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Journal articles on the topic 'Skeletal system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Huang, Deng Yang. "The cloud classroom of the skeletal system." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (August 26, 2017): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i1.2267.

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2

Kapoor, Nikhil, and Vandana Chaddha. "Fetal Skeletal System." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 4 (2010): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1159.

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ABSTRACT The prevalence of skeletal dysplasias is between 1 and 2000, and 1 and 4000 live births. While here are over 200 skeletal dysplasias approximately four disorders comprise 70% of the total: Achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, and achondrogenesis. The appropriate identification of lethal skeletal dysplasia is important not only for current pregnancy management, but also for genetic counseling concerning future pregnancies. Detection of skeletal dysplasias is usually possible by prenatal ultrasound, an accurate specific diagnosis is possible by radiologic, pathologic and molecular genetic examination. A total body ultrasound approach should include assessment of the following: Limbs, long bones and extremities, bone mineralization, any joint contractures, joint dislocations, fetal calvarium, spine and thorax.

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3

Gerçek, Cem. "Modelling the Subjects of Skeletal and Muscular System: Mobile Applications." Journal of Qualitative Research in Education 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14689/issn.2148-2624.1.7c1s.10m.

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4

Jain, AnilK. "Tuberculosis of the skeletal system." Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 50, no. 3 (2016): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5413.181778.

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5

Nayak, Tusar Kanti, Snigdha Pattanaik, Smruti Bhusan Nanda, Noorjahan Mohammad, Subhrajeet Narayan Sahoo, and Abhik Sinha. "Skeletal Anchorage System in Orthodontics." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 9, no. 12 (2018): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.02143.5.

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6

Thalgott, John S., Max Aebi, and Henry LaRocca. "Internal Spinal Skeletal Fixation System." Orthopedics 11, no. 10 (October 1988): 1465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19881001-15.

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7

Olszewski, Henryk, Wiktoria Wojnicz, and Edmund Wittbrodt. "Method of Skeletal System Modelling." Archive of Mechanical Engineering 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/meceng-2013-0022.

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Abstract An original method of skeletal system modelling is presented in detail. Using DICOM images obtained from CT and PET tests, shell models of nine bones were created (humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, clavicle, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis). Two methods of bone behaviour are also proposed, the first method treating the bone as a solid structure and the second method treating the bone as a complex porous structure. The behaviour of model parts is numerically examined by using the finite element method

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8

Verma, Kushagra, Prakash Sitoula, Peter Gabos, Kerry Loveland, James Sanders, Satyendra Verma, and Suken A. Shah. "Simplified Skeletal Maturity Scoring System." Spine 39, no. 26 (December 2014): E1592—E1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000000653.

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9

Bohndorf, Klaus. "Infection of the Skeletal System." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 8, no. 3 (August 2004): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-835358.

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10

Bubenik, Loretta J. "Infections of the Skeletal System." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 35, no. 5 (September 2005): 1093–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.05.001.

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11

AEBI, M., CHR ETTER, TH KEHL, and J. THALGOTT. "The Internal Skeletal Fixation System." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 227 (February 1988): 30???43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198802000-00006.

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12

Yang, Y. "Fleshing out the skeletal system." Development 136, no. 24 (November 23, 2009): 4069–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.040576.

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13

Piróg, Katarzyna A., and Michael D. Briggs. "Skeletal Dysplasias Associated with Mild Myopathy—A Clinical and Molecular Review." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/686457.

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Musculoskeletal system is a complex assembly of tissues which acts as scaffold for the body and enables locomotion. It is often overlooked that different components of this system may biomechanically interact and affect each other. Skeletal dysplasias are diseases predominantly affecting the development of the osseous skeleton. However, in some cases skeletal dysplasia patients are referred to neuromuscular clinics prior to the correct skeletal diagnosis. The muscular complications seen in these cases are usually mild and may stem directly from the muscle defect and/or from the altered interactions between the individual components of the musculoskeletal system. A correct early diagnosis may enable better management of the patients and a better quality of life. This paper attempts to summarise the different components of the musculoskeletal system which are affected in skeletal dysplasias and lists several interesting examples of such diseases in order to enable better understanding of the complexity of human musculoskeletal system.

