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Behar, Alberto. "Are skilled and unskilled labour complements or substitutes?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1900a3c1-135a-4954-83c4-6baf474f1271.
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Using theoretical and empirical approaches, this thesis asks whether skilled and unskilled labour complement or substitute one another in production. We primarily investigate whether an increase in the proportion of workers with skills would raise or lower demand for those who remain unskilled. A secondary issue is the role of factor prices in labour demand. To study the role of factor prices, we estimate labour demand elasticities and Alien elasticities of substitution between capital and up to five occupations in South Africa. We supplement firmlevel data with household survey information and confirm theoretically that the elasticities can be estimated from a cost function under non-constant returns to scale. We show that separable disaggregated inputs can be used to find aggregate elasticities: more skilled and less skilled aggregates are p-complements, so a fall in skilled wages would lead to a rise in demand for less skilled labour. Disaggregated estimates suggest unskilled workers are p-complements with semi-skilled workers but p-substitutes with skilled/artisanal labour. We investigate the effects of a rise in skill supply on the relatively unskilled by estimating Hicks elasticities of complementarity and factor price. Aggregated estimates suggest more skilled and less skilled labour are q-complements, so an exogenous rise in the supply of skilled labour would raise demand for less skilled labour. Disaggregated estimates suggest skilled/artisanal and unskilled labour are q-complements while semi-skilled and unskilled labour are q-substitutes. The results allow for imperfectly elastic product demand and rigid wages. Using an endogenous growth model, we show technological progress is skill-biased in the South if it is in the North, resulting in rising wage inequality in developing countries. Assuming skilled and unskilled labour are perfect substitutes, we model expanded educational access as it adds relatively educated cohorts to the labour market. A rising skill composition causes accelerated skill-biased technological change and wage inequality. Relaxing the assumption of perfect substitutability, a one-off rise in skill supply only raises wage inequality if the elasticity of substitution is high, higher than existing empirical estimates.
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Wang, Dianshuang, Yuanting Xu, and Xiaochun Li. "Environment and Labor Transfer of Skilled Labor and Unskilled Labor between Sectors." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17817.
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Kim, Hyeon Jin. "The impact of learning on low-skilled workers' skill-improvement." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1243956905.
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Kang, Myung Soo. "A study on changes of wage distribution in Korea, 1976-1998, from the perspective of skill-based technological changes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012984.
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Stevens, James A. "Labor demand and factor substitution in the western Washington sawmill industry /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5582.
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Gargouri, Nabawia. "La libéralisation des échanges et le marché du travail dans les pays en developpement : cas de la Tunisie." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0021/document.
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Notre thèse porte sur le rôle de la libéralisation des échanges extérieurs dans les mutations qui ont eu lieu sur le marché du travail dans les pays en développement, cas de la Tunisie. Notre analyse se décompose en deux parties, la première étudie les fondements théoriques et leurs validations empiriques de la relation entre l’ouverture commerciale et le marché de l’emploi. La deuxième étudie les effets de l’ouverture commerciale sur le marché du travail tunisien. Nous présentons le degré d’intégration de la Tunisie dans l’économie mondiale ainsi que les différentes réformes du marché du travail qui ont eu lieu après l’adoption du programme d’ajustement structurel et la mise en œuvre des accords de libre-échange. Dans notre étude nous estimons un modèle à deux équations portant sur l’emploi et le salaire. Notre estimation se base sur deux approches, l’une à deux dimensions, temps et secteurs, et l’autre portant seulement sur le temps. Les principaux résultats sont:- Les importations et les exportations sont les variables les moins signifiantes car elles ont un effet marginal sur la demande de travail. À l’inverse, la production et l’emploi retardé sont les variables les plus explicatives et cela sans spécificité sectorielle. - La détermination du salaire réel dépend des importations et des exportations qui ont des effets différents à court ou à long terme selon le type de secteur (exportable, importable et non échangeable). Par ailleurs, l’emploi ainsi que la productivité des travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés sont des variables explicatives qui peuvent avoir une spécification sectorielle. Quant à la production, elle intervient différemment selon les secteurs<br>Our thesis focuses on the role of liberalization of foreign trade in the changes that have taken place in the labor market in developing countries, notably the case of Tunisia. Our analysis is divided into two parts, the first looks at the theoretical foundations of the link between trade liberalization and labor market and their empirical validation, and the second looks at the effects of trade opening on the Tunisian labor market. We present the degree of integration of Tunisia in the global economy and the various reforms of the labor market that occurred after the adoption of the structural adjustment program and the implementation of free trade agreements, particularly with the European Union. In our study we estimate a two-equation model on employment and salary. Our estimate is based on two approaches, one in two dimensions, time and sectors, and the other only looking at the time dimension. The main results may be summarized as follows:- Imports and exports are the least meaningful variables because they have a marginal effect on labor demand. Conversely, production and employment with a time lag are the more explanatory variables without sectoral specificity.- The determination of the salary level adjusted for inflation depends on imports and exports which have different effects in the short or long term depending on the sector (exportable, importable and non-tradable). Moreover, employment and productivity of skilled and unskilled workers are explanatory variables and may have a sectoral specification. As for production, it operates differently in different sectors
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Moseki, Maleepile Felicity. "Migrating to South Africa : experiences of 'skilled' and 'unskilled' Lesotho workers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29253.
