Journal articles: 'Skilled and unskilled labour'

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Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Differential Education Subsidy Policy and Wage Inequality Between Skilled, Semi-skilled and Unskilled Labour: A General Equilibrium Approach." Review of Development and Change 26, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722661211003186.

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The article investigates the effects of secondary (including vocational) and higher-education subsidies on wage inequalities between skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers, and unemployment in a small open developing economy in terms of a two-sector Harris–Todaro dynamic general equilibrium framework. The results show that skilled–unskilled and skilled–semi-skilled wage inequalities depend on factor intensity conditions, while semi-skilled–unskilled wage inequality is determined by the level of skill formation in the economy. There is a trade-off between the wage inequalities of skilled–semi-skilled and semi-skilled–unskilled workers due to secondary education subsidy; the trade-off also exists with respect to higher-education subsidy if the manufacturing sector is more skilled labour intensive. However, if the manufacturing sector is capital intensive, higher-education subsidy is detrimental for both types of wage inequalities in the initial years of skill formation but might have favourable effects when the skill endowment is high. Both types of subsidies reduce unemployment in the initial periods, but higher-education subsidy accentuates it when skilled labour supply expands in the economy.

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Mahmood, Zafar. "Emigration and Wages in an Open Economy: Some Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i3pp.243-262.

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This paper examines the impact of labour emigration on the wages of both the skilled and unskilled workers. The paper is based on a 3 X 3 trade-theoretic model, where a subset of the goods produced are traded at internationally fIXed prices. The results of the model hinge cruci~y on the intensities of the factors used 'within' the traded goods sectors of the economy. Using the Pakistani data, it is found that unskilled labour is used extremely intensively in the agriculture sector (exportable), skilled labour is used extremely intensively in the manufacturing sector (importable), and capital is used as the middle factor in both the traded goods sectors. Moreover, capital is used significantly less intensively in the construction (non-traded) sector relative to both the traded sectors. Based on the estimated relative factor intensities, the model predicts that emigration of either skilled or unskilled workers from Pakistan, in the long run, would benefit (in nominal as well as real terms) both the skilled and unskilled workers and hurt the owners of capital. The results suggest that the higher wages to both the skilled and unskilled workers must be compensated by a reduction in the rate of returns to capital if export-orientcd and import-competing sectors in Pakistan are to remain internationally competitive.

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Mnif, Sirine. "Skill-biased technological change: The case of the MENA region." Ekonomski anali 61, no. 210 (2016): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1610101m.

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Our work treats the relationship between inequality and technological change. Specifically, we focus on the transmission mechanisms by which technological innovation affects inequality in access to employment. The objective of this article is to determine the effect of the diffusion of innovation on the demand for skilled and non-skilled labour. It focuses on the concept of technological bias and the role of inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. The empirical validation of this work is based on the technique of the dynamic panel. An estimate using the method of Arellano and Bond seems more relevant. There is a positive relationship between innovation and the demand for skilled labour but a negative relationship with unskilled labour. This result is confirmed in our sample of countries.

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Mahmood, Zafar. "The Substitutability of Emigrants and Non-migrants in the Construction Sector of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 29, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v29i2pp.123-136.

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To predict the impact of emigration on labour displacement and factor rewards, a trasloogarithmic production function has been used. The estimation determined that unskilled emigrants and skilled and unskilled non-migrants have a complementarity with capital. While skilled emigrants and capital are substitutes, they are complementary with unskilled non-migrants. Based on these results, the model predicts displacement of unskilled non-migrants in the short run. Long-run predictions include an increase in wages of all kinds of workers and the adoption of capital-intensive techniques.

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Wang, Dianshuang. "Manufacturing and agricultural pollution, private mitigation and wage inequality in the presence of pollution externalities." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 2 (February 27, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2018-agricecon.

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The paper incorporates manufacturing and agricultural pollution into a three-sector general equilibrium model with pollution externalities both on agricultural production and labour health. Manufacturing generates pollution that affects agricultural production and health, while agriculture employs the pollutant as a factor for production that only affects health. Under the framework, this paper investigates the impacts of environmental protection policies and a rise in the self-mitigation cost of skilled and unskilled labour on wage inequality. A larger environmental tax expands wage gap if partial elasticity of substitution between labour and dirty input in the urban unskilled sector is small enough. More restrictive agricultural pollutants control narrows down the wage gap. The impact of an increase in the self-mitigation cost of skilled labour on wage inequality is ambiguous, depending on the factors substitution in agriculture and the elasticity of manufacturing pollution on agricultural production, while a larger self-mitigation cost of unskilled labour brings down the wage gap.