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14

McHenry, Matthew J. "There is no trade-off between speed and force in a dynamic lever system." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (December 8, 2010): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1029.

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Lever systems within a skeleton transmit force with a capacity determined by the mechanical advantage, A. A is the distance from input force to a joint, divided by the distance from the joint to the output force. A lever with a relatively high A in static equilibrium has a great capacity to generate force but moves a load over a small distance. Therefore, the geometry of a skeletal lever presents a trade-off between force and speed under quasi-static conditions. The present study considers skeletal dynamics that do not assume static equilibrium by modelling kicking by a locust leg, which is powered by stored elastic energy. This model predicts that the output force of this lever is proportional to A , but its maximum speed is independent of A . Therefore, no trade-off between force and velocity exists in a lever system with spring-mass dynamics. This demonstrates that the motion of a skeleton depends on the major forces that govern its dynamics and cannot be inferred from skeletal geometry alone.

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15

Holzman, Miriam A., Jenna M. Bergmann, Maya Feldman, Kim Landry-Truchon, Lucie Jeannotte, and Jennifer H. Mansfield. "HOXA5 protein expression and genetic fate mapping show lineage restriction in the developing musculoskeletal system." International Journal of Developmental Biology 62, no. 11-12 (2018): 785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.180214jm.

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HOX proteins act during development to regulate musculoskeletal morphology. HOXA5 patterns skeletal structures surrounding the cervical-thoracic transition including the vertebrae, ribs, sternum and forelimb girdle. However, the tissue types in which it acts to pattern the skeleton, and the ultimate fates of embryonic cells that activate Hoxa5 expression are unknown. A detailed characterization of HOXA5 expression by immunofluorescence was combined with Cre/LoxP genetic lineage tracing to map the fate of Hoxa5 expressing cells in axial musculoskeletal tissues and in their precursors, the somites and lateral plate mesoderm. HOXA5 protein expression is dynamic and spatially restricted in derivatives of both the lateral plate mesoderm and somites, including a subset of the lateral sclerotome, suggesting a local role in regulating early skeletal patterning. HOXA5 expression persists from somite stages through late development in differentiating skeletal and connective tissues, pointing to a continuous and direct role in skeletal patterning. In contrast, HOXA5 expression is excluded from the skeletal muscle and muscle satellite cell lineages. Furthermore, the descendants of Hoxa5-expressing cells, even after HOXA5 expression has extinguished, never contribute to these lineages. Together, these findings suggest cell autonomous roles for HOXA5 in skeletal development, as well as non-cell autonomous functions in muscle through expression in surrounding connective tissues. They also support the notion that different Hox genes display diverse tissue specificities and locations to achieve their patterning activity.

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16

Mooi, Rich, and Bruno David. "Skeletal homologies of echinoderms." Paleontological Society Papers 3 (October 1997): 305–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000310.

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The impressive array of disparity within the Echinodermata can be explained by the interplay of components (particularly skeletal elements) making up two major body wall regions: axial and extraxial. Axial skeleton comprises paired plate columns of the ambulacra, formed according to the Ocular Plate Rule (OPR) and in association with the water vascular system. Extraxial skeleton (subdivided into two subtypes: perforate and imperforate) is not formed according to the OPR, and new elements can be added anywhere and at any time within extraxial body wall. Recent work on early development of echinoderms reveals that axial skeleton is formed as an integral part of the rudiment, but that extraxial skeleton is derived from the non-rudiment part of the larval body. In addition to displaying such fundamental embryological and ontogenetic differences, the body wall regions have distinctive distributions and topologies that can be used to formulate criteria for their identification in any echinoderm regardless of how esoteric their morphology might be. Like the system of homologies that has long been established for vertebrates, the model of axial and extraxial skeletal types can be used to explore relationships among Recent and fossil taxa alike. Application of the model also leads to reassessment of previously published morphological characters and phylogenies.