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Over the past decades, Lesotho has been a source of, primarily, unskilled migrant labour entering South Africa, with Basotho men working on the South African mines and Basotho women restricted to domestic work. This dissertation examines the experiences of both ‘skilled’ and ‘unskilled’ Lesotho migrants currently living in South Africa. The study aims to establish those factors that are influential in prompting Lesotho citizens to leave Lesotho for South Africa. Moreover, it probes differences and similarities with regard to the work patterns encountered by skilled and unskilled workers as well as establishes the impact which migration has had on the lives of migrants. The literature tends to suggest that skilled workers face fewer restrictions and receive better treatment from management and colleagues in companies, while unskilled workers, on the other hand, may be exposed to considerable harassment, exploitation and poor treatment. This study concurs with the evidence in the literature in finding that unskilled workers are at a greater disadvantage when entering the South African labour market as compared to skilled workers. Moreover, it would appear that skilled workers are benefiting more in terms of their jobs, and in having their expectations met than unskilled workers. For the research participants in this study, xenophobia did not appear to be a serious factor, despite the fact that much public attention has been focused on the situation of foreign workers in South Africa. However, these workers from Lesotho highlighted racism as more of an obstacle than xenophobia. In addition, the study reiterates the popular findings that it is better job opportunities that remain the main motivation behind both skilled and unskilled workers migrating to South Africa with development, growth, training opportunities, mentoring, and interaction with more experienced colleagues also emerging as motivating factors. The discourse of the research participants also revealed social networks to be influential in the acquiring and maintaining of jobs. The study illustrates the relevance of ‘dependency’ theory for building understanding of the reasons why ‘skilled’ and ‘unskilled’ workers persist in migrating to South Africa. Finally, migration remains the ‘coming of age’ for Lesotho migrants, impacting positively on both their lives as well as the lives of their families. AFRIKAANS : Lesotho was tydens die afgelope paar dekades ʼn bron van ongeskoolde arbeid vir Suid-Afrika, waar manlike trekarbeiders gewoonlik in die mynwese werk en die vroulike trekarbeiders beperk is om betaalde huishoudsters te word. Hierdie dissertasie bestudeer die ervarings van ‘geskoolde’ en ‘ongeskoolde’ Lesotho trekarbeiders wat in Suid-Afrika woon. Die studie stel die faktore vas wat besluite rondom trekarbeid beïnvloed, veral díe wat die inwoners van Lesotho motiveer om hul land te verlaat om in Suid-Afrika te gaan werk. Die studie ondersoek boonop die verskille en ooreenkomste ten opsigte van werkspatrone wat geskoolde en ongeskoolde werkers teëkom. Dit stel ook vas wat die impak van trekarbeid op hierdie mense se lewens het. Die literatuur is geneig om voor te stel dat geskoolde arbeiders minder beperkinge ondervind en binne maatskappye beter behandel word deur bestuur en kollegas, terwyl ongeskoolde arbeiders aansienlike teistering en uitbuiting ervaar gepaard met swak behandeling. My studie stem ooreen met die literatuur – ek het gevind dat ongeskoolde arbeiders meer benadeel word as geskoolde arbeiders wat na Suid-Afrika migreer. Geskoolde arbeiders ervaar ook meer voordele ten opsigte van werk en hulle verwagtinge word verwesenlik. Deelnemers van hierdie navorsingsprojek het aangedui dat xenofobie nie ʼn ernstige faktoor was nie, al was daar baie publieke aandag gevestig op buitelandse arbeiders in Suid-Afrika. Vir die Lesotho arbeiders was rasisme ʼn groter struikelblok as xenofobie. Hierdie studie herhaal populêre bevindings dat daar beter werksmoontlikhede in Suid-Afrika is as in Lesotho, en dít is steeds die hoof motivering waarom geskoolde en ongeskoolde arbeiders daarheen migreer. Verdere motiverende redes was geïdentifiseer, naamlik: ontwikkeling, groei, opleidingsmoontlikhede, mentors, en interaksie met meer ervare kollegas. Die Lesotho arbeiders se besprekings het dit duidelik gemaak dat sosiale netwerke ‘n groot rol het in verband met werkwerwing en behouding daarvan. Hierdie studie illustreer die toepaslikheid van ‘afhanklikheidsteorie’ wat bydrae tot die begrip waarom geskoolde en ongeskoolde arbeiders na Suid-Afrika migreer. Laastens is migrasie steeds ʼn soort mylpaal vir Lesotho trekarbeiders en dit het ‘n positiewe impak op hul, en hul families se lewens. Copyright<br>Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Sociology<br>unrestricted
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McPherson, Alexander Hugh. "Scottish international skilled labour mobility." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5506/.
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The topic of international skilled labour mobility has received growing attention within the field of population geography and other disciplines. This interest reflects the large growth of international skilled labour mobility, especially during the 1980s. Attention of prior research has focused on the migratory movement of managers and professionals as they radiate across the globe, recording and representing the dispersal of international investment and the overseas expansion of producers of goods and services. The research examines Scotland's participation in the international exchange of skilled labour. The research undertaken addresses the varying theoretical, conceptual and methodological approaches of prior research on international skilled labour mobility in geography, as well as in other disciplines, such as management studies and occupational psychology. In doing so, the interplay between work and non-work spheres in shaping Scottish international skilled labour mobility is highlighted, as is the differing temporal and spatial focus of existing studies. The author's research thus investigates both the economic and social contexts of Scottish international skilled labour mobility, these contexts being characterised at macro, meso and micro level. In addition, the research adopts a broader definition of skilled labour movements than prior research, and so the study discusses the place of short term business travel as well as longer term migratory movements and the relationship between them. In illustrating the economic context of Scottish international skilled labour mobility, the research outlines macro level changes in the Scottish economy and the role of foreign direct investment as a source and channel of Scottish skill exchange. In turn, the specific institutional characteristics of activities generating these labour flows are examined and related to the occupational status of mobile persons.
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Dido, Romano William. "Wellness strategies for unskilled and semi-skilled employees in the built environment." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6929.
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More employees in organisations in the built environment are beginning to suffer from ill health related to work when compared with employees in other industries. There are many reasons for this, such as: unsuitable working conditions, physical demands linked to the occupation and the high proportion of transient unskilled and semi-skilled employees. A study concerning the wellness levels of unskilled and semi-skilled employees therefore contributes to the understanding and improvement of employee health within the industry. The main objective of this study was therefore to identify the wellness levels of employees in the built environment and their perceptions of the extent to which their company provides wellness interventions or strategies. The methodological approach used in this study was within a quantitative paradigm, and a questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. The findings indicated that the employees engaged in healthy activities and that the organisation encouraged the employees to maintain healthy lifestyles. However, there were areas that required consideration. Specifically, more attention should be given to budgeting for wellness interventions, regular health screenings should take place and more attention to substance abuse is required.
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Kettlewell, Gail Ellen Biery. "A description of reading in the composing process: skilled and unskilled college writers." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54308.
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A theoretical construct for examining the use of reading in composing, developed from the literature review and pilot study, was tested using audio-videotaped protocols of students composing two drafts of an essay, followed by retrospective interviews.
Fifteen skilled and fifteen unskilled college writers, so designated by tests and a writing sample given by the English department, participated in the study at a rural, two-year technical college in a Sunbelt state during the 1984-85 school year.
The construct for examining reading in composing included the focus of reading: word, multi-word, sentence, multi-sentence, paragraph, multi-paragraph, and draft levels; the purpose of reading: to verify, clarify, provide direction, edit, or refresh memory; the effect (or outcome) of reading: no/change or change, using Faigley and Witte's revision classification scheme to describe changes; and the amount of reading, which was a count of all occurrences of reading. The construct was useful in identifying the aspects of reading in composing. Thus, a major benefit of the study is empirical data on reading-in-composing for both skilled and unskilled writers.
A profile of each group's use of reading was developed. Then a comparison of reading by the two groups was made using chi-square and percents.
The findings revealed that (1) 29 of the 30 students were readers of their texts; (2) the skilled writers wrote and read twice as much as the unskilled writers did, but the proportion in both drafts was the same; (3) reading occurred within and between drafts for both groups; (4) both groups read most often at the multi-word level; (5) both groups read for all five purposes and when ranked by frequency, the order was the same for both groups; (6) the effect of reading differed significantly in the no-change/change categories with the skilled writers making more changes.
Findings which were statistically significant included: the size of the corpus; the focus of reading; the difference in no-change/change decisions; and the categories of change at surface, meaning-preserving and meaning-changing levels. The study confirmed that writing is a recursive process with reading as a major component and that both skilled and unskilled writers are readers of their texts.
The study revealed that protocol analysis and the Faigley and Witte classification scheme for revision can work well together. Second, the amount, focus, purpose, and effect of reading can be examined through thinking-aloud composing protocols. Third, reading is a more appropriate term than re-reading to describe the reading which occurs during the composing process.<br>Ed. D.
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Daniel, Kirsten. "Labour market regulation and employment of unskilled workers : international comparisons." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633082.
