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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Skeletal system'
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1
Shue, Guay-Haur. "System models of skeletal muscle." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1058448071.
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Martins, Da Silva Geraldes Diogo Miguel. "Orthotropic modelling of the skeletal system." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/13813.
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The femur‘s shape, geometry and internal structure are the result of bone‘s functional adaptation to resist the mechanical environment arising from different daily activities. Many studies have attempted to explain how this adaptation occurs by embedding bone remodelling algorithms in finite element (FE) models. However, simplifications have been introduced to the representation of bone‘s material symmetry and mechanical environment. Trabecular adaptation to the shear stresses that arise from multiple load cases has also been overlooked. This thesis proposes a novel iterative 3D adaptation algorithm to predict the femur‘s material properties distribution and directionality of its internal structures at a continuum level. Bone was modelled as a strain-driven adaptive continuum with local orthotropic symmetry and optimised Young‘s and shear moduli. The algorithm was applied to the Multiple Load Case 3D Femur Model, a FE model of a whole femur, with muscles and ligaments spanning between the hip and knee joints included explicitly. Several artificial structures were included to allow for more physiological modelling of the femur‘s mechanical behaviour. Multiple load cases representing different instances of daily activities were considered. The model‘s positioning and applied inter-segmental loading were extracted from a validated musculo-skeletal model. The mechanical envelope produced by the FE model was matched up with published studies and the model‘s suitability as a platform for the prediction of bone adaptation was confirmed. The resulting material properties distributions were compared against CT data of a human femur specimen and published studies. Furthermore, the predicted directionality of the femur‘s internal structures was validated by comparison with micro CT data of the proximal and distal regions of the same specimen. It was concluded that the proposed model can reliably produce the observed optimised structures in the femur. It is recommended that multiple activities and different instances of each load case should be considered when attempting to model bone‘s adaptation. The final result of this work is a physiological orthotropic heterogeneous model of the femur. This method has the potential to be an invaluable tool in achieving a more thorough understanding of bone‘s structural material properties, improving the knowledge we have of its mechanical behaviour.
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Cherry, Shirley J. "Radiographic Pathology of the Skeletal System." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2481.
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Xia, Jinjun. "Optical characterization of skeletal muscles." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5965.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 18, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Bandstra, Eric R. yan. "The spaceflight environment and the skeletal system." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1219953602/.
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Peoples, Gregory Edward. "Skeletal muscle fatigue can omega-3 fatty acids optimise skeletal muscle function? /." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20041217.123607.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2004.Typescript. This thesis is subject to a 12 month embargo (06/09/05 - 14/09/05) and may only be viewed and copied with the permission of the author. For further information please contact the Archivist. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 195-216.
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Fry, William Mark. "K+ channels in Xenopus skeletal muscle /." St. John's NF : [s.n.], 2001.
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Dempsey, George John. "Modelling the musculo-skeletal system using myoelectric signals." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329565.
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Drew, Rose. "Managing human skeletal collections : a rapid assessment system." Thesis, University of Winchester, 2015. http://repository.winchester.ac.uk/855/.
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Research Imperative: This project describes an observation-based protocol to rapidly assess skeletonised human remains. Up to 60% of British museums are unaware of the quality and quantity of their holdings; almost all lack databases. Thousands of remains are disturbed annually during commercial and private development, but funding, time and skills rarely align to provide basic assessments, a true impediment to research. Several well-known collections are examined repeatedly, with others under-studied or inspected randomly; data accumulates haphazardly as scholars research specific questions. A rapid assessment system is needed. Aims: This ‘Rapid Assessment System’ (RAS) aims to capture information using affordable and available resources: curators, students and volunteers. RAS answer sheets offer multiple options using non-specialist language. In this way, basic data about a skeleton can be collected. Methods: Volunteers without osteological training were provided with RAS answer sheets and specimen skeletons to examine. Observations were ‘correct’ when in agreement with the author. The RAS was divided into an Inventory segment, assessing presence, absence and condition of skeletal elements, and assessing traits associated with age and sex; and a Paleopathology segment assessing normal and abnormal appearance of teeth and bones. In Winchester, 37 volunteers (undergraduates, semi-retired amateur archaeologists) trialed the RAS over three weekly two-hour sessions, with 22 volunteers assessing at least three skeletons: 91 RAS answer sheets were analysed. Results: Pooling results for all three weeks, volunteers were correct 70.4% of the time for Inventory, and 75.3% of the time in the third week. Paleopathology results were mixed: some participants attained 85.2% correct, others less than 10%. Overall condition of remains, a primary assessment recommended by English Heritage enjoyed 90% success (score of 81 from 91 forms). Assessing skull condition was correct 96.2% (87.5/91). Differentiating between ‘robust’, ‘gracile’ and ‘moderate’ long bones was 79.7% effective (72.5/91); recognising tooth wear (none, mild, moderate) accomplished 78.6% (71.5/91). Robusticity and dental wear inform on estimations of sex and age at death. Implications: Basic data can be accurately amassed by novices. Two separate forms are proposed: Inventory for general use; complex Paleopathology assessments for workers with some training or considerable patience. The Paleopathology segment can act as an aid for early-stage researchers and students and help them avoid missing out observations when examining large collections. The RAS can be tailored to assess specific diseases such as leprosy or tuberculosis. Future versions should utilise electronic formats to simplify processing. If adopted by commercial firms, universities and museums, data can be captured, permitting information to be shared, and reducing handling of these delicate, poignant and unique ‘artefacts’.
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Noone, Gregory P. "Biomechanical modelling of some musculo-skeletal problems /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn817.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, 1994.Copies of author's previously published articles inserted at back. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 211-220).
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Skeer, Jacqueline Mary. "Calcium channels of insect nervous system and skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239592.
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Abraham, Kirk A. "Inorganic phosphate uptake in rat skeletal muscle." Free to MU campus, others may purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3115518.
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Bhalla, Ashish. "Skeletal muscle modulation and functional recovery after colonic resection." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32130/.
