Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Skin-grafting'

This thesis investigates the expression of a T-cell differentiation antigen, (XTLA- 1), in various strains and species of Xenopus, and demonstrates the effect of early-thymectomy, (by microcautery), on XTLA-1 expression. It further examines restoration of the T-cell dependent immune system, (particularly with respect to transplantation responses), and the extent to which tolerance to donor antigens is achieved by implantation of xenogeneic, as well as allogeneic, thymi into early- thymectomised Xenopus larvae. The means by which transplantation tolerance is maintained in intact, control Xenopus, following perimetamorphic skin grafting, is also addressed. Initial work, reported in Chapter 2, showed that XTLA-1 is expressed by the majority of thymocytes and by a proportion of splenocytes from all X.laevis, X.borealis, and hybrid clonal Xenopus,(X.laevis x X.gilli and hybrid X.laevis x X.muelleri),examined. X.tropicalis lymphocytes, however, do not express XTLA- 1. Early-thymectomy by microcautery effectively removes T-cells, as detected by XTLA-1 expression. In Chapter 3, normal adult and larval tissue distribution of XTLA-1 positive cells is described, and the XTLA-1 and X.borealis,(quinacrine fluorescence), markers are employed to demonstrate the differentiation of T-cells derived from early- thymectomised hosts within xenogeneic, (X.tropicalis), thymus implants. The effects of implantation of allogeneic and xenogeneic larval thymi into early-thymectomised hosts, in terms of T-cell responses and of induction of tolerance to thymus donor antigens, is explored in Chapter 4; X.borealis xenogeneic thymus implants are apparently as effective in these regards as are allogeneic implants, but X.tropicalis xenogeneic thymus implants do not fully restore thymus-dependent immune responses. Preliminary investigations of skin graft rejection, mixed leukocyte culture and T-cell mitogen responses of X.tropicalis, in comparison to those of other Xenopus species, are reported in Chapter 5; the results of these experiments raise the possibility that X.tropicalis splenocytes are less responsive, in mixed leukocyte culture, to xenogeneic stimulators than are splenocytes of other Xenopus species. In Chapter 6, histological examination of skin grafts, accepted by virtue of the tolerance induced by prior implantation of a thymus gland from the skin graft donor into the early-thymectomised hosts, reveals some rapid alteration in the composition of these skin grafts; infiltration of the tolerated skin grafts by host-derived lymphocytes suggests that tolerance induced by thymus implantation does not abrogate recognition of thymus donor antigens. Finally, also in Chapter 6, tolerance induced in control, intact Xenopus by perimetamorphic skin grafting is shown to be susceptible to cyclophosphamide injection, suggesting that the maintenance of this tolerance is mediated by suppressor cells.

Abbreviations ADP – autodermoplastics. CUL – chronic ulcers of legs. CVUL – chronic venous ulcers of legs. DGP – a doctor of general practice. KMU – Kaunas Medicine University. KMUH –Kaunas Medicine University Hospital. CSVD – Clinic of Skin and Venereal diseases. 1. Introduction The pathology of chronic ulcers of legs is quite often and it makes a huge influence on the daily life of a patient. According to the literature, ulcers open to 1,5 from 1000 people who are under the age of 65, and if we take into account healed up ulcers of legs, there are 36 people from 1000 to whom ulcers of legs have ever been opened. The reason of ulcers up to 80% of all cases is chronic insufficiency of veins. In Lithuania there are about 150 000 patients suffering from the chronic insufficiency of leg vein blood circulation, and about 30 000 of which are venous ulcers of legs. As in Lithuania in some of the medical institutions the treatment and the prophylaxis of chronic venous blood circulation and ulcers is insufficient, the above mentioned numbers of patients may be even higher. All the authors have noted that the oftenest reason of CUL is the insufficiency of venous blood circulation. In this case, CUL open due to the increased pressure in leg veins. The main reason for that is the insufficiency of surface and deep veins and the perforating vein valves. The good functioning of mentioned veins and their valves is necessary so that the blood could come back to the heart during each... [to full text]