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Chaudhuri, Sarbajit. "International Migration of Skilled and Unskilled Labour, Welfare and Skilled-unskilled Wage Inequality: a Simple Model." Journal of Economic Integration 19, no. 4 (December 15, 2004): 727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2004.19.4.727.

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Banik, Arindam, and Pradip K. Bhaumik. "The Effects of Exogenous Technological Change on Wage Inequality in Rural India." Global Business Review 19, no. 6 (October 22, 2018): 1515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918804288.

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This article develops a theoretical model that studies the economic benefits to skilled rural artisans receiving toolkits under a given poverty reduction programme. The model encompasses the frameworks for understanding the relationship between the supply of skilled labour (artisans) with improved toolkits, changes in rural economic activities and the relative incomes. Consequently, it provides a natural setting to infer their empirical relevance. The counterfactual analysis from a large sample of data reveals that once the toolkits are provided to the rural skilled artisans, the artisans as a broad social group are more likely to have benefited from the programme. Less benefit can be, but is not necessarily, associated with poor education level and other assets owned by the rural artisans. More interestingly, while the real wages of skilled workers are expected to rise due to the use of skill-biased toolkits, the wages of unskilled workers may either remain unaffected or even fall. The issue of supply of skilled labour has, therefore, become an area of immense interest largely because of the rising inequality in the relative wages of skilled and unskilled labour.

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Betthäuser, Bastian A. "Left behind? Over-time change in the social mobility of children from unskilled working-class backgrounds in Germany." Acta Sociologica 63, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699319868524.

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Research on intergenerational social mobility tends to focus on examining the level of overall social fluidity in society. However, from a social justice perspective it can be argued that the type of social fluidity that matters most is upward mobility from the lowest rung of the social ladder. This article examines the labour market chances of children from parents in unskilled working-class positions, relative to children from skilled working-class and higher social class backgrounds, and how they have changed across four birth cohorts in post-WWII Germany. We find that individuals from unskilled working-class backgrounds have substantially lower labour market chances than individuals from skilled working-class backgrounds or higher social class backgrounds. Moreover, we find that the gap in labour market chances between individuals from unskilled working-class backgrounds and individuals from more advantaged backgrounds has not narrowed but, if anything, has widened across the four birth cohorts we examine. Our results suggest that an important factor underlying this sustained labour market inequality is a persistently high level of educational inequality between these groups.

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Caselli, Francesco, and Wilbur John Coleman. "The World Technology Frontier." American Economic Review 96, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.499.

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We study cross-country differences in the aggregate production function when skilled and unskilled labor are imperfect substitutes. We find that there is a skill bias in cross-country technology differences. Higher-income countries use skilled labor more efficiently than lower-income countries, while they use unskilled labor relatively and, possibly, absolutely less efficiently. We also propose a simple explanation for our findings: rich countries, which are skilled-labor abundant, choose technologies that are best suited to skilled workers; poor countries, which are unskilled-labor abundant, choose technologies more appropriate to unskilled workers. We discuss alternative explanations, such as capital-skill complementarity and differences in schooling quality.

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Roy Chowdhury, Sahana. "Migration in a model of occupational choice." Indian Growth and Development Review 1, no. 1 (April 18, 2008): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538250810868143.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical explanation for the empirical observation that the relative migration of unskilled (skilled) labor tends to occur from developing economies that are relatively unequal (equal).Design/methodology/approachWealth inequality is related with migration incentives of skilled and unskilled labor in a model of occupational choice using a two‐period overlapping generations framework.FindingsIt is shown that high inequality creates a disincentive to migrate for skilled labor. Too much equality however creates a disincentive to migrate for unskilled labor. Thus, a highly unequal (equal) economy sustains unskilled (skilled) labor migration only.Originality/valueRelative to the existing theoretical literature on migration, the distinguishing feature of this model is that it has entrepreneurship as an alternative occupational choice. This implies that the incentive to migrate is not affected solely by wage differentials across countries. It is shown that in a highly unequal developing economy there is no skilled migration – despite the gap between the skilled wage of the source economy and that of the foreign economy – in equilibrium.

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Anwar, Sajid, and Sizhong Sun. "Taxation of labour income and the skilled–unskilled wage inequality." Economic Modelling 47 (June 2015): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.12.037.

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Mello, Marcelo. "Skilled labor, unskilled labor, and economic growth." Economics Letters 100, no. 3 (September 2008): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2008.03.012.

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Paz, Lourenço S., and Kul Prasad Kapri. "The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 7, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030076.

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This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.

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Kondoh, Kenji. "Emigration, Immigration, and Skill Formation: The Case of a Midstream Country." International Journal of Population Research 2014 (June 30, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/858460.

