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Journal articles on the topic 'Skeleton bone'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Mandal, Prabir, Noor Islam, and Anita Mandal. "Skeletal and Metabolic Bone Disorders with special reference to African Americans." Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma Care 3, no. 1 (2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2694-0248/012.

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The human skeleton is living tissue that is either growing or being renewed. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of bone disorders has progressed considerably over the past 37 years. A large number of genetic and developmental disorders affect the skeleton. Rare bone diseases account for 5% of all birth defects. The skeletal dysplasias are inherited in an autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive, and X-linked dominant, and Y-linked manner.

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2

Tanaka, Nariki, Hiroshi Kera, and Kazuhiko Kawamoto. "Adversarial Bone Length Attack on Action Recognition." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 2 (2022): 2335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i2.20132.

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Skeleton-based action recognition models have recently been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Compared to adversarial attacks on images, perturbations to skeletons are typically bounded to a lower dimension of approximately 100 per frame. This lower-dimensional setting makes it more difficult to generate imperceptible perturbations. Existing attacks resolve this by exploiting the temporal structure of the skeleton motion so that the perturbation dimension increases to thousands. In this paper, we show that adversarial attacks can be performed on skeleton-based action recognition m

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3

Iwaniec, Urszula T., and Russell T. Turner. "Influence of body weight on bone mass, architecture and turnover." Journal of Endocrinology 230, no. 3 (2016): R115—R130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-16-0089.

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Weight-dependent loading of the skeleton plays an important role in establishing and maintaining bone mass and strength. This review focuses on mechanical signaling induced by body weight as an essential mechanism for maintaining bone health. In addition, the skeletal effects of deviation from normal weight are discussed. The magnitude of mechanical strain experienced by bone during normal activities is remarkably similar among vertebrates, regardless of size, supporting the existence of a conserved regulatory mechanism, or mechanostat, that senses mechanical strain. The mechanostat functions

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Wu, Jianyao, Sofia Movérare-Skrtic, Anna E. Börjesson, et al. "Enzalutamide Reduces the Bone Mass in the Axial But Not the Appendicular Skeleton in Male Mice." Endocrinology 157, no. 2 (2015): 969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1566.

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Abstract Testosterone is a crucial regulator of the skeleton, but the role of the androgen receptor (AR) for the maintenance of the adult male skeleton is unclear. In the present study, the role of the AR for bone metabolism and skeletal growth after sexual maturation was evaluated by means of the drug enzalutamide, which is a new AR antagonist used in the treatment of prostate cancer patients. Nine-week-old male mice were treated with 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg·d of enzalutamide for 21 days or were surgically castrated and were compared with vehicle-treated gonadal intact mice. Although orchidectom

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5

Simangunsong, Yandri R. N., Savitri Novelina, Supratikno Supratikno, et al. "Karakteristik Morfofungsi Skelet Ekstremitas Kaki Soa Layar (Hydrosaurus amboinensis)." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 15, no. 1 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.2575.

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The Sailfin lizard is a lizard that has a semi-aquatic life and has a sail fin on its tail. These lizards can be found in habitats close to water such as rivers, lakes, and estuaries of mangrove forests. This study aimed to observe the morphofunctional characteristic of the appendicular skeleton of Sailfin Lizard (Hydrosaurus amboinensis), associated with their function and behavior. The appendicular skeleton of the Sailfin lizard was studied morphofunctional by observing and measuring the bones that make up the extremities. The naming of bones and their parts is based on the Nomina Anatomica

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Jannat, N., R. Islam, and N. Sultana. "Preparing and Presenting a Pigeon Skeleton for Gross Anatomical Study Using Boiling Maceration Method: A Quick and Effective Method." American Journal of Life Science and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2023): 26–32. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v2i1.1269.

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The study’s main objective was to prepare and display the pigeon skeleton using a practical and effective approach. Two matured domestic pigeons (Columba livia), aged 8 months old were purchased from local market, Gazipur sadar, Bangladesh for this purpose. This experiment was carried out in the department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh, in January 2021. The birds were first killed by being injected with MgSO4 directly into the hearts. After dead, they were peele

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Warden, Stuart J., Alexander G. Robling, Megan S. Sanders, Michael M. Bliziotes, and Charles H. Turner. "Inhibition of the Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) Transporter Reduces Bone Accrual during Growth." Endocrinology 146, no. 2 (2005): 685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1259.

