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Journal articles on the topic 'Skin Diseases, epidemiology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Safavi, Kayvon. "Data Resources for Epidemiology of Skin Diseases." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 102, no. 6 (June 1994): 51S—53S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12388611.

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2

Taylor, Susan C. "Epidemiology of skin diseases in ethnic populations." Dermatologic Clinics 21, no. 4 (October 2003): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(03)00075-5.

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3

Graham-Brown. "Epidemiology, Causes and Prevention of Skin Diseases." British Journal of Dermatology 140, no. 2 (February 1999): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.140002378.x.

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4

Dardick, Kenneth. "Imported Skin Diseases." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, no. 6 (June 2008): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1406.080223.

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5

Alwan, Naseer K., Shahab A. Shakir, and Hayder H. Waheeb. "Epidemiology of Skin Diseases among Displaced People in Diyala Province." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.60145.

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Background: Diyala have many internally displaced persons as a consequence of the armed conflict. Those peoples experience serious health problems related to their displacement, including skin disorders.Objective: To determine the prevalence of skin diseases and the use of health care among displaced patients in Diyala.Methods: A case-series study conducted on 246 displaced patients from May to November 2017, who attended Baqubah teaching hospital in Diyala. All patients were diagnosed by dermatologists depending on clinical findings.Results: A total of 246 displaced patient from all age groups mean±SD (21.9±18.59) years, range 1-64) consulate the clinic, of them (29.3%) male and (70.7%) female with male to female ratio (1:2.4). Infectious skin diseases have the highest rate (65.9%), followed by dermatitis (18.4%), acne (5.7%), alopecia (5.3%), and Papulosquamous diseases (4.8%). Parasitic skin infestations (31.7%) and viral infection (24.4%) were the commonest noted infections. Significant associations present between previous consultation and economic status, and between prevalence of skin infections and low economic status. Significant associations between skin diseases and rising crowding index.Conclusion: Infectious skin diseases are common among displaced patients, significantly higher among low economic status. Skin diseases significantly associated with rising crowding index.
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Alwan, Naseer K., Shahab A. Shakir, and Hayder H. Waheeb. "Epidemiology of Skin Diseases among Displaced People in Diyala Province." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.v60i1.45.

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Background: Diyala have many internally displaced persons as a consequence of the armed conflict. Those peoples experience serious health problems related to their displacement, including skin disorders.Objective: To determine the prevalence of skin diseases and the use of health care among displaced patients in Diyala.Methods: A case-series study conducted on 246 displaced patients from May to November 2017, who attended Baqubah teaching hospital in Diyala. All patients were diagnosed by dermatologists depending on clinical findings.Results: A total of 246 displaced patient from all age groups mean±SD (21.9±18.59) years, range 1-64) consulate the clinic, of them (29.3%) male and (70.7%) female with male to female ratio (1:2.4). Infectious skin diseases have the highest rate (65.9%), followed by dermatitis (18.4%), acne (5.7%), alopecia (5.3%), and Papulosquamous diseases (4.8%). Parasitic skin infestations (31.7%) and viral infection (24.4%) were the commonest noted infections. Significant associations present between previous consultation and economic status, and between prevalence of skin infections and low economic status. Significant associations between skin diseases and rising crowding index.Conclusion: Infectious skin diseases are common among displaced patients, significantly higher among low economic status. Skin diseases significantly associated with rising crowding index. وبائية الامراض الجلدية بين النازحين في محافظة ديالى د. نصير كريم علوان دائرة صحة ديالى د. شهاب احمد شاكر كلية الطب جامعة ديالى حيدر حميد وهيب دائرة صحة ديالى خلفية الدراسة: نتيجة العنف والنزاع المسلح في ديالى، نزح عدد كبير من الناس فيها. تعاني هذه المجموعات من مشاكل صحية كبيرة تتعلق بنزوحها، بما في ذلك الأمراض الجلدية. هدف الدراسة: هذه الدراسة تهدف الى تحديد انتشار الامراض الجلدية بين النازحين في ديالى ومدى استخدام خدمات الرعاية الصحية لعلاجها. الطريقة: دراسة استطلاعية أجريت على ٢٤٦ نازح من المرضى الذين راجعوا قسم الأمراض الجلدية في مستشفى بعقوبة التعليمي في محافظة ديالى للفترة من ١ مايو إلى ٣٠ نوفمبر ٢٠١٧ واستند التشخيص على الصورة السريرية للمرض. النتائج: خلال فترة الدراسة شُخّص ٢٤٦ نازح بإمراض جلدية مختلفة، تراوحت أعمارهم بين ١-٦٤ سنة، متوسط العمر (٩.٢١) سنة، كانت نسبة الذكور الى الاناث (١: ٢.٤)، ١٧٤ من الإناث (٧٠.٧٪) و٧٢ من الذكور (٢٩.٣٪). وكان المرض الجلدي الأكثر انتشاراً في كل من الذكور والإناث هو الالتهابات الجلدية المعدية (٦٥.٩٪)، يتبعه الأكزيما (١٨.٤٪)، ومن ثم حب الشباب (٥.٧٪) على التوالي. ومثلت الالتهابات الطفيلية أعلى نسب انتشار من بين الالتهابات الجلدية المعدية (٣١.٧٪)، تليها الالتهابات الفيروسية (٢٤.٤٪). أظهرت النتائج علاقة وثيقة بين نسبة انتشار الامراض الجلدية المعدية والحالة الاقتصادية للمرضى، وبين المراجعة لعلاج المرض والحالة الاقتصادية. وجدت الدراسة أيضا علاقة وثيقة بين انتشار الامراض الجلدية المعدية وارتفاع مؤشر ازدحام السكن. الاستنتاج: الأمراض الجلدية المعدية شائعة بين المرضى النازحين، وهي تزداد بين المرضى ذوي الدخل المحدود. الأمراض الجلدية تؤثر على جميع الفئات العمرية، وترتبط بشكل كبير مع ارتفاع مؤشر ازدحام السكن. مفتاح الكلمات: الامراض الجلدية، النازحين، مؤشر الزحام.
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7

Kirsten, Natalia, Nicole Mohr, Aminah Alhumam, and Matthias Augustin. "Prevalence and Associated Diseases of Seborrheic Skin in Adults." Clinical Epidemiology Volume 13 (September 2021): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/clep.s323744.

