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Petit, L., and G. E. Pierard. "Skin-lightening products revisited." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 25, no. 4 (2003): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2003.00182.x.
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Vedamurthy, Maya, and Vijaya Lakshmi Chelikani. "Skin-lightening practices in India." Cosmoderma 1 (December 28, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/csdm_67_2021.
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Skin lightening involves various practices to bleach the skin or to reduce the normal skin tone. The practice of skin-lightening spans several continents throughout the centuries and cultures primarily aimed at improving the quality of life. The main aim of skin lightening in medieval times was to increase the sign of femininity and thereby its benefits. In India, skin lightening is preferred as a mark of class, caste, and richness. Dermatologists are faced with many problems dealing with requests to make skin fairer, while in the west, there is a problem dealing with skin conditions in skin of color. Many skin-lightening agents are sold as over-the-counter products and are popularized or advertised through magazines, social media, and celebrity influences. These products are self-prescribed and used rampantly despite the side effects. There is a strong equation between caste, social class, marital prospects, and occupational status based on skin color. Multinational skin-lightening cosmetic brands have a lucrative market. The most widely used topical agent in skin lightening is hydroquinone, while other non-hydroquinone agents are also frequently used. In general, combining skin-lightening agents have increased efficacy. Systemic agents such as glutathione, tranexamic acid, Vitamin C, and other miscellaneous agents are also popular. Several procedures ranging from chemical peels to lights and lasers are increasingly practiced for more effective skin lightening. In India, all skin-whitening creams can be bought without a prescription as OTC products. These products are not considered pharmaceutical products and are not subject to testing and regulations. In addition, the injudicious use of intravenous glutathione by unqualified personnel poses a threat to the lay public. In our role as dermatologists, we should develop a holistic approach in counseling and treating those patients on a quest for skin lightening.
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Bakare, OQ, EO Oluwole, EH Anyanwu-Iyah, OG Aworinde, and EO Lawal. "Skin Lightening: Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and the Motivations for its Use Among the Residents of Ikeja Local Government Area, Lagos." Annals of Health Research 9, no. 1 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0901-01-185.
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Background: Skin lightening has become one of the strongest desires of Nigerian women and men, and its practice keeps increasing despite its numerous side effects. Objective: To determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices of skin lightening and the motivations for its use among the residents of Ikeja Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos State. Methods: A community-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 296 residents of Ikeja LGA, Lagos state, using a multistage sampling technique and an electronic, self-administered questionnaire in the Google form format. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 25.92±6.15 years, with 64.0% being females, 75.0% being single, and 75.2% had at least, a tertiary education. Most (98%) respondents demonstrated a high awareness of skin lightening; 66.9% had good knowledge, while 72% had a positive attitude. About half (52.7%) of the respondents had used various skin-lightening products, while most (71.8%) claimed the main reason for their use was to treat skin disorders. Age, gender and educational level were significantly associated with the use of skin-lightening products (p = 0.001). Conclusion: There was relatively good knowledge and a positive attitude towards skin lightening but a fair practice. The commonest reason for using skin-lightening products was for self-treatment of skin disorders. Healthcare providers should provide extensive public enlightenment on the adverse effects of skin lightening.
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Ricketts, Phylicia, Christopher Knight, Andre Gordon, Ana Boischio, and Mitko Voutchkov. "Mercury Exposure Associated with Use of Skin Lightening Products in Jamaica." Journal of Health and Pollution 10, no. 26 (2020): 200601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200601.
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Background. Skin bleaching is a major health concern among Jamaicans. A common ingredient in skin lightening products is mercury. Mercury is a toxic substance that can cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system and kidneys. Objective. The objectives of this study were to use different analytical techniques to measure mercury concentrations in popular skin lightening products used in Jamaica and to assess individual levels of mercury exposure based on product usage. Methods. Sixty skin lightening products were purchased from different vendors across various locations in Jamaica. Each product was initially screened for mercury using a portable handheld energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. In addition, 25 out of 60 products were further measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS). Questionnaires were distributed to users of skin lightening products to determine their usage patterns. Results. Six products had mercury concentrations above the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowable limit of 1 ppm, of which three products contained alarmingly high concentrations (i.e. > 400 ppm). The majority of products (57 out of 60) had mercury concentrations below 10 ppm. The mercury concentrations in skin lightening products ranged from 0.05 ppm to 17,547 ppm. In our sample, 51% of women and 49% of men used skin products more than once per day. Conclusions. On average, creams contained more mercury than lotions and soaps. Individuals who use skin lightening products in Jamaica may be at risk for high mercury exposure, as some popular products were found to have mercury concentrations above the allowable limit. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Chifamba, J., and T. Murairwa. "Skin ‘Bleaching’ Practices and Associated Adverse Health Effects in Zimbabwe: A Canonical Correlational Study of Harare." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 36, no. 6 (2024): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2024/v36i67522.
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The study aimed to identify the ingredients, processes and practitioners involved in the skin lightening practices in Zimbabwe and to identify the associated, adverse health effects as well as to establish the user demographics. A technical field survey was carried out in Harare, Zimbabwe from October 2022 to March 2023. Out of a total of 450 potential participants, 382 individuals in 3 broad groups were successfully interviewed; these included 150 skin lightening practitioners and traders, 118 skin lightening products users and 114 individuals who have never practiced skin bleaching. A semi structured technical questionnaire was used for each group of participants and the collected data were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The study observed that both sexes are involved in skin lightening in Zimbabwe, the majority (52%) being women aged between 31-45 years. The established industry, is divers, including registered healthcare providers, commercial trade, informal markets and others. The majority of practitioners (65%) have less than 5 practising years. There are over 30 different skin lightening products available either as prescription medications, OTC treatments, commercial products, network marketing products as well as illegal bootleg concoctions. The products extends from creams, lotions and serums, to oral and injectable dosage forms. The most prevalent products being corticosteroid creams. 75% of users reported both reversible and non-reversible adverse health side effects and outcomes including skin irritations, inflammation, rashes, erythema, oedemas, ochronosis, dermal atrophy, photophobia, insomnia and unexplained weight gain. The most prevalent side effect being pruritus and irritations. It was observed that there is no formal registration, regulation or legislation covering the products, processes and practice of skin lightening in Zimbabwe.
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Rusmadi, Siti Zulaikha, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, and Sarva Mangala Praveena. "Preliminary Study on the Skin Lightening Practice and Health Symptoms among Female Students in Malaysia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/591790.
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Many cases of dermatologic complication were reported with the use of skin lightening products. This study assessed the skin lightening practice and health symptoms among female students. Self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 104 female students (56 undergraduates and 48 postgraduates) aged24±2years in Universiti Putra Malaysia. A total of 60.6% (N=63) of the female students used skin lightening products (61.9% of undergraduates and 38.1% of postgraduates). Reasonable price (N=35, 55.6%) and ingredients (N=29, 46%) were considered the most important factors in the product selection. Most respondents purchased the product from drugstores (N=39, 61.9%). Twenty-two respondents (34.9%) in this study experienced skin problem from the products they used. Skin peeling (N=13, 12.5%) and acne (N=9, 8.7%) were the most frequent symptoms experienced. Most of the respondents have the perception that lighter skin provides high self-esteem (N=56, 53.8%) and looks beautiful and healthier (N=54, 51.9%). The use of skin lightening products is common among female students in this study and some of these products can cause skin problems such as skin peeling, acne, and itching.
