Journal articles: 'Skin lightening products'

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Petit, L., and G. E. Pierard. "Skin-lightening products revisited." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 25, no. 4 (August 2003): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2003.00182.x.

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Ricketts, Phylicia, Christopher Knight, Andre Gordon, Ana Boischio, and Mitko Voutchkov. "Mercury Exposure Associated with Use of Skin Lightening Products in Jamaica." Journal of Health and Pollution 10, no. 26 (June 2020): 200601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200601.

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Background. Skin bleaching is a major health concern among Jamaicans. A common ingredient in skin lightening products is mercury. Mercury is a toxic substance that can cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system and kidneys. Objective. The objectives of this study were to use different analytical techniques to measure mercury concentrations in popular skin lightening products used in Jamaica and to assess individual levels of mercury exposure based on product usage. Methods. Sixty skin lightening products were purchased from different vendors across various locations in Jamaica. Each product was initially screened for mercury using a portable handheld energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. In addition, 25 out of 60 products were further measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS). Questionnaires were distributed to users of skin lightening products to determine their usage patterns. Results. Six products had mercury concentrations above the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowable limit of 1 ppm, of which three products contained alarmingly high concentrations (i.e. > 400 ppm). The majority of products (57 out of 60) had mercury concentrations below 10 ppm. The mercury concentrations in skin lightening products ranged from 0.05 ppm to 17,547 ppm. In our sample, 51% of women and 49% of men used skin products more than once per day. Conclusions. On average, creams contained more mercury than lotions and soaps. Individuals who use skin lightening products in Jamaica may be at risk for high mercury exposure, as some popular products were found to have mercury concentrations above the allowable limit. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Lecamwasam, K. L., T. M. Lim, and L. C. Fuller. "Tinea incognito caused by skin-lightening products." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 30, no. 3 (November 20, 2014): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12865.

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Rusmadi, Siti Zulaikha, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, and Sarva Mangala Praveena. "Preliminary Study on the Skin Lightening Practice and Health Symptoms among Female Students in Malaysia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/591790.

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Many cases of dermatologic complication were reported with the use of skin lightening products. This study assessed the skin lightening practice and health symptoms among female students. Self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 104 female students (56 undergraduates and 48 postgraduates) aged24±2years in Universiti Putra Malaysia. A total of 60.6% (N=63) of the female students used skin lightening products (61.9% of undergraduates and 38.1% of postgraduates). Reasonable price (N=35, 55.6%) and ingredients (N=29, 46%) were considered the most important factors in the product selection. Most respondents purchased the product from drugstores (N=39, 61.9%). Twenty-two respondents (34.9%) in this study experienced skin problem from the products they used. Skin peeling (N=13, 12.5%) and acne (N=9, 8.7%) were the most frequent symptoms experienced. Most of the respondents have the perception that lighter skin provides high self-esteem (N=56, 53.8%) and looks beautiful and healthier (N=54, 51.9%). The use of skin lightening products is common among female students in this study and some of these products can cause skin problems such as skin peeling, acne, and itching.

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Mukherjee, Sayantan. "Darker shades of “fairness” in India: Male attractiveness and colorism in commercials." Open Linguistics 6, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0007.

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AbstractThe skin-lightening products for men in India and their mode of advertising have been shaping the concept of attractiveness for Indian men by portraying lighter skin tone as the most fundamental quality of being attractive, always desirable, and successful. Although women’s skin-lightening products in India have received attention by a few scholars lately, men’s products are still underresearched. Hence, this study aims to investigate the issue of colorism augmented by television commercials for men’s “fairness” (light skin tone) products in India. The primary data for this study are six Hindi television commercials for men’s skin-lightening products which were broadcast from 2005 to 2015 and were available on YouTube during data collection. The commercials are by one popular brand, Emami Fair and Handsome. The target commercials are significant for their categorical distinction in directness as well as for their nature of storytelling that helps facilitate the discourse of colorism itself. The methodology is a combination of multimodal analysis, critical discourse analysis, and advertisement analysis. The overall goal of this study is to bring visibility to this subtle and multilayered problem of colorism in Indian society which is being reinforced by the skin-lightening products for men.

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Mistry, Nisha, Jonathan Shapero, Roopal V. Kundu, and Harvey Shapero. "Toxic Effects of Skin-Lightening Products in Canadian Immigrants." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 15, no. 5 (September 2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2011.10069.

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Background: The cultural practice of skin bleaching is highly prevalent in Africa. Most reported cases of toxic effects of skin-lightening products occur in this region. Objective: To describe cases of misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) cosmetic skin-lightening products occurring in Canadian immigrants. Methods: Two cases of Canadian immigrants with severe complications from OTC skin-bleaching agents were identified in a community-based dermatology practice in Toronto. The case histories were reviewed and analyzed. Results: A 28-year-old African-Canadian woman developed extensive striae from long-term use of a topical cream containing clobetasol that she had purchased in a Caribbean health food store. A 55-year-old African-Canadian woman developed exogenous ochronosis from the use of a topical bleaching agent she had purchased in Ghana. Conclusion: Cosmetic skin lightening with unregulated topical products occurs in Canada. Dermatologists working in Canada need to be aware of this practice to provide appropriate directive care.

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Nagesha, Parvathi, Anto Aparna, Ittigi Vivekananda, Rangegowda Suresh, and Rangaswami Umadevi. "v." Our Dermatology Online 12, e (August 27, 2021): e62-e62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.2021e.62.