The issue of skin friction related injuries has been one of the problems challenging the artificial sports turf industry. It has been identified by users as a major factor impeding acceptance of artificial turf at the professional level. However, information explaining the mechanisms for skin-turf abrasion is limited and little progress has been made, it appears, to derive an appropriate testing method for product approval or in evidence of improvement of the skin-friendliness of these products in sport surface surfaces. This research project focused on exploring the potential for improving the skin-friendliness of artificial turfs through a multi-faceted approach: identifying the contribution of the abrasive-components in modern artificial turf surfaces through mechanical testing; while critically evaluating currently available skin friction standards , evaluating strategies for polymer material modifications to reduce the skin-surface friction; and the designing of an appropriate bench-top set-up for the lab-based assessment of material skin-friendliness. The lack of understanding of skin-turf interaction was addressed by identifying the turf-component that has the greatest influence on the skin-turf friction with the mechanical device used in the current industry standard. The skin -turf frictional profiles of a series of third generation (3G) turf surfaces were examined, in combination with independent measurements of the silicone skin surface roughness pre- and post-friction testing. Results indicated that turf carpets without any infill material exhibited the highest frictional values while surfaces completely filled with either sand or rubber displayed similarly low frictional values, independent of infill type. Morphological measurements also showed the largest decrease in surface roughness for skin samples tested on carpet-only surfaces, indicating a smoothening effect via abrasion. This abrading effect is alleviated with the addition of infill to the surface, with fully-filled surfaces having the least damage to the skin s. This unprecedented study suggests that the carpet may have the largest influence on the overall frictional behaviour of an artificial turf surface narrowing down the turf component to be targeted when applying product improvements to address skin-friendly properties. The strategy of material surface modification was then employed, to study the effect of polyzwitterionic brushes on improving the skin-friendliness of the identified polypropylene substrate. To address the intended application for artificial turfs, a bench-top test was developed to investigate the frictional properties of the hydrated samples outside of commonly used aqueous environments, where an excess of lubricating water molecules is absent. Photo-grafted poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (pSBMA) brushes of various irradiation durations were prepared and the improvement in frictional properties was studied. Frictional measurements using silicone skin tips, under both dry and hydrated surface conditions, showed that the applied modification was capable of forming a stable lubrication layer in the absence of excess water, significantly reducing the coefficient of friction by up to 78.8 %. The pSBMA brushes also provided the additional advantage of antifouling exhibiting resistance towards pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus with almost zero surface colonization for well-grafted samples. The low skin -sample friction under ambient conditions and desirable fouling-resistance highlights the potential of pSBMA brushes as a modification strategy for achieving skin-friendly surfaces targeted at reducing the risk of skin abrasions. The tribological implications of counter-surface selection were investigated. Frictional assessments of the pSBMA-modified samples were carried out using standard steel tribo-tips, in addition to the skin tips used. Measurements with the skin tips showed that the hydrated pSBMA brushes were successful in reducing initial skin -sample friction though the effect diminishes with extended testing, attributed to the drying of the interfacial water. The standard steel tribo-tips were unable to reciprocate these results, returning consistently low frictional values regardless of extent of surface modification or hydration. These observations draw attention to the importance of counter-surface selection in frictional assessments, highlighting how appropriate test materials can identify characteristic surface properties while providing an interaction that simulates that of the intended application. The simple experimental set-up used may potentially be enhanced as an intermediate product qualification method in the manufacturing of skin-friendly artificial turf yarns.