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Maeda, Kazuhisa. "Timeline of the Development of Skin-Lightening Active Ingredients in Japan." Molecules 27, no. 15 (2022): 4774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154774.
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Japanese pharmaceutical cosmetics, often referred to as quasi-drugs, contain skin-lightening active ingredients formulated to prevent sun-induced pigment spots and freckles. Their mechanisms of action include suppressing melanin production in melanocytes and promoting epidermal growth to eliminate melanin more rapidly. For example, arbutin and rucinol are representative skin-lightening active ingredients that inhibit melanin production, and disodium adenosine monophosphate and dexpanthenol are skin-lightening active ingredients that inhibit melanin accumulation in the epidermis. In contrast, oral administration of vitamin C and tranexamic acid in pharmaceutical products can lighten freckles and melasma, and these products are more effective than quasi-drugs. On the basis of their clinical effectiveness, skin-lightening active ingredients can be divided into four categories according to their effectiveness and adverse effects. This review discusses academic research and development regarding skin-lightening ingredients in Japan.
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Mukherjee, Sayantan. "Darker shades of “fairness” in India: Male attractiveness and colorism in commercials." Open Linguistics 6, no. 1 (2020): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0007.
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AbstractThe skin-lightening products for men in India and their mode of advertising have been shaping the concept of attractiveness for Indian men by portraying lighter skin tone as the most fundamental quality of being attractive, always desirable, and successful. Although women’s skin-lightening products in India have received attention by a few scholars lately, men’s products are still underresearched. Hence, this study aims to investigate the issue of colorism augmented by television commercials for men’s “fairness” (light skin tone) products in India. The primary data for this study are six Hindi television commercials for men’s skin-lightening products which were broadcast from 2005 to 2015 and were available on YouTube during data collection. The commercials are by one popular brand, Emami Fair and Handsome. The target commercials are significant for their categorical distinction in directness as well as for their nature of storytelling that helps facilitate the discourse of colorism itself. The methodology is a combination of multimodal analysis, critical discourse analysis, and advertisement analysis. The overall goal of this study is to bring visibility to this subtle and multilayered problem of colorism in Indian society which is being reinforced by the skin-lightening products for men.
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Mistry, Nisha, Jonathan Shapero, Roopal V. Kundu, and Harvey Shapero. "Toxic Effects of Skin-Lightening Products in Canadian Immigrants." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 15, no. 5 (2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2011.10069.
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Background: The cultural practice of skin bleaching is highly prevalent in Africa. Most reported cases of toxic effects of skin-lightening products occur in this region. Objective: To describe cases of misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) cosmetic skin-lightening products occurring in Canadian immigrants. Methods: Two cases of Canadian immigrants with severe complications from OTC skin-bleaching agents were identified in a community-based dermatology practice in Toronto. The case histories were reviewed and analyzed. Results: A 28-year-old African-Canadian woman developed extensive striae from long-term use of a topical cream containing clobetasol that she had purchased in a Caribbean health food store. A 55-year-old African-Canadian woman developed exogenous ochronosis from the use of a topical bleaching agent she had purchased in Ghana. Conclusion: Cosmetic skin lightening with unregulated topical products occurs in Canada. Dermatologists working in Canada need to be aware of this practice to provide appropriate directive care.
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Lecamwasam, K. L., T. M. Lim, and L. C. Fuller. "Tinea incognito caused by skin-lightening products." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 30, no. 3 (2014): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12865.
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Nagesha, Parvathi, Anto Aparna, Ittigi Vivekananda, Rangegowda Suresh, and Rangaswami Umadevi. "v." Our Dermatology Online 12, e (2021): e62-e62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.2021e.62.
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Background: Skin lightening products (SLP) are widely used cosmetics among people that may result in lightening of skin complexion and may damage the skin. There seems to be a strong demand for lighter skin tone that is shared globally and promoted by the media. Aims and Objectives: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, and use of SLPs and its social and psychological correlation among people in a south Karnataka district Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey, 2000 individuals irrespective of age and sex from a district in south Karnataka responded to a questionnaire. Results: This study explored SLPs use among 2000 individuals irrespective of age and sex in Hassan, Karnataka using a questionnaire. A total of 33.8% of the sample reported currently using SLPs, with women being two times more likely using these products. Among current users, 12.8% reported past experiences of adverse side effects. “Friends” and “Family” were the most common influence for using fairness products, followed by “Advertisements”. Discussion: Cosmetics market is flooded with skin lightening products and rampant use of the same has become a major public health concern in all countries along with the reinforcement of racism and social disparities. Side effects for skin lightening products are less reported which is similar to other studies. This could be the reason why there is no regulation of the products or the ingredients in the products. Conclusion: A high prevalence of SLP use was found in a sample of population in south Karnataka, and several social and mental health-related risk factors were found that may help in guiding interventions.
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N. A., Allen, and Obi E. C. "Health Risk Associated with Conventional Skin Lighteners and Female Civil Servants’ Comprehension of Skin Lightening Ingredient Information in Anambra State." British Journal of Mass Communication and Media Research 4, no. 1 (2024): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjmcmr-c4myfrbf.
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Skin-lightening products have been in use for many years to lighten skin colour. However, these products contain chemicals that can alter the skin's chemical structure and inhibit the production of melanin. Therefore, users of these products need to understand the ingredients and the potential health risks associated with their use. A study was conducted to assess the health risks associated with conventional skin-lightening products and to determine how well female civil servants understood the ingredient information on the product packaging. The study aimed to determine how many women read the ingredient information on these products, how many understood the information, and how many were aware of the health risks associated with their use. The study was conducted as a survey of 348 civil servants from 21 Ministries in Anambra State using an online sample size calculator. The study was anchored on the Individual Difference theory and selective perception media effect. The survey found that a significant number of female civil servants in Anambra state do not read the ingredient information on skin-lightening products. It was also discovered that the majority of female civil servants in Anambra State do not comprehend the product ingredient information because of its technical nature. Despite this, the study found that most women were aware of the health risks associated with the use of these products. The study concluded that female civil servants in Anambra State were aware of the ingredient information composition on skin-lightening products, but did not read it, making it difficult for them to understand and interpret the information. However, most of these women were still aware of the health risks associated with the use of skin-lightening products but still used them because of the benefits they claimed to have experienced. The study recommended that manufacturers and brand designers should simplify the technical language used to describe the product ingredients to make it easier for users to understand. Additionally, regulatory agencies like NAFDAC and SON should ensure that manufacturers produce skin products that do not contain harmful chemicals like hydroquinone, corticosteroids, and mercury. If these chemicals are used, users should be informed of the negative side effects.
