Journal articles: 'Skipper Larvae'

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Nordmeyer, CS, E. Runquist, and S. Stapleton. "Invasive grass negatively affects growth and survival of an imperiled butterfly." Endangered Species Research 45 (August 12, 2021): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01136.

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With only ~1% of native prairie remaining in North America, populations of many prairie-obligate species, including the imperiled Dakota skipper butterfly, have drastically declined in recent decades. Unfortunately, population recovery is impeded by an insufficient understanding of Dakota skipper biology. Because larvae have never been naturally observed in the wild, even basic life history elements including preferred host plant(s) are not well understood, and potential hosts have been inferred from grasses inhabiting remnant sites rather than direct observations. To improve our understanding of Dakota skipper biology and habitat needs and inform recovery efforts, we conducted a no-choice performance experiment offering larvae 1 of 5 commonly occurring native grasses and 2 pervasive invasive grass species found across their historic range. We monitored larvae during key life history intervals and evaluated host plant quality by measuring larval and pupal mass, time to pupation, and survivorship. Larvae fed on all offered host grasses, but mass, phenology, and survivorship varied among treatments. Larvae reared on prairie dropseed and porcupine grass had the highest survival, the shortest time to adulthood, and the greatest mass, whereas larvae provided smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass fared poorly for all observed metrics. All other grasses offered during the study were deemed ‘medium’ quality. Our results suggest that although larvae can feed on a variety of potential host plants, these hosts vary in quality. Invasive grasses across prairies in North America may pose an ecological trap to the conservation of Dakota skipper and other prairie-obligate Lepidoptera.

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Maisonhaute, Julie-Éléonore, and Shari L. Forbes. "Overwintering behaviour of the skipper fly (Diptera: Piophilidae) of forensic importance in Québec, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 2 (2021): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.78.

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AbstractLaboratory experiments and field observations from August 2019 to April 2020 demonstrated that skipper flies (Diptera: Piophilidae) overwinter as larvae and likely present an obligatory winter diapause in Québec, Canada. Diapause was confirmed by the very few emergences of adults in the laboratory following collection from carrion at the end of summer and in fall, the migration of larvae deep in the soil, and the persistence of larvae inside carrion during the winter until the following spring when they became active again and initiated pupation (i.e., intra-puparial period). To our knowledge, our observations represent the first report of the overwintering of skipper fly larvae inside an animal carcass in North America. In addition, this winter diapause should be considered in forensic entomology when using the presence of skipper fly larvae on a body to estimate the time elapsed since death.

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SHERER, ALEXANDER, SAVITRI RAGHURAMAN, SHINICHI NAKAHARA, and GEOFFREY GALLICE. "Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)." Zootaxa 5609, no. 3 (2025): 390–404. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5.

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We describe the immature biology of three skipper species in the tribe Hesperiini (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae), Xeniades orchamus Cramer in the subtribe Hesperiina, and Dubia dubia Bell and Tricrista canta Evans in the subtribe Moncina. All species were recorded feeding on Guadua weberbaueri Pilger (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). One larva of each species was collected in nature at Finca Las Piedras, a biological research station located in the Amazonian lowlands of Madre de Dios, Peru. Larvae were reared to adulthood in an onsite laboratory using leaves from G. weberbaueri. We present measurements, descriptions, durations, and photographs of recorded larval instars and pupae, illustrations of larval head capsules, and details of the host plant.

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Lambert, Adam M., Lisa A. Tewksbury, and Richard A. Casagrande. "Performance of a Native Butterfly and Introduced Moth on Native and Introduced Lineages of Phragmites australis." Insects 12, no. 12 (2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12121102.