Orientador: Maria Beatriz Puzzi, Maria Helena Stangler Kraemer
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:54:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souto_LuisRicardoMartinhao_M.pdf: 2402921 bytes, checksum: a79b6ae181ce1b24d01ec608815d8bf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: A obtenção de uma pele humana que apresente derme e epiderme, reconstruída a partir de células isoladas de pacientes, possibilita a realização de enxertos autólogos de pele reconstruída em laboratório (in vitro) em pacientes com áreas doadoras escassas além de permitir ensaios com substâncias químicas e drogas in vitro e não mais in vivo. A partir da cultura de fibroblastos humanos, é possível obter um número suficiente de células que podem ser injetadas em uma matriz de colágeno bovino tipo I que, mantida imersa em meio de cultura, específico para fibroblastos, permite a formação de uma derme humana reconstruída in vitro. Sobre essa derme, através de cultura de queratinócitos e melanócitos humanos, forma-se uma epiderme diferenciada levando à formação de uma pele humana reconstruída in vitro, constituída de derme e epiderme associadas. Essa pele humana formada é, histologicamente, semelhante à pele humana in vivo. Na derme, identifica-se o tecido colágeno, com suas células, e a matriz extracelular organizados paralelamente à epiderme. Esta se desenvolve em várias camadas. Não há distinção entre derme e epiderme no experimento controle, onde não foi utilizado o colágeno bovino tipo I
Abstract: The technique to obtain human skin presenting dermis and epidermis reconstructed from cells isolated from patients allows the performance of autologous grafts of skin reconstructed in laboratory (in vitro) on patients with scarce donor sites, in addition to permitting trials with chemical substances and drugs no more in vivo, but in vitro. It is possible to obtain a sufficient number of cells from human fibroblast culture that can be injected in bovine collagen type I matrix and kept submerged in a specific culture medium for fibroblasts. This will permit the formation of human dermis reconstructed in vitro. On this dermis, through culture of human keratinocytes and melanocytes, a differentiated epidermis is formed, leading to the creation of human skin reconstructed in vitro, composed of associated dermis and epidermis. This human skin is histologically formed in the same way as human skin in vivo. Collagen tissue can be identified in the dermis, with its cells and extracellular matrix organized in parallel to the epidermis, which is developed in several layers
Mestrado
Patologia Clinica
Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Denna artikel försöker utveckla Sara Ahmeds forskning om fenomenologi för att inkludera en fenomenologisk separation av kropp och hud för att förstå pågående kolonialism i Australien/Country. Det hävdas att kolonisatörens misstro till den koloniserade personens kunskapsproduktionen har lett till att kolonisatören har skapat en imaginär grundläggande nationsberättelse. Det hävdas vidare att kolonialismen kommer att fortsätta fram tills att kolonisatören kan skapa en verklig grundläggande nationsberättelse och i sin tur kan detta inte ske förrän den koloniserade personens kunskapsproduktion erkänns.
This paper is attempting to develop Sara Ahmed’s research on phenomenology to include a phenomenological separation of body and skin in order to understand ongoing colonialism in Australia/Country. It is argued that coloniser rejection of colonisee knowledge production has led to a coloniser imaginary foundational narrative. Further, it is argued, colonialism cannot come to an end until the coloniser can create a real foundational narrative and, in turn, this cannot occur until colonisee knowledge production is acknowledged.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 11, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, São José dos Pinhais, 2011
Bibliografia: f. 44-48
O gel de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é uma concentração autóloga de plaquetas em um pequeno volume de plasma com potencial de melhorar a integração dos enxertos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do uso do gel de plasma rico em plaquetas s.