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Abstract Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) antagonize the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) transporter (5-HTT), and are frequently prescribed to children and adolescents to treat depression. However, recent findings of functional serotonergic pathways in bone cells and preliminary clinical evidence demonstrating detrimental effects of SSRIs on bone growth have raised questions regarding the effects of these drugs on the growing skeleton. The current work investigated the impact of 5-HTT inhibition on the skeleton in: 1) mice with a null mutation in the gene encoding for the 5-HTT;

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Jannat, Nure, R. Islam, and N. Sultana. "Preparing and Presenting a Pigeon Skeleton for Gross Anatomical Study Using Boiling Maceration Method: A Quick and Effective Method." American Journal of Life Science and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2023): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v2i1.1269.

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The study’s main objective was to prepare and display the pigeon skeleton using a practical and effective approach. Two matured domestic pigeons (Columba livia), aged 8 months old were purchased from local market, Gazipur sadar, Bangladesh for this purpose. This experiment was carried out in the department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh, in January 2021. The birds were first killed by being injected with MgSO4 directly into the hearts. After dead, they were peeled usin

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9

HUBER, STEFAN, and MARTIN HELD. "A FAST STRAIGHT-SKELETON ALGORITHM BASED ON GENERALIZED MOTORCYCLE GRAPHS." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 22, no. 05 (2012): 471–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195912500124.

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This paper deals with the fast computation of straight skeletons of planar straight-line graphs (PSLGs) at an industrial-strength level. We discuss both the theoretical foundations of our algorithm and the engineering aspects of our implementation Bone. Our investigation starts with an analysis of the triangulation-based algorithm by Aichholzer and Aurenhammer and we prove the existence of flip-event-free Steiner triangulations. This result motivates a careful generalization of motorcycle graphs such that their intimate geometric connection to straight skeletons is maintained. Based on the gen

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10

Elefteriou, Florent. "Impact of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Skeleton." Physiological Reviews 98, no. 3 (2018): 1083–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2017.

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It is from the discovery of leptin and the central nervous system as a regulator of bone remodeling that the presence of autonomic nerves within the skeleton transitioned from a mere histological observation to the mechanism whereby neurons of the central nervous system communicate with cells of the bone microenvironment and regulate bone homeostasis. This shift in paradigm sparked new preclinical and clinical investigations aimed at defining the contribution of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves to the process of bone development, bone mass accrual, bone remodeling, and cancer m

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11

Parajuli, Ashutosh, Shaopeng Pei, Hongbo Zhao, et al. "Trabecular Bone Deficit and Enhanced Anabolic Response to Re-Ambulation after Disuse in Perlecan-Deficient Skeleton." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020198.

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Perlecan/Hspg2, a large monomeric heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is found in the basement membrane and extracellular matrix, where it acts as a matrix scaffold, growth factor depot, and tissue barrier. Perlecan deficiency leads to skeletal dysplasia in Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome (SJS) and is a risk factor for osteoporosis. In the SJS-mimicking murine model (Hypo), inferior cortical bone quality and impaired mechanotransduction in osteocytes were reported. This study focused on trabecular bone, where perlecan deficiency was hypothesized to result in structural deficit and altered response to disus

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Paliling, Alders. "IMPLEMENTATION OF AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN SKELETONS LEARNING BASED ON ANDROID." Journal of Information Technology and Its Utilization 2, no. 2 (2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30818/jitu.2.2.2343.

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One of the materials taught in science lesson is about human skeletons. In the learning process of the human skeletal, teachers use props in the form of human skeletal models. With the development of technology, the use of human skeletal models can be replaced with digital models. Human skeletal models can be damaged either by deliberate or accidentally by age. The correct method for replacing the model of a human skeleton into a digital form is by using Augmented Reality technology, where Augmented Reality technology is capable of projecting 3-dimensional objects into the real world directly.

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13

Corr, Alexander, James Smith, and Paul Baldock. "Neuronal Control of Bone Remodeling." Toxicologic Pathology 45, no. 7 (2017): 894–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623317738708.