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This study theoretically investigates the economy of a small country that exports skilled labor to higher developed countries and simultaneously imports unskilled labor from lower developed countries. Compared with the free immigration case, if this country adopts an optimally controlled immigration policy by imposing income tax on immigrants to maximize national income, skills formation is negatively affected and the number of domestic unskilled workers increases. Moreover, under certain conditions, we can assert the counter-intuitive possibility that the wage rate of domestic unskilled workers may decrease but that of skilled workers may increase owing to the restriction of foreign unskilled workers.

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Aldieri, Luigi, Bruna Bruno, and Concetto Paolo Vinci. "The Economic Impact of Immigration on Domestic Employment in a Dual Economy: A New Sustainable Challenge." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n2p39.

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This paper examines the impact of immigration within an economy based on two sectors, facing administered wages. It is characterized by skilled and unskilled workers. It will be shown that immigration has no effects on skilled employment and negative consequences on employment of unskilled labor.

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Schindler, Dirk. "Tuition Fees and the Dual Income Tax: The Optimality of the Nordic Income Tax System Reconsidered." German Economic Review 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00504.x.

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Abstract We examine the optimal tax and education policy in the case of a dual income tax. Incorporating an educational sector and endogenous capital taxation, we show that the results in Nielsen and Sørensen’s study are vulnerable with respect to assumptions on the elasticity of unskilled labor supply. Tax progressivity results residually, whereas educational policy guarantees an optimal tax wedge on, but not necessarily efficiency in, educational investment. The less elastic are the unobservable educational investment and skilled labor (the latter relative to unskilled labor supply), and the more educational policy cares about the skilled labor supply, the more progressive the tax system will be. Education will be subsidized on a net basis if the complementarity effect on the skilled labor supply is strong and important; however, there is also an offsetting substitutability effect of the unskilled labor supply at play.

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Chadha, Nishant, Shubhashis Gangopadhyay, and Bhupesh Yadav. "No Demand for Skill: The Bane of India’s Vocational Training." Review of Market Integration 10, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974929218778947.

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In this article, we document some empirical facts about vocational training in India. First, we show that the education levels and vocational training of the Indian labour force are low and have not changed between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Then, we show that in wage employment, regular wage and salary earners and casual labour, the returns to skilling are low while the returns to general education are significant, even within the same occupation and industry category. Using the enterprise surveys from the NSS, we also document that self-employment, which is the outside option for most unskilled, semi-skilled and even skilled people, is very unproductive. We, thus, argue that the Indian labour market is stuck in an equilibrium where both the number of persons getting skilled and the returns to skilling are low. JEL: J240, O150

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Singh, Bharat. "Analysis of Composition of Workers in Indian Manufacturing Industries." Journal of Business Management and Information Systems 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/jbmis.2015.0201011.

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The Hecksher Ohlin (H-O) theoretical arguments and their further implications drawn by the Stopler-Samuelson model argue that, based on factor cost advantages, the labour surplus developing economies would have comparative advantage in producing and exporting labour intensive products, while the capital abundant developed economies would have comparative advantage in producing and exporting capital intensive products. This in turn would generate demand for less skilled workers in the developing economy and that of more skilled workers in the developed economies. However, contrary to the H-O trade theoretic predictions of rising relative demand for sector specific unskilled or less skilled employment in developing economies, empirical evidence for India suggests a different picture across different industries in Indian manufacturing sector.

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Gupta, Manash Ranjan, and Priya Brata Dutta. "Skilled–unskilled wage inequality, nontraded good and endogenous supply of skilled labour: A theoretical analysis." Economic Modelling 27, no. 5 (September 2010): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.05.013.

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Chaudhuri, Sarbajit, and Dibyendu Banerjee. "Foreign capital inflow, skilled–unskilled wage inequality and unemployment of unskilled labour in a fair wage model." Economic Modelling 27, no. 1 (January 2010): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2009.10.015.

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Corsini, Lorenzo, and Elisabetta Olivieri. "The Wage Differentials between Skilled and Unskilled Workers: An Analysis for Italy." STUDI ECONOMICI, no. 103 (September 2011): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2011-103003.

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The authors study the evolution of the wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers in Italy from 1977 to 2004. In this period, the differentials do not show a clear trend (apart for a feeble increasing trend in the very last years) and they fluctuate around a fairly stable mean. Four factors may influence the evolution of those differentials: relative supply of skilled and unskilled workers, technological change (which may be biased toward a certain category), international commerce, and, finally, institutions in the labour market. After discussing some of these aspects from a theoretical point of view, the authors perform an econometrical analysis for the Italian case with the SUR estimation technique, and test which of these factors are important in explaining the evolution of the differentials and how they affect different categories of workers.