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Santoso, Monique, Valeria Duran, Junjie Lu, S. Bryn Austin, and Amanda Raffoul. "#Skin-Lightening: A content analysis of the most popular videos promoting skin-lightening products on TikTok." Body Image 52 (March 2025): 101846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101846.
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Bilewu, Olaolu, Morufu Raimi, Oyeniyi Adegboyegba, Ige Taiye, Saka Sulayman, and Idowu Alake. "Skin Lightening Among Young Adults in Ilorin West, Nigeria: Health Risks, Societal Pressures, and the Pursuit of Fairness." Global Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainability 2, no. 1 (2025): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.69798/59168711.
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Skin-lightening practices are increasingly common among young adults, influenced by societal beauty standards, cultural traditions, and economic factors. However, these practices pose serious health risks, including skin damage and psychological distress. Limited awareness of these dangers, coupled with regulatory gaps, exacerbates the issue, necessitating targeted interventions. This study investigates the health risks and socio-demographic factors influencing skin-lightening practices among young adults in Ilorin West, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 450 participants, primarily aged 18–23 years. Structured questionnaires captured data on socio demographic characteristics, product usage, health effects, and influencing factors. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, were used to assess associations between socio-demographic variables and skin-lightening prevalence. Findings indicate a high prevalence (65.3%) of skin-lightening, particularly among young, single, female students with secondary education. Reported adverse effects include skin irritation (37.8%) and hyperpigmentation (25.3%). Alarmingly, 76.2% of respondents were unaware of the long-term health risks. Cultural and economic factors significantly influenced behavior, with affordability and tribal norms playing key roles. The Hausa ethnic group exhibited the highest prevalence (73.5%), while usage was highest among individuals aged 21–23 years. These findings underscore the urgent need for public health interventions. Raising awareness through culturally sensitive education campaigns, enforcing stricter regulations on harmful products, and engaging social influencers can help reshape societal beauty norms. Policymakers must implement stronger controls on the production and sale of hazardous skin-lightening products. Additionally, promoting self-acceptance and healthier beauty ideals through community-based advocacy can reduce reliance on harmful practices. This study highlights the critical health risks associated with skin-lightening among young adults. Addressing the cultural and societal drivers of these behaviors can improve physical and mental health outcomes, fostering a healthier perception of beauty.
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Juliano, Claudia C. A. "Spreading of Dangerous Skin-Lightening Products as a Result of Colourism: A Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (2022): 3177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063177.
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The use of bleaching products can have a medical or cosmetic purpose; in the latter case, skin whitening is most widespread in countries where darker skin tones prevail and can be driven by psychosocial, cultural and economic reasons. Skin-whitening products containing highly toxic active ingredients (in particular mercury derivatives, hydroquinone and corticosteroids) are easily found on the market; the use of these depigmenting agents can be followed by a variety of adverse effects, with very serious and sometimes fatal complications, and is currently an emerging health concern in many countries. This article concisely discusses the reasons for the current prevalence of skin lightening products and provides an overview of the skin lightening agents that pose a threat to human health. The review also reports market surveillance data on the circulation of banned skin lighteners in Europe, obtained through the Safety Gate system.
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Boo, Yong Chool. "Arbutin as a Skin Depigmenting Agent with Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Properties." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (2021): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071129.
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Arbutin is a compound of hydroquinone and D-glucose, and it has been over 30 years since there have been serious studies on the skin lightening action of this substance. In the meantime, there have been debates and validation studies about the mechanism of action of this substance as well as its skin lightening efficacy and safety. Several analogs or derivatives of arbutin have been developed and studied for their melanin synthesis inhibitory action. Formulations have been developed to improve the stability, transdermal delivery, and release of arbutin, and device usage to promote skin absorption has been developed. Substances that inhibit melanin synthesis synergistically with arbutin have been explored. The skin lightening efficacy of arbutin alone or in combination with other active ingredients has been clinically evaluated. Combined therapy with arbutin and laser could give enhanced depigmenting efficacy. The use of arbutin causes dermatitis rarely, and caution is recommended for the use of arbutin-containing products, especially from the viewpoint that hydroquinone may be generated during product use. Studies on the antioxidant properties of arbutin are emerging, and these antioxidant properties are proposed to contribute to the skin depigmenting action of arbutin. It is hoped that this review will help to understand the pros and cons of arbutin as a cosmetic ingredient, and will lead to future research directions for developing advanced skin lightening and protecting cosmetic products.
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Asif, Mahtab, Mah Rukh Riaz, Haniya Shadab, et al. "Prevalence of Skin Lightening Product Usage among the Young Generation in Lahore after Puberty: A Comprehensive Study." Saudi Journal of Medicine 9, no. 01 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjm.2024.v09i01.001.
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Background & Objective: The desire for fairer skin has become a global phenomenon, with colonial remnants in South Asia being identified as contributory factors to the perception of white skin as supreme. Skin lightening products (SLPs) are commonly used to reduce melanin concentration in the skin and achieve a lighter complexion. While SLPs can be medicated for treating hyperpigmented disorders and other skin conditions, their predominant use is for brightening the skin tone. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of SLP usage among males and females in the young generation in Lahore, Pakistan, and assess their knowledge and perception of the associated risks. Additionally, the study will examine the ingredients commonly found in SLPs and their potential adverse effects. Methodology: The instrument employed for the study was self-administered Questionnaire designed by the researcher. The data collected were analyzed as descriptive and bivariate using percentages, mean and median. Result: The study found that a significant percentage of young males and females in Lahore, Pakistan, use skin-lightening products, with social media and advertisements influencing their knowledge about these products. While participants were aware of potential harm from skin-lightening creams, many could not identify the active ingredients. Study highlighted the need for more inclusive beauty standards and consumer education campaigns. The study's results contribute valuable insights into the multifaceted landscape of skin tone perceptions, skin whitening product usage, and the associated complexities. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of considering cultural, psychological, and health-related aspects.
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B. G., Agboola,, Osonuga, A. A., and Ikechi, A. L. "Knowledge, Prevalence and Determinants of the Use of Skin-Lightening Creams among University Undergraduates in Babcock University." African Journal of Health, Nursing and Midwifery 7, no. 4 (2024): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajhnm-v2xrlmvg.
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The quest for lighter skin has become a dangerous obsession fueled by societal beauty standards and cultural norms. The purpose of this study was to analyze the inspiration prompting the use of these products among undergraduate students using descriptive research surveys. This study examined the knowledge, prevalence and determinant of the use of skin lightening creams among three hundred and thirty (330) undergraduates of Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo. through a simple random sampling technique using self-structured questionnaires. Data was collected with the use of SPSS and frequency count. Pearson correlation was used to draw conclusions on the hypothesized statement of study. The researcher found a significant relationship between knowledge of skin lightening creams and its determinant of use, with over half of respondents (56.37%) agreeing that lightening creams could cause kidney failure. Treatment of hyperpigmentation was the motivating factor among 57.58% of respondents. There is therefore a need for undergraduate students to be provided with adequate education regarding the dangers of skin lightening creams and be encouraged to visit appropriate health facilities for skin disorders instead of self-meditating.