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Although the brain is well established as a master regulator of homeostasis in peripheral tissues, central regulation of bone mass represents a novel and rapidly expanding field of study. This review examines the current understanding of central regulation of the skeleton, exploring several of the key pathways connecting brain to bone and their implications both in mice and the clinical setting. Our understanding of central bone regulation has largely progressed through examination of skeletal responses downstream of nutrient regulatory pathways in the hypothalamus. Mutations and modulation of

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14

Chirchir, Habiba. "Limited Trabecular Bone Density Heterogeneity in the Human Skeleton." Anatomy Research International 2016 (April 11, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9295383.

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There is evidence for variation in trabecular bone density and volume within an individual skeleton, albeit in a few anatomical sites, which is partly dependent on mechanical loading. However, little is known regarding the basic variation in trabecular bone density throughout the skeleton in healthy human adults. This is because research on bone density has been confined to a few skeletal elements, which can be readily measured using available imaging technology particularly in clinical settings. This study comprehensively investigates the distribution of trabecular bone density within the hum

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15

Lorenzo, Joseph. "Sexual Dimorphism in Osteoclasts." Cells 9, no. 9 (2020): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9092086.

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Osteoclasts are the principal mediators of bone resorption. They form through the fusion of mononuclear precursor cells under the principal influence of the cytokines macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, aka CSF-1) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL, aka TNFSF11). Sexual dimorphism in the development of the skeleton and in the incidence of skeletal diseases is well described. In general, females, at any given age, have a lower bone mass than males. The reasons for the differences in the bone mass of the skeleton between women and men at various ages, and the incidence of cer

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16

Bilezikian, John P. "The role of estrogens in male skeletal development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 4 (2001): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00120.

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The developing human skeleton is known to be influenced by the presence of sex steroids. In girls, estrogens have been considered to be the dominant hormone, whereas in boys, androgens have occupied a primary physiological role in terms of bone mass accrual. Although these views are still current, recent observations made of rare defects in estrogen receptor sensitivity or estrogen synthesis have called attention to the importance of estrogens in the developing male skeleton. In these human genetic models, the affected men have demonstrated continuous linear skeletal growth, open epiphyses, la

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Fariha Ahmed, Aamir Shahzad, Waseem Abbas, Sidrah Mahmood, Khadim Hussain, and Muhammad Sabir. "Pattern of bone metastasis; Central VS. Peripheral skeleton in metastatic breast carcinoma." Professional Medical Journal 30, no. 04 (2023): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2023.30.04.6781.

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Objective: To see the pattern of bone involvement in metastatic breast carcinoma. To study the distribution of bone metastasis, central skeleton vs. peripheral skeleton, in metastatic breast carcinoma. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Department of Surgery, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, in accordance with Breast Clinic MINAR. Period: March, 2021 to August, 2022. Material & Methods: The study was done in breast clinic MINAR, Multan. It was retrospective, non-randomized and single institution based study. The female patients who presented with breast carcinoma from March 202

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18

Hibbitt, Catherine. "Using Skeleton Typograms to Explore Comparative Anatomy." American Biology Teacher 82, no. 2 (2020): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.2.120.

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A highlight activity of the author's comparative anatomy class, this skeletal typogram activity challenges students to take their understanding of the skeletal system's components beyond mere memorization of bone names and locations. Each student creates a poster of a vertebrate skeleton, using the letters of the bone names to depict the actual bone shape and location. Animals are chosen by the teacher to represent a wide variety of evolutionary adaptations (swimming, flying, grazing, hunting, etc.). Students are then asked to compare the different typograms through analysis of contrasting ske

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Zernicke, Ronald, Christopher MacKay, and Caeley Lorincz. "Mechanisms of bone remodeling during weight-bearing exercise." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 6 (2006): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-051.

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Exercise-induced mechanical loading can have potent effects on skeletal form and health. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to bone structure and function. Mechanical simuli (e.g., strain magnitude, frequency, rate, and gradients, as well as fluid flow and shear stress) have potent influences on bone-cell cytoskeleton and associated signalling pathways. Although the immature skeleton may be more able to benefit from exercise, a skeletally mature population can also benefit from exercise programs aimed at increasing the functional loads to which the skeleton is exposed. The definit

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20

Li, Guang, Kai Liu, Wenwen Ding, Fei Cheng, and Boyang Chen. "Key-Skeleton-Pattern Mining on 3D Skeletons Represented by Lie Group for Action Recognition." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (December 5, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7952974.