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Astorga, Pablo. "REAL WAGES AND SKILL PREMIUMS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1900-2011." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 35, no. 3 (November 10, 2017): 319–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261091700009x.

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AbstractThis paper discusses and documents a new data set of real wages for unskilled, semi-skilled and relatively skilled labour in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela (LA-6) over the period 1900-2011. Three interrelated aspects are examined: the wage growth record associated with periods dominated by a particular development strategy; developments in the wage share of income; and movements in skill premiums and their links with fundamentals. The key findings are: (i) the region’s unskilled wage rose by 147 per cent compared to rises of 254 per cent in the average wage and 440 per cent in income per worker (including both property and labour income); (ii) the average LA-6 wage share started a secular fall in the 1950s; (iii) skill premiums tended to peak during the middle decades of the 20thcentury, coinciding with the acceleration of industrialisation and the timing of the demographic transition. Movements in the terms of trade are broadly associated with both fluctuations and trends in wage premiums, though the direction of the link is country and time specific.

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Kane, Robert F. "DIRECTED STRUCTURAL CHANGE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 5 (November 7, 2017): 1921–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000505.

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This paper extends the existing theories of directed technical change by allowing the factors of production, skilled, and unskilled workers, to be employed in both the skill-intensive and unskilled-intensive sectors. Consequently, the direction of technical progress and the sectoral allocation of factors are jointly determined. The feedback between technical progress and the allocation of factors leads to new results concerning structural change and directed technical change. An increase in the endowment of a factor leads to a dynamic reallocation of factors toward the sector that uses the factor intensively. The reallocation of factors also affects the stability properties of directed technical change. When the parameter conditions necessary for strong bias are satisfied, the interior regime (nonspecialization) is at most locally stable. More importantly, if the relative endowment of skilled labor becomes too high (low), the economy necessarily specializes in the production of skilled (unskilled)-labor-intensive goods. Last, the relationship between the relative endowment of skilled labor and the steady-state relative wage rate is not necessarily monotonic.

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Denisova, Irina A. "EXIT OF SENIOR AGE COHORTS FROM THE RUSSIAN LABOUR MARKET: A SURVIVAL ANALYSIS APPROACH." Population and Economics 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.1.e36031.

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The paper examines individual exit trajectories of Russians from the labour market to economic inactivity using survival analysis methods based on the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for 1995-2015. The analysis shows that the statutory retirement age (55 for women and 60 for men) has a significant impact on the time of exit from the labour market for both sexes, but the effect is significantly higher for women, and the differences are statistically significant: the hazard rate of exit to inactivity rises by 63 percentage points when a woman reaches 55 years of age, but by only 25 percentage points when a man reaches 60.Russiashows some differences in occupational patterns of exit to pension-age inactivity: unlike many developed countries, only highly skilled staff remain in the labour market longer than others, while there is no statistically significant difference between the behaviour of middle-skilled staff and of skilled and unskilled workers. Self-employment and entrepreneurship postpone exit to inactivity as does employment at state enterprises.

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Kopanas, Dimitrios. "Family and Labour in Corfu Manufacturing, 1920–1944." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 15, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.20447.

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This article concentrates on the relation between labour and family in thesecondary sector of production of Corfu. It argues that family was crucial in forming the main characteristics of the labour force. The familial division of labour according to gender and age is examined not only as a decisive determinant in the categorisation of work positions as skilled and unskilled but also as a factor that defined the temporality or permanence of labour. It also focuses on the role of local and family networks and their effect on the labour market. These questions, thoroughly discussed by labour historians, will be applied to the case of Corfu, in an effort to complete the Greek paradigm.

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Laganà, Francesco. "Blocked mobility or unemployment risk? Labour market transitions of natives and immigrants in Switzerland." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52, no. 4 (July 28, 2011): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715211412115.

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Cross-sectional literature has shown that in Switzerland as elsewhere immigrants are more penalized than the native-born population both considering the unemployment risk and their position in the employment structure. Using a longitudinal framework, the present article focuses on a comparison between male immigrants and natives in the Swiss labour market, analysing two risks: the risk of unemployment and the risk of entrapment in unskilled occupations. In the first part of the article, using a dynamic random effect models, we show that immigrants present less state dependence than natives considering both unemployment and the risk of entrapment in unskilled positions. In the second part, using Heckman selection models, we show that less state dependence of immigrants corresponds to a higher mobility towards the skilled working class that is limited to the secondary labour market. We explain these differences with the interplay of Swiss labour market characteristics, in particular, the need for high flexibility and the positive selection of immigrants whose access to the Swiss labour market is generally realized through the bottom of employment structure.