The gel of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous concentration of platelets in a small volume of plasma with the potential to improve the integration of the grafts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of using gel platelet-rich plasma

In order to effect permanent closure in burns patients suffering from full thickness wounds, replacing their skin via split thickness autografting, is essential. Dermal substitutes in conjunction with widely meshed split thickness autografts (+/- cultured keratinocytes) reduce scarring at the donor and recipient sites of burns patients by reducing demand for autologous skin (both surface area and thickness), without compromising dermal delivery at the wound face. Tissue engineered products such as Integra consist of a dermal template which is rapidly remodelled to form a neodermis, at which time the temporary silicone outer layer is removed and replaced with autologous split thickness skin. Whilst provision of a thick tissue engineered dermis at full thickness burn sites reduces scarring, it is hampered by delays in vascularisation which results in clinical failure. The ultimate success of any skin graft product is dependent upon a number of basic factors including adherence, haemostasis and in the case of viable tissue grafts, success is ultimately dependent upon restoration of a normal blood supply, and hence this study. Ultimately, the goal of this research is to improve the therapeutic properties of tissue replacements, through impregnation with growth factors aimed at stimulating migration and proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells into the donor tissue post grafting. For the purpose of my masters, the aim was to evaluate the responsiveness of a dermal microvascular endothelial cell line to growth factors and haemostatic factors, in the presence of the glycoprotein vitronectin. Vitronectin formed the backbone for my hypothesis and research due to its association with both epithelial and, more specifically, endothelial migration and proliferation. Early work using a platform technology referred to as VitroGro (Tissue Therapies Ltd), which is comprised of vitronectin bound BP5/IGF-1, aided keratinocyte proliferation. I hypothesised that this result would translate to another epithelium - endothelium. VitroGro had no effect on endothelial proliferation or migration. Vitronectin increases the presence of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) receptors, enhancing cell responsiveness to their respective ligands. So, although Human Microvascular Endothelial Cell line 1 (HMEC-1) VEGF receptor expression is generally low, it was hypothesised that exposure to vitronectin would up-regulate this receptor. HMEC-1 migration, but not proliferation, was enhanced by vitronectin bound VEGF, as well as vitronectin bound Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), both of which could be used to stimulate microvascular endothelial cell migration for the purpose of transplantation. In addition to vitronectin's synergy with various growth factors, it has also been shown to play a role in haemostasis. Vitronectin binds thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) to form a trimeric complex that takes on many of the attributes of vitronectin, such as heparin affinity, which results in its adherence to endothelium via heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSP), followed by unaltered transcytosis through the endothelium, and ultimately its removal from the circulation. This has been documented as a mechanism designed to remove thrombin from the circulation. Equally, it could be argued that it is a mechanism for delivering vitronectin to the matrix. My results show that matrix-bound vitronectin dramatically alters the effect that conformationally altered antithrombin three (cATIII) has on proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells. cATIII stimulates HMEC-1 proliferation in the presence of matrix-bound vitronectin, as opposed to inhibiting proliferation in its absence. Binding vitronectin to tissues and organs prior to transplant, in the presence of cATIII, will have a profound effect on microvascular infiltration of the graft, by preventing occlusion of existing vessels whilst stimulating migration and proliferation of endothelium within the tissue.

This study investigated the role of donor class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins, expressed on the plasma membrane of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), in the initiation of murine skin allograft rejection. In normal skin LC are the only epidermal cell to express the class II MHC molecules. LC density was altered by topical application of a chemical carcinogen or exposure to short-wavelength ultraviolet light (UVB). The effects of these treatments were monitored by electron microscopic, irnrnunocytochemical and enzyme histochemical techniques, and correlated with skin graft survival. Skin was grafted onto hosts which differed genetically across the entire MHC region with minor transplantation differences, at the class I MHC region only, or at the class II MHC region only. Tolerance to the class II MHC glycoproteins developed in mice differing from the graft donor at the class II MHC region only. The mechanisms underlying the initiation and maintenance of tolerance were examined and the role of LC investigated. The effects of depleting class II MHC antigen from donor skin on the specificity of the cytotoxic T cell response which destroy histoincompatible grafts was examined in vitro and related to in vivo skin graft rejection. Skin allograft rejection remains a major clinical problem in the treatment of large surface area wounds. Therefore definition of the underlying mechanisms is important for the development of effective means of prolonging allograft survival.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
材料科學與工程系
103
Skin grafting is usually used to treat extensive wounding, scald, severe skin loss area and specific surgeries, which require for skin healing. A dermatome blade is typically used for skin grafting and then to obtain a good quality of dermatome blade is necessary. Based on previous research in our group, the wound surface roughness is found to be influenced by the sharpness and durability of dermatome blade. As a result, the sharper blade is expected to help reduce skin damages and accelerate the wound healing. Coating is one of promising approaches to enhance the sharpness and durability of dermatome blades. Thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) would be a good candidate for enhancing the surgical performance of dermatome due to their excellent mechanical properties. In this study, 200nm-thick Zr-based, W-based and Fe-based TFMGs are deposited on dermatome blades by using magnetron sputtering. The wear resistance and sharpness of the dermatome blade are found to be enhanced after coating. It is suggested that the unique properties of TFMG such as high strength, good wear-resistances play roles in protecting dermatome blade during animal test. However, there is no obvious reduction of surface roughness examined on TFMG-coated dermatome blade. In addition, compared with the bare dermatome blade, wound healing and biopsy morphology, performed by the TFMG-coated one, exhibit no apparent improvements. This result might be attributed to the inhomogeneous nature of animal as well as the healthy condition of animal.