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Normalita, Intan, Ni made ayu Nila Septianingrum, and Widarika S. Anti Hapsari. "Gambaran Pengetahuan Masyarakat Terhadap Penggunaan Produk Pencerah Kulit." Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research 4, no. 1 (2022): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v4i1.13520.
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Beauty in Indonesia is often associated with white and clean skin. based on a report by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) in 2015 there were 30 types or 17,000 dangerous cosmetic items which turned out to contain hazardous chemicals such as rhodamine B, hydroquinone, retinoic acid, and mercury which are widely contained in face whitening creams. The purpose of this study was to describe the level of public knowledge about the impact of using skin lightening cosmetics in Magelang. This research is an observational descriptive research using cross sectional method and sampling technique using snowball. The research instrument was in the form of a questionnaire distributed via a googleform link. A total of 110 respondents from Magelang City, 46 and 64 respondents from Magelang Regency participated in this study. As many as 80% of female respondents aged 16-25 years who use skin lightening products for 1 to 2 months (24.5%) %) with income 2,000,000 (68.20%) and spend one package of skin lightening products every month ( 37.27%) with an average cost of around Rp. 10,000 – Rp. 200,000 rupiah and the most used up front (83.60%) . Respondents got cosmetics from cosmetic shops (63.60%) and as many as 50% of respondents said their skin color would return to normal if they stopped using lightening creams. Respondents already know that mercury (70%) is one of the harmful substances in whitening creams and its excessive side effects will endanger skin health (95.5%).
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Sun, Gui-Fang, Wen-Tao Hu, Zhi-Hao Yuan, Bo-Ai Zhang, and Hong Lu. "Characteristics of Mercury Intoxication Induced by Skin-lightening Products." Chinese Medical Journal 130, no. 24 (2017): 3003–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.220312.
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Chan, Thomas Y. K. "Inorganic mercury poisoning associated with skin-lightening cosmetic products." Clinical Toxicology 49, no. 10 (2011): 886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.626425.
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Sirisha, N. V. L. Mulukuri Anushree Munchinamane P. Satheesh Madhav N. V. Pankaj Kumar. "Advances In Skin Lightening Agents: Mechanisms, Efficacy, And Safety Considerations." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 6 (2024): 998–1019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12105303.
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Skin whitening has become a global beauty trend driven by cultural, social and personal preferences for beautiful skin. Over the years, extensive research has been done to develop effective and safe skin care products. Doctors and dermatologists often look for long-term cosmetic products, including formulations and topical products, to control hyperpigmentation. A particular concern expressed by many women is the desire to show beautiful skin, reduce yellow or pale tones, and reduce the symptoms of hyperpigmented spots such as age spots or sunspots. While kojic acid, hydroquinone, and corticosteroids being conventional depigmenting agents have been shown to be effective, their long-term use may pose serious safety concerns, including aging, atrophy, carcinogenicity, and other local side effects or disease. However, exploring the benefits of natural and herbal products offers promising opportunities to create new products designed to address pigmentation issues while reducing safety risks.
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Noureen, Nimra, and Rashida Perveen. "Skin Lightning Practices Among Women Living in Lahore; Its Prevalence, Effects, Determinants and Awareness." Journal of Biological and Allied Health Sciences 5, no. 1 (2025): 97–102. https://doi.org/10.56536/jbahs.v5i1.120.
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Objective: The objective of my study was to assess the prevalence, determinants, impacts, and awareness of skin whitening product usage among women in Lahore. Study design: It was a cross-sectional observational study design. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted from August 2024 to December 2024 at Superior University, University of Lahore, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Emporium mall and Packages mall Lahore. Material and Methods: The research is based on survey based questionnaire. Participants were selected through simple random sampling technique to avoid biasness. A 26 point structured questionnaire was constructed to record background data and to assess perceptions, attitudes, and experiences towards skin lightening. Results: Among 295 participants, 66.8% reported using skin lightening products, 35.9% experienced adverse effects, and 66.4% checked ingredients before purchasing products 35.6% purchased them by the advice of physician. Results reveal limited awareness 44.4% of harmful ingredients and the physician advice has the most influence on product use. Correlation analysis indicated significant associations (p < 0.05) between product usage and adverse effects, awareness, and determinants. Conclusion: The study concluded that most women in Lahore use skin lightening products, which can cause adverse effects like skin irritation, eczema, and dryness due to unawareness of the ingredients. The study suggests educational efforts, regulatory measures, and psychological and cultural driving studies.
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Nurhidayati, Liliek, Titiek Martati, I. Wayan Redja, and Nofanti Sandra. "Specificity of Mercury Detecting Reagents for Skin Lightening Creams." JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 16, no. 1 (2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v16i1.432.
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Inorganic mercury compound have been used for long time in cosmetics preparations for its skin lightening effect. The used of mercury in cosmetics has been prohibited as stipulated in the decision of the BPOM RI (Head of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency) No.HK.00.01.432.6147. Based on health department research from various countries, there are a number of skin lightening products containing mercury between 660-57.000 μg/kg. People needs a quick and easy way to detect mercury in a lightening cream, so that people can test the safety of cream that used. One alternative that can be used to detect mercury in skin lightening cosmetics is using detecting reagents. The aim of this study was preparation of specific and sensitive mercury detecting reagents. The detecting reagents consisted mixtures of diphenylcarbazone and acetic acid in 96% of ethanol. The specificity test is performed by adding diphenylcarbazone solution into a lightening cream containing whitening agents such as mercury, hydroquinone, bangkuang extract and mixture of these substances. Assay was also performed on simulated cream that contained mercury, zinc oxide, bismuthsubnitrate, and mixture of mercury, zinc oxide and bismuthsubnitrate. The mercury detecting reagents gives a distinctive result that shown by the formation of purple mercury complex in less than 3 minutes.
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Adbi, Arzi, Chirantan Chatterjee, Clarissa Cortland, Zoe Kinias, and Jasjit Singh. "Women’s Disempowerment and Preferences for Skin Lightening Products That Reinforce Colorism: Experimental Evidence From India." Psychology of Women Quarterly 45, no. 2 (2021): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684321993796.
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Global racism and colorism, the preference for fairer skin even within ethnic and racial groups, leads millions of women of African, Asian, and Latin descent to use products with chemical ingredients intended to lighten skin color. Drawing from literatures on the impact of chronic and situational disempowerment on behavioral risk-taking to enhance status, we hypothesized that activating feelings of disempowerment would increase women of color’s interest in stronger and riskier products meant to lighten skin tone quickly and effectively. In two experiments (Experiment 1: N = 253 women and 264 men; Experiment 2: replication study, N = 318 women) with distinct samples of Indian participants, we found that being in a state of psychological disempowerment (vs. empowerment) increased Indian women’s preference for stronger and riskier skin lightening products but not for milder products. Indian men’s interest in both types of products was unaffected by the same psychological disempowerment prime. Based on these findings, we recommend increased consideration among teaching faculty, research scholars, and clinicians on how feeling disempowered can lead women of color to take risks to lighten their skin as well as other issues of intersectionality and with respect to colorism. We also encourage the adoption of policies aimed at empowering women of color and minimizing access to harmful skin lightening products.
