Journal articles: 'Skeletal muscle of cattle'

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MARTINS, T. S., L. M. P. SANGLARD, W. SILVA, M. L. CHIZZOTTI, M. M. LADEIRA, N. V. L. SERÃO, P. V. R. PAULINO, and M. S. DUARTE. "Differences in skeletal muscle proteolysis in Nellore and Angus cattle might be driven by Calpastatin activity and not the abundance of Calpain/Calpastatin." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 10 (November 9, 2017): 1669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000715.

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SUMMARYThe present study aimed to explore the molecular factors underlying differences in Calpain/Calpastatin proteolytic system in Nellore and Angus cattle. Longissimus muscle samples were collected in Nellore (n = 6; body weight (BW) = 373 ± 37·3 kg) and Angus (n = 6; BW = 383 ± 23·9 kg) cattle at slaughter for analysis of gene and protein expression, and Calpastatin enzyme activity. Additionally, the myofibrillar fragmentation index was used to quantify the extension of proteolysis in longissimus muscle samples. A greater myofibrillar fragmentation was observed in skeletal muscle of Angus compared with Nellore cattle. Conversely, no differences were found between breeds for mRNA expression of Calpain 1 (CAPN1) and Calpastatin (CAST). Similarly, no differences were observed for the abundance of Calpain and Calpastatin proteins between skeletal muscles of Nellore and Angus cattle. Despite the lack of differences in mRNA and protein abundance, a greater activity of Calpastatin was observed in skeletal muscle of Nellore compared with Angus cattle. These data indicate that the greater proteolysis in skeletal muscle of Angus compared with Nellore cattle is mainly driven by a greater Calpastatin activity rather than Calpain or Calpastatin mRNA and protein expression.

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Abreu, Camila C., Patricia C. Blanchard, John M. Adaska, Robert B. Moeller, Mark Anderson, Mauricio A. Navarro, Santiago S. Diab, and Francisco A. Uzal. "Pathology of blackleg in cattle in California, 1991–2015." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, no. 6 (October 25, 2018): 894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638718808567.

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Blackleg is an infectious disease of cattle and rarely other ruminants, produced by Clostridium chauvoei and characterized by necrotizing myositis. In most cases of blackleg, the large muscles of the pectoral and pelvic girdles are affected, with other skeletal muscles and the heart involved less frequently. We studied 29 blackleg cases selected from the archives of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, 1991–2015. Immunohistochemistry was also evaluated to detect C. chauvoei in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of cattle. Nineteen animals had gross and/or microscopic lesions in both skeletal muscle and heart, 9 had lesions in the skeletal musculature alone, and 1 in the heart alone. Gross lesions in the skeletal musculature involved the following muscle groups: hindquarters ( n = 8), forequarters ( n = 5), neck ( n = 5), lumbar area ( n = 3), brisket ( n = 2), diaphragm ( n = 2), abdominal wall ( n = 1), thoracic wall ( n = 1), and tongue ( n = 1). Of the 20 animals that had lesions in the heart, 11 had pericarditis and myocarditis; 7 had pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis; and 1 each had pericarditis and myocarditis. Immunohistochemistry was 100% sensitive to detect C. chauvoei in FFPE skeletal muscle and/or heart of cattle with blackleg. Simultaneous lesions in skeletal musculature and heart were relatively common in blackleg cases in California; the most affected skeletal muscles were those of the hindlimbs.

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Martyn, Julie K., John J. Bass, and Jenny M. Oldham. "Skeletal muscle development in normal and double-muscled cattle." Anatomical Record 281A, no. 2 (2004): 1363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20140.

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Moreno-Sánchez, Natalia, Julia Rueda, María J. Carabaño, Antonio Reverter, Sean McWilliam, Carmen González, and Clara Díaz. "Skeletal muscle specific genes networks in cattle." Functional & Integrative Genomics 10, no. 4 (June 4, 2010): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10142-010-0175-2.

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Costagliola, A., S. Wojcik, T. B. Pagano, D. De Biase, V. Russo, V. Iovane, E. Grieco, S. Papparella, and O. Paciello. "Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle of Cattle." Veterinary Pathology 53, no. 2 (February 11, 2016): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985815624495.

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Antonelli, A. C., G. A. S. Torres, P. C. Soares, C. S. Mori, M. C. A. Sucupira, and E. L. Ortolani. "Ammonia poisoning causes muscular but not liver damage in cattle." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 59, no. 1 (February 2007): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352007000100002.

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Twelve steers were intraruminally administered a high dose (0.5g/kg BW) of urea to study the damage effect of ammonia poisoning on liver and/or muscles. Blood samples were collected to determine ammonia and activities of gammaGT, AST and CK. Eleven steers were successfully poisoned and treated properly, but one succumbed. Poisoned cattle showed high concentration of ammonia, and higher activities of AST and CK. The higher the ammonia, the greater were the activities of AST (r=0.59) and CK (r=0.61). The correlation between AST and CK was high and significant (r=0.80), but not between AST and gammaGT (r=0.19). The activities of AST and CK were higher after the beginning of the convulsive episodes due to ammonia poisoning. Those results showed that occurred muscle damage instead of liver damage since CK is a typical enzyme from skeletal muscle; AST is found either in skeletal muscle and hepatocytes, while gammaGT is present in hepatic cells.

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Sun, Yujia, Yaoyao Ma, Xinyi Wu, Tianqi Zhao, Lu Lu, and Zhangping Yang. "Functional and Comparative Analysis of Two Subtypes of Cofilin Family on Cattle Myoblasts Differentiation." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091420.

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Agricultural meat composition and quality are not independent of the effects of skeletal muscle growth and development in animals. Cofilin is distributed extensively in muscle and non-muscle cells, and its function is tightly regulated in the cell. Cofilin has two variants in mammals, cofilin-1 (CFL1, non-muscle type) and cofilin-2 (CFL2, muscle type), and has a dual function on skeletal muscle fibers. Our study examined the expression pattern of CFL1 and CFL2 in different fetal bovine, calf, and adult cattle tissues. The content of the CFL2 gene increased significantly with the increase in cattle age in muscle tissues; CFL1 showed the opposite trend. In muscle tissues, DNA methylation levels of CFL1 and CFL2 were high in fetal bovine, and the mRNA level of CFL2 was significantly lower compared to CFL1. However, DNA methylation levels of CFL2 were lower than CFL1, and the mRNA level of CFL2 was remarkably higher compared to CFL1 in adult cattle. Overexpression of CFL1 or knockdown CFL2 reduced the expression levels of muscle differentiation markers, i.e., MYOD, MYOG, and MYH3. Overexpression of CFL2 or knockdown CFL1 stimulated the expression of these marker genes. Therefore, CFL2 may be superior to CFL1 as a candidate gene for subsequent research on cattle genetics and breeding.

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Zheng, Y. C., Y. Q. Lin, Y. Yue, Y. O. Xu, and S. Y. Jin. "Expression profiles of myostatin and calpastatin genes and analysis of shear force and intramuscular fat content of yak longissimus muscle." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 12 (December 22, 2011): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4417-cjas.