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This study examined the performance of Poanes viator (Edwards) (Hesperiidae), a native North American skipper, and Rhizedra lutosa (Hübner) (Noctuidae), an introduced moth, reared on native and non-native, invasive lineages of Phragmites australis. Poanes viator is a generalist on monocots and larvae were also fed leaves of Zizania aquatica, a native macrophyte that the skipper commonly uses as a host plant. Larval survival and duration, pupal weight, and pupation time were compared for P. viator feeding on leaf tissue and R. lutosa feeding on rhizomes of either native or introduced plants. We also tested an artificial diet supplemented with P. australis rhizome powder as a potential food for rearing other stalk and rhizome boring Lepidoptera. In experiments using excised plant tissues, some individuals of both species fed and developed to the pupal stage on native and introduced plants, but overall, larval survival rates were low. Plant species/haplotype identity did not cause strong differences in larval survival for either species. However, P. viator larvae only pupated when feeding on native plants (Zizania aquatica and native P. australis haplotypes), whereas R. lutosa successfully pupated on both native and introduced P. australis. Although larval survival was low, 100% of P. viator and 95% of R. lutosa that reached the pupal stage emerged as adults. Rhizedra lutosa larvae fed an artificial diet supplemented with P. australis rhizome powder had significantly greater survival and pupal weights, and shorter pupation times than larvae fed rhizomes only. Several specialist Lepidopteran species are being considered for approval as biological control agents for the non-native P. australis haplotype, and the convenience and increased larval performance make this artificial diet a good alternative for rearing organisms.

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Barros-Cordeiro, Karine Brenda, Welinton Ribamar Lopes, and Sônia Nair Báo. "Ultramorphological Characteristics and Development Time of Immature Stages of Piophila casei (Diptera: Piophilidae)." EntomoBrasilis 11, no. 3 (2018): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i3.808.

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Abstract. Piophila casei (Linneus), known as the cheese skipper fly, is a sarcosaprophagous dipteran, meaning it has a wide range of feeding habits: proteins, decaying animal and vegetable matter, and feces. The biological aspects of P. casei are relevant to several fields, including forensic entomology and human and veterinary medicine. This work presents the ultrastructure characteristics of P. casei, compares the structures present during its development using light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and reports the development time of eggs, larvae and pupae under controlled laboratory conditions (23°C, 60% relative humidity and 12 h of light). Colony of adults previously maintained in the laboratory (third generation) was used in this study. The morphology of the insect and of structures such as the cephalopharyngeal skeleton, the anterior and posterior spiracles and the structures and organs of the head, thorax and abdomen of the first, second and third instar larvae were characterized. The total development time of the egg from laying until the emergence of the adult was 448 hours (18.66 days); this included 8 hours for embrionary development, 248 hours for larval development and 192 hours for pupal development.Ultraestrutura e tempo de desenvolvimento de estágios imaturos de Piophila casei (Linneus)Resumo. Piophila casei (Linneus), conhecida como “cheese skipper fly”, é uma mosca sarcosaprófaga, possui habito alimentar diverso. Pode alimentar-se de proteínas diversas, matéria animal e vegetal em decomposição e fezes. Os aspectos biológicos de P. casei são relevantes principalmente para a entomologia forense, medicina humana e veterinária. Este trabalho apresenta características da ultraestrutura de P. casei, comparando as estruturas dos três instares larvais do desenvolvimento, utilizando microscopias de luz e eletrônica de varredura (MEV), além de descrever o tempo de desenvolvimento de ovos, larvas e pupa sob condições controladas de laboratório (23 °C, 60% humidade relativa e 12 h de luz). A morfologia geral do inseto e estruturas como o esqueleto cefalofaríngeo, os espiráculos anterior e posterior, as estruturas e órgãos da cabeça, tórax e abdômen da larva de primeiro, segundo e terceiro instares foram caracterizadas. O tempo total de desenvolvimento de ovo até a emergência do adulto foi de 448 horas (18,66 dias), sendo 8 horas para desenvolvimento embrionário, 248 horas para desenvolvimento larval e 192 horas para desenvolvimento pupal.

