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Journal articles on the topic 'Skeptical inference'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 November 2024

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Walker, Mark. "Occam’s Razor, Dogmatism, Skepticism, and Skeptical Dogmatism." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 6, no. 1 (2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-05011168.

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Underdetermination arguments for skepticism maintain that our common sense view of the external world is no better, evidentially speaking, than some skeptical competitors. An important and well-known response by dogmatists, those who believe our commonsense view is justified, appeals to abduction or inference to the best explanation. The predominant version of this strategy, going back at least to Locke, invokes Occam’s razor: dogmatists claim the common sense view is simpler than any of its skeptical alternatives and so has more to recommend it, evidentially speaking. This dispute has oversha

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HENDRICKS, PERRY. "Skeptical Theism Proved." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 6, no. 2 (2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2019.45.

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AbstractSkeptical theism is a popular response to arguments from evil. Many hold that it undermines a key inference often used by such arguments. However, the case for skeptical theism is often kept at an intuitive level: no one has offered an explicit argument for the truth of skeptical theism. In this article, I aim to remedy this situation: I construct an explicit, rigorous argument for the truth of skeptical theism.

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De Cooman, Gert, Jasper De Bock, and Márcio Alves Diniz. "Coherent Predictive Inference under Exchangeability with Imprecise Probabilities." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 52 (January 10, 2015): 1–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4490.

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Coherent reasoning under uncertainty can be represented in a very general manner by coherent sets of desirable gambles. In a context that does not allow for indecision, this leads to an approach that is mathematically equivalent to working with coherent conditional probabilities. If we do allow for indecision, this leads to a more general foundation for coherent (imprecise-)probabilistic inference. In this framework, and for a given finite category set, coherent predictive inference under exchangeability can be represented using Bernstein coherent cones of multivariate polynomials on the simpl

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4

Firebaugh, Glenn. "Will Bayesian Inference Help? A Skeptical View." Sociological Methodology 25 (1995): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/271075.

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Beierle, Christoph, Christian Eichhorn, Gabriele Kern-Isberner, and Steven Kutsch. "Properties and interrelationships of skeptical, weakly skeptical, and credulous inference induced by classes of minimal models." Artificial Intelligence 297 (August 2021): 103489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2021.103489.

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Mills, Ethan. "Three Skepticisms in Cārvāka Epistemology: The Problem of Induction, Purandara’s Fallibilism, and Jayarāśi’s Skepticism about Philosophy." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 12, no. 1 (2021): 46–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-bja10029.

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Abstract The classical Indian Cārvāka (“Materialist”) tradition contains three branches with regard to the means of knowledge (pramāṇas). First, the standard Cārvākas accept a single means of knowledge, perception, supporting this view with a critique of the reliability and coherence of inference (anumāna). Second, the “more educated” Cārvākas as well as Purandara endorse a form of inference limited to empirical matters. Third, radical skeptical Cārvākas like Jayarāśi attempt to undermine all accounts or technical definitions of the means of knowledge (even perception) in order to enjoy a life

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Beierle, Christoph, Christian Eichhorn, Gabriele Kern-Isberner, and Steven Kutsch. "Properties of skeptical c-inference for conditional knowledge bases and its realization as a constraint satisfaction problem." Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 83, no. 3-4 (2018): 247–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10472-017-9571-9.

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Komo, Christian, and Christoph Beierle. "Nonmonotonic reasoning from conditional knowledge bases with system W." Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 90, no. 1 (2021): 107–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10472-021-09777-9.

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AbstractFor nonmonotonic reasoning in the context of a knowledge base $\mathcal {R}$ R containing conditionals of the form If A then usually B, system P provides generally accepted axioms. Inference solely based on system P, however, is inherently skeptical because it coincides with reasoning that takes all ranking models of $\mathcal {R}$ R into account. System Z uses only the unique minimal ranking model of $\mathcal {R}$ R , and c-inference, realized via a complex constraint satisfaction problem, takes all c-representations of $\mathcal {R}$ R into account. C-representations constitute the

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Blackwell, Matthew. "A Selection Bias Approach to Sensitivity Analysis for Causal Effects." Political Analysis 22, no. 2 (2014): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt006.