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The main objective of this study was to reveal the expression profiles of two negative regulators, myostatin (MSTN) and calpastatin (CAST)genes, of skeletal muscle growth in highland yaks (Bos grunniens). mRNA levels of both genes were quantified in different yak tissues by semi-quantitative RT-PCR to reveal the tissue expression pattern, and real-time quantitative RT-PCR was employed to compare the mRNA levels of MSTN and CAST in longissimus muscles of yaks at different ages and adult Yellow cattle. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content, tenderness and pH of longissimus muscle of yaks at different ages and of adult Yellow cattle were also measured. The results showed that MSTN and CAST expressions have tissue specificity and both exhibited a high level in longissimus muscle and a low level in adipose tissue. Yak calves had lower mRNA levels of both MSTN and CAST in longissimus muscle compared with adult yaks. The analysis of meat quality traits of longissimus muscle showed that the shear forces of raw longissimus muscle of yak calves were significantly lower than those of adult yaks and Yellow cattle, no significant difference was found between adult yaks and Yellow cattle of similar age. IMF content in longissimus muscle was lower in yaks than in Yellow cattle. Although yaks were smaller in body size than Yellow cattle, adult yaks showed lower levels of MSTN and similar level of CAST mRNA in longissimus muscle compared to Yellow cattle. These data indicate that the expression of both MSTN and CAST in longissimus muscle differs between adult yaks and yak calves, and the yak longissimus muscle shows a lower IMF content compared to cattle.  

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Favorit, Victoria, Wendy R. Hood, Andreas N. Kavazis, Patricia Villamediana, Kang Nian Yap, Hailey A. Parry, and Amy L. Skibiel. "Mitochondrial Bioenergetics of Extramammary Tissues in Lactating Dairy Cattle." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092647.

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Lactation is physiologically demanding, requiring increased nutrient and energy use. Mammary and extramammary tissues undergo metabolic changes for lactation. Although it has long been recognized that mitochondria play a critical role in lactation, the mitochondrial adaptations for milk synthesis in supporting tissues, such as liver and skeletal muscle are relatively understudied. In this study, we assessed the mitochondrial function in these tissues across lactation in dairy cattle. Tissue biopsies were taken at 8 ± 2 d (early, n = 11), 75 ± 4 d (peak, n = 11) and 199 ± 6 d (late, n = 11) in milk. Early lactation biopsies were harvested from one group of cows and the peak and late biopsies from a second cohort. Milk yield (MY) was recorded at each milking and milk samples were collected for composition analysis. Mitochondrial efficiency was quantified as the respiratory control ratio (RCR), comparing maximal to resting respiration rates. Liver complex II RCR was positively associated with MY. Liver ROS emission increased across lactation whereas liver antioxidant activity was similar across lactation. No change was detected in skeletal muscle RCR or ROS emission, but muscle GPx activity decreased across lactation and muscle SOD was negatively associated with MY. Muscle oxidative damage was elevated at early and late lactation. Across lactation, genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis were upregulated in the liver. Our results indicate that during lactation, liver mitochondrial biogenesis and efficiency are increased, which is associated with greater milk yield. In contrast, the mitochondrial efficiency in skeletal muscle remains consistent across lactation, but undergoes oxidative damage, which is associated with reduced antioxidant activity.

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Sun, Yujia, Tianqi Zhao, Yaoyao Ma, Xinyi Wu, Yongjiang Mao, Zhangping Yang, and Hong Chen. "New Insight into Muscle-Type Cofilin (CFL2) as an Essential Mediator in Promoting Myogenic Differentiation in Cattle." Bioengineering 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9120729.

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Meat quality and meat composition are not separated from the influences of animal genetic improvement systems; the growth and development of skeletal muscle are the primary factors in agricultural meat production and meat quality. Though the muscle-type cofilin (CFL2) gene has a crucial influence on skeletal muscle fibers and other related functions, the epigenetic modification mechanism of the CFL2 gene regulating meat quality remains elusive. After exploring the spatiotemporal expression data of CFL2 gene in a group of samples from fetal bovine, calf, and adult cattle, we found that the level of CFL2 gene in muscle tissues increased obviously with cattle age, whereas DNA methylation levels of CFL2 gene in muscle tissues decreased significantly along with cattle age by BSP and COBRA, although DNA methylation levels and mRNA expression levels basically showed an opposite trend. In cell experiments, we found that bta-miR-183 could suppress primary bovine myoblast differentiation by negatively regulated CFL2. In addition, we packaged recombinant adenovirus vectors for CFL2 gene knockout and overexpression and found that the CFL2 gene could promote the differentiation of primary bovine myoblasts by regulating marker genes MYOD, MYOG and MYH3. Therefore, CFL2 is an essential mediator for promoting myogenic differentiation by regulating myogenic marker genes in cattle myoblasts.

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Yingxin Huang, Ali Hassan Nawaz, Abrar Hussain, and Yubin Li. "CircRNA: Its biogenesis and role in skeletal muscle development." International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2022.3.1.0081.

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Previously, circRNAs considered splicing errors during transcription, but recent studies uncovered that circRNA is a new group of noncoding RNAs. CircRNAs are produced through back splicing of pre mRNA and have more stability than linear RNA due to its closed loop structure. Numerous studies have unveiled the regulatory functions of circRNA in various biological mechanisms. Current literature has observed that circRNAs regulate the myogenesis of skeletal muscles through sponging miRNAs or acting as competitive endogenous RNA (CeRNA). Apart from myogenesis, it also regulates the functioning of different proteins at the molecular level and plays a key role during translation or protein encoding. All these facts have opened a new arena of research regarding the regulation of gene expression. This study aims to discuss the research advancements and new developments in the regulatory functions of circRNAs, including the development of skeletal muscle. This study also intends to discuss some newly discovered circRNAs involved in skeletal muscle development, especially in chicken and cattle.

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Yang, Xinran, Chugang Mei, Xinhao Ma, Jiawei Du, Jianfang Wang, and Linsen Zan. "m6A Methylases Regulate Myoblast Proliferation, Apoptosis and Differentiation." Animals 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12060773.

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N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays an important role in regulating gene expression. Previous studies found that m6A methylation affects skeletal muscle development. However, the effect of m6A methylases on bovine skeletal myogenesis is still unclear. Here, we found that the expression of m6A demethylases (FTO and ALKBH5) was significantly higher in the longissimus dorsi muscle of adult cattle than in newborn cattle. In contrast, the expression of m6A methyltransferases (METTL3, METTL14 and WTAP) was reduced. The mRNA expression of all five genes was found to be increased during the myogenesis of myoblasts in vitro. Knockdown of FTO or METTL3 promoted myoblast proliferation, inhibited myoblast apoptosis and suppressed myogenic differentiation, whereas ALKBH5 knockdown had the opposite effect. METTL14 knockdown enhanced myoblast proliferation and impaired myogenic differentiation. WTAP knockdown attenuated proliferation and contributed to apoptosis but did not affect differentiation. Furthermore, the functional domains of these five m6A methylases are conserved across species. Our results suggest that m6A methylases are involved in regulating skeletal muscle development and that there may be a complex network of m6A methylation regulating skeletal myogenesis.

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Baggerman, J., J. Hergenreder, and B. Johnson. "Activity of skeletal muscle satellite cells and shift of skeletal muscle fiber types over time in finishing cattle." Meat Science 112 (February 2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.159.

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Wang, Leshan, Chaoyang Li, Qianglin Liu, Yuxia Li, Peidong Gao, Xujia Zhang, Matthew Welborn, and Xing Fu. "PSV-A-10 Single-Cell Atlas of Bovine Skeletal Muscle Identifies Mechanisms Regulating Intramuscular Adipogenesis and Fibrogenesis." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.466.