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Background: Skin lightening products (SLP) are widely used cosmetics among people that may result in lightening of skin complexion and may damage the skin. There seems to be a strong demand for lighter skin tone that is shared globally and promoted by the media. Aims and Objectives: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, and use of SLPs and its social and psychological correlation among people in a south Karnataka district Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey, 2000 individuals irrespective of age and sex from a district in south Karnataka responded to a questionnaire. Results: This study explored SLPs use among 2000 individuals irrespective of age and sex in Hassan, Karnataka using a questionnaire. A total of 33.8% of the sample reported currently using SLPs, with women being two times more likely using these products. Among current users, 12.8% reported past experiences of adverse side effects. “Friends” and “Family” were the most common influence for using fairness products, followed by “Advertisements”. Discussion: Cosmetics market is flooded with skin lightening products and rampant use of the same has become a major public health concern in all countries along with the reinforcement of racism and social disparities. Side effects for skin lightening products are less reported which is similar to other studies. This could be the reason why there is no regulation of the products or the ingredients in the products. Conclusion: A high prevalence of SLP use was found in a sample of population in south Karnataka, and several social and mental health-related risk factors were found that may help in guiding interventions.

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Chan, Thomas Y. K. "Inorganic mercury poisoning associated with skin-lightening cosmetic products." Clinical Toxicology 49, no. 10 (November 9, 2011): 886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.626425.

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Sun, Gui-Fang, Wen-Tao Hu, Zhi-Hao Yuan, Bo-Ai Zhang, and Hong Lu. "Characteristics of Mercury Intoxication Induced by Skin-lightening Products." Chinese Medical Journal 130, no. 24 (December 2017): 3003–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.220312.

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Boo, Yong Chool. "Arbutin as a Skin Depigmenting Agent with Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Properties." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071129.

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Arbutin is a compound of hydroquinone and D-glucose, and it has been over 30 years since there have been serious studies on the skin lightening action of this substance. In the meantime, there have been debates and validation studies about the mechanism of action of this substance as well as its skin lightening efficacy and safety. Several analogs or derivatives of arbutin have been developed and studied for their melanin synthesis inhibitory action. Formulations have been developed to improve the stability, transdermal delivery, and release of arbutin, and device usage to promote skin absorption has been developed. Substances that inhibit melanin synthesis synergistically with arbutin have been explored. The skin lightening efficacy of arbutin alone or in combination with other active ingredients has been clinically evaluated. Combined therapy with arbutin and laser could give enhanced depigmenting efficacy. The use of arbutin causes dermatitis rarely, and caution is recommended for the use of arbutin-containing products, especially from the viewpoint that hydroquinone may be generated during product use. Studies on the antioxidant properties of arbutin are emerging, and these antioxidant properties are proposed to contribute to the skin depigmenting action of arbutin. It is hoped that this review will help to understand the pros and cons of arbutin as a cosmetic ingredient, and will lead to future research directions for developing advanced skin lightening and protecting cosmetic products.

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Nurhidayati, Liliek, Titiek Martati, I. Wayan Redja, and Nofanti Sandra. "Specificity of Mercury Detecting Reagents for Skin Lightening Creams." JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 16, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v16i1.432.

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Inorganic mercury compound have been used for long time in cosmetics preparations for its skin lightening effect. The used of mercury in cosmetics has been prohibited as stipulated in the decision of the BPOM RI (Head of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency) No.HK.00.01.432.6147. Based on health department research from various countries, there are a number of skin lightening products containing mercury between 660-57.000 μg/kg. People needs a quick and easy way to detect mercury in a lightening cream, so that people can test the safety of cream that used. One alternative that can be used to detect mercury in skin lightening cosmetics is using detecting reagents. The aim of this study was preparation of specific and sensitive mercury detecting reagents. The detecting reagents consisted mixtures of diphenylcarbazone and acetic acid in 96% of ethanol. The specificity test is performed by adding diphenylcarbazone solution into a lightening cream containing whitening agents such as mercury, hydroquinone, bangkuang extract and mixture of these substances. Assay was also performed on simulated cream that contained mercury, zinc oxide, bismuthsubnitrate, and mixture of mercury, zinc oxide and bismuthsubnitrate. The mercury detecting reagents gives a distinctive result that shown by the formation of purple mercury complex in less than 3 minutes.

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Adbi, Arzi, Chirantan Chatterjee, Clarissa Cortland, Zoe Kinias, and Jasjit Singh. "Women’s Disempowerment and Preferences for Skin Lightening Products That Reinforce Colorism: Experimental Evidence From India." Psychology of Women Quarterly 45, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684321993796.

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Global racism and colorism, the preference for fairer skin even within ethnic and racial groups, leads millions of women of African, Asian, and Latin descent to use products with chemical ingredients intended to lighten skin color. Drawing from literatures on the impact of chronic and situational disempowerment on behavioral risk-taking to enhance status, we hypothesized that activating feelings of disempowerment would increase women of color’s interest in stronger and riskier products meant to lighten skin tone quickly and effectively. In two experiments (Experiment 1: N = 253 women and 264 men; Experiment 2: replication study, N = 318 women) with distinct samples of Indian participants, we found that being in a state of psychological disempowerment (vs. empowerment) increased Indian women’s preference for stronger and riskier skin lightening products but not for milder products. Indian men’s interest in both types of products was unaffected by the same psychological disempowerment prime. Based on these findings, we recommend increased consideration among teaching faculty, research scholars, and clinicians on how feeling disempowered can lead women of color to take risks to lighten their skin as well as other issues of intersectionality and with respect to colorism. We also encourage the adoption of policies aimed at empowering women of color and minimizing access to harmful skin lightening products.

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Opperman, Laurentia, Maryna De Kock, Jeremy Klaasen, and Farzana Rahiman. "Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis Inhibition by Indigenous African Plants: A Review." Cosmetics 7, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7030060.

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The indiscriminate use of non-regulated skin lighteners among African populations has raised health concerns due to the negative effects associated with skin lightener toxicity. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the cosmetic development of plants and their metabolites as alternatives to available chemical-derived skin lightening formulations. Approximately 90% of Africa’s population depends on traditional medicine, and the continent’s biodiversity holds plant material with various biological activities, thus attracting considerable research interest. This study aimed to review existing evidence and document indigenous African plant species capable of inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase and melanogenesis for potential incorporation into skin lightening products. Literature search on melanin biosynthesis, skin lightening, and tyrosinase inhibitors resulted in the identification of 35 plant species were distributed among 31 genera and 21 families across 15 African countries and 9 South African provinces. All plants identified in this study showed competent tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibitory capabilities. These results indicate that African plants have the potential to serve as alternatives to current chemically-derived skin lighteners.