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The estimation of causal effects has a revered place in all fields of empirical political science, but a large volume of methodological and applied work ignores a fundamental fact: most people are skeptical of estimated causal effects. In particular, researchers are often worried about the assumption of no omitted variables or no unmeasured confounders. This article combines two approaches to sensitivity analysis to provide researchers with a tool to investigate how specific violations of no omitted variables alter their estimates. This approach can help researchers determine which narratives

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Maddox, Bryan. "On the Motivations of a Skeptic, and Her Practice." Peitho. Examina Antiqua 7, no. 1 (2016): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pea.2016.1.12.

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The aim of Pyrrhonism is deceptively simple: to achieve a state of ataraxia, of tranquility and relief from perturbation. But what is the extent of the ataraxia envisioned? Must the Skeptic admit a hard distinction between disturbances apparently related to belief and therefore subject to suspension of judgement, and extra-doxastic disturbances (e.g. everyday anxiety and frustration, or even hunger and fear) that are beyond the scope of the Skeptical method? In this paper I examine passages from Sextus’s Outlines of Pyrrhonism that indicate that such a distinction may not stand up to Skeptic

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11

Sahai, H. "Some Comments on Teaching Biostatistics in Medical and Health Sciences." Methods of Information in Medicine 29, no. 01 (1990): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634765.

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AbstractThe role of statistical methods is now well recognized in health sciences since these disciplines are concerned with the study of communities or populations where the principles of sampling and statistical inference are clearly applicable. However, many medical and health sciences teachers and students have been slower to perceive the need for knowledge of biostatistical methods, even though all aspects of medical diagnosis and prognosis are governed by the laws of probability. Some of them are still skeptical about the value and importance of biostatistical principles to their fields

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Hasan, Ali. "Skepticism and Spatial Objects." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 8, no. 2 (2018): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-20171199.

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I defend external world realism. I assume that the principle of inference to the best explanation is justified: roughly, a hypothesis that provides a better explanation of the total evidence is more probable than one that does not. I argue that the existence of a world of spatial objects provides a systematic explanation of the spatial contents of visual experience, and that it provides a better explanation than traditional skeptical hypotheses. This paper thus pursues the explanationist strategy of Laurence BonJour and Jonathan Vogel. It is an improved, more compelling defense, for at least t

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Beierle, Christoph, and Steven Kutsch. "Computation and comparison of nonmonotonic skeptical inference relations induced by sets of ranking models for the realization of intelligent agents." Applied Intelligence 49, no. 1 (2018): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10489-018-1203-5.

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Abisaab, Rula Jurdi. "SHIʿI JURISPRUDENCE, SUNNISM, AND THE TRADITIONIST THOUGHT (AKHBĀRĪ) OF MUHAMMAD AMIN ASTARABADI (D. 1626–27)". International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, № 1 (2015): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814001421.

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AbstractIn the early 17th century, the Shiʿi juristic tradition experienced the first coherent refutation ofuṣūliyya, theijtihādīrationalism used by the mujtahids, at the hands of Mulla Muhammad Amin Astarabadi (d. 1626–27). The latter rejected the efforts of leading Iraqi and Syrian jurists to applyijtihād(rational legal inference), hadith categorization, anddirāya(scrutiny and stratification of accounts) in deriving Shiʿi law. The main studies on Astarabadi'sakhbārī(traditionist) movement treat it as a reaction to the “influence” of Sunnism on the mujtahids or to their excessive “borrowings”

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Goel, Vinod, Miriam Marling, Vanessa Raymont, Frank Krueger, and Jordan Grafman. "Patients with Lesions to Left Prefrontal Cortex (BA 9 and BA 10) Have Less Entrenched Beliefs and Are More Skeptical Reasoners." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 11 (2019): 1674–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01441.