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Introduction: Colorectal cancer surgery involves a period of recovery in hospital followed by convalescence at home. Enhanced recovery programs, in particular the use of laparoscopic surgery have reduced length of inpatient stay. Knowledge regarding the impact of surgery upon functional recovery is lacking. Loss of lean muscle mass and strength may compromise function. We conducted two studies (1) To assess skeletal muscle modulation and functional recovery after potentially curative colon cancer surgery, comparing traditional open surgery (OS) with laparoscopic (LS) techniques and (2) To review return to work (RTW) 1 year post colorectal cancer surgery. Methods: (1) A prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted at a single UK institution (April 2013 and December 2014). Participants undergoing OS and LS for colon cancer were recruited preoperatively and assessed over 6 months. The study was powered to changes in hand grip strength (minimum sample size of 24 patients in each group), and included analysis of serological inflammatory markers (granulocyte lymphocyte ratio (GLR)); muscle architecture (pennation angle (PA), muscle thickness (MT) and fascicle length (FL)), muscle protein synthesis rate and assessment of function (numerical pain score, dukes activity status index (DASI)) and health status (EQ5d5L). (2) A retrospective cohort questionnaire study was conducted. A specific questionnaire was created and dispatched to 204 patients who had undergone surgery with curative intent for colorectal cancer within a single teaching hospital in 2011-2012. Results: (1) Fifty-three patients (OS n=27; LS n=26) were recruited with no statistical differences between groups (age, sex, body mass index, tumour stage, blood loss). LS associated with longer mean operating time (182.5mins v 142.1mins, p<0.05), fewer complications (p<0.05) and shorter length of stay (3 days v 5 days, p<0.05). Hand grip decreased post surgery (maximum decrease day 3 (OS 24% v LS 15%, p<0.05), with OS data significantly lower at 2, 4 and 6 weeks (p<0.05)). GLR peaked on day 1 post surgery with no difference between groups at any time point. Muscle architecture assessment noted OS associated with decreased MT (8% v 1%, p<0.05) and PA (6% v 1%, p<0.05) at 4 and 6 weeks post surgery. Muscle protein synthesis rate for OS was 1.02±0.02%/day. OS pain scores were significantly higher at 2, 4 and 6 weeks (p<0.05). EQ5d5L and DASI scores were significantly lower for OS at 2, 4, 6 weeks and 6 months (p<0.05). (2) Response rate was 75% (OS=82%, LS=51%). LS reported earlier 'return to full fitness' (1-3 months) than OS (>6 months; p<0.05). Recovery from LS was 'better than expected' compared to OS 'worse than expected' (p<0.05). Forty-nine patients were employed preoperatively and 61% (n=30) returned to work. RTW was more frequent after LS (p<0.05). Length of time to RTW was significantly less after LS [44 (6-84) days] than OS [71 (14-252) days] (p<0.05). Conclusions: OS was associated with increased loss of strength, muscle mass and reduced MPS in the first six weeks after surgery, together with poorer functional recovery including RTW. One-third of patients failed to RTW 1 year post colorectal cancer surgery. We must invest more in managing expectations and provide better post discharge support to improve long term functionality.
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Boyle, Kristen E. Houmard Joseph A. "Metabolic inflexibility in skeletal muscle with obesity." [Greenville, N.C.] : East Carolina University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/1904.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--East Carolina University, 2009.Presented to the faculty of the Department of Exercise and Sports Science. Advisor: Joseph A. Houmard. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Apr. 30, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.
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Markert, Chad D. "Ultrasound and exercise in skeletal muscle regeneration." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1091304498.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Document formatted into pages. Includes bibliographical references. Abstract available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2005 Aug. 2.
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Lunn, Elizabeth Ruth. "Studies on the degeneration and regeneration of neurons to skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292675.
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Bass, Joseph. "The role of the vitamin D receptor in skeletal muscle protein metabolism." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40166/.
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Wise, Andrew 1972. "Skeletal muscle : activation strategies, fatigue properties and role in proprioception." Monash University, Dept. of Physiology, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8355.
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Hoy, Andrew James. "Nutritive and non-nutritive blood flow in skeletal muscle." Department of Biomedical Science - Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences, 2004. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/232.
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The vascular structure of mammalian skeletal muscle has been intensively investigated for the last seventy years. Since the early work of Pappenheimer and Barlow, the existence of a parallel dual vascular pathway has been suggested to explain the differences between total flow and clearance rates of a variety of infused substances. Direct microscopy studies using superficial muscles have shown that the microvascular arterioles have very frequent connections with the capillary modules of the associated connective tissue and adipose tissue within skeletal muscle. In more recent times, Clark and colleagues have identified two vascular pathways according to the opposing actions of two groups of vasoconstricting agents. While all increase perfusion pressure, Type A vasoconstrictors (low dose noradrenaline (Nad), vasopressin, angiotensin II) increase oxygen uptake but Type B vasoconstrictors (serotonin, high dose noradrenaline) decrease hindlimb oxygen consumption. The opposing effects on oxygen consumption are thought to arise from selective vasoconstriction of the mircrovasculature. Type A vasoconstrictors redirect blood into muscle tissue capillary beds (termed nutritive bed) whilst Type B vasoconstrictors redirect blood into the associated connective tissue, adipose and septum capillary beds (termed non-nutritive bed). Many of the previous studies are based on variations of an in situ rat, isolated perfused hindlimb model, having low vascular tone and often with insufficient oxygen carrying capacity to support active metabolism. In vivo, skeletal intramuscular blood redistribution during exercise occurs principally via the release of vasodilatory metabolites and the nervous system. This thesis used a novel in vivo model to test the hypothesis that nutritive and non nutritive blood flow distribution can still be observed under conditions of high vascular tone and oxygen delivery at rest and in metabolically active (contracting) muscle. Utilising the high vascular tone, it also tests the hypothesis that the vascular pathways can be differentiated using vasodilators. Male Wistar rats were anaesthetised with sodium pentobarbital (6mg.100g(superscript �1) i.p.). The right femoral artery was cannulated to supply blood to the left femoral artery (perfused) at a constant flow (basal 1ml.min(superscript �1), contraction 2ml.min(superscript �1) via a pump. Perfused hindlimb pressure was recorded distal to the pump and passive venous return occurred from the left femoral vein to the right external jugular vein. Systemic blood pressure was recorded from the left common carotid artery. Polyethylene cannulae were filled with heparinized 0.9% saline containing 6% w/v dextran70. The left sciatic nerve was isolated and stimulated (5Hz) to produce twitch contraction in the lower hindlimb muscle bundle and developed tension was recorded. Vasoactive drugs (2 constrictor, 8 dilator) were prepared with saline and 0.01% ascorbic acid, and injected into the arterial loop. Blood was sampled from the venous and arterial loops and oxygen consumption determined using the Fick equation. In the autoperfused rat hindlimb, the Type B vasoconstrictor increased perfusion pressure and caused a significant decrease in basal hindlimb oxygen consumption, however during muscle contraction this effect on oxygen consumption was diminished. The Type A vasoconstrictor had no significant effect on hindlimb oxygen consumption during significant increases in perfusion pressure. Eight vasodilators with a variety of mechanisms of action were screened at rest but none were observed to decreases hindlimb oxygen consumption in a fashion similar to Type B vasoconstrictors. Increases in oxygen availability at rest via increased nutritive flow by noradrenaline and vasodilator infusion had no effect upon basal metabolic rate. Therefore, during adequate oxygen delivery, increased availability has no effect upon metabolic demand. Isoprenaline and histamine significantly increased hindlimb oxygen consumption during the contraction protocol, whilst there was no significant effect observed at rest. It can be concluded that selective vasoconstriction metabolites can overcome exogenous vasoconstriction. These results confirm the possible existence of a dual vascular pathway however blood flow redistribution via vasodilation is likely determined by the locale of vasodilator release rather than differences in receptor distribution.