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The study analyses personnel records over the past two decades from a sample of multinationals with matched plants in the US, UK, Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium. It examines trends in production workers' employment opportunities and the effect of labour market regulation, in particular employment protection. Labour market regulation in general - as indicated by insider power - and employment protection in particular, is expected to increase recruitment standards for permanent employees as well as to increase the use of temporary employment. The expected positive effect of employment protection on recruitment standards is found in simple correlations and regressions, but is not generally supported by the multivariate analysis once other influences are held constant. However, union density is found to increase recruitment standards, and might take over the effect of employment protection as an indicator of overall regulatory pressure. Insider power - as measured by average tenure of a plant's workforce - is found to increase the recruitment of younger, more educated, people. I also find a strong substitutability between recruits' prior experience and education. This substitutability indicates the power of education to widen job opportunities for inexperienced workers. As for temporary employment, the expected effect of employment protection and insider power on temporary employment is not confirmed in the multivariate analysis. Nevertheless there are indications that laws against temporary employment have the desired effect of driving temporary employment downwards. Since I also find that permanent and temporary hires are strong substitutes, these laws tend to drive up permanent employment. Another finding is that increased labour cost - as measured by the tax wedge - drive temporary employment down, presumably because temporary employees cannot deliver the required high productivity.
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Lin, Chieh. "Skilled labour, employee ownership, and firm risk." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19635/.
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Employing highly qualified and skilled workers is crucial for firms in the knowledge economy, as they compete in an increasingly complex and turbulent business environment. Whilst substantial research has focused on the potential benefits of investment in skilled labour, little attention has been given to its downside. This thesis examines one important aspect, namely increases in the firm’s equity risk. The quality of human capital in individual firms is generally unobservable. To bypass this, a labour skill index is constructed using industry-level data, representing the degree to which firms in a given industry rely on skilled labour. The index is calculated annually from 1990 to 2014 across a wide range of industries, and is the main test variable throughout the empirical chapters. The major findings of this thesis are as follows. First, firms located in more highly skilled industries are perceived by investors as having more volatile fundamentals, reflected in greater idiosyncratic return volatility. The relationship is moderated by the presence of broad-based employee ownership, highlighting the latter’s risk management implications. Second, with respect to the level of broad-based employee ownership, it displays an inverted U-shaped relationship with the labour skill index. The positive relationship between the two is reversed only for firms at the top end of the skill spectrum. Third, firms that rely more heavily on skilled labour incur a higher implied cost of equity. This is attributed to increased operating leverage which amplifies firms’ exposure to systematic risk. Summarising, this thesis provides evidence that reliance on skilled labour exacerbates both idiosyncratic and systematic components of the firm’s equity risk. In addition, this thesis corroborates broad-based employee ownership as a form of employee governance, and shows that its presence mitigates firm-specific return volatility associated with investment in skilled labour.
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Bell, Brian D. "Changing fortunes in the labour market : empirical essays on the unskilled and immigrants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319122.
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Mrabet, Zouhair. "Impact de l'ouverture commerciale sur le marché du travail des pays en voie de développement : le cas de la Tunisie." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595407.
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Notre travail de recherche dans le cadre de cette thèse a porté sur les effets de la libéralisation commerciale sur le marché du travail des pays en voie de développement, avec une application spécifique à l'économie tunisienne. Nous avons structuré notre analyse sur le sujet autour de deux axes. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'impact des échanges commerciaux sur le marché du travail, et dans un deuxième temps nous avons étudié le rôle du changement technologique induit par l'ouverture commerciale. Notre recherche a présenté et discuté la littérature théorique et empirique et les faits stylisés sur le sujet. Dans notre cas d'étude sur la Tunisie nous avons estimé les équations de l'emploi total, de l'emploi du travail qualifié, de l'emploi du travail non qualifié, de l'emploi relatif entre le travail qualifié et non qualifié et du salaire réel. Les variables clés dans ces équations sont celles qui mesurent les échanges commerciaux et celles qui mesurent le changeme nt technologique importé.Les principaux résultats peuvent être résumés de la manière suivante :- L'ouverture commerciale a joué un rôle important dans le changement de la structure de l'emploi sur le marché du travail tunisien.- Le marché du travail tunisien enregistre les mêmes évolutions que celles observées dans plusieurs pays en voie de développement (tels que les pays d'Amérique Latine et d'Asie de l'Est).- Ces évolutions se manifestent par une augmentation de l'emploi relatif du travail qualifié par rapport au travail non qualifié.- Les statistiques descriptives montrent que les inégalités de salaire ont augmenté en Tunisie.- Le changement technologique biaisé vers les travailleurs qualifiés a été un facteur déterminant dans cette évolution en Tunisie. La technologie incorporée dans les machines et les équipements importés augmente l'emploi relatif des travailleurs qualifiés par rapport aux travailleurs non qualifiés.
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Mathura, Gonasagree Sindy. "Influences on productivity of construction projects with particular reference to core labour, unskilled labour and leadership style of managers." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6851.
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Construction productivity is an interesting phenomenon which was an initial study into time and motion. However this remains a vital part of the construction industry today as it takes into consideration cost-savings, a precise timeous delivery of projects and the correct usage of materials. This phenomenon itself is a huge challenge to many companies in South Africa. The construction industry in South Africa is seen as a tool to alleviate the increasing unemployment and poverty levels. The ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), has made statements to decrease the unemployment rate and due to these promises, the imposition of the use of local unskilled labour from the local communities has become the norm on the majority of construction projects. This formed the basis of the Expanded Public Works Programme. This initiative has indeed shown a huge success but the programme lacks long-term support. The majority of these workers are taken on short-term projects and thereafter the workers are returned to the unemployment pool. The workers are also aware of the short-term projects and therefore there is a lack of motivation which inevitably affects the productivity on any construction site. This study looks at the challenges faced by contractor's in the Eastern Cape and analyses the effects of the use of unskilled labour from the local community. Questionnaires were completed as a measurement instrument to determine the motivation, leadership style and the communication levels among the unskilled, core and the managers on construction projects. The productivity achievements of the unskilled labour and the core labour will be measured and compared and the findings are discussed.
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Macheke, Richard. "An analysis of business skills and training needs in the plastic manufacturing industry in the Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007118.
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Skills development is one of the major challenges faced by South Africans, with more than 60 percent of the labour force being unskilled. This affects many industries around the country as are they forced to employ unskilled employees a development which has a negative bearing on the quality of products having a negative bearing on the quality of products. The Plastic Manufacturing Industry in the Eastern Cape Province is a prime example of firms that are affected by the short supply of skilled personnel on the labour market. Required skills range from business skills that are essential for the operating of a business, to technical skills that are essential for the employees who are involved in the production of goods and services. Training in skills has been proven to be a key to success. The primary objective of this study was to undertake an analysis concerning the significance of business skills and training needs for business success. Secondary objectives were to determine whether training in business skills as well as technical skills for the employees, could bring on success to the business. The study further went on to investigate the importance of training programmes for businesses. Research methodology included literature review and an empirical study, making use of the survey method through self-administered questionnaires. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, frequencies, Chi-square tests and linear regression and ANOVA. The Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure reliability of the research results. The research findings established that training in business skills and related types of skills was essential for the success of a business. The findings further showed that, due to training, there was improvement in sales, annual turnover, and product quality and employee skills. Recommendations included advice to invest in human capital through training which then should improve the quality of products. Further studies in other regions other than the Eastern Cape Province were recommended.