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The effect of prior beliefs on reasoning and decision-making is a robust, poorly understood phenomenon, exhibiting considerable individual variation. Neuroimaging studies widely show the involvement of the left pFC in reasoning involving beliefs. However, little patient data exist to speak to the necessity and role of the left pFC in belief-based inference. To address this shortcoming, we tested 102 patients with unilateral focal penetrating traumatic brain injuries and 49 matched controls. Participants provided plausibility ratings (plausible/implausible) to simple inductive arguments and (se

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Golovko, N. V. "What is not mentioned in the famous article by Edmund Gettier." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 21, no. 1 (2023): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-1-105-126.

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The paper aims to unfold the «internal» content of Gettier’s argument as a skeptical argument against knowledge in terms of answering the question: «why he could be right when he says what he says». Our initial hypothesis is that E. Gettier does not say anything about the «accidentality of the fact that Smith has 10 coins in his pocket», but he uses the words «entailment» and «deduction», which substantiates the «truth of the conclusion», and on the basis of which he attributes «knowledge» to Smith. The article comes out at a certain time, E. Gettier uses the rhetoric of necessary and sufficie

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Lessl, Thomas. "Apologia Ad Hominem." Journal of Communication and Religion 41, no. 3 (2018): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcr201841314.

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This essay explores the apologetic value of arguments for faith that are built upon premises accepted by the skeptic—the kind of argument originally denoted by the term ad hominem. I illustrate the apologetic efficacy of ad hominem argument by working with the premise of ‘factuality.’ The skeptic supposes that facts may lead to scientific inferences but not to metaphysical ones compatible with religious faith. But, by examining the meaning of factual knowledge more closely, I undertake to show that it necessarily leads to conclusions about moral truth and freewill that lie outside the limits p

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18

Holder, Rodney. "Ramified Natural Theology in Science and Religion: Moving Forward from Natural Theology." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, no. 4 (2021): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf12-21holder.

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RAMIFIED NATURAL THEOLOGY IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION: Moving Forward from Natural Theology by Rodney Holder. New York: Routledge, 2021. 244 pages. Hardcover; $160.00. ISBN: 9780367373191. *"Natural theology" is the study of what can be learned about God from a consideration of the universe of nature, and it has often been used to support claims of God's existence. The theologian Richard Swinburne applied Bayesian probability theory to various aspects of natural theology in order to present a justification for God's existence that could be evaluated numerically. Such a method has a certain objecti

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Wilhelm, Marco, and Gabriele Kern-Isberner. "Decomposing Constraint Networks for Calculating c-Representations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 9 (2024): 10740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i9.28946.

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It is well-known from probability theory that network-based methods like Bayesian networks constitute remarkable frameworks for efficient probabilistic reasoning. In this paper, we focus on qualitative default reasoning based on Spohn’s ranking functions for which network-based methods have not yet been studied satisfactorily. With constraint networks, we develop a framework for iterative calculations of c-representations, a family of ranking models of conditional belief bases which show outstanding properties from a commonsense and formal point of view, that are characterized by assigning pos

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20

Lin, Yu-Leng. "Are Human Learners Capable of Learning Arbitrary Language Structures." Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (2023): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020181.

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The artificial grammar learning paradigm is a classic method of investigating the influence of universal constraints on shaping learning biases on language acquisition. While this method has been used extensively by linguists to test theoretical claims in generative grammar, one of the most prevalent frameworks in language acquisition, several studies have questioned whether artificial grammar learning reflects language acquisition enough to allow us to use it to draw inferences about the validity of universal constraints, particularly those arising from phonetic naturalness. The current study

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21

de Sá Pereira, Roberto Horácio. "What is the Scandal of Philosophy?" International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 8, no. 3 (2018): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-20171276.

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The central question of this paper is: what has Kant’s Refutation of Idealism argument proven, if anything? What is the real scandal of philosophy and universal human reason? I argue that Kant’s Refutation argument can only be considered as sound if we assume that his target is what I call ‘metaphysical external-world skepticism’ (rather than traditional ‘epistemological external-world skepticism’). What is in question is not the ‘existence’ of outside things, but their very ‘nature’, that is, the claim that the thing outside us, which appears to us as persistent body in space, exists in itsel

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22

Levine, George. "Why Beauty Matters." Victorian Literature and Culture 47, no. 1 (2018): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015031800147x.