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The human skeleton can be considered as a tree system of rigid bodies connected by bone joints. In recent researches, substantial progress has been made in both theories and experiments on skeleton-based action recognition. However, it is challenging to accurately represent the skeleton and precisely eliminate noisy skeletons from the action sequence. This paper proposes a novel skeletal representation, which is composed of two subfeatures to recognize human action: static features and dynamic features. First, to avoid scale variations from subject to subject, the orientations of the rigid bod

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Yang, Xiao Hong, Kun Yang, Yu Lin An, Li Bo Wang, Guo Luo, and Xiao Hua Hu. "MicroRNA-705 regulates the differentiation of mouse mandible bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells." PeerJ 7 (January 10, 2019): e6279. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6279.

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The craniofacial skeleton is the foundation of most stomatological treatments, including prosthodontics and maxillofacial surgery. Although histologically similar to the appendicular skeleton, the craniofacial skeleton manifests many unique properties in response to external stimuli and signals. However, the mandibular or maxillary bone marrow mesenchyme, which is the intrinsic foundation of the functions of craniofacial skeleton, has not been well studied, and its homeostasis mechanism remains elusive. Osteoporosis is a systemic disease that affects all skeletons and is characterized by bone

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Clement, JG. "Re-examination of the fine structure of endoskeletal mineralization in Chondrichthyans: Implications for growth, ageing and calcium Homeostasis." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 1 (1992): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9920157.

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This paper presents a review of the literature describing calcium regulation mechanisms of chondrichthyans, with particular emphasis being given to implications for the nature of the skeleton. A further review of the literature describing mineralized skeletal tissues explores the many conflicting claims about the presence or absence of bone in chondrichthyans. The fine structure of axial and appendicular mineralized tissues from five genera is then described, and evidence is presented to support or refute the hypotheses of others concerning the presence of bone, turnover in the skeleton, and g

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Begum, Shamim Momtaz Ferdousi, Zeenat Jabin, Rahima Perveen, Nasreen Sultana, and Laila S. Banu. "99m TcMDP Bone Scan in Lung Cancer: Predilection Sites for Metastasis." Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Medicine 17, no. 2 (2016): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjnm.v17i2.28196.

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Introduction: Bone scan with 99m Tc-MDP is a commonly used procedure for evaluation of bone metastases because of its high sensitivity, availability, and relatively low cost. The predilection sites for bone metastasis in patients particularly with lung cancers were investigated in this study.Methods: The study was done at the National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (NINMAS) between January 2013 and June 2014. A total of 123 patients with lung cancers who had whole body scintigraphy with 99mTc-MDP were studied. The bone scans were interpreted by experienced Nuclear Medicine p

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Born-Evers, Gabriella, Ashley L. Orr, Elizabeth Q. Hulsey, et al. "Examining the Role of Hypothalamus-Derived Neuromedin-U (NMU) in Bone Remodeling of Rats." Life 13, no. 4 (2023): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13040918.

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Global loss of the neuropeptide Neuromedin-U (NMU) is associated with increased bone formation and high bone mass in male and female mice by twelve weeks of age, suggesting that NMU suppresses osteoblast differentiation and/or activity in vivo. NMU is highly expressed in numerous anatomical locations including the skeleton and the hypothalamus. This raises the possibility that NMU exerts indirect effects on bone remodeling from an extra-skeletal location such as the brain. Thus, in the present study we used microinjection to deliver viruses carrying short-hairpin RNA designed to knockdown Nmu

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Eshed, Iris. "Imaging Characteristics of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis: More Than Just Spinal Bony Bridges." Diagnostics 13, no. 3 (2023): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030563.

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Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a systemic condition characterized by new bone formation and enthesopathies of the axial and peripheral skeleton. The pathogenesis of DISH is not well understood, and it is currently considered a non-inflammatory condition with an underlying metabolic derangement. Currently, DISH diagnosis relies on the Resnick and Niwayama criteria, which encompass end-stage disease with an already ankylotic spine. Imaging characterization of the axial and peripheral skeleton in DISH subjects may potentially help identify earlier diagnostic criteria and provi

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Fessenmeyer, Marie-Odile. "Bone as part of skeleton." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2015): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2015-3-4-105-113.