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Wolf, André-René [Verfasser]. "Mobility of skilled labour and skill formation / Andre-Rene Wolf." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036406288/34.
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Engman, Michael Olavi. "North-South trade in services : temporary migration of skilled labour." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0079.
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Depuis quelques générations, la libéralisation des échanges et des marchés facilite considérablement les mouvements transfrontaliers de biens, de services, de capitaux et d’informations. Ce processus d’intégration est porteur de gains de bien-être inédits pour la population mondiale. Des perspectives importantes s’ouvrent aussi pour les pays en développement, dont la croissance pourrait tirer de nouvelles stimulations de la mise en œuvre de réformes favorables aux échanges et à l’ouverture des marchés. Mais un pan de l’édifice de la mondialisation est demeuré en grande partie étranger à ce processus de libéralisation : les mouvements de capital humain, qui restent soumis à un contrôle et à des restrictions sévères. Il y a lieu de le déplorer, car la libéralisation des migrations temporaires de main-d’œuvre pourrait constituer un moteur de croissance économique et de développement plus efficace que tout autre levier d’action politique. Nombre de pays en développement sont doués d’un important capital humain. C’est un facteur de production et un mode de prestation de services où ils sont nombreux à jouir d’un avantage comparatif. Nous avons circonscrit notre champ d’étude à la migration temporaire de main-d’œuvre qualifiée des pays pauvres vers les pays riches. Notre exposé est axé sur trois études de cas poussées, celui de pays figurant parmi les principaux exportateurs de main-d’œuvre au monde – l’Égypte, l’Inde et les Philippines – dont nous examinons quelques-unes des activités de services les plus saillantes, à savoir respectivement : l’éducation, la santé et les technologies de l’information<br>More than half a century of trade and market liberalisation have greatly facilitated the movement of goods, services, capital and information across borders. This integration process has brought unprecedented welfare gains to the wor1d's population and there is much scope to stimulate further economic growth in developing countries through market and trade friendly reforms. One piece in the globalisation puzzle has largely been excluded from the liberalisation process: the movement of human capital remains highly controlled and restricted. This is regrettable since the liberalisation of temporary labour movement could have a greater impact on economic growth and development than any other single policy. Many developing countries are well endowed with human capital and it is a factor of production and a mode of service delivery in which many developing countries enjoy a comparative advantage. This dissertation focuses on temporary migration of skilled workers from poor to rich countries. The underlying assumption-based on economic models and empirical findings-is that a more liberal environment for temporary labour mobility would bring substantial welfare gains by stimulating economic growth and development. Consequently, the focal point is on trade rather than immigration (or so called 'brain circulation' rather than 'brain drain'). The dissertation is centred on three in-depth studies of some of the world's leading labour sending countries: Egypt, India and the Philippines; and some of their most prominent services sectors: education, IT, and health services
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Mat, Shafizal. "Employee motivation and learning behaviours in selected manufacturing industries." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23158.
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The topics of motivation and job satisfaction have been of interest to researchers over the past decades. Many researchers and practitioners have studied the driving factors to motivate staff in the workplace, but no specific findings have shown correlation between motivation and job satisfaction. Problems of motivation and job satisfaction have continued to plague many developing countries like Malaysia. This study is an attempt to improve the understanding of the human contribution to variability in manufacturing industries and the focus areas are work motivation, satisfaction and performance as well as relationships with learning behaviours of employees in the workplace. The research work can be categorized into three parts. The first part consists of pilot study which was conducted to determine the practicality and validity of method/instruments used in the research. The pilot study also helped to correct the flaws/weaknesses of the method before employing it in the full-scale research study. Secondly, an experimental study was carried out to identify the motivation, satisfaction, performance and learning behaviour of unskilled and skilled employees doing simple or complex tasks individually or in group. The final part was an industrial study conducted with 356 employees from various positions and backgrounds in selected manufacturing industries in Malaysia. Based on the findings, it has been shown that unskilled employees preferred doing complex tasks in a group rather than doing simple tasks and skilled employees preferred doing complex tasks individually rather than in a group. It increased their work motivation, satisfaction and performance. It was found that task identity (simple tasks) and learning behaviours (individual learning of unskilled employees) can be the reason for employees to leave in the future. The task identity (task complexity) can be an important factor in job design in organisations and it is significant in the learning process of unskilled and skilled employees in manufacturing industries, particularly in Malaysia. It was also found that learning in a team (group) appears to be a very significant factor in workplace learning for both unskilled and skilled employees. The study has shown that there are relationships between motivational and learning behaviours of skilled and unskilled employees and this knowledge is expected to be useful for employers and policy makers in organisations especially in manufacturing industries in Malaysia.
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Manacorda, Marco. "An empirical analysis of changes in the structures of wages and employment in OECD countries." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341918.
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Morar, Teodora. "High Skilled Migration in Sweden and Canada: Labour Market Integration of young skilled Romanians in Sweden and Canada." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21895.
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Cerna, Lucie. "The Governance of High-Skilled Labour Immigration in Advanced Industrial Countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508757.
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Wakisaka, Daisuke. "Labyrinth of highly skilled migration in Japan : society, labour and policy." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/7d054025-d1f3-463d-aa15-dce9c1e8ab8a.
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Japan is enigmatic for migration scholars. The country will lose a quarter of its population in 40 years with the elderly ratio climbing to nearly 40%, remaining one of the most aging economies. Nevertheless, it still retains the lowest share of migrants in the labour market among OECD members. It seems no grand design for the future generation is shared by policymakers or citizens: how should the country open up a practical prospect under this hard reality? This research addresses the enigma through the optics of highly skilled migration which has been one of the pivotal agendas of the recent policy development in Japan. In attempting to fuel the economy, the Japanese government has lately devoted themselves to attracting highly skilled migrants (HSMs). One of the implemented policies is a points-based system; however, it has failed to deliver the expectation at the outset. With this policy failure in mind, this study aims to fill the important research gaps on HSMs in Japan: the mechanism of skilled migration and its interplay with policies. In other words, what makes HSMs decide to work in Japan and how the public policies influence their decisions. The study centres on these micro-macro interplays. The dissertation is structured to explore the labyrinth made up of three mazes—societal, labour and policy dimensions that HSMs in Japan face. Based on the qualitative inquiry, the study will unfold the dynamism of the mazes through the perception of HSMs and migration experts. In so doing, the research offers new insights to academic arguments by producing concepts such as ‘coerced harmonisation’ and ‘no choice democracy’, whose implications are not limited to skilled migration but cover the overall migration agendas. Throughout, the discussion will present how the lessons drawn from Japan can contribute to addressing the pressing migration issues in other countries.
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Kitching, Robert Thomas. "The immobility of the low-skilled and unemployed in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363116.
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Saunders, Bradley. "Overeducated and over here : the experiences of skilled EU migrants on self-initiated foreign work experiences in unskilled UK jobs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9710.