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For those of us for whom “literary Darwinism,” which bases its “scientific” approach to literary criticism on evolutionary psychology, has seemed an intellectual disaster, but who continue to believe that it is important to incorporate science cooperatively into our study of literature; for those who are concerned about how art and literature matter in a world so troubled and dangerous; for those convinced Darwinians who find themselves skeptical about and uneasy with the mechanico-materialist version of Darwinism that Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett have made popular; for those who find th

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23

Meyer, Timothy. "How Compliance Understates Effectiveness." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s239877230000194x.

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Customarily one begins a discussion about the effectiveness of international law by quoting Louis Henkin’s famous remark that “almost all nations obey almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the time.” For some, this empirical claim supports the notion that international law is a vital tool for furthering international cooperation across a broad range of issue areas. For others, the implicit suggestion that international law’s mere existence might be driving states’ behavior is a calamity of causal inference. Even if Henkin’s claim is empiri

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Mislevy, Robert J. "Postmodern Test Theory." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 116, no. 11 (2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811411601108.

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Background/Context This article explains the idea of a neopragmatic postmodernist test theory and offers some thoughts about what changing notions concerning the nature of and meanings assigned to knowledge imply for educational assessment, present and future. Purpose Advances in the learning sciences—particularly situative and sociocognitive stances—call into question the adequacy of the trait and behaviorist psychological perspectives under which educational measurement evolved. This article argues nevertheless that its models and methods, appropriately reconceived and extended as necessary,

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Carrier, L. S. "Out-Gunning Skepticism." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 17, no. 3 (1987): 655–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1987.10716460.

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Bredo C. Johnsen1 misconceives my strictures concerning acceptance of the following principle (where ‘p’ stands for any empirical proposition):(1) If A both knows that p and knows that p entails q, then A can come to know that q.Johnsen seems unaware that my criticism was intended to apply only after (1) is made to appear in its most plausible light; that is, only after its consequent is interpreted as: ’It is logically possible for A to know that q.’ Without this interpretation (1) might be dismissed simply on the grounds that A suffers from some physical or psychological disability that prev

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Parola, Alberto, Arndis Simonsen, Jessica Mary Lin, et al. "Voice Patterns as Markers of Schizophrenia: Building a Cumulative Generalizable Approach Via a Cross-Linguistic and Meta-analysis Based Investigation." Schizophrenia Bulletin 49, Supplement_2 (2023): S125—S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbac128.

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Abstract Background and Hypothesis Voice atypicalities are potential markers of clinical features of schizophrenia (eg, negative symptoms). A recent meta-analysis identified an acoustic profile associated with schizophrenia (reduced pitch variability and increased pauses), but also highlighted shortcomings in the field: small sample sizes, little attention to the heterogeneity of the disorder, and to generalizing findings to diverse samples and languages. Study Design We provide a critical cumulative approach to vocal atypicalities in schizophrenia, where we conceptually and statistically buil

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Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins. "FAITH AND EPISTEMOLOGY." Episteme 17, no. 1 (2018): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.30.

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ABSTRACTI offer an epistemic framework for theorising about faith. I suggest that epistemic faith is a disposition to believe or infer according to particular methods, despite a kind of tendency to perceive an epistemic shortcoming in that method. Faith is unjustified, and issues into unjustified beliefs, when the apparent epistemic shortcomings are actual; it is justified when the epistemic worries are unfounded.Virtuous faith is central to a great deal of epistemology. A rational agent will manifest faith in their perceptual abilities, in determining which experts and testifiers to trust, in

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Johnson, Andrew C. "How to Be a Better Scientist." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 72, no. 4 (2020): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf12-20johnson.