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Abstract Human and mouse studies have shown that fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are a major source of intramuscular fat (IMF) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. IMF and ECM proteins directly influence the palatability of beef, suggesting an essential role of FAPs in beef quality determination, which is still largely unexplored. We performed single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) using cells isolated from full blood Wagyu and Brahman cattle and Wagyu/Brahman cross cattle, which identified 21 cell clusters representing FAPs, several endothelial cell types, vascular smooths muscle cells, satellite cells, muscle fibers, and multiple immune cell types. More abundant FAPs were identified in the muscle of Brahman cattle, while a larger number of endothelial cells were identified in the muscle of Wagyu cattle. Further analysis of FAPs identified multiple FAP subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and anatomic locations. GSEA analysis revealed adipogenic and fibrogenic FAP subpopulations. A comparison of FAP subpopulations among different breeds showed higher complement system activity in the adipogenic FAP subpopulation of Wagyu cattle. Forced activation of the complement system in FAPs enhanced their adipogenic efficiency in vitro. In addition, cell-cell communication analysis identified active interactions between FAPs and other cell types through direct contact and secreted factors, many of which may affect FAP activities. In conclusion, our study revealed the single-cell atlas of bovine skeletal muscle and identified mechanisms regulating bovine intramuscular adipogenesis and fibrogenesis.

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Walsh, F. S., and A. J. Celeste. "Myostatin: a modulator of skeletal-muscle stem cells." Biochemical Society Transactions 33, no. 6 (October 26, 2005): 1513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0331513.

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Myostatin, or GDF-8 (growth and differentiation factor-8), was first identified through sequence identity with members of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)/TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) superfamily. The skeletal-muscle-specific expression pattern of myostatin suggested a role in muscle development. Mice with a targeted deletion of the myostatin gene exhibit a hypermuscular phenotype. In addition, inactivating mutations in the myostatin gene have been identified in ‘double muscled’ cattle breeds, such as the Belgian Blue and Piedmontese, as well as in a hypermuscular child. These findings define myostatin as a negative regulator of skeletal-muscle development. Myostatin binds with high affinity to the receptor serine threonine kinase ActRIIB (activin type IIB receptor), which initiates signalling through a smad2/3-dependent pathway. In an effort to validate myostatin as a therapeutic target in a post-embryonic setting, a neutralizing antibody was developed by screening for inhibition of myostatin binding to ActRIIB. Administration of this antimyostatin antibody to adult mice resulted in a significant increase in both muscle mass and functional strength. Importantly, similar results were obtained in a murine model of muscular dystrophy, the mdx mouse. Unlike the myostatin-deficient animals, which exhibit both muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia, the antibody-treated mice demonstrate increased musculature through a hypertrophic mechanism. These results validate myostatin inhibition as a therapeutic approach to muscle wasting diseases such as muscular dystrophy, sarcopenic frailty of the elderly and amylotrophic lateral sclerosis.

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Cheng, Jie, Wenwen Peng, Xiukai Cao, Yongzhen Huang, Xianyong Lan, Chuzhao Lei, and Hong Chen. "Differential Expression of KCNJ12 Gene and Association Analysis of Its Missense Mutation with Growth Traits in Chinese Cattle." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050273.

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The potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 12 (KCNJ12) gene is a promising candidate for economic traits because of its crucial roles in myoblast development. Here, a missense mutation (Cys > Arg) was first detected to be located in exon 3 of KCNJ12 from three Chinese cattle breeds by DNA-pool sequencing. Then, we performed an association analysis of this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with stature in three Chinese cattle populations (n = 820). A significantly positive correlation was revealed by a reduced animal general linear model and the CC genotype was the most favorable in three breeds. Further, we measured the expression profile of the KCNJ12 gene in various cattle tissues and primary bovine skeletal muscle cells. Ubiquitous expression with high abundance in muscle was observed. Further, in primary bovine skeletal muscle cells, the KCNJ12 mRNA expression was gradually up-regulated in differentiation medium (DM) compared with that in growth medium (GM), suggesting that the KCNJ12 gene is involved in bovine myocyte differentiation. Conclusively, the KCNJ12 gene is a functional candidate gene which can be used as a molecular marker for cattle breeding.

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Berry, Carole, Mark Thomas, Brett Langley, Mridula Sharma, and Ravi Kambadur. "Single cysteine to tyrosine transition inactivates the growth inhibitory function of Piedmontese myostatin." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 283, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): C135—C141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00458.2001.

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Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is a secreted growth factor that is proteolytically processed to give COOH-terminal mature myostatin and NH2-terminal latency-associated peptide in myoblasts. Piedmontese cattle are a heavy-muscled breed that express a mutated form of myostatin in which cysteine (313) is substituted with tyrosine. Here we have characterized the biology of this mutated Piedmontese myostatin. Northern and Western analyses indicate that there is increased expression of myostatin mRNA and precursor myostatin protein in the skeletal muscle of Piedmontese cattle. In contrast, a decrease in mature myostatin was observed in Piedmontese skeletal muscle. However, there is no detectable change in the circulatory levels of mature myostatin in Piedmontese cattle. Myoblast proliferation assay performed with normal and Piedmontese myostatin indicated that mature wild-type myostatin protein inhibited the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts. Piedmontese myostatin, by contrast, failed to inhibit myoblast proliferation. In addition, when added in molar excess, Piedmontese myostatin acted as a potent “competitive inhibitor” molecule. These results indicate that, in Piedmontese myostatin, substitution of cysteine with tyrosine results in the distortion of the “cystine knot” structure and a loss of biological activity of the myostatin. This mutation also appears to affect either processing or stability of mature myostatin without altering the secretion of myostatin.

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Roths, Melissa S., Megan A. Abeyta, Tori Rudolph, Brittany Wilson, Matthew B. Hudson, Robert P. Rhoads, Lance H. Baumgard, and Joshua T. Selsby. "PSVII-6 Effects of heat stress on proteolysis in dairy cattle skeletal muscle." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.298.

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Abstract Heat stress (HS) occurs when internal body temperatures are elevated above a thermoneutral zone in response to extreme environmental temperatures. In the U.S. dairy industry, HS results in economic loss due to decreased feed intake, milk quality, and milk yield. Previous work has demonstrated increased plasma urea nitrogen in heat stressed dairy cattle which is thought to originate from increased skeletal muscle proteolysis, however this has not been empirically established. The objective of this investigation was to determine the extent to which HS promotes proteolysis in skeletal muscle of dairy cattle. We hypothesized HS would increase activation of the calpain and proteasome systems in skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, following a 3-d acclimation period in individual box stalls, all lactating dairy cows were held under thermoneutral (TN) conditions for 4-d for collection of baseline measures and then exposed to TN or HS conditions for 7-d followed by a biopsy of semitendinosus (n=8/group). To induce HS, cattle were fitted with electric heating blankets, which they wore for the duration of the heating period. This approach increased rectal temperature 1.1°C (P< 0.05), respiratory rate by 33 bpm (P< 0.05), plasma urea nitrogen by 19% (P=0.08) and milk urea nitrogen by 26% (P< 0.05), and decreased dry matter intake by 32% (P< 0.05) and milk production by 26% (P< 0.05) confirming HS. Contrary to our expectations, we discovered that calpain I and II abundance and activation, and calpain activity were similar between groups. Likewise, protein expression of E3 ligases, MafBx and Murf1, were similar between groups as was total ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome activity. Collectively, and counter to our hypothesis, these results suggest skeletal muscle proteolysis is not increased following 7-d of HS. These data question the presumed dogma that increased blood urea nitrogen is due to elevated proteolysis in skeletal muscle.