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This study investigates the phenomenon of overeducation among 19 highly-skilled migrant workers from EU countries working in jobs in the UK which are not commensurate with their qualifications and experience. Building on recent qualitative studies of the lived experiences of both self-initiated expatriates and migrant workers, the thesis aims, through in-depth qualitative interviews, to interpret, evaluate and refine our understanding of the experiences of highly skilled migrants in the UK in jobs which do not make use of their qualifications and experience. The study sheds light on the experiences of a growing group of internationally mobile EU citizens, who, rather than undertake the one-off movements typically studied in the migration literature, are able, as a result of the freedom of movement which they enjoy as EU citizens, to undertake more fluid mobility between EU nation states. By so doing it addresses the need for a better understanding of contemporary career mobility within the EU which is vital if the community s ideals of a more mobile, skilled and adaptable workforce, able to increase the community s competitive ability in the face of growing globalisation, are to be realised. Incorporating insights from the literature of migration, expatriation, careers and underemployment, the study seeks to gain an understanding of the migrant workers reasons for coming; the barriers they face in their search for employment which is commensurate with their qualifications and experience; their adjustment to their new work, cultural and social environments; and the effect that their stay here has on their sense of identity. The study suggests that the migrants inability to find work commensurate with their skills and experience could have adverse effects on their mental health and may detract from their ability to integrate fully into wider UK society. By restricting its focus to individuals in jobs which are not commensurate with their qualifications and experience, the study helps to add to the relatively small body of knowledge on individuals in skill- and status- underemployment undergoing voluntary (i.e. unforced) downward transitions. The reality of the interviewees situation was very often at odds with their preconceptions. The study has examined the way in which they faced up to the multiple demands of their new environment. It is hoped that it will encourage further research to address these issues and by so doing benefit future generations of EU migrant workers.
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Alkobaisi, Saad Abdulla Saad. "Keralites in Abu Dhabi : a study of unskilled and semi-skilled Keralite migrant workers in the city of Abu Dhabi (U.A.E.)." Thesis, University of Hull, 1992. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11532.
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Based on fieldwork carried out mainly in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) and partly in Kerala (India), this is a contribution to the study of international labour migration between South Asia and the Middle East. The thesis investigates the process of migration of unskilled and semiskilled workers from the state of Kerala to one location in the United Arab Emirates. The study focuses on the phenomenon of migration as a process; a set of inter-related phases in which no phase can be understood independent of the others. In most studies of labour migration to the Middle East the most important agents in the whole process of migration, the migrants, have often been overlooked. Little research has been done on the impact of migration on the migrants themselves and their dependents left behind in the sending community. The present study focuses on the migrants as the main and most important agents in the process of migration. Migration is a process in which migrants play the major role as actors and decision makers. However, while migrants play a crucial role in the process of decision making, in the process the decisions taken become materialized reality. In creating various strategies to benefit effectively from the alternatives available in the host society, migrants are, nonetheless, confronted with various constraints and restrictions since much decision making in relation to international migration is made on international and national levels. The thesis explores the migrants' role with each of these aspects in mind. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the various factors affecting the decision to migrate as perceived by the migrants themselves, the various methods used to carry out the decisions made, the economic, working and living conditions of the migrants in the host society and the impact of migration on the migrants themselves and their households in the sending community. The findings show that Kinship and friendship networks not only influenced the decision to migrate but they facilitated the migration in all of its phases. Despite the unfavourable conditions under which these migrants were living and working, the impact of migration as perceived by the migrants and their households' members themselves was positive.
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Luk, Wai-ling. "An analysis of Hong Kong's labour importation policy for skilled workers since 1989." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18635611.
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Luk, Wai-ling, and 陸慧玲. "An analysis of Hong Kong's labour importation policy for skilled workers since 1989." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965659.
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Wakefield, Hayley Innez. "Investigating chronic unemployment in South Africa, 2008-2015." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7227.
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Magister Commercii - MCom<br>The South African economy is faced with a crisis of persistently high and rising unemployment
rates. Although this is a cause for serious concern, the statistic captures a segment of the
working-age population enduring recurrent spells of unemployment – a vulnerable group for
consideration that these figures fail to uncover. The dilemma could be linked to the influx of
previously disadvantaged groups (i.e. Africans and females) into the labour market since the
dawn of democracy. Thus, the newly appointed South African government inherits an economy
that had systematically disadvantaged most of the population, leading to an oversupply of
labour, where highly-skilled labour appears to be more appealing in comparison to the
relatively low-skilled labour offered by these persons.
Historically suppressed groups thus disproportionately bear the brunt of this unemployment,
where some may have involuntarily remained rooted in unemployment for longer periods of
time than those considered unemployed on a temporal basis. The importance of exploring and
understanding the roles of some underlying forces is extremely crucial to wrestle this pressing
issue in a South African context, when examining labour market dynamics.
This study therefore explores the nature and extent of chronic unemployment by examining the
data of the first four available waves (2008, 2010/2011, 2012 and 2014/2015) of the National
Income Dynamics Study (NIDS). The empirical findings reveal that those significantly more
susceptible to chronic unemployment are: African individuals with either incomplete
secondary education or at most a Matric qualification in tandem with an additional
certificate/diploma, residing in traditional areas in less wealthy provinces (i.e. Free State and
Mpumalanga). Furthermore, the results demonstrate that these chronically unemployed
individuals are more likely to form part of the youth (25-44 years), be non-poor, with their
household composition consisting of one to five household members where the minority enjoy
wage employment whereas the majority endure spells of unemployment. Ultimately, they
devote themselves to informal employment and occupations requiring semi-skilled and
relatively unskilled labour in the community, social and personal services industry and on
average earn R 3 342 per month in 2016 December prices.
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McKinlay, A. "Employers and skilled workers in the inter-war depression : Engineering and shipbuilding on Clydeside 1919-1939." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375995.
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Wu, Yinghong. "Economic impacts of different skilled levels of immigration labour : a CGE assessment for the UK." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2011. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/12380/.
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The aim of this thesis is to make a comprehensive assessment of economic impacts of different skilled level of international immigration labour on the UK by using a multiregion, multi-sector CGE-ILA model as a tool, with four main extensions from the IFPRI standard CGE framework, namely, the four-level nested CES production functions, highly disaggregated household data, two foreign regions and the assumption of imperfect labour market. The model is calibrated to a purpose-built 41x41 SAM dataset for the UK 2004. By employing four sets of criterions, the analysis combines four skill-type of immigration labour to look at their impacts on the UK economy from six aspects: economic growth, international trade, wage and unemployment, incomes of institutions, employment in sectors, production prices and scale of production. The main findings are: 1) The inflow of higher-skilled labour can make significant contribution to UK economy and alleviate wage inequality; although lower-skilled immigration labour also has the positive effects on UK economy, they can worsen the wage inequality. 2) Only increase of small proportion (<8%) of highly-skilled immigration labour will reduce total unemployment. 3) Increase of immigration labour has positive effects on the incomes of all institutions, of which enterprises and government gain the larger benefit than households do. The higher the skill of immigration labour has, the larger the contribution they will make. 4) The unskilled immigration labour has the larger positive effects on UK economy than the semi-skilled has, and has the positive impacts on reducing the activity prices of the some sectors in the Primary and Secondary Industry, and then encourages more exports than imports. 5) The semi-skilled immigration labour is the least needed in the UK labour market, if the reduction of unemployment is the prior consideration. Thus, the policy implication of the current study is that the highly-skilled immigration labour is urgently and largely needed by the UK economy; the recommended scale of immigration labour is a mix with a large proportion of higher-skilled labour force and a small proportion of the lower-skilled.