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8

Chen, Qi Ping, and Derrick CW Aw. "Epidemiology of Skin Diseases in Renal Transplant Recipients in a Tertiary Hospital." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 12 (December 15, 2010): 904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n12p904.

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Introduction: There is no published epidemiological data on skin diseases in kidney transplant recipients in this tropical country, which has multi-ethnic groups with the Chinese as the predominant ethnic group. Materials and Methods: Skin diseases of 143 renal transplant recipients were studied in a skin clinic of a tertiary institution during annual surveillance visits from June 2006 to March 2009. Results: Our study showed that except the common drug specific skin manifestations, sebaceous hyperplasia (56.6%), seborrheic keratosis (60.8%), melanocytic naevi (76.9%), skin tags (37.1%) and viral (29.4%) and fungal (20.3%) infections were the most prevalent skin diseases among renal transplant recipients living in Singapore. The prevalence of pre-malignant and malignant tumours was very low (11.2% actinic keratosis, 1.4% Bowen’s disease, 1.4% squamous cell carcinoma, 0.7% basal cell carcinoma, 0.7% keratoacanthoma). Male predominance was seen in sebaceous hyperplasia (72.4% vs 32.1%), actinic keratosis (17.2% vs 1.8%), viral (36.8% vs 19.6%) and fungal (27.6% vs 8.9%) infections. Our study also showed increased prevalence of sebaceous hyperplasia with increased age but its prevalence was significantly higher than that reported in the age matched general population. The prevalence of seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis and viral infection correlated positively with post-transplant duration. Conclusions: Our study provides epidemiological data for the prevalence of skin diseases in renal transplant recipients. It emphasises the importance of dermatologic follow-up for renal transplant patients in order to obtain a diagnosis and manage treatable skin diseases. Keywords: Actinic keratosis, Sebaceous hyperplasia, Seborrheic keratosis
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9

Jałowska, Magdalena, Marta Szymoniak-Lipska, Ryszard Żaba, and Zygmunt Adamski. "Epidemiology of occupational skin diseases in Poland in the period 2003–2017." Dermatology Review 106, no. 4 (2019): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/dr.2019.88255.

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10

Jovanovic, Marina. "Current concepts of pathophysiology, epidemiology and classification of pruritus." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 142, no. 1-2 (2014): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1402106j.

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Discovery of pruritus-specific mediators and receptors facilitated the neurobiological concept of pruritus: itch-specific (histamine-dependent and histamine-independent C-fibers); itch-specific receptors on cutaneous and spinal neurons; ?dialogue? between the pruritus-specific neurons and cells in the skin; peripheral and central mediation of pruritus; functional ?pruritus-specific matrix? in the brain with a role of pruritus center. In 10%-50% of persons without skin diseases, pruritus is considered the manifestation of a systemic disorder. Identification of pruritus within autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in dermatology is based on the clinical picture and nature of the underlying disease, implying the development of pruritus on primarily and/or secondarily inflamed skin. In the internal medicine, pruritus commonly presents on primarily non-inflamed skin., involvement of the skin and gastrointestinal tract are two independent risk factors of pruritus in systemic sclerosis, and of anal/vulvar pruritus. Classification combines etiological and clinical criteria and should be considered the only segment of a comprehensive approach to pruritus of unknown origin.
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11

Pezzolo, Elena, and Luigi Naldi. "Epidemiology of major chronic inflammatory immune-related skin diseases in 2019." Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 16, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1744666x.2020.1719833.

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12

Andersen, Louise K., and Mark D. P. Davis. "The Epidemiology of Skin and Skin-Related Diseases: A Review of Population-Based Studies Performed by Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 88, no. 12 (December 2013): 1462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.08.018.

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13

Esposito, Silvano, Silvana Noviello, and Sebastiano Leone. "Epidemiology and microbiology of skin and soft tissue infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 29, no. 2 (April 2016): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000239.

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14

Akdeniz, Sedat, Mehmet Harman, Selahattin Atmaca, and Nezahat Akpolat. "The seroprevalence of varicella zoster antibodies in Behçet's and other skin diseases." European Journal of Epidemiology 18, no. 1 (January 2002): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022537209948.

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15

Dogra, Sunil, and Bhushan Kumar. "Epidemiology of Skin Diseases in School Children: A Study from Northern India." Pediatric Dermatology 20, no. 6 (November 2003): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2003.20602.x.

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16

MARTINEZ, Roberto. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, suppl 19 (September 2015): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000700004.