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Daulay, Winni Liani, Putri Indah Ningtias, Cece Sumantri, and Jakaria Jakaria. "Expression of Myostatin Gene in Belgian Blue and Ongole Grade Crossbred Cattle." Buletin Peternakan 46, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i1.69784.

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Investigating Myostatin (MSTN) as a potent inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth and development to produce excessive muscles is extremely essential for livestock breeding. This study aimed to analyze the expression of the MSTN gene and its relationships with genotype and phenotype (normal-muscled vs double-muscled) of Belgian Blue (BB) x Ongole Grade (PO) crossbred cattle. For that purpose, 12 animals from BB, PO, BB x PO F1, and BB x PO F2 cattle (3 animals each) raised at Balai Embrio Ternak (BET) Cipelang Bogor, West Java were used for blood sample collection. Genotyping analysis was performed using the PCR-RFLP method withprimer F: 5’-CTC TTC TTT CCT TTC CAT ACA GAC-3’ and R: 5’-AGG GGA AGA CCT TCC ATG TT-3’, while the MSTN gene expression was analyzed using the qPCR technique. As results, three genotypes: del.11/del.11, +/del.11, and +/+ were detected. The del.11/del.11 genotype, which showed a double-muscled phenotype was found in BB cattle and BB x PO F2 cattle. The +/del.11 genotype was found in BB x PO F1 cattle and BB x PO F2 cattle. The +/+ genotype, which showed a normal phenotype was only detected in PO cattle. There was a significant difference of the MSTN gene expression in the sampled animals among genotypes and between phenotypes (normal-muscled vs double muscled). The MSTN expression in animals with del.11/del.11 genotype was higher than that in animals with +/del11 and +/+ genotypes (P<0.05). Animals with +/+ genotype showed the lowest MSTN expression. It was concluded that double-muscled animals showed higher MSTN expression than normal-muscled animals.

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Bodnaruk, V. Y., A. J. Zhmur, L. I. Muzyka, Y. G. Kropyvka, P. V. Bodnar, J. V. Pоslavska, and T. V. Orihivsjkyj. "Isoenzymes spectrum of genes expression of cattle in different directions of productivity." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 89 (November 11, 2018): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8912.

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While studying the peculiarities of the species of genetic structure of cattle, depending on the direction of productivity, one can predict, that there may be certain mechanisms that have an intermediate role between the genetically determined polymorphism of biochemical markers and the variability of complexity of the signs of productivity. One of such mechanism may be the variability of the “biochemical phenotype” of different organs – a number of organ-specific isoenzymetric spectra of genetic-biochemical systems. In this regard, in this experiment organ-specific peculiarities of the isoenzyme spectrum of various enzymes in animals of dairy and meat production were considered. For this experiment, samples of meat, and then dairy animals in pairs were placed in the electrophoretic block in the following order: lungs, heart muscle, spleen, skeletal muscle and liver. The features of the organ-specific isoenzyme spectrum of the enzymes of the general intracellular metabolism are breed and species specific. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the organ-specific spectrum of isoenzymes of various genetic-biochemical systems in these studies was performed on a small number of animals (3–5 heads). The features of the isoenzyme spectrum were evaluated by genetically-determined polymorphisms of groups of genetic-biochemical systems. Experiments were carried out on samples of homogenates of organs obtained with the addition of trilon-B. Polymorphism of enzymes was evaluated using a method of electrophoretic protein separation in 13% starch gel in horizontal chambers with subsequent histochemical staining. These searches indicate the presence of pronounced organospecificity of the isoenzyme spectrum of purinucleoside phosphorylase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase in cattle. The intraspecific differences of the organ-specific isoenzyme spectrum were revealed. It has been shown that the expression of the genetic and biochemical systems under investigation is significantly different in cattle of dairy and meat production lines in the cardiac and skeletal muscles. The “biochemical phenotype” of the heart muscle and skeletal muscle of dairy cattle is significantly different from the livestock of the meat production direction. Such studies may lead to the identification of characteristic genotypes in a complex of genetic-biochemical systems, which are closely related to the corresponding complex of economic benefits.

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Walsh, Sean, E. Jeffrey Metter, Luigi Ferrucci, and Stephen M. Roth. "Activin-type II receptor B (ACVR2B) and follistatin haplotype associations with muscle mass and strength in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 6 (June 2007): 2142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01322.2006.

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Genetic variation in myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle, in cattle has shown remarkable influence on skeletal muscle, resulting in a double-muscled phenotype in certain breeds; however, DNA sequence variation within this gene in humans has not been consistently associated with skeletal muscle mass or strength. Follistatin and activin-type II receptor B ( ACVR2B) are two myostatin-related genes involved in the regulation and signaling of myostatin. We sought to identify associations between genetic variation and haplotype structure in both follistatin and ACVR2B with skeletal muscle-related phenotypes. Three hundred fifteen men and 278 women aged 19–90 yr from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were genotyped to determine respective haplotype groupings (Hap Groups) based on HapMap data. Whole body soft tissue composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Quadriceps peak torque (strength) was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Women carriers of ACVR2B Hap Group 1 exhibited significantly less quadriceps muscle strength (shortening phase) than women homozygous for Hap Group 2 (109.2 ± 1.9 vs. 118.6 ± 4.1 N·m, 30°/s, respectively, P = 0.036). No significant association was observed in men. Male carriers of follistatin Hap Group 3 exhibited significantly less total leg fat-free mass than noncarriers (16.6 ± 0.3 vs. 17.5 ± 0.2 kg, respectively, P = 0.012). No significant associations between these haplotype groups were observed in women. These results indicate that haplotype structure at the ACVR2B and follistatin loci may contribute to interindividual variation in skeletal muscle mass and strength, although these data indicate sex-specific relationships.

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Beckett, L., R. Rosemond, B. Renquist, and R. R. White. "Technical note: A muscle biopsy technique for stratifying cattle by skeletal muscle metabolic activity." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 4 (April 2019): 3136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15118.

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Carraro, L., S. Ferraresso, B. Cardazzo, C. Romualdi, C. Montesissa, F. Gottardo, T. Patarnello, M. Castagnaro, and L. Bargelloni. "Expression profiling of skeletal muscle in young bulls treated with steroidal growth promoters." Physiological Genomics 38, no. 2 (July 2009): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00014.2009.

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Dexamethasone (Dex), alone or in association with estrogens, is often illegally administered per os at very low dosage as a growth promoter in beef cattle, with effects that are opposite to the muscle wasting and atrophy induced by repeated administration at therapeutic dosages. In vitro and in vivo studies have investigated the catabolic effects of Dex at therapeutic doses on skeletal muscle, demonstrating an increase in the expression of GDF8 (myostatin) gene, a well-known negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, in a dose-dependent way. This suggested a direct role of myostatin in Dex-induced muscle wasting. In the present study, an oligonucleotide microarray platform was used to compare expression profiles of beef cattle muscle in animals treated with either Dex or Dex plus 17-β estradiol (Estr) administered at subtherapeutic dosage, against untreated controls. Data analysis demonstrates that the expression profiles were strongly affected by Dex treatment with hundreds of genes upregulated with relevant fold-change, whereas seven genes were downregulated including the myostatin gene. On the contrary, the number of differentially regulated genes was lower in response to the addition of Estr to the Dex treatment. Differentially regulated genes were analyzed to describe the effects of these treatments on muscle physiology, highlighting the importance of specific pathways (e.g., Wnt or cytokine signaling) and cellular processes (e.g., cell shape and motility). Finally, the observed differences in the expression profile will allow the development of indirect bio-markers to detect illegal Dex treatments in beef cattle using quantitative RT-PCR.