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Awaji., NadiaM, NadaM Mahdi., AbrarS Al Qahtani., LailaA Alsalman., FatimahA Alshehri., FatimahA H. Al shahrani., FatimahM Awaji., SalhaO Alasmari., and FatimahS Z. Al shahrani. "AN ONLINE SURVEY OF USING SKIN-LIGHTENING PRODUCTS IN SAUDI FEMALES." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 2008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2972.

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Moldovan, Zenovia, Dana Elena Popa, Iulia Gabriela David, Mihaela Buleandra, and Irinel Adriana Badea. "A Derivative Spectrometric Method for Hydroquinone Determination in the Presence of Kojic Acid, Glycolic Acid, and Ascorbic Acid." Journal of Spectroscopy 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6929520.

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A new, simple, and sensitive spectrometric method was developed for hydroquinone (HQ) determination in the presence of other depigmenting agents (kojic acid (KA), glycolic acid (GA), and ascorbic acid (AA)), commonly introduced in skin lightening products. The method is based on the oxidation of the depigmenting agents by potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid medium and subsequent measurement of the amplitude of the first-order derivative absorption spectrum at 268 nm. By applying the zero-crossing method, at this wavelength, the oxidation products of KA, AA, and GA do not interfere in the indirect determination of HQ. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.22–22 μg·mL−1 HQ, with a detection limit of 0.07 μg·mL−1. The developed method was applied with good results for the first time to the rapid determination of HQ in binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures, thus proving that it could represent an effective tool for various skin lightening products analyses.

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Verma, Shyam B. "Obsession with Light Skin - Shedding some light on use of skin lightening products in India." International Journal of Dermatology 49, no. 4 (April 2010): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04330.x.

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Awaji, NadiaM, NadaM Mahdi, AbrarS AlQahtani, LailaA Alsalman, FatimahA Alshehri, FatimahA Al-shahrani, FatimahM Awaji, SalhaO Alasmari, and FatimahS Z. Al-shahrani. "PREVALENCE AND PATTERN OF USING OF SKIN-LIGHTENING PRODUCTS AMONG SAUDI WOMEN." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 10 (October 31, 2016): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1781.

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Lartey, Margaret, Francis D. Krampa, Mubarak Abdul-Rahman, Naa L. Quarcoo, Phaedra Yamson, Paa G. Hagan, Yao Tettey, Richard Gyasi, and Andrew A. Adjei. "Use of skin-lightening products among selected urban communities in Accra, Ghana." International Journal of Dermatology 56, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13449.

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Abbas, Hasriwiani Habo, Masayuki Sakakibara, Koichiro Sera, Nurgahayu, and Ella Andayanie. "Mercury Exposure and Health Problems of the Students Using Skin-Lightening Cosmetic Products in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia." Cosmetics 7, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7030058.

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Despite legal and safety issues, skin-lightening cosmetic products—including hazardous mercury-containing cosmetics—are in increasing demand in Indonesia. Perceptions of beauty may result in desires to have lighter skin tones, regardless of the safety of these cosmetics, which block the production of melanin and thus lighten skin tone. This study investigated Hg exposure of students using skin-lightening cosmetics and assessed the health issues. A total of 105 female students were given a questionnaire regarding their use of cosmetics; a further 43 students formed a non-cosmetic-user control group. Their scalp hair and cosmetic products were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy. The geometric-mean hair Hg concentration for the cosmetics-using students was 6.7 µg g−1—three times that of the control group (2.3 µg g−1). Of twenty-seven cosmetic samples were analyzed, twenty had Hg concentrations of 0.12–7834.4 µg g−1 (mean 554.6 µg g−1), and seven had no detectable Hg. The hair Hg concentrations exhibited a statistically significant correlation with cosmetic Hg concentration. The health assessments indicated only rigidity & ataxia and irregular eye movement were prevalent in the cosmetic-using students with less than 7% occurrences.

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Oiso, Naoki, Megumi Tatebayashi, Yasuko Hoshiyama, and Akira Kawada. "Allergic contact dermatitis caused by arbutin and dipotassium glycyrrhizate in skin-lightening products." Contact Dermatitis 77, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cod.12739.

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Chan, Thomas Y. K., Alan P. L. Chan, and H. L. Tang. "Nephrotic syndrome caused by exposures to skin-lightening cosmetic products containing inorganic mercury." Clinical Toxicology 58, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1639724.

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Dai, Liyun, Lihao Gu, and Kazuhisa Maeda. "Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Scutellarein on Melanogenesis." Cosmetics 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010015.

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Fairer skin is preferred in many Asian countries and there is a high demand for skin whitening and lightening products. However, in recent years, problems related to the safety of using whitening agents have emerged. This study demonstrates that plant-derived scutellarein effectively inhibits melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. However, baicalein, which is similar to scutellarein in its chemical structure, does not show any inhibitory effect on melanogenesis. Cellular tyrosinase activity is decreased by scutellarein in a dose-dependent manner. No cytotoxicity is observed at the effective concentration range. Additionally, both the protein and mRNA levels of tyrosinase are significantly decreased by scutellarein. Further, the risk of leukoderma development also is determined by evaluating the production of free hydroxyl radicals (˙OH); scutellarein treatment does not induce ˙OH production. Scutellarein shows no risk of causing leukoderma. Our results suggest that scutellarein or plant extracts containing high concentrations of scutellarein have the potential to inhibit melanin production and serve as cosmetic skin-lightening agents.