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SUMMARYThe epidemiological characteristics of paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed and updated. The new endemic areas in Brazil were discussed in the section regarding the geographic distribution of the mycosis. Subclinical infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was discussed on the basis of skin test surveys with antigens of the fungus, seroepidemiological studies, and disease cases outside Latin America. Large case series permitted a comparison of the prevalence of the mycosis in different regions, its estimated incidence and risk factors for the development of the disease. Aspects modulating the expression of the clinical forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are also presented. This review also deals with diseases associated with the mycosis, opportunistic paracoccidioidomycosis, lethality, mortality and infection and disease in animals.
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17

Melnichenko, O. O., O. V. Zhukova, O. L. Novozhilova, and I. M. Korsunskaya. "On epidemiology of congenital ichthyosis in Moscow." Medical alphabet, no. 18 (August 19, 2021): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-18-59-62.

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Ichthyosis is an extensive group of hereditary skin diseases characterized by keratinization disorders of the type of hyperkeratosis, which leads to the formation of scales on the skin resembling fish scales. Of all hereditary diseases of keratinization, ichthyosis is the most common disease. In many countries, there are various support groups for patients with ichthyosis, in particular, the All-Russian Charity Foundation for Helping Children with Ichthyosis, the Children- Butterflies Foundation, the Public Organization Support for People with Ichthyosis (Russia), the Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types (USA), etc.Objective. To assess the dynamics of the incidence of congenital ichthyosis in the city of Moscow among the population of all age groups for 2015–2020, according to the data of the Moscow Scientific and Practical Centre for Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology (Russia).Materials and methods. Using federal statistical observation form No. 12 ‘Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the service area of a medical organization’, approved by the order of Rosstat No. 679 dated November 22, 2019, we analyzed the incidence of congenital ichthyosis in Moscow for 2015–2020.Results. Analysis of data on the incidence of congenital ichthyosis in the context of age groups of the population of the city of Moscow for 2015–2020 showed a trend towards an increase in the incidence of congenital ichthyosis. The increase in the incidence of ichthyosis was detected in almost all age groups of the city's population and was most pronounced in 2018 and 2019 in comparison with the previous time interval.Conclusions. The revealed increase in the incidence of congenital ichthyosis in Moscow may be due to both the true number of cases and the improvement in the quality and availability of primary specialized health care. An important trend is towards wider implementation in medical practice methods, which make it possible to identify a specific genetic defect, to carry out prenatal diagnostics during pregnancy, an intravital histological (pathological-anatomical) study of a skin biopsy, if necessary, differential diagnosis and verification of the diagnosis, as well as genetic counseling of parents, including to assess the birth of children with ichthyosis during pregnancy.
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18

Dryden, Matthew S. "Skin and soft tissue infection: microbiology and epidemiology." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 34 (July 2009): S2—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(09)70541-2.

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19

Gad, Zahira M., Nagwan Youssef, Aida A. Sherif, Ali A. Hasab, Ahmed A. Mahfouz, and M. N. R. Hassan. "An epidemiologic study of the fungal skin flora among the elderly in Alexandria." Epidemiology and Infection 99, no. 1 (August 1987): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800067042.

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SUMMARYThe fungal skin flora of a sample of 205 elderly persons in Alexandria, drawn by cluster sampling probability technique, was investigated. Pathogenic yeasts were isolated from 18·6% and 10·3% of skin and nails respectively. Candida albicans (16·1% and 7·3%) was prominent. A low prevalence of dermatophytes grown on agar (2·4% from skin and 2·9% from nails) was observed. In contrast, saprophytic filamentous fungi comprised 45·4 and 50·7% of skin and nails samples respectively. This study showed no statistically significant effect of sociodemographic variables (sex, marital status, crowding index, and income per capita) on the skin flora. There was no statistical significant difference between elderly diabetics and non-diabetics as regards fungal skin flora.
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20

Ly, T. D. A. "Epidemiology of skin infection in homeless population in Marseille." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 79 (February 2019): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.341.

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21

Furue, Masutaka. "Special Issue “Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis”." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 5701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235701.

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Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are common inflammatory skin diseases that enormously deteriorate the psycho-physical and socio-economic condition of the patients who are afflicted with these conditions [...]
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22

Wirth, Fernanda, and Luciano Z. Goldani. "Epidemiology ofRhodotorula: An Emerging Pathogen." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/465717.

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This is an updated paper focusing on the general epidemiological aspects ofRhodotorulain humans, animals, and the environment. Previously considered nonpathogenic,Rhodotorulaspecies have emerged as opportunistic pathogens that have the ability to colonise and infect susceptible patients.Rhodotorulaspecies are ubiquitous saprophytic yeasts that can be recovered from many environmental sources. Several authors describe the isolation of this fungus from different ecosystems, including sites with unfavourable conditions. Compared toR. mucilaginosa,R. glutinisandR. minutaare less frequently isolated from natural environments. Among the few references to the pathogenicity ofRhodotorulaspp. in animals, there are several reports of an outbreak of skin infections in chickens and sea animals and lung infections and otitis in sheep and cattle. Most of the cases of infection due toRhodotorulain humans were fungemia associated with central venous catheter (CVC) use. The most common underlying diseases included solid and haematologic malignancies in patients who were receiving corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs, the presence of CVC, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Unlike fungemia, some of the other localised infections caused byRhodotorula, including meningeal, skin, ocular, peritoneal, and prosthetic joint infections, are not necessarily linked to the use of CVCs or immunosuppression.
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23

Heukelbach, Jorg. "Tungiasis." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 47, no. 6 (December 2005): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652005000600001.