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Stanisic, N., M. Petricevic, D. Zivkovic, M. M. Petrovic, D. Ostojic-Andric, S. Aleksic, and S. Stajic. "Changes of physical-chemical properties of beef during 14 days of chilling." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 1 (2012): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1201077s.

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The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of conditioning time (during 14 days of ageing at +4?C) on physicochemical properties of two cattle skeletal muscles. Investigations were conducted on the m. longissimus dorsi (n=9) and m. gluteus medius (n=9) of Domestic Spotted breed. Muscle analyses were carried out 1st, 7th and 14th day post mortem, during storage at +4?C. Colour (CIE L

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De Biase, D., C. Pirozzi, F. Prisco, I. Cimmino, G. Piegari, G. Mattace Raso, F. Oriente, S. Papparella, and O. Paciello. "NLRP3 inflammasome expression in brain and skeletal muscle of aged cattle." Journal of Comparative Pathology 166 (January 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.021.

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Suardi, Silvia, Chiara Vimercati, Cristina Casalone, Daniela Gelmetti, Cristiano Corona, Barbara Iulini, Maria Mazza, et al. "Infectivity in Skeletal Muscle of Cattle with Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy." PLoS ONE 7, no. 2 (February 21, 2012): e31449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031449.

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Wang, Yong-Hong, Keren A. Byrne, Antonio Reverter, Gregory S. Harper, Masaaki Taniguchi, Sean M. McWilliam, Hideyuki Mannen, Kenji Oyama, and Sigrid A. Lehnert. "Transcriptional profiling of skeletal muscle tissue from two breeds of cattle." Mammalian Genome 16, no. 3 (March 2005): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-004-2419-8.

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Li, Chaoyang, Qianglin Liu, Matt Welborn, Leshan Wang, Yuxia Li, Buhao Deng, Kenneth McMillin, and Xing Fu. "PSIV-6 Differential gene expression of fibro/adipogenic progenitors between Wagyu and Brahman cattle: A possible contribution to their different meat quality." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.553.

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Abstract The amount of intramuscular fat directly influences the meat quality. However, significant differences in the ability to accumulate intramuscular fat are present among different beef cattle breeds. While Wagyu, a cattle breed that originated from Japan, is renowned for abundant intramuscular fat, Brahman cattle generally have very little intramuscular fat accumulation and produce tougher meat. We identified that bovine intramuscular fat is derived from a group of bipotent progenitor cells named fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) which also give rise to fibroblasts. Thus, the variation in intramuscular fat development between Wagyu and Brahman is likely attributed to the difference in FAPs between these two breeds. In order to understand the gene expression difference between FAPs of the two breeds, single-cell RNA-seq was performed using total single-nucleated cells isolated from the longissimus muscle of young purebred Wagyu, purebred Brahman, and Wagyu-Brahman cross cattle. FAPs constitute the largest single-nucleated cell population in both Wagyu and Brahman skeletal muscle. Multiple subpopulations of FAPs with different gene expression profiles were identified, suggesting that FAP is a heterogeneous population. A unique FAP cluster expressing lower levels of fibrillar collagen and extracellular remodeling enzyme genes but higher levels of select proadipogenic genes was identified exclusively in Wagyu skeletal muscle, which likely contributes to the robust intramuscular adipogenic efficiency of Wagyu FAPs. In conclusion, the difference in the cellular composition and gene expression of FAPs between Wagyu and Brahman cattle likely contribute to their distinct meat quality.

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Su, Xiaotong, Yanfang Zhao, Yaning Wang, Le Zhang, Linsen Zan, and Hongbao Wang. "Overexpression of the Rybp Gene Inhibits Differentiation of Bovine Myoblasts into Myotubes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 2082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19072082.

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RING1 and YY1 binding protein (Rybp) genes inhibit myogenesis in mice, but there are no reports on the effects of these genes in cattle. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of the Rybp gene on bovine skeletal muscle development and myoblast differentiation. In the present study, the Rybp gene was overexpressed in bovine myoblasts via adenovirus. RNA-seq was performed to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The results showed that overexpressing the Rybp gene inhibits the formation of myotubes. The morphological differences in myoblasts began on the second day and were very significant 6 days after adenovirus induction. A total of 1311 (707 upregulated and 604 downregulated) DEGs were screened using RNA-seq between myoblasts with added negative control adenoviruses (AD-NC) and Rybp adenoviruses (AD-Rybp) after 6 days of induction. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis revealed that the downregulated DEGs were mainly involved in biological functions related to muscle, and, of the 32 pathways, those associated with muscle development were significantly enriched for the identified DEGs. This study can not only provide a theoretical basis for the regulation of skeletal muscle development in cattle by exploring the roles of the Rybp gene in myoblast differentiation, but it can also lay a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of beef cattle.

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Ely, Ray W., and J. Carl Fox. "Elevated IgG Antibody to Sarcocystis Cruzi Associated with Eosinophilic Myositis in Cattle." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, no. 1 (January 1989): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100115.

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Blood sera, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle from 24 bovine carcasses condemned for eosinophilic myositis by US Department of Agriculture meat inspection veterinarians were compared with similar specimens from 35 random carcasses passed for human consumption. Fluorescence values determined by using a fluorometric immunoassay system were used to measure the specific antibodies to Sarcocystis cruzi. The values were significantly elevated in carcasses condemned for eosinophilic myositis as compared to carcasses passed for human consumption. The elevated fluorescence values appeared to be more than coincidental, suggesting that S. cruzi may be a causative agent of eosinophilic myositis. Microscopic examination of affected muscle revealed lesions typical of eosinophilic myositis. Lesions were characterized by extensive multifocal areas of myofiber hyaline degeneration, necrosis with sarcoplasmic fragmentation, mineralization of occasional myofibers, and atrophy of fibers with varied stages of fibrosis. Inflammatory cell exudates were predominantly eosinophils, with some macrophages and lymphocytes, and extravasated erythrocytes within, and adjacent to, affected myofibers. Affected muscles contained more S. cruzi than unaffected muscle from passed carcasses. However, a distinct cause and effect relationship could not be determined between the parasite and the presence of eosinophilic myositis.

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Costa, Thais Correia, Min Du, Karolina Batista Nascimento, Matheus Castilho Galvão, Javier Andrés Moreno Meneses, Erica Beatriz Schultz, Mateus Pies Gionbelli, and Marcio de Souza Duarte. "Skeletal Muscle Development in Postnatal Beef Cattle Resulting from Maternal Protein Restriction during Mid-Gestation." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030860.