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Guthrie, Ashley, Sameep Kadakia, Shirley Hu, Raja Sawhney, Jennifer Schumacher, and Yadranko Ducic. "Modern Approaches to Skin Care." Facial Plastic Surgery 33, no. 06 (December 2017): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1607448.

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AbstractRecent years have seen an increased interest in minimally invasive and noninvasive cosmetic surgery and facial aesthetics. There has been a concomitant surge in the focus on skin care, which, by nature, is minimally invasive, and an exponential growth in the popularity and availability of minimally invasive dermatologic procedures and products. This review seeks to provide an overview of the most commonly employed skin care modalities, such as their mechanisms, indications for use, advantages and disadvantages, and side effects. The authors aim to provide the audience with a fundamental understanding of the options currently available to cosmetic surgeons and practitioners. Topics include retinoids, chemical peels, skin-lightening agents, lasers, microneedling, topical antioxidants, and injectables.

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Parameswaran, Radhika, and Kavitha Cardoza. "Melanin on the Margins: Advertising and the Cultural Politics of Fair/Light/White Beauty in India." Journalism & Communication Monographs 11, no. 3 (September 2009): 213–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152263790901100302.

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The recent commercial boom in women's skin-lightening or “fairness” cosmetics in India is part of the larger context of escalating lifestyle consumerism in Asia's emerging market nations. This monograph examines the cultural politics of gender, nation, beauty and skin color in the persuasive narratives of Indian magazine advertisements and television commercials for fairness cosmetics and personal care products. We situate advertising's compact stories of ideal femininity within the sociology of colorism's transnational links to hierarchies of race, gender, caste, ethnicity and class and the rapid economic growth in the skin-lightening cosmetics sector in India over the past decade. Deconstructing advertising's visual and linguistic fields of meaning, our analysis dissects the rhetorical themes of bodily and personal transformation, modern and traditional science, and heterosexual romance that operate together to inflate the currency of light-skinned beauty. In conclusion, we outline recent challenges to the hegemony of colorism in India and suggest directions for future research that can build on this monograph's scrutiny of advertising's regulatory regimes of beauty.

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Almendinger, Martin, Sascha Rohn, and Daniel Pleissner. "Malt and beer-related by-products as potential antioxidant skin-lightening agents for cosmetics." Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 17 (September 2020): 100282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100282.

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Gbetoh, Mètogbé Honoré, and Marc Amyot. "Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in West Africa and Canada." Environmental Research 150 (October 2016): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.030.

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Limsuwan, Tunyaluk, Prapaporn Boonme, Pasarat Khongkow, and Thanaporn Amnuaikit. "Ethosomes of Phenylethyl Resorcinol as Vesicular Delivery System for Skin Lightening Applications." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8310979.

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Ethosome formulations containing phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) were developed. The formulation was produced from 0.5% w/v PR, 0.5% w/v cholesterol from lanolin, 3% w/v L-α-phosphatidylcholine from soybean, 30% v/v absolute ethanol, and water up to 100% v/v. It was characterized by a vesicular size of 389 nm, low polydispersity index of 0.266, zeta potential of −34.19±0.44 mV, high PR entrapment efficiency of 71%, and good stability on storage at 4 and 30°C at 75% RH for 4 months. In vitro studies using pig skin revealed that permeation coefficient of PR from ethosomes was significantly higher than that from liposomes. In vitro retention profiles showed that PR accumulation in pig skin following application of ethosome formulations was 7.4-, 3.3-, and 1.8-fold higher than that achieved using liposomes, 20% propylene glycol solution, and 30% hydroethanolic solution, respectively. An inhibition value of around 80% was measured for antityrosinase activity of PR in pig skin. Consistently, ethosomes exhibited higher tyrosinase inhibition activity and melanin content reduction when compared to other formulations in B16 melanoma cells. Ethosomes did not cause acute dermal irritation in albino rabbits. These findings demonstrate that ethosomes are capable of delivering PR into the skin efficiently and hold promise for topical application of skin lightening products.

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Arshad, Mehreen, Yumna Sadef, Muhammad Bilal Shakoor, Muhammad Naeem, Farzana Bashir, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Shafaqat Ali, Irfan Abid, Naeem Khan, and Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. "Quantitative Estimation of the Hydroquinone, Mercury and Total Plate Count in Skin-Lightening Creams." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 8786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168786.

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Generally white color of the skin is regarded as a feature of superiority and prettiness around the world. Both the males and females in Pakistan apply skin-lightening creams (SLC) but they do not know about the side-effects of their constituents. Skin-lightening products include SLC and related ointments. The SLC are made by mixing fates and water in standard procedure. Here, 20 SLC specimens were obtained and subjected to mercury, hydroquinone and the total plate count (TPC). The hydroquinone in SLC was determined using HPLC, mercury level was assessed by ICP OES and finally TPC were computing by utilizing nutrient media (Agar). The hydroquinone in SLC ranged from 0 to 7.14 ± 0.18% with a median value of 0.33%. In 25% of the studied samples, hydroquinone was not detected, 70% of the samples showed values within the limit and 5% of the samples (1 sample) had a hydroquinone concentration above the permissible limit defined by Pakistan (5%). The mercury ranged 0-7.7 ppm, with a median value of 2.5 ppm. Mercury was detected in 95% of the samples; thus, only 5% of the samples had no mercury. In turn, 20% had mercury within the limit value while 75% of the samples had concentration above the Pakistan standard limit (1 ppm). Moreover, TPC obtained in this study was less than the allowable value set according to European Union (EU). Hence, the SLC samples showed high concentration of toxic constituents which could cause deleterious skin diseases. Government must monitor such kind of cosmetic products regularly in order to reduce the danger.

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Qudus, Hardoko I., Purwadi Purwadi, Iis Holilah, and Sutopo Hadi. "Analysis of Mercury in Skin Lightening Cream by Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES)." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113130.

