytes following MDSC transplantation into environments with distinct blood flow and chemical/mechanical stimulation attributes. After MDSC transplantation within left ventricular myocardium and gastrocnemius (GN) muscles of the same mdx mice, significantly more dystrophin-positive fibers were found within the myocardium than in the GN. We hypothesized that the differences in mechanical loading of the two environments influenced the transplantation and explored whether using MDSCs exposed to mechanical stimulation prior to transplantation could improve transplantation. Our study shows increased engraftment into the heart and GN muscle for cells pretreated with mechanical stretch for 24 hours. This increase was significant for transplantation into the heart. These studies have implications in a variety of applications including mechanotransduction, stem cell biology, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Duan, Emily, and Matthew Bryant. "Effects of Pennate Angle on FAM Bundle Hydraulic Efficiency for Robot Arm Motion." In ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2022-92022.

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Abstract This paper will investigate the effects of pennate angle on fluidic artificial muscle (FAM) bundles for a robot arm motion. Rising interest in soft fluidic actuators exists due to their prospective inherent compliance and safe human-robot interaction. The high force-to-weight ratio, innate flexibility, inexpensive construction, and muscle-like force-contraction behavior of McKibben FAMs make them an attractive type of soft fluidic actuator. Multi-unit architectures found in biological muscles tissues and geometric fiber arrangements have inspired the development of hierarchical actuators to enhance the total actuator performance and increase actuator functionality. Parallel, asymmetric unipennate, and symmetric bipennate are three muscle fiber arrangement types found in human skeletal muscle tissues. Unique characteristics of the pennate muscle tissue, with muscle fibers arranged obliquely from the line of muscle motion, enable passive regulation of effective transmission between the fibers and muscle. Prior studies developed an analytical model based on idealized assumptions to leverage this pennate topology in optimal fiber parameter design for FAM bundles under spatial bounds. The findings showed FAMs in the bipennate topology can be designed to amplify the muscle output force, contraction, and stiffness as compared to that of a parallel topology under equivalent spatial and operating constraints. This work seeks to extend upon previous studies by investigating the effects of pennate angle on actuation and system hydraulic efficiency for a robot arm with a more realistic FAM model. The results will progress toward tailoring actuator topology designs for custom compliant actuation applications.
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Božičkovic, Ivana, Vesna Davidovic, Radomir Savic, Vladimir Živkovic, Stefan Stepic, and Vladan Đermanovic. "UTICAJ FIZIČKE AKTIVNOSTI NA HISTOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE MIŠIĆA DOMAĆIH ŽIVOTINJA." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.189b.

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Meat is a product formed from skeletal muscles of animals through different biochemical processes following rigor mortis. Therefore, characteristics of muscle tissue, its structure, number, diameter and percentage of different muscle fiber types would greatly determine the quantity and the quality of meat. Having in mind that selection and nutrition led to nearly a maximum in meat production, and consumers are having higher and higher demands for „organic“ products, products from more natural production, their concern for animal welfare is rising, the implementation of physical activity in animal rearing could be of more importance in the future. Physical activity could imply outdoor systems, or semi-confinement systems with enriched environment. Also, the impact of this factor could be of higher importance in pigs and chicken, where intensive selection towards lean meat content increased the number of glycolytic fibers in muscles, leading to more pronounced problems with meat quality (PSE meat).
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Meller, Michael, and Ephrahim Garcia. "Power Savings of a Variable Recruitment Hydraulic Artificial Muscle Actuation Scheme." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7718.

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We investigate utilizing inelastic bladder hydraulic artificial muscle actuators as muscle fibers. These muscle fibers are then grouped together to form a variable recruitment artificial muscle bundle. This muscle bundle configuration is biologically inspired, where in skeletal muscle, different numbers of motor units are recruited to match the load by increasing the number of motor neurons firing. This results in extremely efficient locomotion in nature. It is desired to use a similar methodology to increase the actuation efficiency of valve-controlled hydraulic systems. Such hydraulic control systems induce a pressure drop in the valves to throttle the flow to the cylinder actuators. Using the valves in this manner is simple but very inefficient. Hence, this paper presents selectively recruiting different numbers of the hydraulic artificial muscle fibers to match a required loading scenario similar to our bipedal robot. By using fewer of the muscle fibers to match a smaller load, less power is consumed from the hydraulic power unit because instead of inducing a pressure drop, the volume of fluid delivered is decreased. The potential efficiency improvements associated with this actuation scheme is compared to a traditional hydraulic system with differential cylinders.
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Reports on the topic "Skeletal Muscle Fibers"

1

Lee, Christopher, Philip C. Woods, Amanda E. Paluch, and Mark S. Miller. Effects of age on human skeletal muscle: A systematic review and meta-analysis of myosin heavy chain isoform protein expression, fiber size and distribution. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.6.0109.

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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Orna Halevy. Pre-natal Epigenetic Adaptation to Improve Thermotolerance Acquisition and Performance of Fast-growing Meat-type Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592120.bard.

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: The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and performance led to the following hypothesis: (a) thethermoregulatory-response threshold for heat production can be altered by thermal manipulation (TM) during incubation so as to improve the acquisition of thermotolerance in the post-hatch broiler;and (b) TM during embryogenesis will improve myoblast proliferation during the embryonic and post-hatch periods with subsequent enhanced muscle growth and meat production. The original objectives of this study were as follow: 1. to assess the timing, temperature, duration, and turning frequency required for optimal TM during embryogenesis; 2. to evaluate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during four phases: (1) embryogenesis, (2) at hatch, (3) during growth, and (4) during heat challenge near marketing age; 3. to investigate the stimulatory effect of thermotolerance on hormones that regulate thermogenesis and stress (T₄, T₃, corticosterone, glucagon); 4. to determine the effect of TM on performance (BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass yield, breast muscle yield) of broiler chickens; and 5. to study the effect of TM during embryogenesis on skeletal muscle growth, including myoblast proliferation and fiber development, in the embryo and post-hatch chicks.This study has achieved all the original objectives. Only the plasma glucagon concentration (objective 3) was not measured as a result of technical obstacles. Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of embryogenesis when satellite cell population normally expand should increase absolute pectoralis muscle weight in broilers post-hatch. Major conclusions: Intermittent TM (39.5°C for 12 h/day) during embryogenesis when the thyroid and adrenal axis was developing and maturing (E7 to E16 inclusive) had a long lasting thermoregulatory effect that improved thermotolerance of broiler chickens exposed to acute thermal stress at market age by lowering their functional Tb set point, thus lowering metabolic rate at hatch, improving sensible heat loss, and significantly decreasing the level of stress. Increased machine ventilation rate was required during TM so as to supply the oxygen required for the periods of increased embryonic development. Enhancing embryonic development was found to be accomplished by a combination of pre-incubation heating of embryos for 12 h at 30°C, followed by increasing incubation temperature to 38°C during the first 3 days of incubation. It was further facilitated by increasing turning frequency of the eggs to 48 or 96 times daily. TM during critical phases of muscle development in the late-term chick embryo (E16 to E18) for 3 or 6 hours (39.5°C) had an immediate stimulatory effect on myoblast proliferation that lasted for up to two weeks post-hatch; this was followed by increased hypertrophy at later ages. The various incubation temperatures and TM durations focused on the fine-tuning of muscle development and growth processes during late-term embryogenesis as well as in post-hatch chickens.
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