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Mugororoka, Fortune Chanelle. "The Labour-market Experiences of Skilled African Women in Sweden : The Case of Kenyan Women." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-171552.
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The study sought to understand the labour-market experiences of Kenyan women living in Swedenfrom a precarity standpoint. Specifically, from the point of view of uncertainty and vulnerability ofAfrican migrants workers in the labor market. The research explored how individual, structural, andcultural factors influenced the choice of profession and the labour market participation of Kenyanmigrant women in Sweden. Intersectionality, Precarity and the Dual Labor Market theory were thetheories picked to make sense of the particular vulnerabilities experienced, and strategies adoptedby Kenya migrant women in the Swedish labour market. A qualitative approach was adopted by thestudy and a case-study specifically used. Semi -structured interviews were used as the tool for datacollection and the data coded and analyses thematically. The research found out that African wokenfaced challenges in the Swedish labour market despite their academic qualifications, workexperience or Swedish language skills. Gender and ethnicity were found to be contributing factorsto these women being embedded mostly in the secondary segments of the labour market. Dualismor the labor market segmentation theory- divided into two sections; the primary and the secondaryjobs proved useful as it enabled the research make sense of the participants embeddedness in thesecondary labour markets. The concept of precarity was helpful in analysing various precariouswork undertaken by the participants from the beginning of their migration to Sweden and aftermany years of being in the country. The combination of the dual labor market theory with theintersectionality approach was significant to the study as it highlighted the dichotomy and thecomplexity of interactions between race, gender and ethnicity in the labor market. The findings ofthe research generally confirmed previous studies that show that highly skilled migrant women aremostly situated in the secondary segments of the labour market or face discrimination whenpositioned in primary jobs due to their different ethnicity and different culture. The studyrecommends that further research be done with a a larger sample and the same study done in otherEuropean countries for comparison purposes.
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Perschová, Kristína, and Mai Thu Ngo. "SKILLED MIGRANT SITUATION ON THE LABOUR MARKET : How do the Difficulties to Find a Job in Their Professional Field Affect The Job Search Motivation for Skilled Migrants?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160883.
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This thesis describes the current situation on the Swedish labour market as many skilledmigrants have problems to find a relevant job. It explains the barriers for employment, aswell as the support mechanisms used to help the integration on the labour market. Particularfocus lies on the job search motivation, and how do the difficulties to find a job in arelevant professional field affect the job search motivation, and what are the reasons forthese effects. Thematic analysis is used to find recurring themes in the data collected from 5 semistructured interviews, 2 questionnaires and 1 additional interview from an employeeworking with the skilled migrants. Empirical findings show, that the respondents feel that local companies prefer localemployees, and that the migrants ascribe their difficulties to find a relevant job position todiscrimination, as it is common that they get rejected without being able to meet thecompany’s representatives in person. Countless rejected applications are causing feelings offrustration, hopelessness and the migrants’ doubt their ability to find a relevant job, whichleads to decreased job search motivation and underemployment. Furthermore, therespondents are rather motivated by extrinsic motivational factors than intrinsic motivators.However, the findings show that they believe that the job search becomes easier withaccumulated experience and that the difficulties with finding the right job makes therespondents more committed to the attained job. Finally, the authors formulate suggestionsfor further research. KEYWORDS: labour market integration, skilled migrants, job search motivation
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Semmelroggen, Jan. "A critical discourse analysis of the policy formation process of the 2009 action programme on skilled labour migration in Germany." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9910.
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This thesis analyzes the political discourse on skilled labour migration in Germany between 2005 and 2009 and investigates how and why skilled labour migration polices are negotiated in the Federal Republic of Germany. In particular the thesis highlights the significance of underlying policy maker motives within the policy formation process of Germany s 2009 Action Programme on Skilled Labour Migration as well as their ultimate imprint on the legislation. The critical discourse analysis of parliamentary debate in Germany between 2005 and 2009 in conjunction with interviews with relevant national policy makers, institutional actors, labour market stakeholder, and independent policy advisors reveals that there is a significant discrepancy between policy maker intent in regards to skilled labour migration legislation and the stated intent of the 2009 Action Programme. While the stated aim of the Action Programme is to facilitate and promote skilled labour migration to Germany, the analysis of relevant political debate and the stakeholder interviews reveals that German policy makers are primarily motivated to protect and promote preferential labour market access for domestic workers while at the same time restricting undesired labour migration to Germany. As a result, the policy measures of the 2009 Action Programme on Skilled Labour Migration have a strong protectionist and restrictionist emphasis. Moreover, the thesis reveals that the complex and multilayered power-negotiations over skilled labour migration legislation between the various policy makers, institutional actors, and labour market stakeholders are largely shaped and framed by domestic political considerations. Notwithstanding the widely acknowledged global competition over skilled workers and the need for German labour market to maintain competitive within the global economy, immigration policy makers in Germany are primarily motivated by factors that are firmly embedded within the national political sphere and that aim to control, limit, and restrict territorial access of foreign workers into the national labour market. This in turn highlights the need for migration scholars to reposition and re-conceptualize the role of the nation-state and as an active agent in shaping international labour migration flows.
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Swanepoel, Christo. "Understanding job satisfaction and labour turnover of semi-skilled employees in the quick service restaurant industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52330.
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The quick service restaurant industry in South Africa is plagued by high staff turnover and the cost associated with this. This is especially true for the semi-skilled employees at ground level, working in the restaurants in this industry. These workers are poorly paid and work erratic hours in difficult circumstances. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that influence job satisfaction within this industry. The study also aims to isolate the predominant reasons for both voluntary and involuntary staff turnover.<br>Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>zk2016<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>MBA<br>Unrestricted
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Abboud, Endy, and Mary Beniamin. "Migration and average wages in Sweden : Immigration as a labour supply shock on the Swedish labour market from the year 2011 to 2018 across municipalities." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49256.
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With the recent influx of foreign-born individuals migrating to Sweden, this study aims to answer the question, “do high skilled foreign-born individuals relate positively to average wages in Sweden?”. We specifically observe high skilled foreign-born individuals and their contribution to the average wage across different municipalities in Sweden between the years 2011 and 2018. The method carried out in this study consisted of an empirical analysis where the significance of economic factors was interpreted in order to understand the variation in wages. The data was extracted from Statistics Sweden. The relationship of the share of highly educated foreign-born individuals has proved to be insignificant with respect to average wages in Sweden. Different theories are discussed in this paper in order to identify the key labour market outcomes due to the labour supply shock. Our findings disclose that differences in wages are present, meaning that natives and foreign-born individuals are complements in the short run
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Firth, P. "Skilled work and workers in north east Lancashire : A consideration of cotton textiles and textile engineering c 1890-1914." Thesis, University of Salford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376838.
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Wang, Chen. "Highly Skilled Chinese Immigrant Women’s Labour Market Marginalization in Canada: An Institutional Ethnography of Discursively Constructed Barriers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42505.