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This research aimed at developing an analysis method, which was optimized and validated to determine the content of mercury in skin lightening cream discovered in the market in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, through the use of microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). The optimization on the analysis method was conducted on pump rate, viewing position, and reductant concentration in order to obtain the highest mercury emission intensity, while the solution stability was optimized to know the stability of mercury in the solution. The result showed that the method developed had precision with a relative standard deviation of 2.67%, recovery value of 92.78%, and linearity with an r value of 0.993, respectively. The sensitivity of the instrument detection had a limit of analysis method detection and quantification of 0.59 and 1.98 µg/L, respectively. The results of the test of the lightening cream (8 of 16 samples) positively contained mercury in the range of 422.61–44,960.79 ng/g. Therefore the method of analysis developed may be used for routine analysis of chemicals in any cosmetics products.

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Burnett, Christina L., Wilma F. Bergfeld, Donald V. Belsito, Ronald A. Hill, Curtis D. Klaassen, Daniel C. Liebler, James G. Marks, et al. "Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Kojic Acid as Used in Cosmetics." International Journal of Toxicology 29, no. 6_suppl (November 2010): 244S—273S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810385956.

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Kojic acid functions as an antioxidant in cosmetic products. Kojic acid was not a toxicant in acute, chronic, reproductive, and genotoxicity studies. While some animal data suggested tumor promotion and weak carcinogenicity, kojic acid is slowly absorbed into the circulation from human skin and likely would not reach the threshold at which these effects were seen. The available human sensitization data supported the safety of kojic acid at a use concentration of 2% in leave-on cosmetics. Kojic acid depigmented black guinea pig skin at a concentration of 4%, but this effect was not seen at 1%. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that the 2 end points of concern, dermal sensitization and skin lightening, would not be seen at use concentrations below 1%; therefore, this ingredient is safe for use in cosmetic products up to that level.

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Kanlayavattanakul, Mayuree, Wichayada Chongnativisit, Puxvadee Chaikul, and Nattaya Lourith. "Phenolic-rich Pomegranate Peel Extract: In Vitro, Cellular, and In Vivo Activities for Skin Hyperpigmentation Treatment." Planta Medica 86, no. 11 (May 19, 2020): 749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1170-7785.

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AbstractThe pomegranate phenolics are reported to have cutaneous benefits and to be effective in treating skin disorders, including hyperpigmentation. In this context, a preparation method was developed by which to obtain phenolic-rich pomegranate peel extract. Sinapic acid was presented as the major pomegranate peel phenolics, followed by gallic and ellagic acids, and 4 additional phenolics. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory effect. The skin hyperpigmentation treating potency was confirmed by the suppression of cellular melanogenesis through tyrosinase and TRP-2 inhibitions as examined in the B16F10 melanoma cells. Cellular antioxidant and proliferative activities of the extract toward human dermal fibroblasts were evidenced, as well as an inhibitory effect against MMP-2. The extract was developed into the stable serum and mask. The products were proved to be non-irritated in 30 Thai volunteers participating in a single application closed patch test. A split-face, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled test of the skin lightening effect was evaluated in the 30 volunteers over 28 consecutive daily treatments and monitored by the Mexameter MX 18. The active serum and mask were better in facial skin lightening efficacy than the placebo (p < 0.005). That was in accordance with the sensory evaluation scored by the volunteers. Phenolic-rich pomegranate peel extract is evidenced as a safe herbal derived material promising for skin hyperpigmentation treatment. Supportive information regarding chemical and biological profiles is presented with the confirmed safety and cutaneous benefits in volunteers.

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Cristaudo, A., S. D'Ilio, B. Gallinella, A. Mosca, C. Majorani, N. Violante, O. Senofonte, A. Morrone, and F. Petrucci. "Use of Potentially Harmful Skin-Lightening Products among Immigrant Women in Rome, Italy: A Pilot Study." Dermatology 226, no. 3 (2013): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000348706.

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Michalek, Irmina Maria, Bian Liu, Emma K. T. Benn, and Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos. "Skin lightening products’ violations in Europe: An analysis of the rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products 2005–2018." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 106 (August 2019): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.020.

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Diongue, M., P. Ndiaye, P. M. Douzima, M. Seck, I. Seck, A. Faye, M. C. Diagne, M. M. M. Leye, K. Niang, and A. D. Tal. "Economic impact of skin-lightening products on household income in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Senegal." Médecine et Santé Tropicales 23, no. 3 (July 2013): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/mst.2013.0190.

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Jo, Hyun-jun, Sang-Myoung Joo, Jeong Yup Kim, Kook-Hyun Yu, and Sang Wook Kim. "Development of a Hybrid Chitosan- and Niacinamide-Coupled ZnO Nanoparticle Composite for Sun Protection Application." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (November 16, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5957606.

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) have long been utilized as UV-protective sunscreen components due to their high durability and lower skin irritation while maintaining capability for blocking UV rays. However, the dispersal and transparency properties of ZnO need to be enhanced in order to improve the capacity for creating effective sunscreen through control of the physiochemical properties of ZnO. In this study, chitosan or niacinamide, which are suitable functional cosmetic compounds and effective skin lightening agents, are combined with ZnO for the development of better UV-protective products. Each biocompatible coating material is individually attached on its surface after the synthesis of ZnO. The size is 70 nm using the sol-gel method. Their morphology and chemical structure are characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, and zeta potential. The results indicate that approximately 50% of chitosan and 5% niacinamide were coated on the ZnO. To confirm the capacity of each surface-coated ZnO with chitosan and niacinamide as a sunscreen, we measured their transmission, reflectance, and sun protection factor (SPF) using a UV spectrophotometer and SPF. As a result, the niacinamide-coated ZnO shows remarkably lower transmission and high reflectance against UV rays than that of bare ZnO and chitosan-coated ZnO. Furthermore, niacinamide-coated ZnO exhibits great lightening effects. Consequently, these results demonstrate that niacinamide coating is highly effective for the production of sunscreen emulsions.