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Jaimes-Rodríguez, Ibeth, Héctor González-Hernández, Celina Llanderal-Cázares, Alejandro Rodríguez-Ortega, and Ariel W. Guzmán-Franco. "Traditional Mexican Dish Is Associated With More Than One Skipper Species (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Megathiminae, Aegialini)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, no. 3 (2019): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz068.

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Abstract The white maguey worm, Aegiale hesperiaris (Walker, 1856), is a gastronomic delicacy in Mexico, with high economic value. Aegiale hesperiaris is generally associated with the plant Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck (Asparagales: Asparagaceae). However, lack of information about Ae. hesperiaris means that it is often confused with morphologically similar species such as Agathymus remingtoni D. Stallings & Thurner (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), a species generally found on Agave lechuguilla Torrey (Asparagales: Asparagaceae). Harvestings are made from all Agave L. (Asparagales: Asparagaceae) species on the assumption that all larvae will be Ae. hesperiaris. This has led to the belief that Ae. hesperiaris may have extended its diet breadth range and is actually infesting other Agave species. We collected larvae from A. lechuguilla and A. salmiana plants, in Hidalgo state, Mexico, and incubated them at 26°C, 50% RH and 12:12 light regime until adult emergence; adults were examined using morphological (male genitalia and wing patterns) and molecular techniques (partial COI sequences) to provide the data necessary for accurate species identification and allocation to host plant. Both species were successfully separated and identified as Ae. herperiaris feeding on A. salmiana and Ag. remingtoni feeding on A. lechuguilla, and a detailed description of the larval developmental stages and feeding behavior described. These results will facilitate the accurate identification of these two species in future studies.

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Wibowo, Lestari, Indriyati ., and Purnomo . "KEMELIMPAHAN DAN KERAGAMAN JENIS PARASITOID HAMA PENGGULUNG DAUN PISANG ERIONOTA THRAX L. DI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 15, no. 1 (2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11526-32.

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The abundance and diversity of the parasitoid of banana leaf skipper pest (Erionota thrax L.) in South Lampung Regency. This research was conducted to determine the abundance, diversity, and parasitation ability of several parasitoids of the banana skipper or banana leafroller (Erionota thrax) in South Lampung Regency. This research was carried out with a survey method by taking out samples of larvae and pupae of E. thrax in the District of Natar, Jati Agung, and Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung. Results of the survey showed that there were 8 types of parasitoids recovered from larvae or pupae of E. thrax, i.e. Brachymeria lasus (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera), B. thracis (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera), Charops sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Casinaria sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Xanthopimpla sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Cotesia erionotae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), and two parasitoids Diptera (Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae). The highest abundance of parasitoid was found in Tanjung Bintang with 171 parasitoids (index of diversity (H’) = 1.0256 and index of evenness (E) = 0.5724). In Natar District, the abundance of parasitoid was 63 parasitoids, but it had a greater H’ value (1.4396) and E-value (0.7398). Meanwhile, in Jati Agung District, the abundance of parasitoid was 56 individuals but the value of H’ was also high, which was 1.012 with the value of E of 0.6064. The percentages of parasitation to the larvae and pupae E. thrax were 55.01% (Tanjung Bintang District), 31.68% (Natar District) and 33.34% (Jati Agung District).

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Franeta, Filip, and Martin Gascoigne-Pees. "The lifecycle and ecology of the Spinose Skipper – Favria cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) in the Republic of North Macedonia (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)." Nota Lepidopterologica 45 (March 4, 2022): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.75723.

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The Spinose Skipper, Favria cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) [formerly in Muschampia] is considered to be a very localised species in Eastern Europe occurring in only a small number of isolated colonies. Its ecology, especially relating to its host plant, has long remained unknown. Only in the last decade of research has more light been shed on the distribution and habitat requirements of this species in its western range. The host plant of the Spinose Skipper in the Republic of North Macedonia is revealed for the first time. Three eggs and three larvae were discovered in 2017 on a species of Potentilla, tentatively identified as P. detommasii, from a site near Govrlevo, SW of Skopje. The choice of a cinquefoil as a hostplant provides new evidence to support the species recent separation from the genus Muschampia.