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Canada has been active in attracting highly-skilled, foreign-trained workers to overcome its labour shortage, facilitate its economic growth, and enhance its global competency. While promoting gender equality in the workplace and advancing women’s labour market participation are ongoing focuses of Canada’s attention, the arrival of an increased number of skilled immigrant women and their marginalized experiences in the Canadian labour market reflects a critical problem that the underuse of highly skilled immigrant women’s professional skills might be a loss for both Canada and individual immigrants.
This research reveals the lived experience of highly skilled Chinese immigrant women in the Canadian labour market, and analyzes how the barriers to their career restoration were constructed. It adopts Seyla Benhabib’s weak version of postmodern feminist theory and Dorothy Smith’s Institutional Ethnography methodology. Based on interview data with 46 highly skilled Chinese immigrant women, this research identifies these immigrant women’s standpoint within the institutional arrangements and understands the barriers to their career restoration as discursively constructed outcomes. This research contends that the settlement services for new immigrants funded by the federal government fall short of meeting the particular needs of highly skilled immigrants who intend to find highly skilled jobs that match their qualifications. This research also makes recommendations for improving existing language training and employment-related settlement services in order to better assist highly skilled immigrants in using their skills to a larger extent.
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Maimani, Khalid Abdulraheem. "The relevance of multinational companies' operations' to manpower development in Saudi Arabia : a case study of skilled workers in the oil and oil related industries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249551.
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Rahim, Aisha. "Highly skilled international labour migration : a qualitative study of migrant Pakistani professionals in London's big four accounting firms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27838/.
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Current Migration Studies literature in Europe can broadly be divided into two major strands. First is dominated by studies on the East-West migration of working class or asylum seeking, postcolonial ethnic groups and problems associated with their subsequent integration/assimilation into the host society. The second, more recent, strand of migration research is that of highly skilled professional migrants, usually hypermobile white men moving across highly-developed countries (for example within the EU), or from developed to less developed countries. This thesis aims to fill a major gap in the existing migration studies literature by focussing on a group of highly skilled Pakistani professionals. Based on a combination of participant observation and in-depth interviews with thirteen Pakistani male accountants and their partners in London, this thesis will explore their personal and professional lives in detail. In particular, it aims to compare this group with a) other highly skilled migrants in Europe and b) working class Pakistani immigrants who have dominated the migration stream to the UK. In terms of their social background, this group is strikingly different to the latter due to its urban, middle class origins where all men and most women possess tertiary level degrees. They do not follow the typical migration channel of chain migration to the UK and do not tend to live in ethnic clusters as other Pakistani migrants. Marital status sets them apart from European migrants of similar professional background. The thesis shows that experience of working in the one of the biggest accounting firms in the UK is overall positive for many participants but the overemphasis on social skills over technical expertise in the firm’s appraisal system is a major problem since the centrality of drinking in after-work socialisation meant they could not fully participate in such bonding activities. This thesis also captures the life experiences of migrant spouses in terms of marriage, migration, children and “incorporation” into husband’s work. Last, the thesis explores the future aspirations of the participants which mainly include a long term plan of acquiring British nationality as the means to a more lucrative job in the Middle-East. The Middle-East as a permanent destination was considered perfect due to its booming economy, proximity to Pakistan (still viewed as “homeland”) and most importantly Islamic culture which was seen fundamental in upbringing of their children. However, some women were apprehensive of such a move due to the restrictions on women in some Middle-Eastern countries.
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Vanqa, Inga Bongo. "The effects of the labour skills shortage in the construction industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021125.
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Purpose of this treatise: The aim of this research is to determine, if the skilled labour shortage has had any impact on how construction projects are executed. If there is an impact the study aims to determine the nature and extent of the problem. Design/methodology/approach: A review of related literature was conducted, mainly to ensure that existing research is not replicated, in order to generate new ideas. The quantitative research approach was applied for this research. The questionnaire was designed so that scores can be easily summed in order to obtain an overall measure of the attitudes and opinions of the respondents. Findings: The results revealed that the skilled labour shortage has a negative effect on how construction projects are executed. The results further revealed that the biggest concern amongst employers and management of construction companies was the negative impact the shortage of skilled labour has on the levels of workmanship. Research limitations: The sample (construction companies) is mostly situated in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Practical implications: The research is of importance to managers and supervisors of construction companies of all sizes. The findings of this study will assist in ensuring that projects are efficiently managed irrespective of the current skills crisis in the construction industry.
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Almutairi, Abdullah Moied S. "Protecting the rights of temporary foreign 'low-skilled' workers in the Saudi construction industry : a case for legal reform." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14845.
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This thesis is a socio-legal study of the employment conditions of temporary foreign workers (TFWs) in the Saudi Arabian labour market in general and the construction sector in particular, with emphasis on low-skilled TFWs. This thesis adopts a socio-legal approach to the human rights situation of low-skilled TFWs working in the Saudi construction sector. By using migration theories, a human rights-based approach and Islamic perspectives on labour rights, the study questions the efficacy of Saudi domestic law in providing protection to low-skilled foreign workers in the construction sector. This is done by examining the current labour admission policies and the structure of the regulatory framework, including the ‘kafala’ system, recruitment procedures, employment law, working conditions, occupational safety and health hazards and access to the justice system. Grounded theory methodology is followed, with empirical data collection using semi-structured interviewing techniques in two major Saudi cities, Riyadh and Makkah. The data collected from the fieldwork provides the basis for understanding the current situation of low-skilled TFWs, by listening to their experiences. The thesis finds a link between the legal status of temporary foreign workers and the work visa system, which leads to a continuation of exploitation, mistreatment, discrimination, forced labour and the servitude of foreign labour in Saudi Arabia.
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Gripenberg, Sophie, and Jonatan Björkman. "The role of poor rural families economic situation in the decision-making process concerning migration : A field study conducted in Kebumen Regency, Java, Indonesia." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-37154.
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The main objective of this bachelor thesis is to analyse the dynamic and complex decision-making process that households with temporary overseas migrating family members do before migrating. The aim of this thesis is to understand why this phenomenon occurs in less developed areas, though the background of the thesis is trying to address the need of positive relationship between migration and development. Based on the theorectical benchmark of neoclassical microeconomic theory and new economics of labour migration theory certain factors were identified that could influence the decision to migrate. By using a mixed method with qualitative semi-structed face-to-face interviews combined with a survey of nine question relating to specific factors this study was able to create an understanding of the reality of migrant households, though a micro field study was conducted in Kebumen regency in Indonesia. The findings clearly shows that temporary overseas migration from less developed areas is a household decision that is influenced by local gender aspects and addressed by new well-functioning established markets for overseas work. Our findings also suggests that temporary migration is a way for the family to spread their risks, related to income and farming activites, and to achive further development, where other markets and institutions do not meet their needs. Policies regarding these gender aspects and the need of institutions that could improve the situation are recommended though remittances in that case might have a more long-term sustainable impact on the households.
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Robinson, Karryn B. "Perspectives of highly skilled migrants on return migration: A qualitative case study of Zimbabwean lecturers in the Western Cape of South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7836.
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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)<br>Brain drain has been labelled as one of the greatest development challenges facing African countries as it challenges capacity building, retention of skilled workers and sustained growth. Over the past two decades, a large number of Zimbabwean academics have left the country in search of economic opportunity and further academic training. This out-movement of academics has been exacerbated by political crisis and economic crisis in the country over the same period. Although some studies have sought to explain the causes, consequences and recommended policy responses to this human capital flight, they have not been able to critically assess, from the perspective of the emigrated academics, the conditions that would make them repatriate, their willingness to return to their home country and contribute to training, research and development; or their disposition towards engaging with Zimbabwean universities.