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We aimed to investigate the effects of maternal protein restriction during mid-gestation on the skeletal muscle composition of the offspring. In the restriction treatment (RES, n = 9), cows were fed a basal diet, while in the control (CON, n = 9) group cows received the same RES diet plus the protein supplement during mid-gestation (100–200d). Samples of Longissimus dorsi muscle were collected from the offspring at 30d and 450d postnatal. Muscle fiber number was found to be decreased as a result of maternal protein restriction and persisted throughout the offspring’s life (p < 0.01). The collagen content was enhanced (p < 0.05) due to maternal protein restriction at 30d. MHC2X mRNA expression tended to be higher (p = 0.08) in RES 30d offspring, however, no difference (p > 0.05) was found among treatments at 450d. Taken together, our results suggest that maternal protein restriction during mid-gestation has major and persistent effects by reducing muscle fiber formation and may slightly increase collagen accumulation in the skeletal muscle of the offspring. Although maternal protein restriction may alter the muscle fiber metabolism by favoring the establishment of a predominant glycolytic metabolism, the postnatal environment may be a determinant factor that establishes the different proportion of muscle fiber types.

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Choi, Jae-Young, KyeongHye Won, Seungwoo Son, Donghyun Shin, and Jae-Don Oh. "Comparison of characteristics of long noncoding RNA in Hanwoo according to sex." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0533.

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Objective: Cattle were some of the first animals domesticated by humans for the production of milk, meat, etc. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is defined as longer than 200 bp in non-protein coding transcripts. lncRNA is known to function in regulating gene expression and is currently being studied in a variety of livestock including cattle. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of lncRNA according to sex in Hanwoo cattle.Methods: This study was conducted using the skeletal muscles of 9 Hanwoo cattle include bulls, steers and cows. RNA was extracted from skeletal muscle of Hanwoo. Sequencing was conducted using Illumina HiSeq2000 and mapped to the Bovine Taurus genome. The expression levels of lncRNAs were measured by DEGseq and quantitative trait loci (QTL) data base was used to identify QTLs associated with lncRNA. The python script was used to match the nearby genesResults: In this study, the expression patterns of transcripts of bulls, steers and cows were identified. And we identified significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs in bulls, steers and cows. In addition, characteristics of lncRNA which express differentially in muscles according to the sex of Hanwoo were identified. As a result, we found differentially expressed lncRNAs according to sex were related to shear force and body weight.Conclusion: This study was classified and characterized lncRNA which differentially expressed by sex in Hanwoo cattle. We believe that the characterization of lncRNA by sex of Hanwoo will be helpful for future studies of the physiological mechanisms of Hanwoo cattle.

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Deters, E. L., and S. L. Hansen. "Long-distance transit alters liver and skeletal muscle physiology of beef cattle." animal 16, no. 6 (June 2022): 100555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100555.

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Kurkela, P., and E. Kääntee. "The Selenium Content of Skeletal (Gluteal) Muscle of Finnish Reindeer and Cattle." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 26, no. 3 (May 13, 2010): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1979.tb00804.x.

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Mascarello, Francesco, and Roberta Sacchetto. "Structural study of skeletal muscle fibres in healthy and pseudomyotonia affected cattle." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 207 (September 2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2016.05.002.

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Goldkamp, Anna K., Yahan Li, Rocio M. Rivera, and Darren Hagen. "22 Characterization of tRNA Expression Profiles in Large Offspring Syndrome." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.022.

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Abstract Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) have been associated with Large Offspring Syndrome (LOS) in cattle. Some DMRs overlap transfer RNA (tRNA) gene clusters, potentially altering tRNA expression patterns uniquely by treatment group or tissue type. tRNAs are classified as adapter molecules, serving a key role in the translational machinery implementing genetic code. Variation in tRNA expression has been identified in several disease pathways suggesting an important role in the regulation of biological processes. tRNAs also serve as a source of small non-coding RNAs. To better understand the role of tRNA expression in LOS, total RNA was extracted from skeletal muscle and liver of 105-day fetuses and the tRNAs sequenced. Although there are nearly three times the number of tRNA genes in cattle as compared to human (1,659 vs 597), there is a shared occurrence of transcriptionally silent tRNA genes in both species. This study detected expression of 474 and 487 bovine tRNA genes in skeletal muscle and liver, respectively, with the remainder being very lowly expressed or transcriptionally silent. Eleven tRNA isodecoders are transcriptionally silent in both skeletal muscle and liver and another isodecoder is silent in the liver (SerGGA). Further, the highest expressed isodecoders differ by treatment or tissue type with roughly half correlated to codon frequency. While the absence of certain isodecoders may be relieved by wobble base pairing, missing tRNA species could likely increase the likelihood of mistranslation or mRNA degradation. Differential expression of tissue- and treatment-specific tRNA genes may modulate translation during protein homeostasis or cellular stress, altering regulatory products targeting genes associated with overgrowth in skeletal muscle and/or tumor development in the liver of LOS individuals.

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Abreu, Camila C., Erin E. Edwards, John F. Edwards, Philippa M. Gibbons, Jeann Leal de Araújo, Raquel R. Rech, and Francisco A. Uzal. "Blackleg in cattle: A case report of fetal infection and a literature review." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29, no. 5 (June 9, 2017): 612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717713796.

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Clostridium chauvoei causes blackleg in cattle. The disease has been reported worldwide, and although it can be prevented by vaccination, sporadic cases and occasional outbreaks still occur. We describe a case of blackleg in a 2-y-old, pregnant Gyr cow with in utero transmission to the fetus. The cow had characteristic gross and microscopic lesions of blackleg including widespread necrohemorrhagic and emphysematous skeletal and myocardial myositis, and fibrinous pericarditis. Her uterus contained a near-term, markedly emphysematous fetus with skeletal muscle and myocardial lesions similar to those seen in the dam. Histopathology of dam and fetal tissues revealed numerous gram-positive bacilli, many of them with sub-terminal spores, in multiple tissues. These bacilli were identified as C. chauvoei by immunohistochemistry. Anaerobic culture and fluorescent antibody tests performed on skeletal muscle from both the dam and fetus were positive for C. chauvoei, confirming a diagnosis of blackleg. Blackleg is a so-called endogenous infection, and the currently accepted pathogenesis involves ingestion of spores that are transported to muscle tissues where they lie dormant until anaerobiosis prompts germination. Germinating bacteria are histotoxic, producing severe, local necrosis and ultimately lethal toxemia. This model, however, has not been confirmed experimentally and also fails to explain some cases of the disease. A presumptive diagnosis of blackleg is based on clinical, gross, and histologic findings. Diagnostic confirmation necessitates the detection of C. chauvoei by culture, PCR, or immunodetection methods.

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Huang, Chun, Rongfeng Dai, Guangyao Meng, Renqing Dingkao, Xingdong Wang, Wenwen Ren, Xiaoming Ma, et al. "Transcriptome-Wide Study of mRNAs and lncRNAs Modified by m6A RNA Methylation in the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Development of Cattle-Yak." Cells 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 3654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11223654.

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Cattle-yak is a hybrid F1 generation of cattle and yak, which has a history of more than 3000 years and has shown better production performance and higher economic benefits than those of yaks. However, up to now, there has been no study on the transcriptome-wide m6A methylation profile of bovine skeletal muscle and its potential biological function during muscle development. Here, we observed significant changes in the expression levels of muscle-related marker genes and methylation-related enzymes during the development of cattle-yak, and the overall m6A content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of 18-month-old cattle-yak decreased significantly. A total of 36,602 peaks, 11,223 genes and 8388 lncRNAs were identified in the two groups, including 2989 differential peaks (427 up-regulated peaks and 2562 down-regulated peaks), 1457 differentially expressed genes (833 up-regulated genes and 624 down-regulated genes) and 857 differentially expressed lncRNAs (293 up-regulated lncRNAs and 564 down-regulated lncRNAs). GO and KEGG analysis revealed that they were significantly enriched in some muscle-related pathways (Wnt signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway) and high-altitude adaptation-related pathway (HIF-1 signaling pathway). Moreover, m6A abundance was positively correlated with gene expression levels, while it was negatively correlated with lncRNA expression levels. This indicates that m6A modification played an important role in the Longissimus dorsi muscle development of cattle-yak; however, the regulation mechanism of m6A-modified mRNA and lncRNA may be different. This study was the first report of transcriptome-wide m6A-modified mRNAs and lncRNAs atlas in the Longissimus dorsi muscle development of cattle-yak, one which will provide new perspectives for genetic improvement in bovines.