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Pang, Zhiyu. "Functions of the ubiquitin system in mammalian spermatogenesis and skeletal muscle." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96699.
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The conjugation of ubiquitin to proteins is catalyzed sequentially by a cascade of members of three classes of enzymes – ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2), and ubiquitin protein ligase (E3). Polyubiquitinated protein substrates are selectively targeted for degradation by the proteasome. Removal of ubiquitin from ubiquitinated substrates is catalyzed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB). In this thesis, I have explored functions of three specific enzymes of the ubiquitin system, the E2 UBC4-testis, the HECT E3 EDD/Rat100 and the deubiquitinating enzyme USP19, in mammalian spermatogenesis or muscle wasting. UBC4-testis is a rodent testis specific E2 enzyme that is induced in round spermtids. Mice lacking the UBC4-testis gene had a delay in postnatal development during the first wave of spermatogenesis but ultimately had in adulthood normal fertility and testis weights, spermatid number, protein content, rate of ubiquitination and quantity and quality of sperm. When subjected to the heat stress of experimental cryptorchidism, the profile of germ cell degeneration was not significantly different from that of wild type mice. Our data suggest that UBC4-testis has a specific function in promoting the evolution of the first wave of spermatogenesis; however, some coexisting isoforms of UBC4 may serve redundant complementary functions in later stages of spermatogensis. EDD/Rat100 is a UBC4 dependent E3 that is highly expressed in rat testis. The poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) is a translation initiation factor that is negative regulated by the PABP-interacting protein 2 (Paip2). Both PABP and EDD/Rat100 share a PABC domain, through which they can interact with Paip2. EDD/Rat100 can ubiquitinate Paip2 in vitro. Under normal in vivo conditions, the abundant PABP may sequester Paip2 from ubiquitination by EDD/Rat100. In PABP-depleted cells, Paip2 is free to interact with EDD/Rat100, which leads to Paip2 ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. Degradation of Paip2 may then restore the activity of PABP and therefore maintain its homeostasis. Thus, the turnover of Paip2 in the cell is mediated by EDD/Rat100 but is regulated by PABP. In addition, six proteins that were copurified from immunoprecipitation of EDD/Rat100 in rat testis have been elaborately studied, but none of them was identified as a bona fide substrate of EDD/Rat100. Finally, I studied USP19, a 150 kDa DUB that is induced in atrophying skeletal muscle. A modest increase of expression of USP19 was observed in early differentiation of L6 cells. TNF-α can increase expression of USP19 in L6 myotubes. SiRNA mediated silencing of USP19 expression can increase expression of MHC in L6 myotubes in a myogenin dependent manner. And silencing of USP19 can partially reverse the TNF-α or DEX stimulated catabolism of MHC. Thus, USP19 can regulate synthesis of myofibrillar proteins through modulating transcriptional factor in myotubes. These data demonstrate that the ubiquitin system not only mediates the increased protein breakdown but is also involved in the decreased protein synthesis in atrophying skeletal muscle.L'attachement de l'ubiquitine à un substrat protéique est catalysé par une série de réactions en chaîne impliquant trois classes d'enzymes- l'enzyme d'activation de l'ubiquitine (E1), l'enzyme de conjugaison de l'ubiquitine (E2) et l'enzyme de ligation de l'ubiquitine (E3). Les substrats protéiques polyubiquitinés sont spécifiquement reconnus par le protéasome pour être dégradés. L'enlèvement de l'ubiquitine présent sur les substrats ubiquitinés est catalysé par les enzymes de déubiquitination (DUB). Dans cette thèse, j'ai étudié les fonctions de trois enzymes du système ubiquitine : l'enzyme E2 UBC4-testis, l'enzyme E3 EDD/Rat100 et l'enzyme de déubiquitination USP19. Leurs rôles dans la spermatogénèse et l'atrophie musculaire ont été étudiés chez les mammifères.UBC4-testis est une enzyme spécifiquement exprimée dans les testicules de rongeurs et est induite dans les spermatides ronds. Des souris ayant le gène UBC4-testis inactivé démontrent un délai dans le développement postnatal durant la première vague de spermatogénèse. Par contre, arrivées à l'âge adulte, ces mêmes souris démontrent une fertilité et un poids testiculaire normal. Aussi, nous avons observé des données normales pour le nombre de spermatides, le contenu protéique, le taux d'ubiquitination ainsi que pour la quantité et la qualité des spermatozoïdes. Lorsque les testicules de ces souris sont soumis à un stress de température en effectuant une cryptorchidie expérimentale, le profil de dégénérescence des cellules germinales n'était pas significativement différent de celui de souris normales ayant subit le même traitement. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que UBC4-testis exerce un rôle dans l'évolution de la première vague de la spermatogénèse mais il est possible que d'autres isoformes UBC4 puissent exercer des fonctions redondantes dans les étapes tardives de la spermatogénèse.EDD/Rat100 est une enzyme E3 qui est dépendante de l'enzyme E2 UBC4 et qui est fortement exprimée dans les testicules de rat. La protéine de liaison au Poly(A) (PABP) est un facteur d'initiation à la traduction qui est négativement régulé par une protéine interagissant avec PABP appelée Paip2. PABP et EDD/Rat100 ont en commun un domaine appelé PABC qui peut interagir avec Paip2. EDD/Rat100 est capable d'ubiquitiner Paip2 in vitro. Dans des conditions normales in vivo, PABP, qui est en abondance, pourrait séquestrer Paip2 pour être ubiquitiné par EDD/Rat100. Dans des cellules qui ont des niveaux de PABP réduits, Paip2 est libre d'interagir avec EDD/Rat100 et est donc ubiquitiné et dégradé par le protéasome. La dégradation de Paip2 peut finalement rétablir l'activité de PABP et par conséquent maintenir son homéostasie. Ainsi, le taux de renouvellement de Paip2 dans la cellule est géré par EDD/Rat100 mais est régulé par PABP. De plus, six protéines copurifiées par immunoprécipitation avec EDD/Rat100 dans des extraits de testicules de rat ont été minutieusement étudiées mais aucune d'entre elle n'a été identifiée comme étant un substrat bona fide de EDD/Rat100.Finalement, j'ai analysé USP19, une enzyme de déubiquitination qui est induite dans les muscles squelettiques dans des conditions d'atrophie musculaire. Une modeste augmentation de l'expression de USP19 a été observée dans des cellules L6 en début de différentiation. TNF- peut augmenter l'expression de USP19 dans les cellules L6. Lorsque les niveaux d'USP19 sont réduits par ARN interférent dans les myotubes L6, l'expression de MHC est augmentée de façon dépendante de la myogénine. Aussi, en diminuant les niveaux d'USP19, la dégradation de MHC stimulée par TNF- ou par DEX peut partiellement être renversée. Donc, USP19 peut réguler la synthèse de protéines myofibrillaires en modulant la transcription dans des cellules musculaires L6. Ces résultats démontrent que le système ubiquitine n'agit non seulement sur la dégradation protéique dans les muscles squelettiques atrophiés mais aussi en diminuant la synthèse protéique.