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HOW TO BE A BETTER SCIENTIST by Andrew C. Johnson and John P. Sumpter. New York: Routledge, 2019. 247 pages, index. Paperback; $23.95. ISBN: 9781138731295. *It is hard to imagine the need for yet another offering in the crowded field of generalized science books. This is especially true in the case of Johnson and Sumpter's broad How to Be a Better Scientist, which lacks an obvious audience or niche. However, the authors largely achieve their stated aim of producing a book that is not only accessible but also relevant to aspiring and established scientists alike, including those at every career

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Morales Delgado, Jorge Andrés. "Diverging Approaches to Skeptical Inference in Non-monotonic Reasoning." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 28, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2024.e90479.

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Our paper addresses the problem of a two-fold approach to skeptical inferences in the context non-monotonic logics. We tackle the problem through the analysis of ambiguous theories, such as the Nixon Diamond, as instantiated in non-monotonic inheritance networks, and the notion of an extension. Our paper presents a detailed description of the inner mechanisms underlying both approaches to skeptical inference, i.e. direct and indirect skepticism, and how each information processing policy is applied to ambiguous networks like the Nixon Diamond. Finally, we discuss the extent and limitation of e

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Carter, J. Adam. "Abduction, Skepticism, and Indirect Realism." Philosophical Studies, August 28, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-024-02206-7.

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AbstractMoore and Russell thought that perceptual knowledge of the external world is based on abductive inference from information about our experience. Sosa maintains that this ‘indirect realist’ strategy has no prospects of working. Vogel disagrees and thinks it can and does work perfectly well, and his reasoning (and variations on that reasoning) seem initially promising, moreso than other approaches. My aim, however, will be to adjudicate this dispute in favor of Sosa’s pessimistic answer, and in doing so, to better uncover the important role abductive inference does have in a wider theory

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Miksa, Rad. "Fine-Tuning and the Multiverse Argument Against Naturalism." TheoLogica: An International Journal for Philosophy of Religion and Philosophical Theology 8, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/thl.v8i1.80283.

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The multiverse is often invoked by naturalists to avoid a design inference from the fine-tuning of the universe. I argue that positing that we live in a naturalistic multiverse (NM) makes it plausible that we currently exist in a problematic skeptical scenario, though the exact probability that we do is inscrutable. This, in turn, makes agnosticism the rational position to hold concerning the reliability of our reasoning skills, the accuracy of our sensory inputs, and the veracity of our memories. And that means that agnosticism is also the rational position to hold concerning all the beliefs

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Pavan, Michele. "Dinamiche dell'abitudine. Inferenza, creazione e istituzione tra Hume e Bergson." Lo Sguardo - Rivista di filosofia, no. 31 (June 23, 2021). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5018543.

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This paper investigates the articulation between inference, creation and institution in the process of habit. In the first part, through Hume's thought, we considered the skeptical thesis according to which the inference is more a reality of habit than of reason. From here, in accordance with the bergsonian critique of associationist theories, we have seen how the habit of inferring doesn’t simply follow a principle of mechanical attraction, but presupposes the continuous creation of general ideas and, in particular, the activity of the spirit. Finally, the concept of institution has

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Steup, Matthias. "Noninferential Antiskepticism and the Problem of Easy Knowledge." Canadian Journal of Philosophy, July 10, 2025, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/can.2025.10011.

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Abstract How should epistemologists respond to skepticism about knowledge of the external world? Michael Bergmann advocates noninferential antiskepticism. The thought is that, to reply to a skeptical argument, we should start with premises that do not require inference. I argue that Bergmann’s reasoning runs into the problem of easy knowledge and propose an alternative inferential antiskepticism. This view faces the problem of vicious circularity. I agree that, if we go down the inferential path, a certain type of circularity is unavoidable. I deny, however, that this type of circularity is vi

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Seide, Ansgar. "Inductive Metaphysics Versus Logical Construction—Russell’s Methods and Realisms in 1912 and 1914." Topoi, January 5, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-023-09973-8.