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17

Rahman, Fasih Ahmad, and Matthew Paul Krause. "PAI-1, the Plasminogen System, and Skeletal Muscle." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 7066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197066.

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The plasminogen system is a critical proteolytic system responsible for the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The master regulator of the plasminogen system, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), has been implicated for its role in exacerbating various disease states not only through the accumulation of ECM (i.e., fibrosis) but also its role in altering cell fate/behaviour. Examination of PAI-1 has extended through various tissues and cell-types with recent investigations showing its presence in skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, the role of this protein has been implicated throughout the regeneration process, and in skeletal muscle pathologies (muscular dystrophy, diabetes, and aging-driven pathology). Needless to say, the complete function of this protein in skeletal muscle has yet to be fully elucidated. Given the importance of skeletal muscle in maintaining overall health and quality of life, it is critical to understand the alterations—particularly in PAI-1—that occur to negatively impact this organ. Thus, we provide a comprehensive review of the importance of PAI-1 in skeletal muscle health and function. We aim to shed light on the relevance of this protein in skeletal muscle and propose potential therapeutic approaches to aid in the maintenance of skeletal muscle health.

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18

Elefteriou, Florent. "Impact of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Skeleton." Physiological Reviews 98, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 1083–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2017.

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It is from the discovery of leptin and the central nervous system as a regulator of bone remodeling that the presence of autonomic nerves within the skeleton transitioned from a mere histological observation to the mechanism whereby neurons of the central nervous system communicate with cells of the bone microenvironment and regulate bone homeostasis. This shift in paradigm sparked new preclinical and clinical investigations aimed at defining the contribution of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves to the process of bone development, bone mass accrual, bone remodeling, and cancer metastasis. The aim of this article is to review the data that led to the current understanding of the interactions between the autonomic and skeletal systems and to present a critical appraisal of the literature, bringing forth a schema that can put into physiological and clinical context the main genetic and pharmacological observations pointing to the existence of an autonomic control of skeletal homeostasis. The different types of nerves found in the skeleton, their functional interactions with bone cells, their impact on bone development, bone mass accrual and remodeling, and the possible clinical or pathophysiological relevance of these findings are discussed.

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19

Lee, Peter H. U., and Herman H. Vandenburgh. "Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Bioengineered Skeletal Muscle: A New Model System." Tissue Engineering Part A 19, no. 19-20 (October 2013): 2147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0597.

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20

Lee, Seoung-Hoon, Tae-Soo Kim, Yong-Won Choi, and Joseph Lorenzo. "Osteoimmunology: cytokines and the skeletal system." BMB Reports 41, no. 7 (July 31, 2008): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.7.495.

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21

Cook, JV, and J. Chandy. "Systemic mastocytosis affecting the skeletal system." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 71-B, no. 3 (May 1989): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.71b3.2722957.

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22

Sugawara, Junji, and Makoto Nishimura. "Minibone plates: The skeletal anchorage system." Seminars in Orthodontics 11, no. 1 (March 2005): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2004.11.008.

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23

Clancy, John, Andrew Mcvicar, and Mriga Williams. "The Musculo-Skeletal System: The Spine." British Journal of Perioperative Nursing (United Kingdom) 10, no. 11 (November 2000): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175045890001001103.

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24

Major, Richard. "Biomechanics of the Musculo-Skeletal System." Physiotherapy 80, no. 10 (October 1994): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)60945-5.

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25

Major, Richard. "Biomechanics of the musculo-skeletal system." Gait & Posture 4, no. 2 (April 1996): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(96)90035-1.

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26

De Toni, Luca, Alexander I. Agoulnik, Marco Sandri, Carlo Foresta, and Alberto Ferlin. "INSL3 in the muscolo-skeletal system." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 487 (May 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.021.

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27

Ashton-Miller, James A. "Biomechanics of the musculo-skeletal system." Journal of Biomechanics 29, no. 9 (September 1996): 1243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(96)87217-4.