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Tungiasis is a neglected parasitic skin disease caused by the permanent penetration of the female sand flea (also called jigger flea) Tunga penetrans into the skin of its host. After penetration, most commonly on the feet, the flea undergoes an impressing hypertrophy, and some days later the abdominal segments of the flea have enlarged up to the size of about 1 cm. The flea infestation is associated with poverty and occurs in many resource-poor communities in the Caribbean, South America and Africa. In this review, a historical overview on tungiasis is given. The natural history, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy and control of the parasitic skin disease are discussed. It is concluded that tungiasis is an important parasitosis causing considerable morbidity in affected populations. Future studies are needed to increase the knowledge on the biology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, therapy and control of the ectoparasite.
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24

Ramachandran, Vignesh, Asad Loya, and Kevin Phan. "Second Primary Malignancies After Initial Cutaneous Angiosarcoma: A SEER population-Based Study." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 6, no. 3 (May 6, 2022): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.6.3.8.

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Introduction: The epidemiology of second primary malignancies is an under-investigated domain within dermatology. This notion is particularly true for more uncommon cutaneous oncologic diseases. While general epidemiological characteristics and survival data of patients with cutaneous angiosarcoma have been reported before, there is no investigation of the incidence and types of second primary malignancies (SPMs) that these patients face, which has relevance to screening and surveillance. Methods: The National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was utilized in this study. Initial cases of CAS were extracted and analyzed using standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and excess absolute risks (EAR) for SPMs relative to a control population, which was matched by sex, race (white/unknown, black, other), age group (5-year interval), and calendar year (5-year interval). EAR was calculated per 10,000 persons. P-value <0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: Compared to a matched cohort from the general population, patients with CAS demonstrated increased incidence of new malignancies (SIR 1.54; 95% CI, 1.05-2.17; EAR 107.02). Specifically, there was increased risk of soft tissue malignancies, and non-epithelial skin malignancies other than melanoma/basal cell/squamous cell. Discussion: SPMs may be linked to many etiologies, including genetic susceptibility, treatment-related sequelae, lifestyle/environmental factors, or shared risk factors. Indefinite treatments may induce SPMs. Recently, immunotherapy/immune-modulating drugs have been used to treat CAS4; this therapy may increase the risk of SPMs via immunosuppression. Shared etiology (i.e. blood vessel or soft tissue-derived neoplasms) may also explain SPMs observed. Importantly, CAS is associated with high recurrence even after complete resection.
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Wegener, H. C., and E. W. Skov-Jensen. "A longitudinal study ofStaphylococcus hyicuscolonization of vagina of gilts and transmission to piglets." Epidemiology and Infection 109, no. 3 (December 1992): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050421.

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SUMMARYHighStaphylococcus hyicuscolonization rates were found in vaginal samples of healthy breeding sows and in skin samples of their offspring. Twenty-two different phage types were identified among the 720 isolates ofS. hyicusexamined. Two to 13 different phage types were isolated per herd. Phage typing, as well as characterization of about 10% of the isolates by plasmid profiles and antibiogram patterns, showed that, several different clones ofS. hyicuscould be present simultaneously in vagina of gilts and also on skin of piglets. Generally isolates from the vagina of one animal were identical as regards to phage types, plasmid profiles, and antibiogram patterns during the entire investigation period. Isolates from the skin of piglets were of the same type as their mothers, indicating that vertical transmission had taken place.S. hyicusstrains isolated from the skin of piglets within 24 h after birth were identical to strains isolated 3 weeks after birth from the same litter, indicating that the vaginal strains became part of a stable skin flora.
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O'SULLIVAN, C. E., M. G. BAKER, and J. ZHANG. "Increasing hospitalizations for serious skin infections in New Zealand children, 1990–2007." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 11 (December 15, 2010): 1794–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810002761.

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SUMMARYThe incidence of serious skin infections in New Zealand children is significantly higher than in comparative countries. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of these infections and identify changes in disease distribution over time. Discharge data were analysed for all children admitted to a New Zealand public hospital with a serious skin infection during the period 1990–2007. Patient and admission variables were compared between 1990–1999 and 2000–2007. The incidence of serious skin infections almost doubled from 298·0/100 000 in 1990 to 547·3/100 000 in 2007. The highest rates were observed in boys, preschool-aged children, Māori and Pacific children, those living in deprived neighbourhoods, urban areas and northern regions. Over time there were disproportionate increases in infection rates in Māori and Pacific children and children from highly deprived areas. Serious skin infections are an increasing problem for New Zealand children. Worsening ethnic and socioeconomic health inequalities may be contributing to increasing rates.
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27

Nutten, Sophie. "Atopic Dermatitis: Global Epidemiology and Risk Factors." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, Suppl. 1 (2015): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000370220.

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease posing a significant burden on health-care resources and patients' quality of life. It is a complex disease with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and combinations of symptoms. AD affects up to 20% of children and up to 3% of adults; recent data show that its prevalence is still increasing, especially in low-income countries. First manifestations of AD usually appear early in life and often precede other allergic diseases such as asthma or allergic rhinitis. Individuals affected by AD usually have genetically determined risk factors affecting the skin barrier function or the immune system. However, genetic mutations alone might not be enough to cause clinical manifestations of AD, and it is merely the interaction of a dysfunctional epidermal barrier in genetically predisposed individuals with harmful effects of environmental agents which leads to the development of the disease. AD has been described as an allergic skin disease, but today, the contribution of allergic reactions to the initiation of AD is challenged, and it is proposed that allergy is rather a consequence of AD in subjects with a concomitant underlying atopic constitution. Treatment at best achieves symptom control rather than cure; there is thus a strong need to identify alternatives for disease prevention.
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28

Kubanov, A. A., and E. V. Bogdanova. "Epidemiology of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and specialized medical care provided in three age groups of the population in 2010–2020 in the Russian Federation." National Health Care (Russia) 3, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47093/2713-069x.2022.3.1.15-24.