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The ﬁrst chapter of the book by M. O. Fessenmeyer «Bone: an Element of Diagnostics» presents an analysis of the notions «bone» and «part of skeleton». The author pays special attention to the process of morphogenesis and to the bone modeling capacity, considering a bone as a «living» element, which follows the laws of life. Mechanical and functional qualities of the bone tissue in osteopathic practice are also an object of regard.

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Frigo, L., and PA Woolley. "Development of the Skeleton of the Stripe-Faced Dunnart, Sminthopsis Macroura (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 2 (1996): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960155.

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Development of the skeleton of the stripe-faced dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura (Gould), a small carnivorous marsupial, was examined in captive-bred pouch young of known age. Skeletal tissue was differentially stained with the dyes alcian blue and alizarin red to demonstrate the presence of cartilage and bone, respectively. The skeleton of the neonate is cartilaginous and ossification centres are first apparent in the skull by Day 5 post partum. The skeleton of S. macroura is well invested with bone by Day 40 of the lactation period, when the young can relinquish the nipple. The sequence of ossi

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Arioka, M., X. Zhang, Z. Li, et al. "Osteoporotic Changes in the Periodontium Impair Alveolar Bone Healing." Journal of Dental Research 98, no. 4 (2019): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034518818456.

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Osteoporosis is associated with decreased bone density and increased bone fragility, but how this disease affects alveolar bone healing is not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which osteoporosis affects the jaw skeleton and then to evaluate possible mechanisms whereby an osteoporotic phenotype might affect the rate of alveolar bone healing following tooth extraction. Using an ovariectomized mouse model coupled with micro–computed tomographic imaging, histologic, molecular, and cellular assays, we first demonstrated that the appendicular and jaw skeletons both d

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Yakar, Shoshana, Haim Werner, and Clifford J. Rosen. "40 YEARS OF IGF1: Insulin-like growth factors: actions on the skeleton." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 61, no. 1 (2018): T115—T137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-17-0298.

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The discovery of the growth hormone (GH)-mediated somatic factors (somatomedins), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II, has elicited an enormous interest primarily among endocrinologists who study growth and metabolism. The advancement of molecular endocrinology over the past four decades enables investigators to re-examine and refine the established somatomedin hypothesis. Specifically, gene deletions, transgene overexpression or more recently, cell-specific gene-ablations, have enabled investigators to study the effects of the Igf1 and Igf2 genes in temporal and spatial manners. The GH

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Zanotti, Stefano, and Ernesto Canalis. "Notch and the Skeleton." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 4 (2009): 886–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01285-09.

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ABSTRACT Notch receptors are transmembrane receptors that regulate cell fate decisions. There are four Notch receptors in mammals. Upon binding to members of the Delta and Jagged family of transmembrane proteins, Notch is cleaved and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) is released. NICD then translocates to the nucleus, where it associates with the CBF-1, Suppressor of Hairless, and Lag-2 (CSL) and Mastermind-Like (MAML) proteins. This complex activates the transcription of Notch target genes, such as Hairy Enhancer of Split (Hes) and Hes-related with YRPF motif (Hey). Notch signaling is cri

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Ackert-Bicknell, Cheryl, and Clifford Rosen. "The Genetics ofPPARGand the Skeleton." PPAR Research 2006 (2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ppar/2006/93258.

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Osteoporosis is a complex metabolic bone disorder. Recently it has been appreciated that the “obesity in bone” phenomenon occurs at the expense of bone formation, and that is a key component of the pathology of this disease. Mouse models with altered bone expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) impact bone formation, but genetic studies connectingPPARGpolymorphisms to skeletal phenotypes in humans have proven to be less than satisfactory. One missense polymorphism in exon one has been linked to low bone mineral density (BMD), but the most studied polymorph

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Inkret, Jezerka, Tomaž Zupanc, and Irena Zupanič Pajnič. "A Multisample Approach in Forensic Phenotyping of Chronological Old Skeletal Remains Using Massive Parallel Sequencing (MPS) Technology." Genes 14, no. 7 (2023): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14071449.

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It is very important to generate phenotypic results that are reliable when processing chronological old skeletal remains for cases involving the identification of missing persons. To improve the success of pigmentation prediction in Second World War victims, three bones from each of the eight skeletons analyzed were included in the study, which makes it possible to generate a consensus profile. The PowerQuant System was used for quantification, the ESI 17 Fast System was used for STR typing, and a customized version of the HIrisPlex panel was used for PCR-MPS. The HID Ion Chef Instrument was u

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Voskoboinikova, O. S. "About use of ontogenetic preceding criterion on the example of the osteological development of the notothenioid fishes (Notothenioidei, Perciformes, Teleostei)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 314, no. 4 (2010): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2010.314.4.387.