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28

Brahmanta, Arya, and Jusuf Sjamsudin. "Orthodontic treatment with skeletal anchorage system." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v44.i2.p101-105.

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29

Canalis, E., T. L. McCarthy, and M. Centrella. "Growth factors and the skeletal system." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 12, no. 8 (September 1989): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03350764.

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30

Negri, Stefano, T. Jake Samuel, and Seungyong Lee. "The Potential Role of Exercise Training and Mechanical Loading on Bone-Associated Skeletal Nerves." Journal of Bone Metabolism 28, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2021.28.4.267.

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The spatial distribution, innervation, and functional role of the bone-associated skeletal nerves have been previously reported in detail. However, studies examining exercise-induced associations between skeletal nerves and bone metabolism are limited. This review introduces a potential relationship between exercise and the skeletal nerves and discusses how it can contribute to exercise-induced bone anabolism. First, the background and current understanding of nerve fiber types and their functions in the skeleton are provided. Next, the influence of exercise and mechanical loading on the skeletal nervous system is elaborated. Effective synthesis of recent studies could serve as an established baseline for the novel discovery of the effects of exercise on skeletal nerve density and bone anabolic activity in the future. Therefore, this review overviews the existing evidence for the neural control of bone metabolism and the potential positive effects of exercise on the peripheral skeletal nervous system. The influence of exercise training models on the relationships of sensory nerve signals with osteoblast-mediated bone formation and the increased bone volume provides the first insight on the potential importance of exercise training in stimulating positive adaptations in the skeletal nerve-bone interaction and its downstream effect on bone metabolism, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential in a variety of clinical populations.

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31

Pervushov, Evgeny M. "Irrigation system in the Late Cretaceous Hexactinellids (Porifera, Hexactinellida)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Earth Sciences 23, no. 4 (December 18, 2023): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7663-2023-23-4-284-292.

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Within the skeletal structure of the medium- and the thick-walled Hexactinellids, the active filtration surface area was increased at expense of the elements of the irrigation system. The ostia and the transversal canal structures, the densities of their occurrences correlate with the values of the wall thickness, the skeleton habitus, the level of modular organization; they are in many ways determined by the parameters of the sponge habitats.

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32

DI COSMO, ROBERTO, ZHENG LI, SUSANNA PELAGATTI, and PIERRE WEIS. "SKELETAL PARALLEL PROGRAMMING WITH OCAMLP3L 2.0." Parallel Processing Letters 18, no. 01 (March 2008): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626408003284.

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Parallel programming has proved to be an effective technique to increase the performance of computationally intensive applications. However, writing parallel programs is not easy, and activities such as debugging are usually hard and time consuming. To cope with these difficulties, skeletal parallel programming has been widely explored in recent years with very promising results. However, prototypal skeletal systems developed so far tend to be rather inflexible and difficult to adapt to many practical parallelization scenarios. For instance, many systems restrict all the substructures of an application being encapsulated together in term of possibly nested skeletons, which may be cumbersome when parallelizing some large and complex applications. Moreover, it is usually difficult to share resources among different skeleton instances and to reuse the same instance of a skeleton in different parts of the code. This paper reports on the current status of the OcamIP3I (2.0) system, which sensibly changes the skeletal model of the previous versions, making it more usable and flexible. In particular, we describe the new skeletons, the new skeletal execution model as well as related issues on design and implementation.

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33

Aron, D. N. "The external skeletal fixation system: IM PINS, wire, and external skeletal fixator." Veterinary Quarterly 18, sup1 (April 1996): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1996.9694645.

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34

Ambreen, Sadaf. "COMPARISION OF DENTAL SCORING SYSTEM WITH RADIOGRAPHIC SKELETAL SYSTEM IN AGE ESTIMATION." JKCD 9, no. 1 (2019): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/2307-3934.2019.9103.