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AbstractIn his 1912 book The Problems of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell advocates an indirect realism with regard to physical objects. Only two years later, in his book Our Knowledge of the External World and the paper “The Relation of Sense-Data to Physics”, he changes his method in philosophy. Instead of inferring the existence of physical objects, he now sets out to construct them out of sense-data. As I will argue in this article, the main argument from The Problems of Philosophy can be rationally reconstructed as an inference to the best explanation which infers to unobservable objects. The

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Necip, F. A. "No more this than that: skeptical impression or Pyrrhonian dogma?" Schole. Ancient philosophy and the classical tradition, no. 1(11) (January 14, 2017). https://doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2017.11.4518.

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This is a defense of Pyrrhonian skepticism against the charge that the suspension of judgment based on equipollence is vitiated by the assent given to the equipollence in question. The apparent conflict has a conceptual side as well as a practical side, examined here as separate challenges with a section devoted to each. The conceptual challenge is that the skeptical transition from an equipollence of arguments to a suspension of judgment is undermined either by a logical contradiction or by an epistemic inconsistency, perhaps by both, because the determination and affirmation of equipollence

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Ballinger, Clint. "Initial Conditions and the 'Open Systems' Argument against Laws of Nature." Springer, April 1, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.810967.

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This article attacks "open systems" arguments that because constant conjunctions are not generally observed in the real world of open systems we should be highly skeptical that universal laws exist. This work differs from other critiques of open system arguments against laws of nature by not focusing on laws themselves, but rather on the inference from open systems. We argue that open system arguments fail for two related reasons; 1) because they cannot account for the "systems" central to their argument (nor the implied systems labeled "exogenous factors" in relation to the system of interest

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Hagenbach, Jeanne, and Charlotte Saucet. "Motivated Skepticism." Review of Economic Studies, May 31, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdae058.

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Abstract We experimentally study how individuals read strategically-transmitted information when they have preferences over what they will learn. Subjects play disclosure games in which Receivers should interpret messages skeptically. We vary whether the state that Senders communicate about is ego-relevant or neutral for Receivers, and whether skeptical beliefs are aligned or not with what Receivers prefer believing. Compared to neutral settings, skepticism is significantly lower when it is self-threatening, and not enhanced when it is self-serving. These results shed light on a new channel th

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Torres-Martínez, Sergio. "Metaphors are embodied otherwise they would not be metaphors." Linguistics Vanguard, June 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2019-0083.

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Abstract In an interesting paper, Casasanto, Daniel & Tom Gijssels. 2015. What makes a metaphor an embodied metaphor? Linguistics Vanguard 1(1). 327–337 introduce a skeptical view of recent studies into the embodied character of metaphorical source domains. According to the authors, there cannot be conclusive evidence on the matter thus far, since, for a metaphor to be embodied, specific simulations must be modality-specific and not simply restricted to modality-specific activity brain areas. In line with this, I argue that metaphors reflect a connection between perception, memory, and con

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Olson, Mark E. "A skeptic’s guide to Sherwin Carlquist’s inferences of xylem function." IAWA Journal, January 11, 2023, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10109.

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Summary Sherwin Carlquist’s work was filled with inferences of xylem function, and yet he did not carry out xylem physiological or biomechanical measurements. Moreover, his quantitative analyses were rudimentary and he disliked the standard scientific practice of quantifying uncertainty with statistical analyses. Also, took few pains to explain to other functional xylem biologists why his comparative approach was useful and appropriate. Here, I discuss why nevertheless his papers are extremely valuable contributions to inferences of xylem function. The most important insight is that Sherwin us

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Jennings, Jennifer E., Zahid Rahman, and Dianna Dempsey. "Challenging What We Think We Know: Theory and Evidence for Questioning Common Beliefs About the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Confidence." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, June 14, 2022, 104225872211021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10422587221102108.