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Morissette, Michael R., Stuart A. Cook, Cattleya Buranasombati, Michael A. Rosenberg, and Anthony Rosenzweig. "Myostatin inhibits IGF-I-induced myotube hypertrophy through Akt." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 297, no. 5 (November 2009): 1124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00043.2009.

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Myostatin is a highly conserved negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Loss of functional myostatin in cattle, mice, sheep, dogs, and humans results in increased muscle mass. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this increase in muscle growth are not fully understood. Previously, we have reported that phenylephrine-induced cardiac muscle growth and Akt activation are enhanced in myostatin knockout mice compared with controls. Here we report that skeletal muscle from myostatin knockout mice show increased Akt protein expression and overall activity at baseline secondary to an increase in Akt mRNA. We examined the functional role of myostatin modulation of Akt in C2C12 myotubes, a well-established in vitro model of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Adenoviral overexpression of myostatin attenuated the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-mediated increase in myotube diameter, as well as IGF-I-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Inhibition of myostatin by overexpression of the NH2-terminal portion of myostatin was sufficient to increase myotube diameter and Akt phosphorylation. Coexpression of myostatin and constitutively active Akt (myr-Akt) restored the increase in myotube diameter. Conversely, expression of dominant negative Akt (dn-Akt) with the inhibitory myostatin propeptide blocked the increase in myotube diameter. Of note, ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation and atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F box mRNA were increased in skeletal muscle from myostain knockout mice. Together, these data suggest myostatin regulates muscle growth at least in part through regulation of Akt.

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Gerrard, D. E., and A. L. Grant. "Insulin-like growth factor-II expression in developing skeletal muscle of double muscled and normal cattle." Domestic Animal Endocrinology 11, no. 4 (October 1994): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(94)90005-1.

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ISHII, Takashi, Hohshoh KIYOHARA, Katsunosuke MITANI, and Hajime MIYAMOTO. "Variance of Cross-sectional Areas of Muscle Fibers among Sampling Positions in Skeletal Muscles of Cattle." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 66, no. 5 (1995): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.66.399.

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Yang, Ge, Mingli Wu, Xinqi Liu, Fuwen Wang, Mei Li, Xiaoya An, Fuxia Bai, Chuzhao Lei, and Ruihua Dang. "MiR-24-3p Conservatively Regulates Muscle Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis by Targeting Common Gene CAMK2B in Rat and Cattle." Animals 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040505.

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Skeletal muscle plays an important role in the growth and development of meat animals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can participate in the regulation of muscle development-related functions; however, there have been few reports on whether there are related miRNAs that conservatively regulate muscle development among different species. In this study, the miRNA transcriptome sequencing data of the muscle tissue of cattle, rat, goat, and pig showed that miR-24-3p may conservatively regulate muscle development in these species. Furthermore, mmu-miR-24-3p can positively regulate C2C12 cell proliferation and apoptosis by regulating key proliferation and apoptosis genes in muscle development, which was verified by CCK-8 and RT-qPCR. Bta-miR-24-3p can also positively regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of bovine muscle primary cells by regulating key proliferation and apoptosis genes in the process of muscle development, as verified by CCK-8 and RT-qPCR. The target genes of miR-24-3p in cattle, rat, goat, and pig, which include a large proportion of target genes shared among the four species, are enriched in multiple cell functions and signal pathways that are closely related to muscle development, as revealed by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. A double luciferase test showed that the shared target genes WNT4, CAMK2B, and TCF7 were targeted by mmu-miR-24-3p in rat and bta-miR-24-3p in cattle. These three shared target genes WNT4, CAMK2B, and TCF7 are involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, which showed that miR-24-3p plays an important role in rat and cattle. The shared target gene (CAMK2B) in rat and cattle increased significantly after the inhibition of miR-24-3p by RT-qPCR. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the role of miR-24-3p in the regulation of muscle development.

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Zhang, Danyang, Jiawei Xu, Peng Yang, Yifan Wen, Hua He, Jiaxiao Li, Juntong Liang, et al. "Genetic variant of <i>SPARC</i> gene and its association with growth traits in Chinese cattle." Archives Animal Breeding 63, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-63-31-2020.

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Abstract. SPARC is a cysteine-rich acidic secreted protein. It is a non-collagen component of bone, which is widely distributed in humans and animals and plays an important role. SPARC has been found in a variety of human cancers (breast cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, etc.) and diabetes-related research. Especially the muscle and fat metabolism are closely related. In this study, we used a DNA pool to detect a new SNP site (g.12454T > C). A total of 616 samples of four breeds of Qinchuan cattle (QC, n=176), Xianan cattle (XN, n=160), Pinan cattle (PN, n=136) and Jiaxian cattle (JX, n=144) were analyzed and identified with ARMS-PCR. In addition, we correlated SNP with growth traits and showed significant correlation with growth traits such as rump length, hip width, and body length (p<0.05). Moreover, we tested the SPARC gene expression level in different tissues belonging to XN adult cattle (n=3) and found its high expression in muscle tissues (relative to the kidney). Further, we found the SNP is able to increase the SPARC expression level in skeletal muscle (n=12). According to statistical data, this SNP site may be applied to a molecular marker of an early marker-assisted selection for early growth of beef cattle.

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Carmo, Priscila M. S., Luiz Francisco Irigoyen, Ricardo B. Lucena, Rafael A. Fighera, Glaucia D. Kommers, and Claudio S. L. Barros. "Spontaneous coffee senna poisoning in cattle: report on 16 outbreaks." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31, no. 2 (February 2011): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2011000200008.

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Sixteen outbreaks of Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) that occurred in cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were reviewed. The great majority (75%) of the outbreaks occurred in adult cattle at pasture during the autumn and winter months with 50% in May, evidencing a striking seasonality. Mortality rates varied from 4.2% to 55.2% and cattle died 2 days up to 2 weeks after showing clinical signs that included dry feces (occasionally diarrhea), muscle weakness, reluctance to move, tachypnea, instability of the hind limbs with dragging of the toes, tremors in muscles of the thighs, neck, and head, ear dropping, sternal recumbency, lateral recumbency and death. Myoglobinuria characterized by a dark red or black discolored urine was a consistent finding in cattle affected at pasture but not in those poisoned by ration contaminated with coffee senna beans. Creatine phosphokinase serum activity was marked ly elevated. Main gross changes observed in 23 necropsies involved skeletal muscles of the hind limbs. These changes consisted of varying degrees of paleness of muscle groups. Subepicardial and subendocardial hemorrhages were present in the hearts of all affected cattle. Histologically a segmental degenerative myopathy of striated muscles was present in every case and had a multifocal polyphasic or monophasic character. Myocardial (3/23), hepatic (3/13), renal (3/10), and splenic (1/6) microscopic lesions were observed occasionally. Myocardial lesions were mild and consisted of vacuolation of cardiomyocytes or focal fibrosis. Hepatic changes consisted of diffuse hepatocelular vacuolation, cytosegrosomes within hepatocytes, and individual hepatocellular necrosis. Kidneys had vacuolar degeneration of tubular epithelium associated with acidophilic casts (proteinosis) within tubular lumina. In the spleen there was marked necrosis of lymphocytes of the white pulp. No histological changes were found in the brains of 13 affected cattle. The data of this study suggest that coffee senna poisoning is an important cause of death in cattle in southern Brazil.