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Watt, Kevin. "Regualtion of myogenesis and skeletal muscle size by the myostatin-Smad and mammalian Hippo signalling transduction pathways." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=62160.
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Miller, Stuart Anthony. "Could you do that again? : biomechanical characteristics of intra-subject variability in basketball shooting." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311050.
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Berg, Ulrika. "The IGF-IGFBP system in aerobic exercise - with focus on skeletal muscle /." Stockholm : Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-379-5/.
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Jones, Simon W. "Fibre-type specific expression of the calpain proteolytic system in skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312237.
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Mahmoodi, Sasan. "A knowledge based computer vision system for skeletal age assessment of children." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245704.
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Mohan, Divya. "Systemic inflammation in COPD : effects on skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/55255.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasingly recognised to be heterogeneous and complex, with several extra-pulmonary manifestations, necessitating categorisation of patients in order to better tailor treatments towards distinct phenotypes. Cardiovascular disease and peripheral skeletal muscle dysfunction are amongst the most important comorbidities in COPD, with systemic inflammation proposed as a potential mechanistic link. Therefore, there is considerable interest in novel anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as understanding underlying mechanisms. An observational study of 729 COPD subjects confirms that cardiovascular co-morbidity and quadriceps weakness affect 46.3% and 43.6% of the study population respectively. However, these comorbidities are present as distinct manifestations, and do not overlap to present as a combined phenotype more often than expected. Markers of systemic inflammation (fibrinogen, white cell count and C-reactive protein), relate neither to arterial stiffness, quadriceps weakness nor to diaphragm weakness as measured via sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SnIP). Consistent with the above findings, Losmapimod, a novel anti-inflammatory p38-MAPK inhibitor, did not improve cardiovascular or muscle performance, measured as arterial stiffness, SnIP and 6-minute walk distance, in a double-blind, randomized control study of 67 COPD subjects. Definitive evidence of whether inflammatory and/or atrophy pathways are up-regulated in human quadriceps is currently lacking, possibly due to the use of whole muscle samples failing to account for altered fibre type composition amongst COPD subjects. Quadriceps biopsy specimens from 12 COPD and 6 healthy subjects were used to separate type I and type II muscle fibres via laser capture microdissection (LCM). In this pilot study, there was evidence of lower MURF-1 and Atrogin-1 expression in type II fibres of COPD versus control subjects, a difference that was not apparent in whole muscle samples. Therefore LCM can potentially provide a more sensitive, novel method to identify therapeutic targets for skeletal muscle dysfunction.
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Wilkin, Linda Diane. "Rehabilitative influence of therapeutic ultrasound treatment on cellular markers of skeletal muscle regeneration following blunt contusion injury /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486463321624146.
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Watt, Kevin. "Regulation of myogenesis and skeletal muscle size by the myostatin-Smad and mammalian Hippo signalling transduction pathways." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=62160.
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The aims of this thesis were to 1) investigate the effect of SB431542 in vitro and ex vivo as a novel approach towards promoting the functional hypertrophy of skeletal muscle by inhibiting the myostatin-Smad pathway, 2) to investigate the expression and function of the Yes-associated protein (Yap) in skeletal muscle and C2C12 cells as a novel regulator of C2C12 differentiation and 3) to generate a GFP-RCASBP-hYAP1 S127A retrovirus to allow the study of the function of Yap in skeletal muscle differentiation in vivo. The results presented in this thesis show that SB431542 promotes the hypertrophy of C2C12 myotubes and mature Xenopus skeletal muscle fibres. However, SB431542 treatment also results in a reduction in specific force of mature Xenopus muscle fibres suggesting that SB431542 is not suitable as a treatment for skeletal muscle atrophy. These results also show that Yap is expressed in mouse skeletal muscle in vivo and that Yap is a novel regulator of C2C12 differentiation. Finally, these results descried the generation of a GFP-RCASBP-hYAP1 S127A retrovirus that can be used to assess the role of Yap in vivo during skeletal muscle formation in the chick embryo. Together, these results suggest that Yap is a novel regulator of C2C12 differentiation that should be studied as a potential therapeutic target in musculoskeletal diseases.
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Сікора, Віталій Зіновійович, Виталий Зиновьевич Сикора, Vitalii Zinoviiovych Sikora, and А. Є. Шепєлев. "Зміни хімічного складу довгих кісток щурів після тренування помірними динамічними фізичними навантаженнями в умовах шкідливих чинників зовнішнього середовища Сумщини." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6651.