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Studying of early stages of development of a skeleton of perciform fishes from suborders Notothenioidei, Percoidei, Blennioidei, Zoarcoidei and Gobioidei has revealed similar sequence of occurrence of skeletal elements of a various origin which corresponds that at other Teleostei. The first in ontogenesis cartilaginous elements of a skull, an axial skeleton and a skeleton of a caudal fin appear. After their occurrence the anlagen of integumentary bones begins. Later the chondral bones appear. In many bones of a complex origin integumentary elements also appear before the chondral. Studying of

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Casteleyn, C., J. Bakker, S. Breugelmans, et al. "Anatomical description and morphometry of the skeleton of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)." Laboratory Animals 46, no. 2 (2012): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2012.011167.

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Callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is regularly used in biomedical research, including for studies involving the skeleton. To support these studies, skeletons of healthy animals that had been euthanized for reasons not interfering with skeletal anatomy were prepared. The marmoset dental formula 2I-1C-3P-2M of each oral quadrant is atypical for New World monkeys which commonly possess a third molar. Seven cervical, 12–13 thoracic, 7–6 lumbar, 2–3 sacral and 26–29 caudal vertebrae are present, the thoracolumbar region always comprising 19 vertebrae. A sigmoid clavicle connects the scapula with

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Khurana, Jasvir S., Shuji Ogino, Ting Shen, et al. "Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Are Expressed by Both Bone-Forming and Non–Bone-Forming Lesions." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 128, no. 11 (2004): 1267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2004-128-1267-bmpaeb.

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Abstract Context.—Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are thought to be responsible for bone formation; they cause bone to form in soft tissues and are clinically used in helping fracture union or tumor reconstructions. Skeletal metastases from epithelial tumors may be either bone-forming (blastic) or non–bone-forming (lytic). Objective.—We studied the expression of BMPs in a variety of primary and secondary lesions of bone (both bone-forming and non–bone-forming) to determine if there was a consistent relationship between bone formation and BMP expression. Design.—We compared a bone-forming le

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Ohlsson, Claes, and Liesbeth Vandenput. "The role of estrogens for male bone health." European Journal of Endocrinology 160, no. 6 (2009): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-09-0118.

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Sex steroids are important for the growth and maintenance of both the female and the male skeleton. However, the relative contribution of androgens versus estrogens in the regulation of the male skeleton is unclear. Experiments using mice with inactivated sex steroid receptors demonstrated that both activation of the estrogen receptor (ER)α and activation of the androgen receptor result in a stimulatory effect on both the cortical and trabecular bone mass in males. ERβ is of no importance for the skeleton in male mice while it modulates the ERα-action on bone in female mice. Previous in vitro

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Warden, Stuart J., Matthew R. Galley, Andrea L. Hurd, et al. "Elevated Mechanical Loading When Young Provides Lifelong Benefits to Cortical Bone Properties in Female Rats Independent of a Surgically Induced Menopause." Endocrinology 154, no. 9 (2013): 3178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1227.

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Exercise that mechanically loads the skeleton is advocated when young to enhance lifelong bone health. Whether the skeletal benefits of elevated loading when young persist into adulthood and after menopause are important questions. This study investigated the influence of a surgically induced menopause in female Sprague-Dawley rats on the lifelong maintenance of the cortical bone benefits of skeletal loading when young. Animals had their right forearm extrinsically loaded 3 d/wk between 4 and 10 weeks of age using the forearm axial compression loading model. Left forearms were internal control

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Kram, Vardit, Reut Shainer, Priyam Jani, Josephina A. N. Meester, Bart Loeys, and Marian F. Young. "Biglycan in the Skeleton." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 68, no. 11 (2020): 747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155420937371.

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Small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), including Biglycan, have key roles in many organ and tissue systems. The goal of this article is to review the function of Biglycan and other related SLRPs in mineralizing tissues of the skeleton. The review is divided into sections that include Biglycan’s role in structural biology, signaling, craniofacial and long bone homeostasis, remodeled skeletal tissues, and in human genetics. While many cell types in the skeleton are now known to be affected by Biglycan, there are still unanswered questions about its mechanism of action(s).