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Yabuuchi, Shigemi. "Immigration and Unemployment of Skilled and Unskilled Labor." Journal of Economic Integration 23, no. 2 (June 15, 2008): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2008.23.2.331.

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Song, Lei Lei, and Elizabeth Webster. "How Segmented are Skilled and Unskilled Labour Markets: the Case of Beveridge Curves." Australian Economic Papers 42, no. 3 (September 2003): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.00202.

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Yabuuchi, Shigemi, and Sarbajit Chaudhuri. "International migration of labour and skilled–unskilled wage inequality in a developing economy." Economic Modelling 24, no. 1 (January 2007): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.06.006.

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Romli, Mohammad Saedy, Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol, and Dominicus Savio Priyarsono. "TRANSFORMASI STRUKTURAL: FAKTOR-FAKTOR DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP DISPARITAS PENDAPATAN DI MADURA." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 5, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.5.1.25-44.

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Structural transformation is responsible for income disparity as transformation of economical structure is not supported by structural transformation of labor. This unbalanced transformation divides labour into two groups, unskilled and skilled labour. Increased income disparity is a consequence of different opportunity and intensive. This study investigated factors that account for structural transformation and its impact on disparity of income distribution in Madura using regression model of panel data. The results showed that population and income per capita significantly influenced structural transformation in Madura. Both factors significantly changed added value in agriculture and industry sector, meanwhile population was a single factor that significantly influenced service sector. Agriculture was a share sector that was effective in lowering income disparity. However, share sector of industry and service was observed to increase income disparity.

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Romli, Mohammad Saedy, Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol, and Dominicus Savio Priyarsono. "TRANSFORMASI STRUKTURAL: FAKTOR-FAKTOR DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP DISPARITAS PENDAPATAN DI MADURA." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 5, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.5.1.2016.25-44.

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Structural transformation is responsible for income disparity as transformation of economical structure is not supported by structural transformation of labor. This unbalanced transformation divides labour into two groups, unskilled and skilled labour. Increased income disparity is a consequence of different opportunity and intensive. This study investigated factors that account for structural transformation and its impact on disparity of income distribution in Madura using regression model of panel data. The results showed that population and income per capita significantly influenced structural transformation in Madura. Both factors significantly changed added value in agriculture and industry sector, meanwhile population was a single factor that significantly influenced service sector. Agriculture was a share sector that was effective in lowering income disparity. However, share sector of industry and service was observed to increase income disparity.

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Wanner, Philippe, Jonathan Zufferey, and Juliette Fioretta. "The Impact of Migratory Flows on the Swiss Labour Market. A Comparison Between In- and Outflow." Migration Letters 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v13i3.293.

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International labour migration in post-industrial countries raises numerous questions. A wide range of studies have been published on the impact of immigration on the labour market but only few studies take into account both arrivals (immigrations) and departures (emigrations), rather than only the role of newcomers on the labour market. This paper is based on a Swiss Longitudinal Demographic Database which links data from Population and Household Registers, administrative registers, and surveys. In particular, the Swiss Population Register provides the date of arrival or departure of immigrants/emigrants while the Structural Survey provides information on their characteristics and position on the labour market. Based on these data, this paper compares the socioeconomic characteristics of both immigrants and emigrants arrived in Switzerland during the period 2011-2013 or having left the country during the same period, a time span characterized by a yearly net migration of + 80,000 and a rapid economic growth. In terms of level of education, every category is characterized by a positive migration balance, which is not surprising: the economic growth observed in Switzerland during the period led to a demand on the labour market for both skilled and unskilled migrants. More precisely, migratory flows counterbalanced the erosion of the low and averagely skilled working-age non-migrating population and contributed to approximately one third of the increase in the number of highly skilled workers in the labour market. Concerning the occupations, the impact of the migration balance is highest among managers and sales workers. The paper also demonstrates that the migratory flows contribute to balance the decrease in the low and averagely skilled positions and to partially fulfil the economy’s demand for highly skilled workers.

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Aksoy, Tolga. "Technology and demand for skilled labor in Turkish private manufacturing industries." Panoeconomicus 56, no. 2 (2009): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0902261a.

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This paper examines the relationship between technology and demand for skilled labor both historically and empirically. First, it is pointed out that the Industrial Revolution substituted skilled labor with unskilled labor since it has a de-skilling characteristic. Second, the skill-bias feature of Information and Communication Technologies Revolution is suggested. Finally, the effect of technological progress on the demand for skilled labor is tested for Turkish Private Manufacturing Industries. According to the static panel data estimation results, there is a positive but weak relationship between technological progress and demand for skilled labor.

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Rafi Khan, Shahrukh, and Safiya Aftab. "Structural Adjustment, Labour and the Poor in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1997.v2.i1.a1.