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Ткач, Геннадій Федорович, Геннадий Федорович Ткач, Hennadii Fedorovych Tkach, Дмитро Володимирович Шищук, Дмитрий Владимирович Шищук, Dmytro Volodymyrovych Shyshсhuk, and Ю. В. Сизоненко. "Хіміко-аналітичні показники посттравматичного регенерату кісток в умовах іонізуючого опромінення та солей важких металів." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6640.
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Погорєлов, Максим Володимирович, Максим Владимирович Погорелов, Maksym Volodymyrovych Pohorielov, Н. В. Ярмак, Є. В. Рєзнікова, and О. І. Майстренко. "Морфометричні показники епіфізарного хряща в різних вікових групах." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6664.
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Maladen, Ryan D. "Effect of stimulation train characteristics on the dynamic performance of human skeletal muscle." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.38 Mb., 57 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435807.
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Woodhead, Helen Jaye. "Skeletal adaptations to intense exercise in pre-pubertal athletes and normal children." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27909.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes two complementary fields of research in bone health and
osteoporosis: the non-invasive assessment of bone strength and the effects of exercise
on bone strength acquisition. The aims of this work were to develop and validate new
techniques for the longitudinal assessment of bone geometry in childhood and to apply
these techniques (and others) in the study of bone strength in young boy and girl
geometry (bone strength index: 21.3%) and perhaps also at the arm. Adaptation at the
FN was largely at the periosteal surface implying increased resistance to torsional,
bending and axial compressive forces, while adaptation at the endocortical surface
remains unknown. In contrast, weight-supported exercise was associated with no benefit
in any skeletal variable, except perhaps FN totalvBMD (6.0%). No advantage was
observed in material properties in either group. Adaptation suggested by differences in
bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone density (aBMD) at other sites in this and
previous studies, was largely accounted for by adjustment for age and size. Increased
muscle action was a likely mediator of adaptation at both sites, as was serum IGFl at
the FN.
athletes participating in exercise with different mechanical loading characteristics and
healthy control children.
Novel techniques for assessing bone geometry at the mid-femur, using Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and the
repeatability and accuracy of these and previously described DXA methods were
examined. MRI measures of geometric parameters at this site were highly accurate and
repeatable in individuals with and without osteoporosis. Both MRI and DXA techniques
had limited value in determining cortical width. This study confirmed MRI as a
valuable tool in the assessment of surface—specific bone accrual and resorption.
The cross-sectional study of 84 pre-pubertal children, 60 boys and 24 girls, is
unique in that skeletal adaptation to exercise has been investigated within and between
sexes in populations precisely matched for factors known to influence bone strength
outcomes. The study of pre—pubertal boys, 20 intensely training in tennis, 20 in
swimming and 20 controls, constitutes the first study where the bone mineral, geometry,
biomechanical and material property characteristics of bone in children participating in
wei t-bearing and weight-supported exercise have been compared. Weight-bearing
exercise in pre-pubertal males confers only small, though significant, benefits mainly at
the femoral neck (FN) in total volumetric density (FN totalvBMD) (7.2%) and bone
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Forshaw, P. J. "Effects of pyrethroids on the cardiovascular system and skeletal muscle in the rat." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377566.
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Owino, Dorcas Vivian Apiyo. "Evaluation of role of paracrine/autocrine IGF-1 system in skeletal muscle adaptation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406510.
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Fawcett, Sandra. "The development of novel surface modifications for use in a skeletal regeneration system." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/18293/.
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Non-union fractures are defined as fractures that do not heal after 6 months of conventional treatment. They usually require multiple surgical treatments, autologous bone grafts or treatments with growth factors or Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). There is a clinical need for a material which can be used to replace autologous bone transplantation in the treatment non-union fractures that negates the problems associated with autologous grafts. This thesis aims to consider and develop a coating that can be used on a readily available polymer biomaterial to induce a response from mesenchymal stem cells, which are found in abundance at fracture sites, and facilitate repair by their differentiation into osteogenic cells. The use of a synthetic chemical coating rather than a growth factor or peptide aims to cause similar effects at a greatly reduced cost Plasma application techniques were used initially to screen potential terminal groups on a 3D system. Amine groups were found to be osteogenic (which was confirmed by positive Von Kossa and Alizarin red staining), and hydroxyl groups were found to be chondrocytic (which was confirmed by positive Van Geison and Alcian blue staining). The osteogenic effect of the amine group was investigated further, but in the form of silane SAMs, which were more easily definable. The presentation of the terminal group was investigated using varying carbon chain length, to see if this had an effect on osteogenicity) This was explored using both MSC and primary osteoblast-like cell models on glass initially, then on PLGA films and finally a 3D PLGA system. The results of this showed positive expression of osteogenic markers for the MSC and osteoblast-like cells when on glass and PLGA films. There was an expression of the osteogenic marker osteocalcin and a positive mineralisation stain (Von Kossa) at 7 days. This effect however was not transferred to a 3D platform as further optimisation will be required to achieve this goal-an essential progression on the way to the development of an injectable 3D system suitable for clinical application.
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Zhang, Aijing. "Identification of TEF cofactor(s) in skeletal muscles utilizing yeast two hybrid system." Free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1420951.
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Hall, Israel Restus. "Spectral analysis and regularity quantification of skeletal muscle signals as a non-invasive assessment of muscle." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=3660.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 119 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-101).
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Chou, Li-Wei. "New strategies to maintain paralyzed skeletal muscle force output during repetitive electrical stimulation." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 147 p, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3247571.
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Kesar, Trisha. "Effect of stimulation frequency and intensity on skeletal muscle fatigue during repetitive electrical stimulation." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.62 Mb., 85 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1430768.