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Stemmer, David, and Odi Kehagias. "Bone Degreasing – Finding a New Solution to an Old Problem." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e26392. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26392.

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The South Australian Museum boasts the largest and most comprehensive cetacean collection in Australia, including various large cetacean skeletons. The preparation of these skeletons was done at various locations throughout the history of the Museum until the state government funded a purpose-built preparation facility which opened in 1983. The well-equipped centre was fitted with a large (2800 L) custom-built liquid-vapour degreaser that used trichloroethylene (TCE) as solvent. Many beautifully degreased skeletons, including a 22 m pygmy blue whale, were prepared during its 15-year operation.

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Merlotti, Daniela, Christian Mingiano, Roberto Valenti, et al. "Bone Fragility in Gastrointestinal Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (2022): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052713.

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Osteoporosis is a common systemic disease of the skeleton, characterized by compromised bone mass and strength, consequently leading to an increased risk of fragility fractures. In women, the disease mainly occurs due to the menopausal fall in estrogen levels, leading to an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation and, consequently, to bone loss and bone fragility. Moreover, osteoporosis may affect men and may occur as a sequela to different diseases or even to their treatments. Despite their wide prevalence in the general population, the skeletal implications of many gastrointesti

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Vu, Elizabeth K., Grant Kim, Mitchell J. Shimak, et al. "Induction of Mandibular Cortical Bone Defects to Study Bone Regeneration." Endocrines 6, no. 1 (2025): 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines6010009.

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Background/Objectives: In contrast to endochondral bone healing, the process of intramembranous bone regeneration is poorly understood. This limits our ability to repair and regenerate the craniofacial skeleton to either correct deformity or optimally heal tissues following injury. While there are several preclinical models of intramembranous regeneration within the craniofacial skeleton, some are not load bearing and others are technically challenging. The goal of this pilot study is therefore to describe a simple method for induction of cortical defects within the mandible that does not invo

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Niedźwiedzki, Tadeusz, and Joanna Filipowska. "Bone remodeling in the context of cellular and systemic regulation: the role of osteocytes and the nervous system." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 55, no. 2 (2015): R23—R36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-15-0067.

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Bone is a dynamic tissue that undergoes constant remodeling. The appropriate course of this process determines development and regeneration of the skeleton. Tight molecular control of bone remodeling is vital for the maintenance of appropriate physiology and microarchitecture of the bone, providing homeostasis, also at the systemic level. The process of remodeling is regulated by a rich innervation of the skeleton, being the source of various growth factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones regulating function of the bone. Although the course of bone remodeling at the cellular level is mainly a

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Carsote, Mara, Dan Nicolae Paduraru, Adriana Elena Nica, Ana Valea, and Adina Ghemigian. "5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND SKELETON STATUS." Romanian Medical Journal 63, no. 4 (2016): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2016.4.7.

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Introduction. 5-hydroxytryptamin (serotonin) represents a monoamine with different functions. Central neurotransmitter is related to mood, food and energy regulation and indirect positive effects on bone mass via leptin and sympathetic system. Gut-derived 5-hydroxytryptamine directly influences the skeleton through Wnt/Lrp5/beta catenin signalling with opposite actions to the central pool. Method. This is a mini-review regarding serotonin- related bone changes. Results and discussions. All the bone cells have receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine while skeleton may have an intrinsic ability to loc

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Podgorski, I., B. E. Linebaugh, and B. F. Sloane. "Cathepsin K in the bone microenvironment: link between obesity and prostate cancer?" Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 4 (2007): 701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350701.

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The skeleton is the most common site of metastasis in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Despite many advances in targeting skeletal metastases, the mechanisms behind the attraction of prostate cancer cells to the bone are not known. Osteoclast cathepsin K, due to its ability to effectively degrade bone matrix collagen I, has been implicated in colonization and growth of prostate tumours in the bone. Identification of new cathepsin K substrates in the bone microenvironment and the recent findings demonstrating its involvement in obesity and inflammation suggest additional roles for this e

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Littman, Jake, Wentian Yang, Jon Olansen, Chanika Phornphutkul, and Roy K. Aaron. "LRP5, Bone Mass Polymorphisms and Skeletal Disorders." Genes 14, no. 10 (2023): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14101846.