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Opperman, Laurentia, Maryna De Kock, Jeremy Klaasen, and Farzana Rahiman. "Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis Inhibition by Indigenous African Plants: A Review." Cosmetics 7, no. 3 (2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7030060.
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The indiscriminate use of non-regulated skin lighteners among African populations has raised health concerns due to the negative effects associated with skin lightener toxicity. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the cosmetic development of plants and their metabolites as alternatives to available chemical-derived skin lightening formulations. Approximately 90% of Africa’s population depends on traditional medicine, and the continent’s biodiversity holds plant material with various biological activities, thus attracting considerable research interest. This study aimed to review existing evidence and document indigenous African plant species capable of inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase and melanogenesis for potential incorporation into skin lightening products. Literature search on melanin biosynthesis, skin lightening, and tyrosinase inhibitors resulted in the identification of 35 plant species were distributed among 31 genera and 21 families across 15 African countries and 9 South African provinces. All plants identified in this study showed competent tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibitory capabilities. These results indicate that African plants have the potential to serve as alternatives to current chemically-derived skin lighteners.
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Masood, Maryam, Maheen Haque, Aqsa Rasheed, et al. "Frequency of Use of Skin-Lightening Products, Levels of Self-Esteem and Colorism Attitudes in University Students of Karachi: A Cross Sectional Study." Global Journal of Health Science 14, no. 8 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v14n8p1.
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The objective of our study was to determine the frequency of use of skin lightening/whitening products, level of self-esteem among university students, and any association between them. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Jinnah Medical and Dental College and the University of Karachi over a period of 12 months on a convenient sample of 499 students of both genders. Self-esteem was measured using Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, and the use of skin whitening products and attitude towards skin color was determined using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Out of n = 499 participants, 30.9% (n = 155) responded that they had used skin lightening products during their life. Of those who said yes, 15.1% (n = 76) responded that they are currently using such products. 63.8% (n = 321) classified their complexion as medium, 29.8% (n = 150) classified it as fair and 5.2% (n = 26) classified themselves as having dark complexion. 73% (n = 367) of people were completely satisfied with their complexion, while 20.1% (n = 101) wished for a lighter shade. Self-esteem scores were calculated, and it was found that 89.9% (n = 452) participants had scores above 15, and only 9.3% (n = 47) participants had low self-esteem, having scores below 15. Only 1% (n = 5) having dark complexion, 5.4% (n = 27) having medium complexion and 2.8% (n = 14) fair suffered from low self-esteem score. The frequency of use of skin lightening products was found to be low in university students from the sample population. The majority had good self-esteem and were satisfied with their complexion. There was no relationship between complexion and self-esteem in the study sample.
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Daftary, Karishma, Sneha Poondru, Nina Patel, Maxwell Shramuk, Lutfiyya Muhammad, and Roopal V. Kundu. "Colorism attitudes and use of skin lightening agents in the United States." International Journal of Women’s Dermatology 9, no. 3 (2023): e092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jw9.0000000000000092.
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Background: Skin lightening (SL) is a practice involving the use of chemicals to lighten the skin that is more common among skin of color (SOC) individuals, particularly women, and can lead to adverse health consequences. Objective: In this study, we examine SL habits, including both general lightening and lightening for the treatment of a skin condition, among SOC individuals in the United States and the role of colorism in motivating these behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to SOC individuals through ResearchMatch, an online national health registry. Demographics, rates of SL, SL habits, and perceived colorism among SL users and nonusers were collected and analyzed with χ2 , Fisher’s exact, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Spearman correlation, and t tests. Results: A total of 455 participants completed the survey. Ninety-seven participants (21.3%) reported using SL agents: 73.2% (71/97) used SL agents for the treatment of a skin condition and 26.8% (26/97) used the products for general SL. Only 22.6% (22/97) of SL users consulted a medical provider before using the products. Forty-four participants (45.4%) were unaware of their SL product ingredients, and 35.1% (34/97) reported using hydroquinone-based products. Composite colorism scores were significantly higher in SL users than nonusers (20.03 vs 18.20; P < .001). Limitations: This study used self-reported racial/ethnic groups to characterize those with SOC rather than assessing actual skin tones of participants, which could have led to variability. Conclusion: SL among SOC individuals is prevalent in the U.S. and poses a health risk, as many SL users are unaware of product ingredients, do not consult a medical provider before use, and have access to potentially unsafe formulations. Dermatologists should address skin tone and pigmentary concerns with their SOC patients.
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Kachambwa, Princess Nyoni, Wanapa Naravage, Nigel F. James, and Marc Van der Putten. "The impacts of neo-liberalism on public health: A case study of skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe." Medical Journal of Zambia 46, no. 3 (2019): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.46.3.556.
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Main Objective: To find out the impacts of free markets on public health using skin bleaching among the women living in Zimbabwe as a case study.
 Materials and methods: The study was designed as a case study which used a combined methodology facilitated by a cross sectional online survey among 270 women living in Zimbabwe and key informant interviews among 10 cosmetic sellers in Zimbabwe.
 Results: All the key informants reported to be selling skin lightening cosmetics amongst their cosmetics, some of these cosmetics reported being illegal. All skin lightening products were reported to be hoarded outside Zimbabwe. Corruption and relaxed policies on cosmetic regulation were suggested to be enabling entry of some of the illegal and potentially harmful products in the country. The prevalence of skin bleaching among the participants was 31.15% and most of the participants (61.40%) were ignorant about skin bleaching cosmetics' side effects.
 Conclusion: Results from the study imply neoliberalism could be promoting a high influx of harmful skin bleaching cosmetics in the Zimbabwean market putting a considerably high number of women who bleach their skin at risk andtherefore having a negative impact on public health. Targeted health education i.e. on skin bleaching, regulatory public health policies and their enforcement can play an important role in controlling access and subsequently curbing thedetrimental effects of skin bleaching products and improve the health of the public.
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Kachambwa, Princess Nyoni, Wanapa Naravage, Nigel F. James, and Marc van der Putten. "The impacts of neo-liberalism on public health: A case study of skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe." Medical Journal of Zambia 46, no. 3 (2020): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.46.3.209.
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Main Objective: To find out the impacts of free markets on public health using skin bleaching among the women living in Zimbabwe as a case study.
 Materials and methods: The study was designed as a case study which used a combined methodology facilitated by a cross sectional online survey among 270 women living in Zimbabwe and key informant interviews among 10 cosmetic sellers in Zimbabwe.