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Objectives: To compare Demirjian Dental scoring method with Greulich-Pyle (GP) Skeletal method of age estimation in pubertal children. Materials and Methods: Sample of the study included 267 male healthy subjects of 11-16 years of age group.. Demirjian Scoring system was utilized to evaluate the orthopantomograms to assess their Dental age and the Hand-Wrist radiographs were analyzed to calculate the skeletal age by utilizing GP atlas. Chronological age was obtained from the date of birth of the subject .Both methods were compared with one another and with the chronological age. It was a cross-sectional study and only healthy male subjects without any clinical abnormalities were included in the study. Results: A total of 267 male subjects of 11-16 years of age group were assessed by Demirjian and Greulich Pyle Methods. Both were compared with Chronological Age. Data obtained was statistically analyzed and the Student “t” test was applied in the study population. The mean difference between Chronolgical age and dental age was 0.69years and that of chronological age and skeletal age was 0.87 years. It was observed from dental age assessment that it does not differ much from the skeletal age. Conclusion: It was concluded that Demirjian method of Age Estimation is more precise than Greulich Pyle method of Age Estimation. Furthermore both methods can be used selectively in Medicolegal cases to access bone age which can be easily correlated to chronological age.

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35

Shea, Brian T., Robert E. Hammer, Ralph L. Brinster, and Matthew R. Ravosa. "Relative growth of the skull and postcranium in giant transgenic mice." Genetical Research 56, no. 1 (August 1990): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300028846.

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SummaryCross-sectional allometric growth patterns of the cranial and postcranial skeleton were compared between giant transgenic (MT-rGH) mice and their normal littermate controls. Body weights, external body dimensions, and a series of cranial and postcranial linear dimensions of the skeleton were determined for samples of known age. Comparative bivariate and multivariate allometric analyses were completed in order to determine whether (1) the larger transgenic mice differed significantly from the normal controls in aspects of body and skeletal proportions, and (2) any such proportion differences resulted from general allometric effects of overall weight or skeletal size increase. Results demonstrate that the transgenic mice do exhibit significantly different body and skeletal proportions than normal control adults. Allometric comparisons of the skeletal dimensions relative to body weight reveal similar coefficients of growth allometry but several differences in y-intercept values in the transgenic vs. control groups. The comparisons among the skeletal dimensions of the skull and postcranium generally reveal the sharing and differential extension of common growth allometries in the two groups. Thus, the elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the transgenic mice appear to result in increased overall growth for the various skeletal elements, but in the relative proportions determined by intrinsic growth controls within that system.

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36

Akhtaruzzaman, M., A. A. Shafie, and M. R. Khan. "A REVIEW ON LOWER APPENDICULAR MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM OF HUMAN BODY." IIUM Engineering Journal 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v17i1.571.

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Rehabilitation engineering plays an important role in designing various autonomous robots to provide better therapeutic exercise to disabled patients. Hence it is necessary to study human musculoskeletal system and also needs to be presented in scientific manner in order to describe and analyze the biomechanics of human body motion. This review focuses on lower appendicular musculoskeletal structure of human body to represent joints and links architectures; to identify muscle attachments and functions; and to illustrate muscle groups which are responsible for a particular joint movement. Firstly, human lower skeletal structure, linking systems, joint mechanisms, and their functions are described with a conceptual representation of joint architecture of human skeleton. This section also represents joints and limbs by comparing with mechanical systems. Characteristics of ligaments and their functions to construct skeletal joints are also discussed briefly in this part. Secondly, the study focuses on muscular system of human lower limbs where muscle structure, functions, roles in moving endoskeleton structure, and supporting mechanisms are presented elaborately. Thirdly, muscle groups are tabulated based on functions that provide mobility to different joints of lower limbs. Finally, for a particular movement action of lower extremity, muscles are also grouped and tabulated to have a better understanding on functions of individual muscle. Basically the study presents an overview of the structure of human lower limbs by characterizing and classifying skeletal and muscular systems.KEYWORDS: Â Musculoskeletal system; Human lower limbs; Muscle groups; Joint motion; Biomechatronics; Rehabilitation.

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37

Jiang, Fei, Ying Jie Yu, and Da Wei Yan. "Research on Wearable Human Motion Capture and Virtual Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 686 (October 2014): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.686.121.