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Franeta, Filip, and Martin Gascoigne-Pees. "The lifecycle and ecology of the Spinose Skipper – Favria cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) in the Republic of North Macedonia (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)." Nota Lepidopterologica 45, no. () (2022): 119–27. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.75723.

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The Spinose Skipper, Favria cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) [formerly in Muschampia] is considered to be a very localised species in Eastern Europe occurring in only a small number of isolated colonies. Its ecology, especially relating to its host plant, has long remained unknown. Only in the last decade of research has more light been shed on the distribution and habitat requirements of this species in its western range. The host plant of the Spinose Skipper in the Republic of North Macedonia is revealed for the first time. Three eggs and three larvae were discovered in 2017 on a species of Potentilla, tentatively identified as P. detommasii, from a site near Govrlevo, SW of Skopje. The choice of a cinquefoil as a hostplant provides new evidence to support the species recent separation from the genus Muschampia.

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Barrion, A. T., and J. A. Litsinger. "Proreus simulans (Dermaptera: Chelisochidae), a predator of rice leaffolder (LF) and skipper larvae." International Rice Research Newsletter 10, no. 1 (1985): 25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6879940.

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This article 'Proreus simulans (Dermaptera: Chelisochidae), a predator of rice leaffolder (LF) and skipper larvae' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

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Greeney, Harold F., and James J. Young. "Observations on the shelter building behavior of some Asian skipper larvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 39 (2006): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.266540.

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Abarca, Mariana, John T. Lill, and Martha R. Weiss. "Host Plant and Thermal Stress Induce Supernumerary Instars in Caterpillars." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 1 (2019): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz136.

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Abstract Environmental stressors may induce variation in the number of larval instars of holometabolous insects. Host plant quality and ambient temperature can both induce this life history shift in the silver-spotted skipper, Epargyreus clarus (Cramer 1775) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). To better understand this phenomenon, we raised larvae on high-quality (kudzu) or low-quality (wisteria) host plants in growth chambers under three temperature regimes (20, 26, and 32°C) that were either constant or diurnally fluctuating (T ± 5°C), and recorded survival and incidence of supernumerary instars. Larvae feeding on the low-quality host and/or experiencing thermal stress were more likely to show supernumerary development (SD). A subset of treatments yielded a mix of SD and TD (typical development) individuals, allowing for comparisons between phenotypes. Under the most stressful treatment (20 ± 5°C, wisteria), development time was 9 days longer in SD than in TD individuals; by contrast, at typical summer temperatures (26 ± 5°C), also on wisteria, total development time did not differ between these two phenotypes. Head capsules of both second and third instars were smaller in SD individuals. A retrospective logistic regression analysis indicated that third-instar head capsule size could be used to predict expression of the SD phenotype. By the ultimate instar, however, there were no detectable differences in head capsule size, and SD and TD individuals did not differ in pupal mass, strongly suggesting that the SD phenotype functions as a compensatory mechanism allowing E. clarus larvae to achieve the same size at metamorphosis (a strong fitness correlate) as TD larvae.

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Askew, Richard, and Mark Shaw. "Sympiesis notata (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), a gregarious parasitoid of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), and some records of other Chalcidoidea associated with skipper butterflies in the Western Palaearctic." Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 158, no. 1 (2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/m00138908.1581.4110.

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Sympiesis notata is a gregarious ectoparasitoid of skipper butterfly caterpillars. Other Lepidoptera larvae in leaf mines and leaf folds are attacked by the same morphospecies, but on these smaller hosts S. notata is usually a solitary parasitoid. Other Chalcidoidea recorded as reared from hesperiid hosts are mostly species of Brachymeria (Chalcididae) and Elasmus (Eulophidae), which are primary parasitoids, and Catolaccus (Pteromalidae) which are pseudohyperparasitoids attacking cocooned ichneumonoid primary parasitoids. Species of Pteromalus, Baryscapus and Tetrastichus are also reported as secondary parasitoids from hesperiid hosts.