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Andersson, Marcus, and Greta Jurgaityte. "The Missing Piece in the Labour Force Puzzle : The Impact of Highly Skilled Migrants on Internationalisation and Organisational Innovation in Swedish Companies." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74975.
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Today Sweden is facing a significant shortage of highly educated labour force, which is recognized by various companies and which can have adverse consequences on the firms as well as the country as a whole. One of the solutions to this problem is identified to be highly skilled migrants (HSMs). Thus the purpose of this thesis is to research the impact that HSMs have on Swedish companies. By carrying out a qualitative research approach, a deeper understanding of the influences of HSMs on the internationalisation and the organisational innovation is gained, while the chosen abductive method allows exploring the subject by taking into consideration the real life issue as well as the related theories at the same time. The theoretical framework aids to build a foundation for this thesis regarding the relevant theories, including the bottom-up organisational design, the brain gain, RBV theory, internationalisation models and organisational innovation processes. This helps to construct a theoretical model which presents a theoretical answer to the research questions of the thesis. Thus the theoretical model helps to analyse the empirical data gathered from the interviews with five representatives of different Swedish companies. The cross-referencing of the cases helps to find the similarities and differences of the impact of HSMs in these companies. This is followed by the conclusions based on the analysis chapter. The main theoretical implications include the findings that the market and cultural knowledge seem to be the most important assets that HSMs bring, which, together with different educational backgrounds, technological competencies and networks, aid the internationalisation of the companies that can be understood through the Network and Born Global models. Furthermore, it is found that the new perspectives of HSMs encourage the organisational innovation through the increased tacit knowledge inside the organisations. Moreover, the managerial implications include recognising of the importance of HSMs for the Swedish companies and thus seeking a more international workforce, empowering the employees and being able to exploit the resources that they bring, while at the same time managing the cultural clashes that might occur. Therefore, this thesis helps to build a foundation for viewing HSMs a solution to Sweden’s problem of the lack of highly skilled workers.
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Ebrahim, Saima. "The causes of high staff turnover within selected hotels in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1616.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business and Management Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology<br>The human resource department in the hospitality industry has a reputation for high staff
turnover and labour instability due to various reasons, such as staff members who are not
motivated and are not recognised for hard work. Another problem is employing unskilled
staff, low staff remuneration, staff members not being trained and long working hours. The
main research problem was: What were the reasons for the high staff turnover in the
selected hotels of this research study? From the main research problem three sub-problems
emerged the first being, Why does the selected hotels not understand what actually
motivates their employees to stay on in positions? The other two sub-problems are stated in
chapter 1. The main objective was to research the reasons why the selected hotels were
experiencing such high staff turnover. According to Amos, Ristow and Pearse (2008:172),
staff turnover can be from a combination of factors such as what the organisation pays, the
working conditions, opportunities for promotion, the quality of supervision, and poor group
relations, which makes it more or less appealing as an employer. The research design
utilised a multi-strategy approach whereby both quantitative and qualitative data were
gathered. The questionnaires were a quantitative data-gathering tool that provided the
researcher with information relating to why staff turnover is so high in the selected hotels.
Questionnaires were completed by human resource managers, senior managers, managers,
supervisors and staff members. The qualitative data were obtained from the interviews and
the literature review. Interviews were conducted with human resource managers (HRM) in
the selected hotels to find out what problems they face and to find solutions to reduce staff
turnover. The main findings were that many of those associated with the selected hotels
maintain that hotel positions do not offer creative and intellectual development. Once people
have understood the needs and demands of their particular job, their cultural learning and
intellectual stimulation comes to an end quickly, causing people to lose interest in their jobs
and look elsewhere. The main recommendations were that management styles and human
resource practices should be applied to stimulate, communicate with and recognise staff
potential. Money was not the main reason why staff resigned from their positions; rather it
was the fact that managers were not acknowledging them for their hard work and that there
was no growth within the selected hotels.
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Rosenberg, János E. X. "The German Skilled Immigration Act 2019 (‘Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz, FEG’) : An inquiry into the policy process, pivotal political players, and the role of interest groups." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Statsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-35029.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the 2019 ‘FEG’ through policy process and interest-based lenses, thus aiming to address the relationship between labour shortages and migration policy. Hence, the roles of political stakeholders and interest groups in the policy process are discerned.
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Mutiarasari, Clara Citra. "The Ambiguous Integration Concept as Reflected in the Role of Third Sector Organisations in Highly Skilled Refugees Employment Integration in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-453448.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis studies the role of the third sector organisation [TSO] in highly skilled refugees' employment integration in Sweden. It attempts to contribute to the migration studies literature and nonprofit sector studies by focusing on the underresearched highly skilled refugees and several TSOs in Sweden, one of the major receiving countries in Europe during the refugee crisis. It discovers the challenges faced by the highly skilled refugees and the TSOs' solution to help them overcome the obstacles using Bourdieusian capital theory. In doing so, the TSOs are also shaping the integration concept of the nation, which is proven to be ambiguous. On the one hand, they preserve the construction of refugees as needing care and their difference from Sweden as weakness. On the other hand, they challenge the idea that integration is primarily refugees' responsibility and attempt to change employers' unwillingness to hire with the concept of diversity as a strength. Despite that, the TSOs do not significantly challenge the dominant integration concept in Sweden and the state. This thesis argues that it may be explained by the strong trust between the government and civil society stemmed from the nation's historical development as an egalitarian welfare state.
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Kaddouri, Kaoutar. "The Experiences of Professional Moroccan Women in the Canadian Job Market." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19801.
Full textAbstract:
In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being.
In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications.
Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.
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Habeeb, Mohamed Mag Mohamed Meeran Mohiadeen. "Indian Assigned Expatriates and Indian Students in the Host Country: The Focus on Social Supports." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262241.
Full textAbstract:
The researcher of this study " Indian Migrants and Self-Initiated Expatriates in the host Countries: the Focus on Social Support" the whole study about the Indian expatriates who are living in the United Kingdom and the main goal of this research is to predict how successful the Indian expatriates in their settling process in the UK and the focus of social supports. The sample includes both Self-initiated expatriates ( SIE's) and Assigned Expatriates(AE's). SIE's expatriates are Indian students who are studying in the UK and the AE's expatriates are the company assigned Indian full-time employees. Social support includes briefly the overall host country support provided for Indian expatriates in the host country. Social support is measured in three broader dimensions pertinent to Waxin cross-cultural adjustment model (2006), likely perceived organizational support, individual self-motivation, and contextual support, includes family support and host country environment. (Navas et al, 2005) classified six relevant contexts of acculturation of expatriates in a foreign country, which emphasize, politics and government, organizational work-related adjustments, economic perspective, family relations; social relations and ideology, which includes religious belief and customs. The structure of the thesis covers extensive theoretical part based on the intense review of literature in the field of expatriation, cross-cultural studies, information on this context about the United Kingdom and India and final part includes practical data analysis, business cases and recommendation for the future research.