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In this paper we cite evidence regarding the likely impact of IMF/World Bank policies on labour and the poor in Pakistan. Our findings show that since the 1987 bout of structural adjustment, public sector employment has decreased while wages have been frozen. Also, overall unemployment in occupations with a high incidence of the poor has dramatically increased and real wages of skilled and unskilled labour sharply declined. In addition, subsidies that were critical to the consumption pattern of the poor have been cut while the burden of indirect taxes on the poorest income group has increased. Not surprisingly, there has been an increase in poverty and inequality, particularly in the rural areas.

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Jones, Ronald W., and Sugata Marjit. "Economic Development, Trade and Wages." German Economic Review 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.t01-1-00070.

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Abstract. We present models that allow the use of unskilled and skilled labor as well as capital and land. Thus agriculture, important in developing countries, can be included as well as two types of labor and a single (or two) type(s) of physical capital. The models are related to the simple 3x2 specific factors structure by means of what is called the linear neighborhood structure, wherein no activity uses more than two factors, and the two types of labor work in separated sectors, using in common a type of physical capital. We discuss how wage rate changes are related when endowments change, when agriculture becomes traded and prices rise, and when unskilled labor becomes educated and joins the ranks of skilled workers.

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Batina, Raymond G. "Is Policy Coordination a Good Idea? Public Inputs and Policy Harmonization with Skilled and Unskilled Workers." Public Finance Review 45, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 423–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142116644777.

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We extend the classic Zodrow–Mieszkowski model of tax competition with a public input to the case where there is skilled and unskilled labor. The policy rule governing the optimal provision of the public input contains a new term capturing an equity effect that takes into account the disparity in wages between skilled and unskilled workers. The equity effect can work in the opposite direction of efficiency. Under a coordinated policy reform across countries, total welfare improves unambiguously if the public input is underprovided prior to the reform and a concern for equity enhances the effect of improved efficiency on welfare. However, total welfare may also improve even if the public input is initially overprovided if the improvement in the unskilled wage due to the reform is large enough.

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Kim, Dongwook, Dug Hee Moon, and Ilkyeong Moon. "Balancing a mixed-model assembly line with unskilled temporary workers: algorithm and case study." Assembly Automation 38, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-06-2017-070.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the process of balancing a mixed-model assembly line by incorporating unskilled temporary workers who enhance productivity. The authors develop three models to minimize the sum of the workstation costs and the labor costs of skilled and unskilled temporary workers, cycle time and potential work overloads.Design/methodology/approachThis paper deals with the problem of designing an integrated mixed-model assembly line with the assignment of skilled and unskilled temporary workers. Three mathematical models are developed using integer linear programming and mixed integer linear programming. In addition, a hybrid genetic algorithm that minimizes total operation costs is developed.FindingsComputational experiments demonstrate the superiority of the hybrid genetic algorithm over the mathematical model and reveal managerial insights. The experiments show the trade-off between the labor costs of unskilled temporary workers and the operation costs of workstations.Originality/valueThe developed models are based on practical features of a real-world problem, including simultaneous assignments of workers and precedence restrictions for tasks. Special genetic operators and heuristic algorithms are used to ensure the feasibility of solutions and make the hybrid genetic algorithm efficient. Through a case study, the authors demonstrated the validity of employing unskilled temporary workers in an assembly line.

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Dinç, Tuna. "The two sector model of learning-by doing and productivity differences." Panoeconomicus 59, no. 5 (2012): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1205583d.

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This paper proposes that even when all countries have access to common technology frontier and can use the technologies which are fully appropriate to their needs, there will still be productivity differences across countries depending on their relative skill endowments. To illustrate this view, we have constructed a two sector model of productivity differences in which the level of technology is determined endogenously depending on the aggregate capital externalities. The relative supply of skilled and unskilled labor determines the direction of technical choices of the countries and differences in these relative factor supplies lead to cross-country income differences combined with the fact that capital is more productive in the advance of the skilled labor complement technologies than in the unskilled labor complement technologies.

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Susilo, Ignatia Bintang Filia Dei, and Dian Pujiatma Vera Subchanifa. "ASEAN LABOR MARKET INTEGRATION AND ITS SOCIAL EFFECTS FOR UNSKILLED LABOR MIGRATION." Jurnal Economia 12, no. 1 (September 12, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/economia.v12i1.8227.