 Results: All the key informants reported to be selling skin lightening cosmetics amongst their cosmetics, some of these cosmetics reported being illegal. All skin lightening products were reported to be hoarded outside Zimbabwe. Corruption and relaxed policies on cosmetic regulation were suggested to be enabling entry of some of the illegal and potentially harmful products in the country. The prevalence of skin bleaching among the participants was 31.15% and most of the participants (61.40%) were ignorant about skin bleaching cosmetics' side effects.
 Conclusion: Results from the study imply neoliberalism could be promoting a high influx of harmful skin bleaching cosmetics in the Zimbabwean market putting a considerably high number of women who bleach their skin at risk andtherefore having a negative impact on public health. Targeted health education i.e. on skin bleaching, regulatory public health policies and their enforcement can play an important role in controlling access and subsequently curbing thedetrimental effects of skin bleaching products and improve the health of the public.
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Ablat, Ayzohra, Ming-Jie Li, Xiao-Rui Zhai, et al. "Fast Screening of Tyrosinase Inhibitors in Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. by Ligand Fishing Based on Paper-Immobilized Tyrosinase." Molecules 29, no. 17 (2024): 4018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174018.
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Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. is an important medicinal plant in traditional Uyghur medicine. The skin-lightening potential of the flower has been recognized recently; however, the active compounds responsible for that are not clear. In this work, tyrosinase, a target protein for regulating melanin synthesis, was immobilized on the Whatman paper for the first time to screen skin-lightening compounds present in the flower. Quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside (1), marein (2), and okanin (3) were found to be the enzyme inhibitors. The IC50 values of quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside (1) and okanin (3) were 79.06 ± 1.08 μM and 30.25 ± 1.11 μM, respectively, which is smaller than 100.21 ± 0.11 μM of the positive control kojic acid. Enzyme kinetic analysis and molecular docking were carried out to investigate their inhibition mechanism. Although marein (2) showed a weak inhibition effect in vitro, it inhibited the intracellular tyrosinase activity and diminished melanin production in melanoma B16 cells as did the other two inhibitors. The paper-based ligand fishing method developed in this work makes it effective to quickly screen tyrosinase inhibitors from natural products. This is the first report on the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of those three compounds, showing the promising potential of Coreopsis tinctoria for the development of herbal skin-lightening products.
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Moldovan, Zenovia, Dana Elena Popa, Iulia Gabriela David, Mihaela Buleandra, and Irinel Adriana Badea. "A Derivative Spectrometric Method for Hydroquinone Determination in the Presence of Kojic Acid, Glycolic Acid, and Ascorbic Acid." Journal of Spectroscopy 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6929520.
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A new, simple, and sensitive spectrometric method was developed for hydroquinone (HQ) determination in the presence of other depigmenting agents (kojic acid (KA), glycolic acid (GA), and ascorbic acid (AA)), commonly introduced in skin lightening products. The method is based on the oxidation of the depigmenting agents by potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid medium and subsequent measurement of the amplitude of the first-order derivative absorption spectrum at 268 nm. By applying the zero-crossing method, at this wavelength, the oxidation products of KA, AA, and GA do not interfere in the indirect determination of HQ. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.22–22 μg·mL−1 HQ, with a detection limit of 0.07 μg·mL−1. The developed method was applied with good results for the first time to the rapid determination of HQ in binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures, thus proving that it could represent an effective tool for various skin lightening products analyses.
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Ashley, Rokeshia Renné. "#RealBleachers: Black Women’s Knowledge of Skin Whitening Risks." Journal of Black Studies 53, no. 1 (2021): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219347211050845.
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Skin whitening, or also referred to as bleaching or lightening, is a skin regiment that works to reduce pigmentation in the skin, to commonly treat skin issues like discoloration, acne scars, hyperpigmentation, age spots, or whiten naturally dark skin. The purpose of this study was to understand Black women’s knowledge and how they communicate about health impacts of skin whitening, providing insight into users’ health literacy of skin whitening products and use, based on levels of knowledge of ingredients in products. An autoethnographic approach, triangulated with in-depth interviews, and field and participant observations, reveal what Black women know about, and how Black women use skin whitening products; how Black women conceptualize the risks relative to the knowledge of products content and potential impacts, and strategies of communication that could enhance health literacy.
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Awaji., NadiaM, NadaM Mahdi., AbrarS Al Qahtani., et al. "AN ONLINE SURVEY OF USING SKIN-LIGHTENING PRODUCTS IN SAUDI FEMALES." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 1 (2017): 2008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2972.
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Sanghavi, Dr R. K. "IS BEING FAIR … REALLY LOVELY?" INDIAN DRUGS 61, no. 05 (2024): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.61.05.p0005.
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Dear Reader, Fairness of skin is most sought after by the Asians and Africans and the whole world clamours for products which are for either (a) skin whitening; (b) skin lightening; or (c) skin bleaching. The global ‘fairness’ products market is valued at USD 10 billion (` ~80,000 crore). The market in India is estimated to be worth nearly ` 5,000-10,000 crore and the average growth rate in the last two decades has been a healthy (sic) 20%. It is not only the Indians who are fanatic about looking ‘fairer’, the people of Nigeria and Ghana rule in this regard. This is evident from the list of top 5 countries whose population are frequent users of various skin products globally.
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Afna.M, Afna M., Amana Langodan, Aysha Shahana.C, et al. "The Prevalence and Risks of Skin Whitening Products: AGlobal Health Concern." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 09, no. 05 (2024): 217–20. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-0905217220.
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Skin whitening" is the word for lightening the tone of the skin by artificial means such lotions, creams, injections, and washes. Sadly, the appeal of these skin-whitening treatments stems from people's worldwide fixation with skin tone. Melanocytes are specialized cells that create melanins. They are mainly found in the eyes, hair bulbs, and skin. There are two primary forms of melanin: phaeomelanins, which are red or yellow, and eumelanins, which are brown or black. Mammals usually contain a combination of the two categories. Heightened output and accumulation of melanin, which is present in many skin conditions like hyperpigmentation. Such as sun lentigo, postinflammatory melanoderma, melanoma, etc. There are various methods of treatment for these issues, such as pharmacological medicines or physical therapies.
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Bayasari, Pipim Septiana, Anis Irawan Anwar, Faridha Ilyas, and Anni Adriani. "The Effect of Using Whitening Creams That Contain Mercury in the Community." Annals of Mechnikov Institute, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 76–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4382242.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Mercury is usually added to skin lightening products because of its whitening effect. However, many cosmetics contain mercury above 1000 ppm to enhance the whitening effect. <strong>Objectives:</strong> This research aimed to determine the effects of mercury use in whitening creams for the general public. <strong>Methods:</strong> This research used descriptive-qualitative approach, the method that used in this research is literature study which implemented by recording the previous findings regarding to the variables of conflict. <strong>Results:</strong> Skin lightening products that contain mercury are available for sale via the Internet, promoted online on social media sites, and for sale via mobile applications. WHO states that more than 90 creams from 15 countries have detectable mercury concentrations below 1 ppm. <strong>Discussion:</strong> Thirty-four creams (10% of the sample) were found to have high mercury levels, that is, above 1 ppm, in four of the 13 samples from Indonesia, overall, mercury concentrations in this particular product ranged from 93 ppm to over 16,000 ppm. Long-term adverse effects of using mercury cream on health include kidney damage, skin rashes, skin discoloration, and scarring, decreased skin resistance to bacterial and fungal infections, anxiety, and depression.