"May 2004"
Bibliography: leaves 172-184.
xvi, 186 leaves :
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (D.Nurs.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Clinical Nursing, 2004

碩士
國立臺灣大學
動物科學技術學研究所
105
Autologous fat grafting (AFG) has been widely used as an injectable substance for breast reconstruction in cosmetic surgery; however, the clinical outcome of AFG is generally considered an unpredictable procedure, with long-term retention commonly varying between 20 and 90%, which is believed to be caused by poor blood supply in the early after grafting. Negative pressure using external volume expansion (EVE) has long been theorized as a potential means to precondition the recipient bed. In addition, the mechanical force has been confirmed to play a pivotal role in mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and differentiation. Accordingly, to investigate the effects of in vivo mechanical loading of EVE on cell proliferation, vascular growth and subsequent maturation as well as cellular markers, proliferation capacity and differentiation potential of adipose stem cells (ASCs) in subcutaneous fat, a swine model was devised to take advantage of anatomical and physiological similarities in skin and subcutaneous tissue between pigs and human. In this study, pigs were treated with continuous suction at -50 mmHg during the same eight-hour (9:00-17:00) interval each day until 10 or 21 days. Before sampling on day-11 or 22, an ultrasonography was performed to study the soft tissue thickness and results revealed that EVE-induced soft tissue enlargement is a transient effect. Specimens from control and treated groups conducted a various analysis. The result of H&E staining showed that EVE can enhance the process of vascular remodeling but has no significant effect on adipocytes size and numbers. IHC stain with Ki67 showed cell proliferation in basal keratinocytes and adipocytes did not appear significant difference as compared with the non-treated group; in contrast, vascular networks layered with smooth muscle cells increased in EVE treated groups as evident by the α-SMA staining. On the other hand, the epidermal thickness was measured by image J but no significant difference was observed across the groups. Immunofluorescence stain with CD31 suggested that blood vessel density would gradually increase with the loading time of EVE. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells and ASCs were isolated and purified from fat tissue, respectively. Proliferation capacity of ASCs was measured by doubling time and colony-forming assay but no statistical difference was found between the control and EVE treated groups. ASCs were subjected to adipogenic induction for 21 days followed by Oil-Red O staining and adipogenic differentiation potential of ASCs had no significant difference across the groups. Flow cytometry analysis showed regardless of treatment interval, ASCs expressed mesenchymal markers such as CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105 while lacking expression of hematopoietic marker such as CD34. Multicolor flow cytometric analysis of SVF cells revealed no significant difference in the ratio of ASCs across the groups; in contrast, the percentage of endothelial cells of EVE treated groups significantly increased as treatment lengthened when compared with the control group. In conclusion, the predominant mechanism of action of EVE, which would modulate neovascular network formation, growth and maturation of functional blood vessels. The preconditioning effect of EVE has been demonstrated in the swine model, which may be easily translated into clinical practices to enhance cell and tissue engraftment. It is expected that this understanding may help clinicians to optimize the vascularity of the recipient bed to further improve fat volume retention before the operation.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg 1992