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Mohammadabadi, Mohammadreza, Farhad Bordbar, Just Jensen, Min Du, and Wei Guo. "Key Genes Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development and Growth in Farm Animals." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030835.

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Farm-animal species play crucial roles in satisfying demands for meat on a global scale, and they are genetically being developed to enhance the efficiency of meat production. In particular, one of the important breeders’ aims is to increase skeletal muscle growth in farm animals. The enhancement of muscle development and growth is crucial to meet consumers’ demands regarding meat quality. Fetal skeletal muscle development involves myogenesis (with myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion), fibrogenesis, and adipogenesis. Typically, myogenesis is regulated by a convoluted network of intrinsic and extrinsic factors monitored by myogenic regulatory factor genes in two or three phases, as well as genes that code for kinases. Marker-assisted selection relies on candidate genes related positively or negatively to muscle development and can be a strong supplement to classical selection strategies in farm animals. This comprehensive review covers important (candidate) genes that regulate muscle development and growth in farm animals (cattle, sheep, chicken, and pig). The identification of these genes is an important step toward the goal of increasing meat yields and improves meat quality.

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De Biase, Davide, Giuseppe Piegari, Francesco Prisco, Ilaria Cimmino, Ilaria d’Aquino, Valeria Baldassarre, Francesco Oriente, Serenella Papparella, and Orlando Paciello. "Implication of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Bovine Age-Related Sarcopenia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 3609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073609.

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Sarcopenia is defined as the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sarcopenia are still not completely understood. The aim of this work was to evaluate, for the first time, the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in bovine skeletal muscle in order to investigate the hypothesis that inflammasome activation may trigger and sustain a pro-inflammatory environment leading to sarcopenia. Samples of skeletal muscle were collected from 60 cattle belonging to three age-based groups. Morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis were performed to assess the presence of age-related pathologic changes and chronic inflammation, the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and to determine the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in muscle tissue. Our results revealed the presence of morphologic sarcopenia hallmark, chronic lymphocytic inflammation and a type II fibers-selective NLRP3 expression associated to a significant decreased number of immunolabeled-fibers in aged animals. Moreover, we found a statistically significant age-related increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 suggesting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Taken together, our data suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome components may be normally expressed in skeletal muscle, but its priming and activation during aging may contribute to enhance a pro-inflammatory environment altering normal muscular anabolism and metabolism.

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Rhoads, Robert P., Lance H. Baumgard, and Lidan Zhao. "The Physiology of Heat Stress: A Shift in Metabolic Priorities at the Systemic and Cellular Levels." Ceiba 54, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ceiba.v54i1.2778.

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At the onset of heat stress, cattle initiate a series of whole body adaptations in an effort to cope with and dissipate additional heat load. These include well-known physiological changes such as increased respiration rate and sweating rate and decreased feed intake. Environmentally induced hyperthermia in ruminants depresses production as a consequence of reduced feed intake but it is unclear how shifts in metabolism may further affect production performance and physiological acclimation. Our evidence indicates that cattle experiencing heat stress do not appear to engage metabolic and glucose-sparing adaptations consistent with their plane of nutrition. In this context, the liver is uniquely positioned to direct exogenously and endogenously derived nutrients for use by other metabolically active tissues such as the mammary gland and skeletal muscle. Despite the prominent role of the liver in whole-body metabolism, alterations in the molecular mechanisms leading to hepatic adaptation during heat challenge are unclear. We are using management tools and metabolic modifiers, such as bovine somatotropin, in an attempt to better understand and improve hepatic function during heat stress. Because a large proportion of an animal’s mass is comprised of skeletal muscle, alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism and function can have a profound impact on whole-animal energy metabolism and nutrient homeostasis especially during periods of stress. We have initiated studies to understand how hyperthermia influences the set points of several metabolic pathways within skeletal muscle. It appears that during heat stress bovine skeletal muscle experiences mitochondrial dysfunction leading to impaired cellular energy status. Finally, investigations into adipose tissue metabolism demonstrate impaired lipolytic functions likely due to a refractory nature to adrenergic stimuli. Taken together, this may have broad implications for the reduced production and heat intolerance seen during heat stress especially if tissue(s) are not able to make necessary contributions to whole-body energy homeostasis. Accurately understanding the biological mechanism(s) by which thermal stress reduces animal performance is critical for developing novel approaches (i.e. genetic, managerial and nutritional) to preserve growth and lactation especially given the critical importance of nutrients, such as glucose, to animal production and well being in these situations.

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Cesar, A. S. M., J. M. Reecy, L. C. A. Regitano, M. D. Poleto, S. C. S. Andrade, P. C. Tizioto, P. S. N. Oliveira, et al. "P3032 Association of skeletal muscle transcripts with fatty acid content in Nellore cattle." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_4 (September 1, 2016): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2016.94supplement468x.

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Pavlata, L., A. Pechová, O. Bečvář, and J. Illek. "Selenium Status in Cattle at Slaughter: Analyses of Blood, Skeletal Muscle, and Liver." Acta Veterinaria Brno 70, no. 3 (2001): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200170030277.

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Péré-Brissaud, Antoine, Xavier Blanchet, Didier Delourme, Patrick Pélissier, Lionel Forestier, Arnaud Delavaud, Nathalie Duprat, Brigitte Picard, Abderrahman Maftah, and Laure Brémaud. "Expression of SERPINA3s in cattle: focus on bovSERPINA3-7 reveals specific involvement in skeletal muscle." Open Biology 5, no. 9 (September 2015): 150071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150071.

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α 1 -Antichymotrypsin is encoded by the unique SERPINA3 gene in humans, while it is encoded by a cluster of eight closely related genes in cattle. BovSERPINA3 proteins present a high degree of similarity and significant divergences in the reactive centre loop (RCL) domains which are responsible for the antiprotease activity. In this study, we analysed their expression patterns in a range of cattle tissues. Even if their expression is ubiquitous, we showed that the expression levels of each serpin vary in different tissues of 15-month-old Charolais bulls. Our results led us to focus on bovSERPINA3-7, one of the two most divergent members of the bovSERPINA3 family. Expression analyses showed that bovSERPINA3-7 protein presents different tissue-specific patterns with diverse degrees of N -glycosylation. Using a specific antibody raised against bovSERPINA3-7, Western blot analysis revealed a specific 96 kDa band in skeletal muscle. BovSERPINA3-7 immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry revealed that this 96 kDa band corresponds to a complex of bovSERPINA3-7 and creatine kinase M-type. Finally, we reported that the bovSERPINA3-7 protein is present in slow-twitch skeletal myofibres. Precisely, bovSERPINA3-7 specifically colocalized with myomesin at the M-band region of sarcomeres where it could interact with other components such as creatine kinase M-type. This study opens new prospects on the bovSERPINA3-7 function in skeletal muscle and promotes opportunities for further understanding of the physiological role(s) of serpins.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Skeletal muscle of cattle'

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