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Abstrak: Integrasi Pasar Tenaga Kerja ASEAN dan Dampak Sosial Terhadap Migrasi Tenaga Kerja Tidak Terampil. Sebagian besar negara–negara anggota ASEAN membutuhkan tenaga kerja profesional dan tenaga kerja yang tidak terampil. Tenaga kerja profesional memiliki hak–hak khusus, fasilitas, dan berbagai keuntungan, sedangkan tenaga kerja tidak terampil hanya memiliki sedikit hak dan lebih jarang menjadi topik utama kerjasama integrasi antar negara. Artikel ini akan membahas dampak sosial integrasi, terutama bagi tenaga kerja tidak terampil, dengan mengaitkan hubungan antara migrasi dan remittance di ASEAN, sektor tenaga kerja, dan pengelolaan imigrasi yang dilakukan pemerintah. Sebagian besar negara anggota ASEAN harus meningkatkan standar kinerja dan gaji, menyediakan pelatihan, dan meningkatkan tingkat pendidikan. Terdapat beberapa dampak sosial yang muncul. Namun, beberapa dampak tersebut akan dapat ditangani apabila pemerintah memiliki komitmen dalam menerapkan kebijakannya. Kata kunci: integrasi ekonomi, remittance, pekerja migran, tenaga kerja tidak terampil Abstract: ASEAN Labor Market Integration and Its Social Effects for Unskilled Labor Migration. Member states of ASEAN mainly needed two criteria of foreign labor: highly skilled professionals or its counterpart, unskilled workers. High-skilled professionals are provided with some rights and benefits. Unskilled migrants are equipped with very limited rights and hardly subject to integration approaches. This paper will discuss the social effect of integration, notably the unskilled labor, by linking migration and remittance in ASEAN, labor based on sectored pattern, and immigration governance. Countries need to improve working conditions and wages, provide professional training and improve education for every level of workers. There are some social effects but can be managed if the governments committed to their policy. Keywords: economic integration, remittance, migrant worker, unskilled labor

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Fong, Pang Eng. "Absorbing Temporary Foreign Workers: The Experience of Singapore." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100304.

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Singapore has emerged as one of the major importers of temporary workers in East Asia, particularly from Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand, and has developed policies to maximize the benefits of foreign labor while minimizing its social and economic costs. Government policies restrict unskilled foreign workers to approved sectors and prohibit settlement in Singapore. Illegal workers are subject to imprisonment and the controversial punishment of mandatory caning. On the other hand, policies toward highly qualified and professional workers are exceptionally liberal, with new rules designed to attract skilled people from Hong Kong. As regional labor flows grow, Singapore's dependence on skilled and unskilled foreign labor will go beyond the primacy of a domestic focus and lead to an increased emphasis on managing labor problems through skillful diplomacy and migrant protection.

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Afonso, Oscar, and Ana Afonso. "Endogenous growth effects of environmental policies." Panoeconomicus 62, no. 5 (2015): 607–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1505607a.

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To analyse the impact of the environmental policies, we start by reviewing the literature on the environment, technological knowledge and economic growth. Then, we build a general equilibrium endogenous growth model where final goods are produced either in the skilled-labour intensive Clean sector or in the unskilled-labour intensive Unclean sector. By solving numerically transitional dynamics towards the unique and stable steady state, we observe that environmental policies encourage scale-invariant technological knowledge bias. This, in turn, promotes environmental quality, the skill premium and economic growth. Moreover, the impact of population growth on the steady-state growth rate is higher under strong households? environmental conscientiousness with future generations.

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Unel, Bulent. "Analyzing skilled and unskilled labor efficiencies in the US." Journal of Macroeconomics 32, no. 4 (December 2010): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2010.06.002.

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Mahata, Sushobhan, Rohan Kanti Khan, and Ranjanendra Narayan Nag. "Economic Recession, Informal Sector and Skilled–Unskilled Wage Disparity in a Developing Economy: A Trade-Theoretical Analysis." Foreign Trade Review 55, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519894132.

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The paper analyses some selective aspects of economic crises, namely skilled-sector recession, reversed international migration of labour and decline in foreign capital inflow on the informal sector employment and wage rate in developing economies and seeks to explain the non-monotonic effect on the informal sector both across nations and within nation across sectors. In so doing, we develop three-sector General Equilibrium models under two different scenarios which may apply to a large class of emerging market economies. In the first model, we have a traded informal export sector, and the role of the non-traded informal sector in the presence of credit market imperfection is analysed in the second model. Skilled-sector recession produces a favourable (unfavourable) effect on the workers employed in the traded informal sector (non-traded informal sector) due to an induced complementary relationship between the high-skilled export sector and the informal sector. A fall in emigration level of skilled or unskilled worker and a decline in foreign capital inflow hurt the workers in the informal traded sector, while the workers in the non-traded informal sector gain. The results of the paper reflect contradictions of an emerging economy, which is essentially hybrid economics in which capitalist nucleus has a conditional-conditioning relationship with an archaic structure. JEL Codes: F13, J31

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Sen, Anindita, and Rajat Acharyya. "Environmental standard and employment: impact of productivity effect." Environment and Development Economics 17, no. 2 (September 16, 2011): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x11000337.