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Skeptical of prevailing depictions and recommendations regarding the gender gap in entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), our aim is to raise and examine alternative interpretations and inferences. We question the common belief that women are under-confident with respect to entrepreneurship and whether this is a “problem” that needs fixing. The findings from two distinct datasets indicate, instead, that women are as likely as men to possess accurate entrepreneurial confidence, which is less likely than over-confidence to be associated with proclivities potentially detrimental to business venturi

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LIN, HANTI. "MODES OF CONVERGENCE TO THE TRUTH: STEPS TOWARD A BETTER EPISTEMOLOGY OF INDUCTION." Review of Symbolic Logic, January 3, 2022, 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020321000605.

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Abstract Evaluative studies of inductive inferences have been pursued extensively with mathematical rigor in many disciplines, such as statistics, econometrics, computer science, and formal epistemology. Attempts have been made in those disciplines to justify many different kinds of inductive inferences, to varying extents. But somehow those disciplines have said almost nothing to justify a most familiar kind of induction, an example of which is this: “We’ve seen this many ravens and they all are black, so all ravens are black.” This is enumerative induction in its full strength. For it does n

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Lappin, Shalom. "Assessing the Strengths and Weaknesses of Large Language Models." Journal of Logic, Language and Information, November 11, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10849-023-09409-x.

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AbstractThe transformers that drive chatbots and other AI systems constitute large language models (LLMs). These are currently the focus of a lively discussion in both the scientific literature and the popular media. This discussion ranges from hyperbolic claims that attribute general intelligence and sentience to LLMs, to the skeptical view that these devices are no more than “stochastic parrots”. I present an overview of some of the weak arguments that have been presented against LLMs, and I consider several of the more compelling criticisms of these devices. The former significantly underes

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Cheah, Isaac, Min Teah, Sean Lee, and Zachary Davies. "Straight eye for the queer ad: attitudes, skepticism, inferences of manipulative intent and willingness to buy." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-03-2020-0124.

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PurposeThis study aims to provide a conceptual framework to investigate the effects of consumer attitudes toward brands and attitudes toward a series of fashion oriented print advertisements with and without homosexual themes, on consumer willingness to buy from brands. The influence of consumer skepticism and inferences of manipulative intent (IMI) as moderators between these variables is also investigated. This study also closes various research gaps identified within the literature.Design/methodology/approachA self-administered survey instrument was designed using established scales to coll

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"Evaluation of Qualities of Demolished Debris used as Substitutes of Aggregate in Construction Projects Management in Nigeria." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 13, no. 1 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2025/011312025.

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Experts and stakeholders in the construction industry in Nigeria are skeptical regarding reuse of debris as substitutes at construction sites. This is largely due to scanty literature to demystify the inherent properties of debris. This study aims to evaluate the quality of demolished debris used as substitutes of aggregates in construction sites. The study adopted an experimental survey approach, in an attempt to accurately determine the values of the metrics upon which quality of debris and its justification for reuse and substitution as aggregate is based. Samples of demolished debris were

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Pottackal, Ginto, James Travis, Lei Nie, et al. "Application of Bayesian statistics to support approval of intravenous belimumab in children with systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States." Lupus, June 27, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/09612033251349930.

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Objective Due to the rarity of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE), the pediatric study (NCT01649765) conducted to support approval of intravenous (IV) belimumab in that population could not be designed with adequate power for efficacy to make statistical inferences based solely on the pediatric data. Bayesian analyses have been proposed to implement more flexible pediatric extrapolation approaches in similar situations. Here we discuss a post-hoc Bayesian analysis the FDA employed which borrowed information from the phase 3 IV belimumab studies in adults to supplement the effi

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Hatzidakis, Vassilia E. "SAT-LB3 Developing an Integrative Medicine Patient Care Protocol for Natural Fertility in Primary Infertile Couples: A Case Series." Journal of the Endocrine Society 4, Supplement_1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.2235.

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Abstract Background:Although advances in the field of Assisted Reproduction have improved significantly the reproductive outcome for infertile couples, success rates nonetheless remain low. Furthermore, several infertile couples are skeptical of using experimental or even established ART treatments, resulting in the need for reproductive health professionals to discuss other models which might best benefit patients who need fertility care.Clinical case series:All patients that were referred to our clinic for primary infertility (no positive pregnancy test after at least 2 years of unprotected

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