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Carroll, Chad C. "Skeletal muscle function and myosin heavy chain expression with Multiple Sclerosis." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221317.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) on the structural and functional characteristics of skeletal muscle. More specifically, we analyzed the myosin heavy chain (MHC) and fiber type distribution of the vastus lateralis, measured single fiber cross sectional area (CSA), and determined the isokinetic and isotonic strength of the knee extensor muscles. Six sedentary subjects with MS (age: 44 ± 2 yrs) and six sedentary gender-matched controls (age: 46 ± 4) were evaluated. EachMS subject was rated on the Kurtzke's Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and performed an 8-meter walk test to determine gait speed. Furthermore, the spasticity of the knee extensors was evaluated in each MS subject and weekly energy expenditure was estimated using the Yale Physical Activity Survey. Concentric and eccentric isokinetic strength of the right knee extensors (left in one MS subject) was determined at 60 and 180°/sec and a bilateral isotonic one-repetition maximum (1-RM) was evaluated in eachsubject. Muscle biopsies were taken from the right vastus lateralis (left in one MS subject) and individual fibers were dissected from these samples. Fibers were submitted to SDSPAGE with silver staining to determine MHC expression. Densitometry was performed on MHC hybrid fibers to determine the degree of co-expression. An additional section ofthe biopsy was stained for mATPase activity and further analyzed for single fiber CSA and fiber type. The mean EDSS score for the MS subjects was 5.4 ± 0.6 (range 3.5-6.5) and MS patients were slower than controls (p < 0.05) on the walk-test. AshworthSpasticity Scores ranged from 0 - 2. No differences were noted in weekly energy expenditure. The controls were 45 and 56% stronger than the MS group at isokinetic concentric velocities of 60 and 180°/sec (p < 0.05), respectively. The isotonic 1-RM andthe eccentric isokinetic contractions were not different between the two groups. There were no differences noted in any of the MHC isoforms or percentage of hybrid fibers. Furthermore, mATPase fiber type distribution and single fiber CSA were not different between the groups. There was a greater proportion of MHC IIx dominant MHC IIa/IIx fibers in the MS groups (p < 0.05). Multiple Sclerosis appears to result in large strengthdeficits, when compared to healthy individuals. Based on our findings, these strength differences cannot be explained by alterations in MHC/fiber type expression or decreases in fiber CSA.School of Physical Education
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Chen, Ben-Ren. "Musculo-skeletal dynamics and multiprocessor control of a biped model in a turning maneuver /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259125219255.
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Kenyani, Jenna. "A system wide study on the hypertrophic response to salbutamol in skeletal muscle cells." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.632652.
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Salbutamol was synthesised in 1967 and is widely known now as a Beta-adrenergic agonist. It is known that p-agonists cause hypertrophy in various mammalian muscles cells, however the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully understood. Recent studies have suggested that there is great potential for using Beta-agonists, specifically Beta-agonists, in restoring muscle mass and strength in humans. Although, salbutamol is commonly used as a bronchodilator, it has heen identified as having an effect on muscle growth at a dose which is safe for humans. However, like all steroids there are many side effects associated with Beta-agonists. By understanding the mechanisms affected within muscle cells by treatment with salbutamol it will enable not only the understanding of muscle hypertrophy but lead to more specific drugs being designed.
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Sieh, Shirly. "Development of a 3D culture system to study the skeletal metastasis of prostate cancer." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50870/1/Shirly_Sieh_Thesis.pdf.
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In the cancer research field, most in vitro studies still rely on two-dimensional (2D) cultures. However, the trend is rapidly shifting towards using a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. This is because 3D models better recapitulate the microenvironment of cells, and therefore, yield cellular and molecular responses that more accurately describe the pathophysiology of cancer. By adopting technology platforms established by the tissue engineering discipline, it is now possible to grow cancer cells in extracellular matrix (ECM)-like environments and dictate the biophysical and biochemical properties of the matrix. In addition, 3D models can be modified to recapitulate different stages of cancer progression for instance from the initial development of tumor to metastasis. Inevitably, to recapitulate a heterotypic condition, comprising more than one cell type, it requires a more complex 3D model. To date, 3D models that are available for studying the prostate cancer (CaP)-bone interactions are still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish a co-culture model that allows investigation of direct and indirect CaP-bone interactions. Prior to that, 3D polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel cultures for CaP cells were first developed and growth conditions were optimised. Characterization of the 3D hydrogel cultures show that LNCaP cells form a multicellular mass that resembles avascular tumor. In comparison to 2D cultures, besides the difference in cell morphology, the response of LNCaP cells to the androgen analogue (R1881) stimulation is different compared to the cells in 2D cultures. This discrepancy between 2D and 3D cultures is likely associated with the cell-cell contact, density and ligand-receptor interactions. Following the 3D monoculture study, a 3D direct co-culture model of CaP cells and the human tissue engineered bone (hTEBC) construct was developed. Interactions between the CaP cells and human osteoblasts (hOBs) resulted in elevation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) for PC-3 cells and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) for LNCaP cells. To further investigate the paracrine interaction of CaP cells and (hOBs), a 3D indirect co-culture model was developed, where LNCaP cells embedded within PEG hydrogels were co-cultured with hTEBC. It was found that the cellular changes observed reflect the early event of CaP colonizing the bone site. In the absence of androgens, interestingly, up-regulation of PSA and other kallikreins is also detected in the co-culture compared to the LNCaP monoculture. This non androgenic stimulation could be triggered by the soluble factors secreted by the hOB such as Interleukin-6. There are also decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and down-regulation of genes of the hOB when co-cultured with LNCaP cells that have not been previously described. These genes include transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), osteocalcin and Vimentin. However, no changes to epithelial markers (e.g E-cadherin, Cytokeratin 8) were observed in both cell types from the co-culture. Some of these intriguing changes observed in the co-cultures that had not been previously described have enriched the basic knowledge of the CaP cell-bone interaction. From this study, we have shown evidence of the feasibility and versatility of our established 3D models. These models can be adapted to test various hypotheses for studies pertaining to underlying mechanisms of bone metastasis and could provide a vehicle for anticancer drug screening purposes in the future.
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Judson, Robert Neil. "The role of Yes-associated protein (YAP) in skeletal muscle satellite cells and myofibres." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=189444.