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Nguyen, Ly Thi Huong. "Biological Activities of Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera): More than a Skin-Lightening Agent." Cosmetics 9, no. 6 (2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9060112.
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Background: Paper mulberry is one of the most common skin-lightening agents in the beauty industry due to its strong anti-tyrosinase activity. This narrative review aims to summarize the chemical composition, biological activities, and applications of paper mulberry in cosmetics. Method: The literature for this article was acquired from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases before September 2022. The keywords for searching included “paper mulberry”, “Broussonetia papyrifera”, “skin-lightening”, “skin-whitening”, “depigmentation”, “pharmacological activity”, and “biological activity”. Results: Paper mulberry consists of various components, including flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenols, saponins, coumarins, glycosides, and polysaccharides, which possess a wide range of pharmacological properties. Apart from its anti-tyrosinase activity, paper mulberry and its compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, antigout, antinociceptive, and hepatoprotective effects. Phenols and flavonoids were demonstrated to be the main contributors to the biological activities of paper mulberry. Paper mulberry is widely applied in cosmetics for skin lightening and skin moisturizing purposes and shows potential for application in hair care products due to the hair nourishing effects. The safety of paper mulberry for topical application was proven in clinical studies. Conclusion: The current review provides a better understanding of paper mulberry’s properties and allows us to extend the application of this plant and its bioactive components in cosmetics.
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Abbas, Hasriwiani Habo, Masayuki Sakakibara, Koichiro Sera, Nurgahayu, and Ella Andayanie. "Mercury Exposure and Health Problems of the Students Using Skin-Lightening Cosmetic Products in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia." Cosmetics 7, no. 3 (2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7030058.
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Despite legal and safety issues, skin-lightening cosmetic products—including hazardous mercury-containing cosmetics—are in increasing demand in Indonesia. Perceptions of beauty may result in desires to have lighter skin tones, regardless of the safety of these cosmetics, which block the production of melanin and thus lighten skin tone. This study investigated Hg exposure of students using skin-lightening cosmetics and assessed the health issues. A total of 105 female students were given a questionnaire regarding their use of cosmetics; a further 43 students formed a non-cosmetic-user control group. Their scalp hair and cosmetic products were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy. The geometric-mean hair Hg concentration for the cosmetics-using students was 6.7 µg g−1—three times that of the control group (2.3 µg g−1). Of twenty-seven cosmetic samples were analyzed, twenty had Hg concentrations of 0.12–7834.4 µg g−1 (mean 554.6 µg g−1), and seven had no detectable Hg. The hair Hg concentrations exhibited a statistically significant correlation with cosmetic Hg concentration. The health assessments indicated only rigidity & ataxia and irregular eye movement were prevalent in the cosmetic-using students with less than 7% occurrences.
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Degboe, B., M. M. D. Baloubi, N. Ntouala Noukayaba, F. G. Akpadjan, H. Adegbidi, and F. Atadokpede. "Quality of Life and Psychiatric Comorbidities among Subjects Practicing Artificial Skin Depigmentation in 2020 in the City of Cotonou (Benin)." Dermatology Research and Practice 2024 (April 23, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8589329.
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Introduction. The purpose of this study was to study the quality of life and psychiatric comorbidities of subjects practicing voluntary skin depigmentation in the city of Cotonou. Methods. A cross-sectional, prospective, and analytical study, based on a three-stage probabilistic sampling method, included from June to October 2020, consenting subjects over 15 years of age, practicing artificial skin depigmentation, and residing for at least one year in Cotonou. The Dermatology Life Quality Index, Rosenberg, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scales allowed us to evaluate the quality of life and self-esteem, and identify anxiety and depression, respectively. A p value <0.05 indicated a significant result. Results. We included 330 subjects. The mean age was 33.6 ± 11.6 years and the sex ratio was 0.4. Impaired quality of life was observed in 93.7% of subjects. Anxiety was diagnosed in 11.2% and depression in 5.8% of them. Self-esteem was low or very low in 24.2%. The degree of quality of life and the alteration of self-esteem, and the frequency of anxiety and depression were proportional to the number of skin lesions, the lightening products used, and the monthly cost of the products. Conclusion. The use of several lightening products exposes patients to numerous skin lesions, which are a source of impaired quality of life and whose persistence leads to psychiatric comorbidities.
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Verma, Shyam B. "Obsession with Light Skin - Shedding some light on use of skin lightening products in India." International Journal of Dermatology 49, no. 4 (2010): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04330.x.
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Awaji, NadiaM, NadaM Mahdi, AbrarS AlQahtani, et al. "PREVALENCE AND PATTERN OF USING OF SKIN-LIGHTENING PRODUCTS AMONG SAUDI WOMEN." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 10 (2016): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1781.
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Lartey, Margaret, Francis D. Krampa, Mubarak Abdul-Rahman, et al. "Use of skin-lightening products among selected urban communities in Accra, Ghana." International Journal of Dermatology 56, no. 1 (2016): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13449.
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S., Jayakrishnan. "The downfall of fairness era - road ahead for HUL’s Dove, Fair and Lovely." CASE Journal 17, no. 6 (2021): 836–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-07-2020-0088.
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Theoretical basis Consumption and consumer behaviour are driven by social and cultural factors. The global movement against racism and skin colour bias has created a situation where companies need to relook at the way they are marketing skin lightening and cosmetic products in an emerging economy like India. Research methodology The case study was developed by collecting data from news articles and published research. Case overview/synopsis Johnson and Johnson in June 2020 decided to stop selling products under the category of Skin lightening popularly known as fairness creams in Asian markets, especially India. This created a dilemma for popular brands like Hindustan Unilever (HUL), Loreal and Procter & Gamble which have brands under this category. Among all these brands the biggest challenge is for HUL which is a major player in this segment. The case discusses the cosmetic industry in India and how HUL responded to this situation. Complexity academic level The case is intended for use in graduate-level courses in consumer behaviour, new product development, integrated marketing communication and marketing. Market environment, cultural and social factors and the importance of considering these factors in developing the product and marketing strategy is the focus of this case.
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Dai, Liyun, Lihao Gu, and Kazuhisa Maeda. "Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Scutellarein on Melanogenesis." Cosmetics 8, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010015.