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Rationale and aim of the study. The incidence of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is in the forth place in the Russian Federation. The aim of the study is to investigate the prevalence and incidence of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the structure and dynamics of medical care provided to the population of three age groups in 2010– 2020.Materials and methods. Analysis of national statistical monitoring data and rates calculated for 2010–2020. The calculations and analysis were carried out for the entire population of the Russian Federation, and for the population of three age groups: children 0–17 years old, adults of working age and adults of over working age using the approach approved by Federal State Statistics Service.Results. In 2010–2019 there was a decrease in the number and incidence of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue among children and adults of working age. In the structure of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the proportion of diseases among population over working age is increasing. The number of 24-hour hospital admissions for diseases of the skin is decreasing among children and adults of working age. In contrast, there was an increase in the number of skin diseases and hospital admissions of patients over the working age.Conclusion. In the Russian Federation, the highest prevalence and incidence rates of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are registered in the group of children 0–17 years old. At the same time, there is a steady decline of both rates among population of this age group. There is an increase in the number of diseases and as a consequence in the need and volume of specialized medical care in 24-hour hospitals provided to the population of over the working age. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to decrease in prevalence and incidence rates, and number of hospital admissions for skin diseases similar in three age groups.
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Nucci, Marcio, Gloria Barreiros, Tiyomi Akiti, Elias Anaissie, and Simone A. Nouér. "Invasive Fusariosis in Patients with Hematologic Diseases." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7100815.

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Fusarium species are filamentous fungi widely encountered in nature, and may cause invasive disease in patients with hematologic conditions. Patients at higher risk are those with acute leukemia receiving induction remission chemotherapy or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. In these hosts, invasive fusariosis presents typically with disseminated disease, fever, metastatic skin lesions, pneumonia, and positive blood cultures. The prognosis is poor and the outcome is largely dependent on the immune status of the host, with virtually a 100% death rate in persistently neutropenic patients, despite monotherapy or combination antifungal therapy. In this paper, we will review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of invasive fusariosis affecting patients with hematologic diseases.
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MOLLA, W., K. FRANKENA, and M. C. M. DE JONG. "Transmission dynamics of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 13 (August 3, 2017): 2856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817001637.

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SUMMARYLumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe disease of cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus and often caused epidemics in Ethiopia and many other countries. This study was undertaken to quantify the transmission between animals and to estimate the infection reproduction ratio in a predominantly mixed crop–livestock system and in intensive commercial herd types. The transmission parameters were based on a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) epidemic model with environmental transmission and estimated using generalized linear models. The transmission parameters were estimated using a survival rate of infectious virus in the environment equal to 0·325 per day, a value based on the best-fitting statistical model. The transmission rate parameter between animals was 0·072 (95% CI 0·068–0·076) per day in the crop–livestock production system, whereas this transmission rate in intensive production system was 0·076 (95% CI 0·068–0·085) per day. The reproduction ratio (R) of LSD between animals in the crop–livestock production system was 1·07, whereas it was 1·09 between animals in the intensive production system. The calculated R provides a baseline against which various control options can be assessed for efficacy.
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OKUNO, Y., Y. TAKAO, Y. MIYAZAKI, F. OHNISHI, M. OKEDA, S. YANO, H. KUMIHASHI, et al. "Assessment of skin test with varicella-zoster virus antigen for predicting the risk of herpes zoster." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 4 (December 10, 2012): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812002671.

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SUMMARYThe Shozu Herpes Zoster (SHEZ) Study was designed to clarify the incidence of and predictive and immunological factors for herpes zoster in a defined community-based Japanese population. As part of this series, a total of 5683 residents aged ⩾50 years received a varicella-zoster virus (VZV) skin test with VZV antigen, and 48 h later, the erythema and oedema were assessed by measuring the longest diameter. The diameters of both the erythema and oedema decreased with the increasing age of the subject. Sixty-three subjects contracted herpes zoster within a year after receiving the VZV skin test. Analysis of the herpes zoster incidence ratevs.the skin test reaction revealed that the shorter the diameter of erythema or oedema, the greater the likelihood of herpes zoster. These results demonstrated that the VZV skin test is an excellent surrogate marker for predicting the risk of herpes zoster.
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VALERY, P. C., M. WENITONG, V. CLEMENTS, M. SHEEL, D. McMILLAN, J. STIRLING, K. S. SRIPRAKASH, M. BATZLOFF, R. VOHRA, and J. S. McCARTHY. "Skin infections among Indigenous Australians in an urban setting in Far North Queensland." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 8 (October 24, 2007): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009740.

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SUMMARYSkin infections are highly prevalent in many Australian Aboriginal communities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of group A streptococcus (GAS) andStaphylococcus aureusin skin sores of Indigenous people living in an urban setting. We undertook a cross-sectional study of 173 children and youths attending the Wuchopperen Clinic (Cairns) for treatment of skin infections. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and a skin lesion swab obtained. The median age was 5·3 years, with 42% identifying themselves as Torres Strait Islanders and 34% as Aboriginal. Impetigo (65%) was the most frequent diagnosis reported followed by scabies (19%); 79% of the lesions had erythema and 70% had exudate. Of 118 lesions, 114 were positive for pathogenic bacteria, with GAS isolated in 84 cases andS. aureusin 92; both these species were recovered from 63 lesions. Significant diversity ofemm-types of GAS was associated with skin lesions in Indigenous patients (22emm-types identified). Fifteen of the 92S. aureusisolates were suggestive of being community-acquired on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility profile and nine of these strains were co-cultured from nine lesions. These results have implications for future changes of antibiotic policies for the treatment of skin infections in this population.
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McDONALD, M. I., R. J. TOWERS, P. FAGAN, J. R. CARAPETIS, and B. J. CURRIE. "Molecular typing ofStreptococcus pyogenesfrom remote Aboriginal communities where rheumatic fever is common and pyoderma is the predominant streptococcal infection." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 8 (February 19, 2007): 1398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807008023.