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This paper designed the posture initialization calibration method by the inertial sensor in human limb movement with any attitude toward. By initializing the target specific actions can be implemented to identify timing corresponding sensors and joint, and calculate the coordinate transformation relation of human skeletal coordinates corresponding to each inertial sensor's coordinate system and the 3D human skeleton model. Then through the coordinate conversion of inertial sensor attitude coordinates and depth first traversal calculation on human skeletal tree, real-time update of human motion body attitude data, driven simulation of human skeletal model by human motion, realize the real-time tracking of motion capture.

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38

Ali Omer, Mohammed A., M. E. M. Gar-alnabi, Mohamed Yousef, and Gada A. E. Sakin. "Evaluation of Breast Cancer Metastasis to The Skeletal System by Using Bone Scintigraphy." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 3 (October 1, 2011): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2014/122.

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39

Quan-Sheng, D., and S. C. Miller. "Calciotrophic hormone levels and calcium absorption during pregnancy in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 257, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): E118—E123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.1.e118.

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The mammalian maternal skeleton stores Ca during pregnancy perhaps for fetal skeletal mineralization in late pregnancy and milk production during lactation. The interrelationships between intestinal Ca absorption and hypertrophy and plasma levels of total Ca, ionized Ca, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D], and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were determined at different stages of pregnancy in rats. By midpregnancy and before fetal skeletal mineralization, plasma ionized Ca levels, Ca absorption by duodenal tissue in vitro, Ca absorption by the duodenum in situ, and duodenal wet weight were increased and 25(OH)D was decreased. Later in pregnancy, during fetal skeletal mineralization, 1,25(OH)2D and PTH levels were also substantially increased and total serum Ca levels decreased. These data demonstrate changes by midpregnancy, before fetal skeletal mineralization, in maternal mineral homeostasis concomitant with known changes in skeletal metabolism. Some of the early changes in mineral metabolism may occur independent of the vitamin D and PTH endocrine system.

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40

Armstrong, J. W., K. A. Nelson, S. J. Simske, M. W. Luttges, J. J. Iandolo, and S. K. Chapes. "Skeletal unloading causes organ-specific changes in immune cell responses." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 2734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2734.

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The effects of skeletal unloading using antiorthostatic tail suspension on the mouse immune system are tissue specific. This phenomenon was demonstrated by analyzing cells from the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. Phytohemagglutinin-induced T-cell proliferation was depressed in lymph nodes after 11 days of antiorthostatic suspension. In contrast, splenic T-cell proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin was enhanced. Splenic natural killer cell cytotoxicity was unchanged after suspension, which demonstrated the organ- and cell-specific effects of skeletal unloading. Whereas antiorthostatic suspension induced minimal changes in bone, there was a significant depression in the number of macrophage precursors in the bone marrow. Overall, skeletally unloaded animals had slightly higher blood corticosterone levels than did control animals; however, it did not appear to be responsible for the observed changes. In conclusion, skeletal unloading produces organ- and cell-specific changes in the murine immune system rather than a generalized immunosuppression.

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41

Wei, Gaofeng, Xudong Yu, and Qiushi Ren. "A NOVEL METHOD TO EVALUATE HUMAN LOCOMOTION ABILITY BASED ON THE FINITE ELEMENT MODELING AND SIMULATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 27, no. 01 (February 2015): 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237215500106.