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Fairer skin is preferred in many Asian countries and there is a high demand for skin whitening and lightening products. However, in recent years, problems related to the safety of using whitening agents have emerged. This study demonstrates that plant-derived scutellarein effectively inhibits melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. However, baicalein, which is similar to scutellarein in its chemical structure, does not show any inhibitory effect on melanogenesis. Cellular tyrosinase activity is decreased by scutellarein in a dose-dependent manner. No cytotoxicity is observed at the effective concentration range. Additionally, both the protein and mRNA levels of tyrosinase are significantly decreased by scutellarein. Further, the risk of leukoderma development also is determined by evaluating the production of free hydroxyl radicals (˙OH); scutellarein treatment does not induce ˙OH production. Scutellarein shows no risk of causing leukoderma. Our results suggest that scutellarein or plant extracts containing high concentrations of scutellarein have the potential to inhibit melanin production and serve as cosmetic skin-lightening agents.
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Namiecińska, Ewelina, Jan Jaszczak, Paweł Hikisz, Mateusz Daśko, Magdalena Woźniczka, and Elzbieta Budzisz. "Evaluation of Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Carbathioamidopyrazoles and Their Potential Application in Cosmetic Products and Melanoma Treatment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 8 (2025): 3882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083882.
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Hyperpigmentation can be prevented by regulating melanin synthesis through tyrosinase inhibition. As such, tyrosinase inhibitors like arbutin, kojic acid, and hydroquinone are commonly used for skin lightening. Recent studies suggest that certain pyrazole derivatives with tyrosinase activity may also have anticancer potential by influencing melanocyte transformation and tumor progression, positioning them as promising candidates for both cosmetic and therapeutic uses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of carbothioamidopyrazole derivatives. Inhibition was determined using the Dixon method, leveraging in silico molecular docking and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to analyze fluorescence quenching. Carbothioamidopyrazole derivatives at the C-3 and C-5 positions in the pyrazole ring may be effective alternatives to traditional skin-lightening agents. These derivatives can induce structural changes in tyrosinase, thus altering its activity, and influence melanocyte transformation. Their dual action as tyrosinase inhibitors and potential anticancer agents makes them valuable for future research. Two compounds exhibited stronger inhibitory activity than kojic acid. Molecular docking suggests that these derivatives may block tyrosinase activity by preventing substrate access to its active site. These results underscore the potential of pyrazole derivatives for both cosmetic and therapeutic applications.
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Peng, Xueli, Yuning Ma, Chenxin Yan, et al. "Mechanism, Formulation, and Efficacy Evaluation of Natural Products for Skin Pigmentation Treatment." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 8 (2024): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081022.
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Skin pigmentation typically arises from the excessive secretion and accumulation of melanin, resulting in a darker complexion compared to normal skin. Currently, the local application of chemical drugs is a first-line strategy for pigmentation disorders, but the safety and efficacy of drugs still cannot meet clinical treatment needs. For long-term and safe medication, researchers have paid attention to natural products with higher biocompatibility. This article begins by examining the pathogenesis and treatment approaches of skin pigmentation diseases and summarizes the research progress and mechanism of natural products with lightening or whitening effects that are clinically common or experimentally proven. Moreover, we outline the novel formulations of natural products in treating pigmentation disorders, including liposomes, nanoparticles, microemulsions, microneedles, and tocosomes. Finally, the pharmacodynamic evaluation methods in the study of pigmentation disorder were first systematically analyzed. In brief, this review aims to collect natural products for skin pigmentation treatment and investigate their formulation design and efficacy evaluation to provide insights for the development of new products for this complex skin disease.
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Ayyash, Manal, Kamel Jaber, Razan I. Nassar, Leen Fino, Lana Mango, and Alaa Abuodeh. "Skin-lightening products and Jordanian women: Beliefs and practice. A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (2023): e0293896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293896.
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Background The use of skin-lightening products (SLPs) among Jordanian women has immensely increased and healthcare professionals have a vital role in raising public awareness of SLPs. The aim of this study is to identify SLPs practices among Jordanian women and their basic knowledge of the agents and the side effects associated with using these products. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted during October to December of 2022. Jordanian women above 18 years of age were invited to participate via a survey link. Descriptive statistics were used, and logistic regression was applied to screen for variables affecting the knowledge score of the participants. Results The mean age of the study participants (n = 384) was 32.04 (SD = 12.678). Results demonstrated that more than half of the participants (n = 193) reported current or past use of SLPs. Additionally, less than one-fifth (18.2%) of the participants (n = 70) reported previously experiencing some side-effects after using SLPs. About 90% of participants thought that these side-effects were caused by the active ingredients in SLPs. Most of the participants were able to identify some of the active ingredients used in SLPs such as Vitamin C (87.8%) and Hydroquinone (62.0%). It was also found that young participants, and those employed, or university students had higher knowledge scores of SLPs’ active ingredients, and of their side-effects. Conclusion This study demonstrated that Jordanian women are adequately informed about skin-lightening products. Moreover, the practices revealed an educated pattern of action when obtaining information regarding SLPs. Fundamentally, healthcare providers should be influential in educating consumers on the proper use. Strict guidelines and policies should target the practices concerned with these products.
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Parameswaran, Radhika, and Kavitha Cardoza. "Melanin on the Margins: Advertising and the Cultural Politics of Fair/Light/White Beauty in India." Journalism & Communication Monographs 11, no. 3 (2009): 213–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152263790901100302.
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The recent commercial boom in women's skin-lightening or “fairness” cosmetics in India is part of the larger context of escalating lifestyle consumerism in Asia's emerging market nations. This monograph examines the cultural politics of gender, nation, beauty and skin color in the persuasive narratives of Indian magazine advertisements and television commercials for fairness cosmetics and personal care products. We situate advertising's compact stories of ideal femininity within the sociology of colorism's transnational links to hierarchies of race, gender, caste, ethnicity and class and the rapid economic growth in the skin-lightening cosmetics sector in India over the past decade. Deconstructing advertising's visual and linguistic fields of meaning, our analysis dissects the rhetorical themes of bodily and personal transformation, modern and traditional science, and heterosexual romance that operate together to inflate the currency of light-skinned beauty. In conclusion, we outline recent challenges to the hegemony of colorism in India and suggest directions for future research that can build on this monograph's scrutiny of advertising's regulatory regimes of beauty.
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Guthrie, Ashley, Sameep Kadakia, Shirley Hu, Raja Sawhney, Jennifer Schumacher, and Yadranko Ducic. "Modern Approaches to Skin Care." Facial Plastic Surgery 33, no. 06 (2017): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1607448.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractRecent years have seen an increased interest in minimally invasive and noninvasive cosmetic surgery and facial aesthetics. There has been a concomitant surge in the focus on skin care, which, by nature, is minimally invasive, and an exponential growth in the popularity and availability of minimally invasive dermatologic procedures and products. This review seeks to provide an overview of the most commonly employed skin care modalities, such as their mechanisms, indications for use, advantages and disadvantages, and side effects. The authors aim to provide the audience with a fundamental understanding of the options currently available to cosmetic surgeons and practitioners. Topics include retinoids, chemical peels, skin-lightening agents, lasers, microneedling, topical antioxidants, and injectables.