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In spite of its post mitotic nature, skeletal muscle maintains remarkable plasticity. Muscle fibres (myofibres) are capable of large alterations in their size as well as an enormous ability to regenerate following injury – thanks to a potent population of resident stem cells (satellite cells). Deciphering the molecular signalling networks responsible for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration is of key scientific interest – not least because of the therapeutic potential these pathways may hold for the treatment of diseases such as muscular dystrophy. In this thesis, the transcriptional co-factor Yes-Associated protein (Yap), the downstream effector of the Hippo Pathway, was investigated in skeletal muscle. Using gain and loss of function approaches within in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models, the contribution of Yap in regulating both satellite cell behaviour and myofibre growth was investigated. Yap expression and activity are dynamically regulated during satellite cell activation, proliferation and differentiation ex vivo. Overexpression of Yap increased satellite cell proliferation and maintained cells in a ‘naive’, ‘activated’ state by inhibiting myogenic commitment. Knock-down of Yap impaired satellite cell expansion, but did not influence myogenic differentiation. Yap interacts with Tead transcription factors in myoblasts to upregulate genes such as CyclinD1 and Myf5. Forced expression of Yap eventually led to the oncogenic transformation of myoblasts in vitro. Contrary to predictions, constitutive expression of Yap under an inducible muscle-specific promoter in adult mice failed to induce growth and instead led to muscle wasting, atrophy and degeneration – providing evidence against the notion that Yap represents a universal regulator of tissue growth. These data provide the first insight into the function of Yap in skeletal muscle. Results highlight a novel role for Yap in regulating myogenic progression in satellite cells, as well as its propensity to induce oncogenic transformation. The precise function of Yap in adult myofibres remains unclear however, data presented here demonstrates clear cell-type specific roles for Yap compared to observations made in other tissues.
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Fagergren, Anders. "A multidisciplinary system identification of the human precision grip /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-632-4.
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Hardy, Kristin M. "A reaction-diffusion analysis of cellular design and function in skeletal muscle." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-1/hardyk/kristinhardy.pdf.
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McGlory, C. "The impact of n-3 PUFA supplementation on human skeletal muscle metabolism." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19975.
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The time course of this increase in muscle n-3 PUFA composition and anabolic protein expression is currently unknown. In Chapter 2 of this thesis ten healthy male participants consumed 5g.d-1 of n-3 PUFA-enriched fish oil for 4 weeks. Muscle biopsies samples were collected in the fasted, rested state 2 weeks prior, immediately before (Week 0), at Week 1, Week 2 and Week 4 after initiation of fish oil supplementation for assessment of changes in lipid composition and expression of anabolic signalling proteins over time. Muscle lipid profile, (% total n-3 PUFA/total fatty acids) increased from W0 to W2 (3.8 ± 0.2 to 5.1 ± 0.3 %) and continued to rise at W4 (6.7 ± 0.4 %). Total protein content of FAK increased from W0 to W4 (3.9 ± 1.5 fold) whereas total mTOR was increased from W0 at W1 (2.4 ± 0.6 fold) with no further significant increases at W2 and W4. For the first time this study demonstrates that oral fish oil consumption results in an increase of n-3 PUFA levels in human skeletal muscle that is associated with increases in the expression of anabolic signalling proteins. Our understanding of the anabolic signalling process that underpins muscle protein synthesis has been advanced by the application of the WB technique. However, the semi-quantitative nature and poor dynamic range associated with the WB technique may lead to incongruence regarding the molecular response of skeletal muscle to anabolic stimulation. Chapter 3 of this thesis developed and applied a quantitative in vitro [γ-32P] ATP kinase assay (KA) alongside a traditional WB methodology to assess p70S6K1 signalling responses in human skeletal muscle to RE and protein feeding. Following validation in tissue culture with rapamycin and optimization of the assay in human skeletal muscle, this methodology was tested in a physiologically relevant context. In this regard, six males performed unilateral resistance exercise (RE) followed by the consumption of 20 g of protein. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained at pre-RE, at 1 h and 3 h post-RE. In response to RE and protein consumption, p70S6K1 activity was significantly increased from pre-RE at 1 h and 3 h post-RE (8.84 ± 0.78 to 17.18 ± 2.62 and 15.62 ± 3.12 µU/mg). However, phosphorylated p70S6K1thr389 was not significantly elevated. To assess if a combined stimulus of RE and feeding can influence AMPK activity we directly measured AMPK activity. AMPK activity was suppressed from pre-RE at 3 h post-RE (24.15 ± 1.6 to 15.64 ± 1.07 mU/mg), whereas phosphorylated ACCser79 was unchanged. These data therefore highlight the utility of the KA to study skeletal muscle plasticity. Previous studies have shown that ingestion of n-3 PUFA potentiates the phosphorylation of mTORC1 and associated kinases in response to nutrition. However, no study has identified whether n-3 PUFA supplementation potentiates anabolic kinase activity when RE is performed prior to nutrient provision. In Chapter 4 of this thesis, twenty healthy males consumed 5g.d-1 of either fish oil (FO) or coconut oil (CO) capsules for 8 weeks. Muscle biopsy samples were collected in the fasted, rested state before and after 8 weeks of supplementation for assessment of changes in lipid composition. Following 8 weeks of supplementation muscle samples also were obtained at rest (Rest), post RE in both the exercise leg (Post-RE) and the rested leg (Pre-FED) and also at 3 h post RE and protein feeding from both the exercise leg (3 h post-REF) and rested leg (3 h post-FED). There was a 2-fold increase in muscle (5.53 ± 0.3 to 11.16 ± 0.45 % of total fatty acids) n-3 PUFA composition after supplementation in the FO group but no change in the CO group. Following supplementation there was an increase in p70S6K1 activity at 3 h post-REF from Rest in the CO group (5.6 ± 1.4 to 12.2 ± 2.1 µU/mg) but no change in the FO group. In the CO group, AMPKα2 was significantly increased at Post-RE from Rest (3.7 ± 0.7 to 9.9 ± 2.0 mU/mg). These data show that 8 weeks of n-3 PUFA enriched fish oil supplementation suppresses the activity of p70S6K1 in response to RE and protein feeding.