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SUMMARYAboriginal Australians in remote communities have high rates of rheumatic heart disease (RHD); yet pharyngitis is reportedly rare whilst pyoderma is common. Some strains of group A streptococci (GAS) have preference for the throat and others for the skin depending on M protein type. A study in three remote communities provided 350 GAS isolates foremmsequence typing, 244 were alsoemmpattern typed. There was 100% correlation betweenemmsequence and pattern type. Patterns D and E (non-throat tropic) made up 71% of throat and 87% of skin isolates although patterns A–C (throat tropic) were more common in the throat than the skin (RR 2·3, 95% CI 1·4–3·8) whilst the opposite was found for pattern D (RR 2·2, 95% CI 1·7–3·0). Pattern E favoured the throat (RR 1·4, 95% CI 1·1–1·8). Where environmental factors predispose to skin infection,emmpattern types D and E prevail, whatever the recovery site.
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Hansen, Inga, Matthias Augustin, Ines Schäfer, and Nicole Mohr. "Epidemiology of skin diseases in Germany: systematic review of the current state of research – part 1: cutaneous tumor diseases." JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 20, no. 3 (March 2022): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14746.

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CHIRA, S., and L. G. MILLER. "Staphylococcus aureusis the most common identified cause of cellulitis: a systematic review." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 3 (August 3, 2009): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990483.

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SUMMARYWe utilized Medline to perform a systematic review of the literature to quantify the aetiology of cellulitis with intact skin. Of 808 patients with cellulitis, 127–129 (15·7–16·0%) patients had positive needle aspiration and/or punch biopsy cultures from intact skin. Of the patients with positive cultures, 65 (50·4–51·2%) had cultures positive forStaphylococcus aureus, 35 (27·1–27·6%) for group A streptococcus, and 35–37 (27·1–29·1%) for other pathogens. The most common aetiology of cellulitis with intact skin, when it can be determined, isS. aureus, outnumbering group A streptococcus by a ratio of nearly 2:1. Given the increasing incidence of community-associated methicillin-resistantS. aureusinfections, our findings may have critical therapeutic implications.
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AGERSØ, Y., H. VIGRE, L. M. CAVACO, and M. H. JOSEFSEN. "Comparison of air samples, nasal swabs, ear-skin swabs and environmental dust samples for detection of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in pig herds." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 8 (November 13, 2013): 1727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881300280x.

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SUMMARYTo identify a cost-effective and practical method for detection of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in pig herds, the relative sensitivity of four sample types: nasal swabs, ear-skin (skin behind the ears) swabs, environmental dust swabs and air was compared. Moreover, dependency of sensitivity on within-herd prevalence was estimated.spa-typing was applied in order to study strain diversity. The sensitivity of one air sample was equal to the sensitivity of ten pools of five nasal swabs and relatively independent of within-herd prevalence [predicted to be nearly perfect (99%) for within-herd prevalence ⩾25%]. The results indicate that taking swabs of skin behind the ears (ten pools of five) was even more sensitive than taking nasal swabs (ten pools of five) at the herd level and detected significantly more positive samples.spatypes t011, t034 and t4208 were observed. In conclusion, MRSA detection by air sampling is easy to perform, reduces costs and analytical time compared to existing methods, and is recommended for initial testing of herds. Ear-skin swab sampling may be more sensitive for MRSA detection than air sampling or nasal swab sampling.
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Beard-Pegler, M. A., C. L. Gabelish, E. Stubbs, C. Harbour, J. Robson, M. Falk, R. Benn, and A. Vickery. "Prevalence of peritonitis-associated coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients." Epidemiology and Infection 102, no. 3 (June 1989): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800030089.

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SUMMARYThe predominance of coagulase-negative staphylococci as normal skin flora is thought to be a factor in their association with episodes of peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We investigated the prevalence of peritonitis-associated strains on the skin of 28 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequently isolated organisms. comprising 47% of peritoncal dialysis fluid isolates and 59% of body site isolates. A total of 142 coagulase-negative staphylococci were speciated. tested for their antimicrobial sensitivity and slime production. and identified by phage typing and plasmid-profile analysis.Staphylococcus epidermidiswas the most commonly identified species from both peritoncal dialysis fluid (73%) and body sites (53%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was common, and the greater proportion of isolates were resistant to methicillin: 63·6% of peritoncal dialysis fluid isolates and 61·7% of body-site isolates.isolates.S. haemolyticusisolates were significantly more resistant to methicillin than other species. By phage typing and plasmid-profile analysis it was shown that peritonitis was rarely caused by skincolonizing strains. In only 3 of 14 patients were peritonitis-associated strains isolated as skin colonizers, and no patients developed peritonitis due to organisms previously isolated as skin colonizers.
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Khondker, Lubna, Md Sirajul Islam Khan, Abida Sultana, and Md Saiful Islam Bhuiyan. "Pemphigus diseases in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology and clinical profile." Bangladesh Medical Journal 43, no. 3 (January 7, 2016): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i3.26296.