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Mahé, A., J. L. Perret, F. Ly, F. Fall, J. P. Rault, and A. Dumont. "The cosmetic use of skin-lightening products during pregnancy in Dakar, Senegal: a common and potentially hazardous practice." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, no. 2 (February 2007): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.06.007.

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Hamann, Carsten R., Waranya Boonchai, Liping Wen, Emi Nishijima Sakanashi, Chia-Yu Chu, Kylin Hamann, Curtis P. Hamann, Kumar Sinniah, and Dathan Hamann. "Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skin-lightening products: Is mercury toxicity a hidden global health hazard?" Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 70, no. 2 (February 2014): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.050.

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Shrestha, R., and J. Shakya. "Knowledge regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products among higher secondary level girl students, Chitwan." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 6, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v6i2.16685.

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Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. The age that females begin wearing makeup gets younger and younger with every new generation. A descriptive study design was used to find out knowledge regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products among higher secondary level girl students. A total 70 female students of Maiya Devi Girls’ College, Bharatpur-10, Chitwan, 34 students of grade 11 and 36 students of grade 12 were selected by using probability simple random sampling lottery method. The result revealed that out of 70 respondents, 30% were of age 17 years, 51.4% were studying in grade 12. 34.3% respondents’ had experienced adverse effects from using cosmetic products, 50% had experienced acne, almost all respondent’s 98.6% got information of cosmetic products from television. Majority 82.9% of the respondents answered that cosmetic products are the substance use to enhance the appearance of body. Cent percent respondents’ had knowledge that lipstick cause lip cancer, 88.6% had knowledge that kajal cause dry eye syndrome, 97.1% had knowledge that skin lightening cream and sunscreen cause skin cancer and perfumes cause skin irritation, 87.1% had knowledge that mascara cause eye irritation, and 98.6% had knowledge that nail polish cause cancer and reading expiry and manufacture date can prevent the occurrence of adverse effects. Majority 72.9% of respondents had average level of knowledge, 17.1% had low level of knowledge and 10.0% had high level of knowledge. Statistically there was significant association between level of knowledge of the respondents’ regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products and grade of respondents (p = 0.044).

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Aspengren, Sara, Elisabeth Norström, and Margareta Wallin. "Effects of Hydroquinone on Cytoskeletal Organization and Intracellular Transport in Cultured Xenopus laevis Melanophores and Fibroblasts." ISRN Cell Biology 2012 (February 8, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/524781.

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Hydroquinone is used as a skin-lightening agent, it is also present in different chemical products and cigarette smoke. It is believed to inhibit melanin production in melanocytes by inhibiting the key enzyme tyrosinase. In the present study, we show that hydroquinone had severe effects on microtubules and actin filaments in cultured Xenopus laevis melanophores as studied by immunohistochemistry. It affected the intracellular transport of melanosomes, induced bundling of microtubules and disassembly of actin filaments at 10 and 50 μM, and at 100 μM proper adhesion to the substrate was lost. Effects occurred at lower concentrations than what previously has been stated to be cytotoxic, and the results show that tyrosinase is not the only cellular target. The cytoskeleton is of utmost importance for the function of all cells and across species. Our data has therefore to be considered in the discussions about the use of hydroquinone for bleaching of skin.

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Maneli, M. H., L. Wiesner, C. Tinguely, L. M. Davids, Z. Spengane, P. Smith, J. C. van Wyk, A. Jardine, and N. P. Khumalo. "Combinations of potent topical steroids, mercury and hydroquinone are common in internationally manufactured skin-lightening products: a spectroscopic study." Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 41, no. 2 (July 26, 2015): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ced.12720.

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Bohari, Noor Aini, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee, Suryani Saallah, Mailin Misson, and Sazmal Effendi Arshad. "Electrochemical Behaviour of Real-Time Sensor for Determination Mercury in Cosmetic Products Based on PANI/MWCNTs/AuNPs/ITO." Cosmetics 8, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010017.

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Mercury is a common ingredient found in skin lightening soaps, creams, and makeup-cleansing products. It may cause skin rashes, skin discolouration, and scarring, as well as a reduction in the skin’s resistance to bacterial and fungal infections. By looking at this scenario, developing a sensor that involved a simple procedure and fasts for real-time detection without affecting mercury sensitivity is urgently needed. For that reason, a fast and sensitive electrochemical method was developed to determine mercury in cosmetic products with the composition of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles/indium tin oxide sheet using methylene blue as a redox indicator. The significantly enhanced electrochemical performance was observed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In order to detect mercury qualitatively and quantitatively, deposition potential and deposition time were respectively optimised to be 0.10 V and 70 s. The modified sensor was revealed a wide detection range of mercury from 0.01 to 10.00 ppm with a limit of detection of 0.08 ppm. The modified sensor towards mercury with a correlation coefficient (r2) was of 0.9948. Multiple cycling, reproducibility, and consistency of different modified sensors were investigated to verify the modified sensor’s performance. The developed sensing platform was highly selective toward mercury among the pool of possible interferents, and the stability of the developed sensor was ensured for at least 21 days after 10 repeated uses. The proposed method is a fast and simple procedure technique for analysing the mercury levels in cosmetic products.

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Colantonio, Sophia, and Jason K. Rivers. "Botanicals With Dermatologic Properties Derived From First Nations Healing: Part 2—Plants and Algae." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 4 (December 19, 2016): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1203475416683390.

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Introduction: Plants and algae have played a central role in the treatment of skin conditions in both traditional First Nations healing and in modern dermatology. The objective of this study was to examine the evidence supporting the dermatological use of seaweed, witch hazel, bearberry, and mayapple. Methods: Four plants and algae used in traditional First Nations treatments of skin disease were selected based on expert recommendations. Several databases were searched to identify relevant citations without language restrictions. Results: Seaweed has potential clinical use in the treatment of acne and wrinkles and may be incorporated into biofunctional textiles. Witch hazel is an effective and well-tolerated treatment of inflammation and diaper dermatitis. Bearberry leaves contain arbutin, a skin-lightening agent that is an alternative for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Mayapple contains podophyllotoxin, a treatment for condyloma accuminata, molluscum contagiosum, and recalcitrant palmoplantar warts. Discussion: Common plants and algae are replete with bioactive agents that may have beneficial effects on the skin. Further research will open the door to new and innovative products in the future. Limitations of this study include that the scope of our study is limited to 4 plants and algae, a small sample of the breadth of plants used by First Nations for dermatological treatments.