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Ueno, Takatoshi. "Oviposition and Development in Gregopimpla kuwanae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a Gregarious Ectoparasitoid Wasp Attacking the Rice Skipper Parnara guttata." Journal of Insects 2016 (March 2, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4706376.

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Gregopimpla kuwanae is a gregarious ectoparasitoid wasp attacking mature larvae and prepupae of the rice skipper Parnara guttata (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), a major herbivorous pest in rice paddies. Here, the biology of G. kuwanae was investigated using Galleria mellonella as a laboratory host. Adult females accepted G. mellonella cocoons for oviposition, and larvae of G. kuwanae developed successfully to adulthood on this host. Females laid, on average, 3.5 eggs per host. Time required for oviposition was relatively long (mean = 14.2 min). Survival of parasitoid offspring decreased with the increasing number of eggs on each host. Females used 18.9% of hosts for host feeding, killing the hosts with no exception. Oviposition did not occur on hosts used for feeding purpose, indicating that the parasitoid was a nonconcurrent, destructive host feeder. Newly emerging adult females carried no eggs in the ovary; females started oogenesis only after they had destructively fed on hosts. This parasitoid thus was extremely synovigenic (ovigeny index = 0). Gregopimpla kuwanae laid typically yolk-rich, anhydropic eggs. Females carried on average 15 mature eggs with 20 immature eggs, and larger females had a greater number of eggs in the ovary. Life history characteristics of G. kuwanae were discussed.

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Crowder, A., R. Harmsen, and S. E. Blatt. "Notes on Succession in Old Fields in Southeastern Ontario: the Herbs." Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, no. 2 (2007): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i2.444.

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Vegetation in abandoned hayfields was monitored during 1976-1998. An earlier successional stage followed ploughing. Changes in tree, shrub and vine populations have been reported earlier and showed expected increases in species richness and cover. Highest species richness of herbs occurred three years after ploughing. Non-woody species richness trended irregularly downward, while non-woody cover was variable, peaking in 1987. Within the herbaceous community, year-to-year changes in cover and frequency of species in the following selected groups are reported here: 18 grasses including sown and adventive species; 13 legumes including two sown species; 14 macroforbs of the Compositae, including a goldenrod, Solidago canadensis, which dominated parts of the fields; a rosette weed, Taraxacum officinalis; sedges, horsetails and some other minor components. Grasses and goldenrods were grazed, sometimes intensively and repeatedly, by insects; grasses were impacted by skipper larvae (Thymelicus lineola), and goldenrods by beetle larvae (Trirhabda spp.). Effects of repeated outbreaks on host plant cover are shown for two plots (100 m2) matching the scale of outbreaks.

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Medeiros, Arthur Morais de, Adalberto Dantas de Medeiros, and Solange Maria Kerpel. "Immature stages of Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae, Hesperiini, Moncina): biology, morphology and behaviour." Historia naturalis bulgarica 47, no. 6 (2025): 145–56. https://doi.org/10.48027/hnb.47.063.

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The biology, morphology, and behaviour of the immature stages of Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) are described from eggs and larvae collected in two areas in the Caatinga biome, Northeast region of Brazil. The larvae of C. saturnus go through five larval instars with a development time ranging between 28 and 33 days. The eggs are dome-shaped and are laid singly on the adaxial region of the leaves of the host plant, Panicum trichoides Sw. (Poaceae). The larvae are green, with head coloration varying among the different instars, and they construct three types of shelters: a one-cut shelter (Greeney’s type 4), built by the first instar larva; a two-cut shelter (Greeney’s type 5), built by the second instar larva; and no-cut shelters (Greeney’s type 1), built by the larvae of the remaining instars. Considering the lack of information about the morphology and behaviour of the larvae of Callimormus species, our study represents an important step towards understanding the natural history of species in this genus, contributing essentially to its taxonomy, the establishment of phylogenetic relationships, and the conservation of skippers in general.