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This cross-sectional study was done to evaluate the pattern of patients suffering from pemphigus disease attending in the department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 2006 to 2010. Thirty patients of pemphigus diagnosed clinically and confirmed by histopathology and immunology, were included in the study. Among the thirty patients, 18(60%) had pemphigus vulgaris. Among the patients of pemphigus foliaceus, 13.33% patients were in the age group of 30-45 years, among the patients of pemphigus erythematosus, 6.67% patients were in the age group of 30-45 years and among the patients of paraneoplastic pemphigus, 3.33% patients were in the age group of 46-60 years. Among the different varieties of pemphigus, highest 66.67% had the disease duration of 1 to 6 months. Male were more than female. Highest 76.50 % showed both mucosal and skin involvement as initial clinical presentation. In future, this study should be carried out on a large scale with prolong period, large sample size and in different hospitals in Bangladesh.Bangladesh Med J. 2014 Sep; 43 (3): 138-140
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39

An, Nguyen Thanh, and Le Thai Van Thanh. "DERMATOVENEREOLOGIC DISEASES AND RELATED FACTORS AMONG TRAINEES IN THE HEROIN DETOXIFICATION CENTER OF NINH THUAN PROVINCE." Tạp chí Da liễu học Việt Nam 33 (June 16, 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56320/tcdlhvn.v33i.53.

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Background: The term “dermatovenereologic diseases” consist of dermatologic diseases and venereal diseases. Nowadays, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) impose major health and economic burden globally, especially in developing countries. In South East Asia, there are about 36 million cases of STIs. The Heroin Detoxification Center of Ninh Thuan Province is the place for admission, treating, detoxification, education, rehabilitation, training, community reintegration for drug addicts and previously addicts, so there are many people with high risk of suffering from STIs. Besides, working and living together makes people easy to have other skin diseases. Therefore, we conducted this research in persons with high risk of skin and venereal diseases in this center in order to investigate the epidemiology of skin and venereal diseases of trainees. The study can provide data for further intervention and consulation for treating, preventing and managing these diseases in this STIs high-risk population. Objective: to investigate the prevalence of and related factors for STIs and skin diseases among trainees in The Heroin Detoxification Center of Ninh Thuan Province. Material and method: It was a cross-sectional study consisting of total of 87 trainees in the Heroin Detoxification Center of Ninh Thuan Province. Results: Of the 87 participating trainees, 33.53% had STIs and 35.63% had skin diseases. The most common skin disease was acne (10.34%). Being under 30 years old, lower education levels and multiple sexual partnership increased the risk of having STIs by 5.14 times, 2.93 times and 3.19 times, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of STIs was 33.53% and the prevalence of skin diseases was 35.63%. Related factors for the trainees acquiring STIs were under than 30 years old, lack of education and having more than 2 sexual partners.
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40

Andersen, Louise K., and Mark D. P. Davis. "Prevalence of Skin and Skin-Related Diseases in the Rochester Epidemiology Project and a Comparison with Other Published Prevalence Studies." Dermatology 232, no. 3 (2016): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444580.

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41

SAIMAN, LISA, KATHLEEN JAKOB, KATHRYN W. HOLMES, SUSAN WHITTIER, MARIA C. GARZON, JAMES V. RAGO, PATRICK M. SCHLIEVERT, and PHYLLIS DELLA-LATTA. "Molecular epidemiology of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in premature infants." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 17, no. 4 (April 1998): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199804000-00012.

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42

TORRES-COY, J. A., B. A. RODRÍGUEZ-CASTILLO, R. PÉREZ-ALFONZO, and J. H. DE WAARD. "Source investigation of two outbreaks of skin and soft tissue infection byMycobacterium abscessussubsp.abscessusin Venezuela." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 5 (October 6, 2015): 1117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815002381.

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SUMMARYOutbreaks of soft tissue or skin infection due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria are reported frequently in scientific journals but in general the infection source in these outbreaks remains unknown. In Venezuela, in two distinct outbreaks, one after breast augmentation surgery and another after hydrolipoclasy therapy, 16 patients contracted a soft tissue infection due toMycobacterium abscessussubsp.abscessus.Searching for the possible environmental infection sources in these outbreaks, initially the tap water (in the hydrolipoclasy therapy outbreak) and a surgical skin marker (in the breast implant surgery outbreak), were identified as the infection sources. Molecular typing of the strains with a variable number tandem repeat typing assay confirmed the tap water as the infection source but the molecular typing technique excluded the skin marker. We discuss the results and make a call for the implementation of stringent hygiene and disinfection guidelines for cosmetic procedures in Venezuela.
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43

Olisova, O. Yu, and Lusine G. Garanyan. "EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOPATHOGENESIS, COMORBIDITY IN PSORIASIS - NEW FACTS." Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 20, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9588-2017-20-4-214-219.

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Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic recurrent genetically determined dermatosis with multifactorial nature, characterized by hyperproliferation and impaired differentiation of keratinocytes, inflammatory reaction in the dermis, immune disorders and lesions of the skin, nails, joints and other organs. The article presents a review of the current literature data on the etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis and its association with various comorbidities, psycho-emotional and socio-economic status. Among the most common comorbidities, depending on the severity of psoriasis, there are cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome. In addition, psoriasis vulgaris often affects people of working age, leading to psychological and social desadaptation, decrease of work capacity, depressive disorder.
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44

Mahmood, K. H., G. A. W. Rook, J. L. Stanford, Fiona A. Stuart, and D. G. Pritchard. "The immunological consequences of challenge with bovine tubercle bacilli in badgers (Meles meles)." Epidemiology and Infection 98, no. 2 (April 1987): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800061860.