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Kohn, Tertius A. "Characteristics and adaptation of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16517.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Skeletal muscle adapts to stimuli by modifying structural and metabolic protein expression. Furthermore, a muscle group may vary within itself to accommodate specialisation in regions. Structural and metabolic characteristics of an individual are regulated partly by genotype, but contraction duration and intensity may play a greater role in muscle phenotype. The aims of this dissertation were to investigate: structural and metabolic regionalisation in a muscle group, possible relationships between training volume and intensity and hybrid fibres, muscle characteristics of athletes from two different ethnic groups, and muscle adaptation in already well-trained athletes subjected to high intensity interval training. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content and citrate synthase (CS) activities were measured in the Quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle of 18 female rats. Muscle was divided into superficial, middle and deep, distal, central and proximal parts. MHC IIb and IIx were more abundant in superficial regions (P < 0.05) with low CS activities compared to deeper parts. Isoform content varied along the length of deep regions. This study showed that the QF has regional specialisation. Therefore, standardisation of sampling site is important. Hybrid fibre proportions in muscle biopsies of 12 middle distance runners and 12 non-runners were investigated. MHC IIa/IIx correlated with training volume/week in runners (r = -0.66, P < 0.05) and MHC IIa/IIx correlated with exercise hours/week in non-runners (r = -0.72, P < 0.01). Average preferred racing distance (PRDA) correlated better with MHC IIa/IIx in runners (r = -0.85, P < 0.001). MHC IIa/IIx may therefore be more closely related to exercise intensity than previously thought. Fibre type characteristics and performance markers were investigated in 13 Xhosa and 13 Caucasian distance runners, matched for performance, training volume and PRDA. Xhosa runners had less MHC I and more MHC IIa fibres in muscle biopsies than Caucasian runners (P < 0.05). Xhosa runners had lower plasma lactate at 80% peak treadmill speed (PTS) (P < 0.05), but higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P < 0.01) and phosphofructokinase (P = 0.07) activities in homogenate muscle samples. LDH activities in MHC I (P = 0.05) and IIa (P < 0.05) fibre pools were higher in Xhosa runners. Xhosa athletes may thus have a genetic advantage or they may have adapted to running at a higher intensity. Six weeks of individually standardised high intensity interval treadmill training (HIIT) were investigated in 15 well-trained runners. PTS increased after HIIT (P < 0.01), while maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) only showed a tendency to have increased as a result of HIIT (P = 0.06). Sub-maximal tests showed lower plasma lactate at 64% PTS (P = 0.06), with lower heart rates at workloads from 64% to 80% PTS (P < 0.01) after HIIT. No changes were observed for cross-sectional area, capillary supply and enzyme activities in homogenates muscle samples. LDH activity showed a trend (P = 0.06) to have increased in MHC IIa pools after HIIT. Higher HIIT speed was related to decreases in MHC I fibres, but increases in MHC IIa/IIx fibres (r = -0.70 and r = 0.68, respectively, P < 0.05). Therefore, HIIT may alter muscle fibre composition in well-trained runners, with a concomitant improvement in performance markers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Skeletspier kan adapteer deur strukturele en metaboliese protein ekspressie te verander as gevolg van stimulante. ‘n Spiergroep kan ook intern verskil om spesialisering in spierdele toe te laat. Strukturele en metaboliese karaktereienskappe van ‘n individu word deels gereguleer deur gene, maar kontraksie tydperk en intensiteit mag ‘n groter rol speel in spierfenotipe. Die doelwitte van hierdie tesis was om ondersoek in te stel in: strukturele en metaboliese eienskappe in spiergroepstreke, moontlike verhoudings tussen oefeningsvolume of intensiteit en baster vesels, spier eienskappe in atlete van twee etniese groepe, en spier adaptasie in goed geoefende atlete blootgestel aan hoë intensiteit interval oefening. Miosien swaar ketting (MSK) isovorm inhoud en sitraat sintase (SS) aktiwiteite is gemeet in die Quadriceps femoris (QF) spier van 18 wyfie rotte. Spiere was opgedeel in oppervlakkig, middel en diep, asook distaal, sentraal en proksimale dele. MSK IIb en IIx was meer oorvloedig in oppervlakkige dele (P < 0.05) met lae SS aktiwiteite in vergelyking met dieper dele. Isovorm inhoud het ook verskil oor die lengte van diep dele. Dus bevat die QF gespesialiseerde streke en is die area van monsterneming belangrik. Baster vesel proporsies is ondersoek in spiermonsters van 12 middel afstand hardlopers en 12 niehardlopers. MSK IIa/IIx van hardlopers het met oefeningsvolume/week gekorreleer (r = -0.66, P < 0.05), asook MSK IIa/IIx van nie-hardlopers met oefeningsure/week (r = -0.72, P < 0.01). Gemiddelde voorkeur wedloop afstand (VWAG) het beter met MSK IIa/IIx gekorreleer in hardlopers (r = -0.85, P < 0.001). MSK IIa/IIx mag dus meer verwant wees aan oefeningsintensiteit. Veseltipe eienskappe en prestasie merkers was ondersoek in 13 Xhosa en 13 Caucasian langafstand atlete, geëweknie vir prestasie, oefeningsvolume en VMAG. Xhosa hardlopers het minder tipe I en meer tipe IIA vesels in hul spiermonsters gehad as die Caucasian hardlopers (P < 0.05). Xhosa hardlopers het laer plasma laktaat by 80% van hul maksimale trapmeul spoed (MTS) (P < 0.05), maar hoër laktaat dihidrogenase (LDH) (P < 0.01) en fosfofruktokinase (P = 0.07) aktiwiteite in homogene spiermonsters gehad. LDH aktiwiteite in MSK I (P = 0.05) en IIa (P < 0.05) veselbondels was hoër in Xhosa hardlopers. Xhosa atlete mag dus ‘n genetiese voorsprong geniet, of hulle het geadapteer om by hoër intensiteite te hardloop. Ses weke van geïndividualiseerde gestandardiseerde hoë intensiteit interval trapmeul oefening (HIIT) was ondersoek in 15 goed geoefende hardlopers. MTS het verhoog na HIIT (P < 0.01), en maksimale surrstof verbruik (VO2max) het ‘n neiging getoon om te verhoog het na HIIT (P = 0.07). Submaksimale toetse het laer plasma laktaat by 64% MTS getoon (P = 0.06), met laer harttempos by werkladings 64% tot 80% MTS (P < 0.01). Geen veranderings was gemerk vir deursnit area, kapillêre toevoer en ensiem aktiwiteite in homogene spiermonsters nie. LDH aktiwiteit het ‘n neiging getoon om te verhoog het (P = 0.06) in MSK IIa veselbondels na HIIT. Hoër HIIT snelhede was verwant aan ‘n daling in MSK I vesels, maar ‘n verhoging in MSK IIa/IIx vesels (r = -0.70 en r = 0.68, respektiwelik, P < 0.05). HIIT mag dus spier veseltipe verander in goed geoefende hardlopers, met gevolglike verbetering in prestasie merkers.
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Brook, Matthew. "Development and application of novel stable isotopic approaches to study human skeletal muscle in response to exercise and ageing." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39824/.
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