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A novel method based on the finite element modeling and simulation of human musculoskeletal system was proposed to evaluate the human locomotion ability in this paper. Biomechanical models that compute muscle forces and human joint forces are broadly applicable to the study of factors that promote human musculoskeletal injury and optimize musculoskeletal motion planning. However, it is still difficult to acquire the biomechanical characteristics of human skeletal system in vivo. Especially, there is little research about the biomechanical modeling and simulation of the entire human skeletal system. The finite element method was broadly used various mechanical analyses. It has been used to model and simulate biomechanical behavior of segments of human skeletal system, such as arthrosis, organs and so on. A novel finite element model of the entire human skeletal system was proposed in this paper. As far as we know, there is no similar reports yet. First, the anatomical detailed three-dimension models of human musculoskeletal system were reconstructed from the cross-sectional images of China Visible Human Project. Second, the sectional finite element models of musculoskeletal system was built. And, the finite element model of the entire human musculoskeletal system was integrated. In the end, a weightlifting motor task simulation was implemented as a case study using the proposed method on supercomputer platform Dawning4000A in Shanghai Supercomputer Center. The muscle forces and the skeleton stresses of subject during weightlifting locomotion were obtained. Based on these parameters, the locomotion ability of subject was evaluated. It was validated that the proposed method could provide the inbeing biomechanical information of musculoskeletal system in vivo. Furthermore, it could evaluate human locomotion ability based on these information from a novel viewpoint.

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42

Goll, Darrel E., Valery F. Thompson, Richard G. Taylor, and Ahmed Ouali. "The calpain system and skeletal muscle growth." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-081.

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The first protein of a group of proteins now identified as belonging to the calpain system was purified in 1976. The calpain system presently is known to be constituted of three well-characterized proteins; several lesser studied proteins that have been isolated from invertebrates; and 10 mRNAs, two each in Drosophila and C. elegans and six in vertebrates, that encode proteins, which, based on sequence homology, belong to the calpain family. The three well-characterized proteins in the calpain family include two Ca2+-dependent proteolytic enzymes, µ-calpain and m-calpain, and a protein, calpastatin, that has no known activity other than to inhibit the two calpains. A substantial amount of experimental evidence accumulated during the past 25 yr has shown that the calpain system has an important role both in rate of skeletal muscle growth and in rate and extent of postmortem tenderization. Calpastatin seems to be the variable component of the calpain system, and skeletal muscle calpastatin activity is highly related to rate of muscle protein turnover and rate of postmortem tenderization. The current paradigm is that high calpastatin activity: 1) decreases rate of muscle protein turnover and hence is associated with an increased rate of skeletal muscle growth; and 2) decreases calpain activity in postmortem muscle and hence is associated with a lower rate of postmortem tenderization. This article summarizes some of the known properties of the calpain system and discusses the potential importance of the calpain system to animal science. Key words: Calpain, calpastatin, postmortem tenderization, skeletal muscle growth

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Sołtysiak, Patrycja, and Joanna Folwarczna. "Effects of lycopene on the skeletal system." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 69 (February 21, 2015): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1141099.

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Kamiński, Piotr, Agnieszka Wiśniewska, Leszek Jerzak, Paweł Żuchowski, Sławomir Jeka, Brendan P. Kavanagh, Wojciech Kozera, and Alina Woźniak. "Ecophysiological determinants of the human skeletal system." Medical Research Journal 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/mrj.2018.0009.

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Nafday, Avinash M. "System Safety Performance Metrics for Skeletal Structures." Journal of Structural Engineering 134, no. 3 (March 2008): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2008)134:3(499).

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Niemeyer, P., A. Weinberg, H. Schmitt, P. Kreuz, V. Ewerbeck, and P. Kasten. "Stress Fractures in the Juvenile Skeletal System." International Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 03 (July 25, 2005): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-865649.

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Horowitz, B. "3D interactive skeletal system available [New Products]." IEEE Multimedia 2, no. 3 (1995): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmul.1995.410529.

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Morini, Sandra Regina, Carlos Eduardo Steiner, and Lelia Britto Passos Gerson. "Mucopolysaccharidosis type II: skeletal–muscle system involvement." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 19, no. 4 (July 2010): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpb.0b013e3283317b7a.

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Umemori, Mikako, Junji Sugawara, Hideo Mitani, Hiroshi Nagasaka, and Hiroshi Kawamura. "Skeletal anchorage system for open-bite correction." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 115, no. 2 (February 1999): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70345-8.

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Christiansen, C., and B. J. Riis. "Hormonal replacement therapy and the skeletal system." Maturitas 12, no. 3 (September 1990): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5122(90)90006-r.

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