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AbstractThis paper analyses the effect of environmental standards on aggregate employment in the presence of a productivity effect in a multi-sector general equilibrium framework of an open economy. The productivity effect is generated among the skilled and unskilled workers as an improvement in the environmental quality improves their health, leading to an increase in their productivity. Though the productivity effect initially lowers labour demand as labour requirement per unit of production falls, a standard may raise employment depending on the parametric configurations. In this paper, we identify the role of this productivity effect on the change in employment and show that it may actually improve the chances of an employment expansion.

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Dev, S. Mahendra. "Labour Market Inequalities in India: Dimensions and Policies." Indian Journal of Human Development 12, no. 2 (August 2018): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703018791386.

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This article deals with dimensions of labour market inequalities and policies for reducing these inequalities. The problem of inequality can be found across sectors, wages and earnings, quality of work, labour market access and, between organized and unorganized sector. Labour market segmentation is another important issue regarding inequalities. Reducing labour market inequalities is important for the sustainability of growth, reduction in poverty and a rise in human development in India. Macro policies, sectoral policies, skill related policies, education and social protection policies are important for reduction of labour market inequalities. At the global level, technological change has been one of the factors responsible for increasing labour market inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers. India has to be prepared for technological revolution and its implication for employment. The country has to address the “fundamental challenge” of improving human capital for all the workers in order to reduce inequalities. Political economy issues have to be tackled in order to address raising inequalities.

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Green, David R. "Lines of Conflict: Labour Disputes in London, 1790–1870." International Review of Social History 43, no. 2 (August 1998): 203–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085909800011x.

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This paper examines labour disputes in London between 1790 and 1870, based on a systematic coverage of working-class newspapers. Disputes were classified by type, cause and trade. Evidence exists for 294 disputes, the large majority of which were strikes. The incidence of disputes roughly paralleled cyclical and seasonal fluctuations in the economy. Wage claims were the main cause for conflict, although interpretation of such disputes needs to be related to price movements. The most serious disputes were associated with significant changes in control over employment and the labour process. Skilled and unskilled workers were involved in disputes, both taking advantage of specific circumstances to exert power at the workplace. The extent to which London was prone to disputes is discussed and tentative comparisons drawn with other regions in Britain.

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Sun, Sizhong, and Sajid Anwar. "Taxation of labour, product varieties and skilled–unskilled wage inequality: Short run versus long run." International Review of Economics & Finance 38 (July 2015): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2015.03.001.

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Doan, Thi Hong Thinh, and Karine Gente. "Real exchange rate and productivity in a specific-factor model with skilled and unskilled labour." Journal of Macroeconomics 40 (June 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2014.01.005.

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Adhikari, Dipak Bahadur, and Gita Nath Aryal. "Role of Private School for Income and Employment Generation in Nepal." Patan Pragya 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v7i1.34705.

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This paper briefly discusses about the income and generation of employment contributed by the Private Schools in Nepal. The educational system of Nepal includes school education and higher education. In both levels, the role of private education has grown up, promoted and explored by some educational actors as a solution to the lack of sufficient public provision of education or underperforming public schools. Primary source has been used for collection of data. The main purpose of collecting primary data and information at micro level is to understand academic environment, income and employment situation, perception of teachers, and academic facilities with the school of sample schools. There are significant numbers of semi-skilled and unskilled labor force in private schools. Hence school is also providing employment not only to the skilled and educated mass but also to the unskilled and semi-skilled both male and female workers.

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Akerman, Anders, Ingvil Gaarder, and Magne Mogstad. "The Skill Complementarity of Broadband Internet *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 4 (July 16, 2015): 1781–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv028.

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Abstract Does adoption of broadband internet in firms enhance labor productivity and increase wages? Is this technological change skill biased or factor neutral? We combine several Norwegian data sets to answer these questions. A public program with limited funding rolled out broadband access points and provides plausibly exogenous variation in the availability and adoption of broadband internet in firms. Our results suggest that broadband internet improves (worsens) the labor market outcomes and productivity of skilled (unskilled) workers. We explore several possible explanations for the skill complementarity of broadband internet. We find suggestive evidence that broadband adoption in firms complements skilled workers in executing nonroutine abstract tasks, and substitutes for unskilled workers in performing routine tasks. Taken together, our findings have important implications for the ongoing policy debate over government investment in broadband infrastructure to encourage productivity and wage growth.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Skilled and unskilled labour'

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