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Nugraha, Ni Kadek Mita Pratiwi, and Dyah Angraeni. "Analisa Kualitatif Kandungan Merkuri dalam Sediaan Pemutih Kulit yang Dijual di Online Shop." Surya Medika: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keperawatan dan Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32504/sm.v14i2.130.

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Background: Mercury (Hg) is used illegally in cosmetics as a whitening or skin lightening agent because of its ability to inhibit melanin formation on the surface of the skin. Mercury can make white skin smooth in a relatively short time, but this substance has a negative effect on health because it can accumulate in the body. This is because mercury that enters the human body is not easily excreted. This mercury can accumulate in the human body especially in the kidney, liver and brain organs.Objective: This study is aimed to find out whether mercury is sold in skin whitening product by Online Shop.Methods: This research was a descriptive study by using the color reaction test method. The samples in this study were 6 samples taken from the Online Shop. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique. The procedure of the color reaction test was the sample is weighed 2 grams and then added 25 ml of mineral water and 10 ml of mineral water, then evaporated until it was almost dry. At the last evaporation added 10 ml mineral water. Then it was heated for a while, cooled and filtered. The next step on Potassium Iodide was 0.5 N 1 ml of sample solution put into a test tube and then add 2 drops of Potassium Iodide slowly through the tube wall, if there was a change in the color of orange with precipitate, then the positive reaction contains mercury.Results: This study showed that the six samples of non-facial skin whitening products which is sold in the Online Shop obtained three positive samples containing mercury, due to an orange discoloration with sediment and three samples containing negative mercury.Conclusion: There were three positive samples containing mercury marked by an orange discoloration in skin whitening purchased by Online Shop.Keywords: Mercury, Skin whitening products, Color reactions.

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Tsuji-Naito, Kentaro, Tomoko Hatani, Takeshi Okada, and Takao Tehara. "Modulating effects of a novel skin-lightening agent, α-lipoic acid derivative, on melanin production by the formation of DOPA conjugate products." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 15, no. 5 (March 2007): 1967–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.042.

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Ji, Jin, Xin Yang, Matthew Flavel, Zenaida P. Shields, Julian Neoh, Mae-Ling Bowen, and Barry Kitchen. "Age-Deterring and Skin Care Function of a Polyphenol Rich Sugarcane Concentrate." Cosmetics 7, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7020030.

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Increasing evidence suggests that environmental stress, such as UV radiation, generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in skin cells, leading to histochemical changes including skin disorders and aging, hyper pigmentation, and increased formation of wrinkles. Besides the defensive system in skin composed of vitamins and intrinsic antioxidant enzymes, topical and skin conditioning products have been used commonly to eradicate or eliminate these skin ailments. Among various ingredients providing nourishing and moisturizing effect in skin, antioxidants have been reported to be a key ingredient to counteract skin aging processes and skin disorders. Derived from a patented extraction process, a polyphenol rich sugarcane concentrate (Officinol™) becomes the focus of this study due to its rich content of polyphenols known to be strong antioxidants. In this work, we carried out a series of cell-based in vitro studies to examine the use of Officinol™ in anti-aging and skin care functions. Our studies show that Officinol™ activated telomerase, a major biomarker that have been reported to be associated with slowed cellular aging process. When skin cells were under environmental stress such as UV radiation, Officinol™ inhibited MMP-1, an interstitial collagenase in skin cells, and deterred the breakdown of collagen that provides supple texture in skin. Officinol™ also inhibited cellular expression of melanin pigmentation and tyrosinase activity, two major biomarkers causing skin pigmentation and aging spots, and inhibited elastase, an enzyme that facilities the reduction of skin elasticity. At the end of the investigation, we carried out a 10-person, pilot study to examine the effect of Officinol™ on skin lightening and fine line and wrinkle reduction in human skin. The combination of the in vitro and the human pre-study indicates that Officinol™ could provide significant preventative and protective functions including antioxidant, anti-aging, wrinkle reduction, and skin brightening for human skin suffering from aging and other stress. These findings are to be confirmed with a larger scale clinical study at a later stage.

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Michalek, Irmina Maria, Emma K. T. Benn, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Sharon Gordon, Chi Wen, and Bian Liu. "A systematic review of global legal regulations on the permissible level of heavy metals in cosmetics with particular emphasis on skin lightening products." Environmental Research 170 (March 2019): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.029.

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Jaccob, Ausama Ayob, Abdulla Ayob Yaqoub, and Muataz Abdulla Rahmani. "Impact of Abuse of Topical Corticosteroids and Counterfeit Cosmetic Products for the Face: Prospective Demographic Study in Basrah City, Iraq." Current Drug Safety 15, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574886314666191001100357.

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Background: Topical corticosteroids are highly effective compounds that are now widely used in dermatology for the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Many corticosteroids are misused for diverse indications such as pigmentation, acne, pruritus, fungal or bacterial infections, rashes, and numerous other conditions. These products contain various constituents, most of which have hazards or toxic elements. Objective: The aim is to raise awareness among individuals in the city of Basrah, Iraq about the uses and abuses of applying fake products to the face to inform the consumers about potential harmful adverse effects. Methods: This study was a prospective multi-center clinic questionnaire of a demographic that involved the outpatient dermatology departments at the Al-Basrah teaching hospital and the Abu Al-Khaseeb hospital as well as the private clinics of two dermatology specialists in Basrah. A total of 235 patients with facial dermatoses secondary to the application of topical corticosteroids and counterfeit products or, a mixed formulation, for cosmetic purposes were recruited. Results: Most enrolled patients were female with 10-20 years aged group. The majority applied these products due to friends or pharmacy encouragement. Motivations for the use of these products included: skin fairness, lightening, and general cosmetic. Interestingly, acne and erythema were common whilst, atrophy, dryness, telangiectasia, and hirsutism appear on long- term use only. Conclusion: The abuse of counterfeit cosmetic products and topical corticosteroids is in progress and they have adverse health events. There are many causes behind the abuse but the lack of education, lack of restriction, profitable for sellers and low prices are the main.