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The formation and maintenance of the gross structure and microarchitecture of the human skeleton require the concerted functioning of a plethora of morphogenic signaling processes. Through recent discoveries in the field of genetics, numerous genotypic variants have been implicated in pathologic skeletal phenotypes and disorders arising from the disturbance of one or more of these processes. For example, total loss-of-function variants of LRP5 were found to be the cause of osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome (OPPG). LRP5 encodes for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, a co-r

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Aghazada, R. H., G. M. Mirzayev, and А. R. Aghazada. "The study of the relationship between the state of the skeletal system according to the data DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) and local density of the jaws in patients with adentia when planning dental implantation." SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA 113, no. 1-2 (2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33295/1992-576x-2023-1-2-36.

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Background. Timely an accurate diagnostics before the implant placement allows to get a correct anatomical rehabilitation and a satisfactory functional result. The success of dental implants in patients with osteoporosis depends primarily on the quality of the jaw bones. Aims. To study the relationship between the state of the skeletal system according to double energy X-ray absorptiometry and local density of the jaws in patients with adentia when planning dental implantation. Materials and methods. By using a densitometric method 690 patients aged between 18 to 84 years were examined prior t

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Šefl, Martin, Joey Y. Zhou, Maia Avtandilashvili, and Sergei Y. Tolmachev. "Latent bone modelling for estimation of plutonium concentration in skeleton of former nuclear workers." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 199, no. 8-9 (2023): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncad069.

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Abstract The skeleton is a major plutonium retention site in the human body. Estimation of the total plutonium activity in the skeleton is a challenging problem. For most tissue donors at the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries, a limited number of bone samples is available. The skeleton activity is calculated using plutonium activity concentration (Cskel) and skeleton weight. In this study, latent bone modelling was used to estimate Cskel from the limited number of analysed bone samples. Data from 13 non-osteoporotic whole-body donors were used to develop latent bone model (LBM)

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Pizard, Anne, Patrick G. Burgon, David L. Paul, Benoit G. Bruneau, Christine E. Seidman, and J. G. Seidman. "Connexin 40, a Target of Transcription Factor Tbx5, Patterns Wrist, Digits, and Sternum." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 12 (2005): 5073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.12.5073-5083.2005.

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ABSTRACT Haploinsufficiency of T-box transcription factor 5 (TBX5) causes human Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), a developmental disorder characterized by skeletal and heart malformations. Mice carrying a Tbx5 null allele (Tbx5+/Δ) have malformations in digits, wrists, and sternum joints, regions where Tbx5 is expressed. We demonstrate that mice deficient in connexin 40 (Cx40), a Tbx5-regulated gap junction component, shared axial and appendicular skeletal malformations with Tbx5+/Δ mice. Although no role in skeleton patterning has been described for gap junctions, we demonstrate here that Cx40 is in

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Taguchi, A., Y. Suei, M. Sanada, et al. "Detection of Vascular Disease Risk in Women by Panoramic Radiography." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 10 (2003): 838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308201015.

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Low bone mineral density and rapid bone loss of the skeleton are associated with mortality risk from vascular diseases in post-menopausal women. Panoramic radiographic measurements are considered as indicators of skeletal bone mineral density or bone turnover. We hypothesize that such measurements may be associated with vascular disease risk in post-menopausal women. Associations of mandibular cortical shape and width on panoramic radiographs with skeletal bone mineral density and risk factors related to vascular diseases were investigated in 87 post-menopausal women. Cortical shape was associ

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Shimizu, Akinobu, Hayato Wakabayashi, Takumi Kanamori, et al. "Automated measurement of bone scan index from a whole-body bone scintigram." International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 15, no. 3 (2019): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-019-02105-x.

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Abstract Purpose We propose a deep learning-based image interpretation system for skeleton segmentation and extraction of hot spots of bone metastatic lesion from a whole-body bone scintigram followed by automated measurement of a bone scan index (BSI), which will be clinically useful. Methods The proposed system employs butterfly-type networks (BtrflyNets) for skeleton segmentation and extraction of hot spots of bone metastatic lesions, in which a pair of anterior and posterior images are processed simultaneously. BSI is then measured using the segmented bones and extracted hot spots. To furt

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