1. Beder, J.B. Thornley, A.L. and Veale.R, Human keratinocyte culture techniques using foetal, neonatal and adult keratinocytes with particular reference to extensive bum wounds. This paper was presented at the South African Burn Society Biannual Congress held at Berg en Dal, Kruger National Park, from 31 August to 1 September 1989. 2. Beder, J.B., Thornley, A.L. and Veale, R. Human keratinocyte culture techniques in extensive burn wounds. The Journal of Trauma and Emergency Medicine. 1990 Jan/Feb; 7 (1); 29-32. 3. Beder J.B. Cultured allografts. A letter appearing in the Continuing Medical Education Journal (CEM). 1990 Jan; 8(1): 48. 4. Beder, J.B. Problems and attempted solutions associated with the application of cultured epidermal grafts to full thickness burns in extensively burnt patients. This paper was presented in the form of a poster at the Association of Surgeons of South Africa Biannual Congress held in Bloemfontein from May 1-4 1990. 5. Beder, J.B., Thornley, A.L., Veale R., Kadwa, A.M., Scott, E. Healing chronic leg ulcers cultured keratinocyte allografts. This paper was presented at the annual Congress of The Surgical Research Society of Southern Africa held in Bloemfontein from 29 April to 1 May 1990. This paper was the runner-up for the best paper presented at the above congress. 6. The abstract of the paper mentioned in 5. above was published in the South African Journal of Surgery 1990 Sep; 28 (3): 123. 7. Beder, J.B., Healing full thickness burns with various types of cultured epidermal grafts - a comparative study. This paper was presented at the Z4th annual meeting of the British Burn Association held at the post-graduate centre, Stock Mandeville, Aylesbury, Bucks. England, United Kingdom, on the 10th May 1991. 8. Beder, J.B, J.B. A comparative study of various keratinocyte cell lines used in the synthesis of confluent stratified keratinocyte sheets. This paper was presented at the skin culture meeting, a satellite meeting of the 24th annual meeting of the British Burn Association, held at the post-graduate centre, Stoke-Mandeville, Aylesbury, Bucks, England, United Kingdom, on the 8th May 1991. 9. Beder, J.B. Healing chronic leg ulcers using cultured keratinocyte allografts. This paper was presented at the skin culture meeting of the British Burn Association held at the post-graduate centre, Stoke- Mandeville, Aylesbury, Bucks, England, United Kingdom on the 8th May 1991. 10. Beder, J.B., Thornley, A.L. and Veale, R. Healing chronic ulcers and other skin defects, using cultured keratinocyte allografts - including an assessment of their survival. Submitted for publication to the British Medical Journal. 11. Beder, J.B. The preparation and grafting of cultured epidermal sheets. Submitted for publication to the South African Journal of Surgery. 13. Beder, J.B., Thoenley, A.L. and Veale. R. Healing full thickness burns with cultured epidermal grafts - a comparative study. Submitted for publication to Transplantation.

碩士
國立中央大學
機械工程學系
103
Fe-based amorphous alloys, also known as, bulk amorphous steel (BAS), exhibit not only impressive mechanical properties such as high hardness and compressive strengths but also good anti-corrosion and wear resistance. In this study, several BASs are made of cast iron which reduced the manufacture cost.However, all these BAS materials are extremely brittle and strongly restrict their applications as engineering or structure materials. The purpose of this study is to enhance the fracture toughness by dispersion strengthening method.. A series of Fe-Cr-Mo-C-B-Co-Y-Ta bulk amorphous steel composites (BASCs) were successfully fabricated by suction casting.X-ray diffraction(XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) are conducted to examine the amorphous structure of these BASCs. Indentation testing and ultrasonic echography were applied to characterize the mechanical properties of these BASCs. The results show that all Fe-based BASCs present much higher fracture toughness (10.2±0.9 MPa∙m1/2) than the based one (5.13±0.9 MPa∙m^1/2). The Fe-based BASC further processed into a surgical skin-grafting blade as well as the sputter target to deposit thin film amorphous steel (TFAS) for the investigation of initial grafting ability and durability performance of 15 cmgrafting path in comparison with commercial one. Both Fe-based BASC and Fe-based TFAS blades exhibited much lower cutting energy than the commercial one. After 15cm skin-grafting test, the BSI value of BASC and TFAS skin-grafting blade still remain under blunt level (BSI<0.5), where the commercial one is increased from 0.35 to 0.53, which is considered as a blunt blade.