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Macrini, Daclé Juliani, Ivana Barbosa Suffredini, Antonio Drauzio Varella, Riad Naim Younes, and Mitsuko Taba Ohara. "Extracts from Amazonian plants have inhibitory activity against tyrosinase: an in vitro evaluation." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 45, no. 4 (December 2009): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502009000400015.

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Dermatological disorders related to pigmentation result in tenuous hyper or hypopigmentation Cosmetic and pharmaceutical products containing depigmenting substances are used in the treatment of patients who have high pigmentation disorders, such as melasma or chloasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, senile lentigo and ephelides. Skin lightening agents are not yet totally effective or safe and therefore intensive research for the discovery of new agents is continuous. Enzyme inhibitors involved in melanogenesis, such as tyrosinase, have been discovered in Asian countries, including those isolated from plant extracts. The Brazilian flora has the highest species diversity in the world, and the chemical, pharmacological and cosmetic potential for the discovery of new skin whitening agents is in proportion with this biodiversity. For these reasons, 25 aqueous and 24 organic extracts obtained from 19 plants native to the Amazon rain forest and to the Atlantic forest, belonging to 11 different families, were evaluated as tyrosinase inhibitors. Nine out of 49 extracts showed inhibitory activity in the screening process. The 50% inhibitory activity (IA50) was calculated, revealing that the most active extracts were the organic extracts from the leaves and stem of Ruprechtia sp. (IA50 33.76 mg.mL-1) and the organic extract from the aerial organs of Rapanea parviflora (IA50 64.19 mg.mL-1).

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Tsai, Kao-Sung, Tzu-Chun Lin, Meng-Tse Wu, Jui-Lung Shen, Ming-Ya Mao, Huey-Yi Chen, Yung-Hsiang Chen, and Wen-Chi Chen. "Irritant Contact Dermatitis Risk of Common Topical Traditional Chinese Medicines Used for Skin-Lightening: A Pilot Clinical Trial with 30 Volunteers." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/609064.

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Topical traditional Chinese medicine- (TTCM-) related contact dermatitis is not uncommon but ignored. Patch and photopatch tests using 6 individual herbal ingredients and Bai-Zhi-Kao (BZK;白芷膏), a skin-lightening TTCM preparation, were conducted on 30 participants. Twenty-five subjects showed at least 1 positive reaction, including 6 (20.0%) participants who reacted to BZK. The majority reacted to RadixAmpelopsis japonica(Bai-Lian;白蘞) (60.0%), whereas few reacted to Rhizoma Bletilla striata (Bai-Ji;白芨) (16.7%), RhizomaAtractylodis macrocephalae(Bai-Zhu;白朮) (10.0%), RadixAngelicae dahuricae(Bai-Zhi;白芷) (3.3%), and Herba asari (Xi-Xin;細辛) (3.3%). In the photopatch test, 3 participants (10.0%) reacted positively to BZK and 10 to ≥1 constituent; however, all reacted to RadixAngelicae dahuricae(26.7%), RadixAmpelopsis japonica(13.3%), and Rhizoma Bletilla striata (3.3%). In contrast, no subjects showed positive reactions to Sclerotium Poria cocos (Bai-Fu-Ling;白茯苓). Thus, BZK and its constituents might present potential latent risk of contact dermatitis owing to the possible presence of RadixAmpelopsis japonicaand RadixAngelicae dahuricae. Furthermore, TTCMs, particularly cosmetic products, must be used carefully, with ample warning of potential contact dermatitis risk.

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Lin, Yu-Hsiang, Chia-Jen Nien, Lih-Geeng Chen, Sheng-Yang Lee, Wei-Jen Chang, Yu-Hwa Pan, Sung-Chih Hsieh, and Haw-Ming Huang. "Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil Changes Tyrosinase Activity of α-MSH-Induced B16F10 Cells Via the Antimelanogenesic Effect of Eicosenoic Acid." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1934578X2097229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20972295.

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Melanogenesis is a complex process that can lead to pigmentation defects. Various chemical skin-lightening products have been developed to treat pigmentation disorders. However, these chemical products can cause harmful adverse effects. Therefore, the development of safer, natural bleaching ingredients is a trend for sustainability. It has been reported that unsaturated fatty acids exhibit significant antimelanogenic effects. Sapindus mukorossi seed oils contain abundant unsaturated fatty acids; however, these have not yet been investigated for beneficial effects on skin tone evenness. In this study, we tested the possibility of using S. mukorossi oil for the treatment of hyperpigmentation in an in vitro model. Free fatty acid compositions and β-sitosterol were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography, respectively. The effect of S. mukorossi oil on melanoma B16F10 cell viability was detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The inhibitive effects of fatty acids and β-sitosterol in S. mukorossi oil on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced melanogenesis was evaluated by detecting melanin formation and tyrosinase activity. Our results showed that S. mukorossi oil produced no significant cytotoxicity in B16F10 cells at various concentrations compared with the control group. The enhancement of melanin formation induced by α-MSH was reduced by S. mukorossi oil. We also found that the primary fatty acid contributing to the antimelanogenesis effect was eicosenoic acid. These results suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil can effectively inhibit melanogenesis and has the potential for future development as a de-hyperpigmentation product within a waste utilization context.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Skin lightening products'

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