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SUMMARYOptimal conditions were determined for performing antibody measurements (ELISA), lymphocyte transformation tests and, to some extent, skin tests in badgers. These parameters, together with the bacteriological and pathological studies reported previously (Pritchard et al. 1987), were used to follow the course of intradermal and intratracheal challenge of badgers with bovine tubercle bacilli. Two challenge doses were used for each route of infection and two animals received each dose. None of the four animals challenged by the intratracheal method showed any evidence of infection, suggesting that adult badgers may have some resistance to challenge by this method. All four animals challenged intradermally developed lesion of tuberculosis.Immunologically the disease passed through three phases. There was an early phase in which lymphocyte transformation to whole BCG steadily and significantly increased, and skin tests to tuberculin became positive but there was little change in antibody levels. This was followed by an intermediate phase of variable skin responses, fluctuating lymphocyte transformation and significant increase in antibody levels. The final phase, which was only seen in two animals with extensive disease, was associated with changing skin reactions and falling lymphocyte responses, together with a sudden increase in antibody levels.This paper presents the first formal evidence of cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis in the badger, which may delay onset and prolong the survival of challenged animals.
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GOLDING, G. R., P. N. LEVETT, R. R. McDONALD, J. IRVINE, M. NSUNGU, S. WOODS, A. HORBAL, et al. "A comparison of risk factors associated with community-associated methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections in remote communities." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 5 (January 22, 2010): 730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809991488.

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SUMMARYIn this case-control study, cases [community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), n=79] and controls [community-associated methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (CA-MSSA), n=36] were defined as a laboratory-confirmed infection in a patient with no previous hospital-associated factors. Skin and soft tissue were the predominant sites of infection, both for cases (67·1%) and controls (55·6%). Most of the cases (79·7%) and controls (77·8%) were aged <30 years. Investigations did not reveal any significant statistical differences in acquiring a CA-MRSA or CA-MSSA infection. The most common shared risk factors included overcrowding, previous antibiotic usage, existing skin conditions, household exposure to someone with a skin condition, scratches/insect bites, and exposure to healthcare workers. Similar risk factors, identified for both CA-MRSA and CA-MSSA infections, suggest standard hygienic measures and proper treatment guidelines would be beneficial in controlling both CA-MRSA and CA-MSSA in remote communities.
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Poulakou, Garyphallia, Styliani Lagou, and Sotirios Tsiodras. "Whatʼs new in the epidemiology of skin and soft tissue infections in 2018?" Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 32, no. 2 (April 2019): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000527.

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47

Kaye, Keith S., Lindsay A. Petty, Andrew F. Shorr, and Marya D. Zilberberg. "Current Epidemiology, Etiology, and Burden of Acute Skin Infections in the United States." Clinical Infectious Diseases 68, Supplement_3 (April 1, 2019): S193—S199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz002.

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48

Tognetti, L., C. Martinelli, S. Berti, J. Hercogova, T. Lotti, F. Leoncini, and S. Moretti. "Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections: review of the epidemiology, microbiology, aetiopathogenesis and treatment." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 26, no. 8 (January 3, 2012): 931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04416.x.

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Augustin, J., A. Kis, C. Sorbe, I. Schäfer, and M. Augustin. "Epidemiology of skin cancer in the German population: impact of socioeconomic and geographic factors." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 32, no. 11 (July 17, 2018): 1906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14990.

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Rhee, Yoona, Louisa J. Palmer, Koh Okamoto, Sean Gemunden, Khaled Hammouda, Sarah K. Kemble, Michael Y. Lin, et al. "Differential Effects of Chlorhexidine Skin Cleansing Methods on Residual Chlorhexidine Skin Concentrations and Bacterial Recovery." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 4 (March 1, 2018): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.312.

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BACKGROUNDBathing intensive care unit (ICU) patients with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)–impregnated cloths decreases the risk of healthcare-associated bacteremia and multidrug-resistant organism transmission. Hospitals employ different methods of CHG bathing, and few studies have evaluated whether those methods yield comparable results.OBJECTIVETo determine whether 3 different CHG skin cleansing methods yield similar residual CHG concentrations and bacterial densities on skin.DESIGNProspective, randomized 2-center study with blinded assessment.PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGHealthcare personnel in surgical ICUs at 2 tertiary-care teaching hospitals in Chicago, Illinois, and Boston, Massachusetts, from July 2015 to January 2016.INTERVENTIONCleansing skin of one forearm with no-rinse 2% CHG-impregnated polyester cloth (method A) versus 4% CHG liquid cleansing with rinsing on the contralateral arm, applied with either non–antiseptic-impregnated cellulose/polyester cloth (method B) or cotton washcloth dampened with sterile water (method C).RESULTSIn total, 63 participants (126 forearms) received method A on 1 forearm (n=63). On the contralateral forearm, 33 participants received method B and 30 participants received method C. Immediately and 6 hours after cleansing, method A yielded the highest residual CHG concentrations (2500 µg/mL and 1250 µg/mL, respectively) and lowest bacterial densities compared to methods B or C (P<.001).CONCLUSIONIn healthy volunteers, cleansing with 2% CHG-impregnated cloths yielded higher residual CHG concentrations and lower bacterial densities than cleansing with 4% CHG liquid applied with either of 2 different cloth types and followed by rinsing. The relevance of these differences to clinical outcomes remains to be determined.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:405–411
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