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Medeiros, Arthur Morais de, Adalberto Dantas de Medeiros, and Solange Maria Kerpel. "Immature stages of Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae, Hesperiini, Moncina): biology, morphology and behaviour." Historia naturalis bulgarica 47, no. 6 (2025): 145–56. https://doi.org/10.48027/hnb.47.063.

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The biology, morphology, and behaviour of the immature stages of Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) are described from eggs and larvae collected in two areas in the Caatinga biome, Northeast region of Brazil. The larvae of C. saturnus go through five larval instars with a development time ranging between 28 and 33 days. The eggs are dome-shaped and are laid singly on the adaxial region of the leaves of the host plant, Panicum trichoides Sw. (Poaceae). The larvae are green, with head coloration varying among the different instars, and they construct three types of shelters: a one-cut shelter (Greeney’s type 4), built by the first instar larva; a two-cut shelter (Greeney’s type 5), built by the second instar larva; and no-cut shelters (Greeney’s type 1), built by the larvae of the remaining instars. Considering the lack of information about the morphology and behaviour of the larvae of Callimormus species, our study represents an important step towards understanding the natural history of species in this genus, contributing essentially to its taxonomy, the establishment of phylogenetic relationships, and the conservation of skippers in general.

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Ishizaki, Mami, Hiroki Matsuyama, and Natsuki Sato. "Effects of Changes in Density of Rice Skipper Parnara guttata guttata（Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae）Larvae on the Quantity and Quality of Late-Transplanted Forage Rice Crops." Japanese journal of applied entomology and zoology 61, no. 3 (2017): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.2017.167.

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Supekar, Swapnil C., and Narahari P. Gramapurohit. "Larval skipper frogs recognise kairomones of certain predators innately." Journal of Ethology 36, no. 2 (2018): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-018-0545-0.

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Lu, Jiaying, Yuanjie Chen, Zihan Wang, et al. "Larval Dispersal Modeling Reveals Low Connectivity among National Marine Protected Areas in the Yellow and East China Seas." Biology 12, no. 3 (2023): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12030396.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are vital for protecting biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem integrity, and tackling future climate change. The effectiveness of MPA networks relies on connectivity, yet connectivity assessments are often skipped in the planning process. Here we employed a multi-species biophysical model to examine the connectivity patterns formed among the 21 national MPAs in the Yellow and East China Seas. We simulated the potential larval dispersal of 14 oviparous species of five classes. Larvae of non-migratory species with pelagic larval duration (PLD) were assumed to be passive floating particles with no explicit vertical migration. A total of 217,000 particles were released according to spawning period, living depth, and species distribution, and they were assumed to move with currents during the PLD. Most larvae were dispersed around the MPAs (0–60 m isobaths) and consistent with the currents. Larval export increased with PLD and current velocity, but if PLD was too long, few larvae survived due to high daily mortality during pelagic dispersal. The overall connectivity pattern exhibited a north-to-south dispersal trend corresponding to coastal currents. Our results indicated that the national MPAs in the Yellow and East China Seas did not form a well-connected network and nearly 30% of them were isolated. These MPAs formed three distinct groups, one in the Yellow Sea ecoregion and two in the East China Sea ecoregion. Four MPAs (all in coastal Zhejiang) emerged as key nodes for ensuring multi-generational connectivity. Under the pressure of future climate change, high self-recruitment and low connectivity present significant challenges for building well-connected MPA networks. We suggest adding new protected areas as stepping stones for bioecological corridors. Focused protection of the Yellow Sea ecoregion could have a good effect on the southern part of the population recruitment downstream. Conservation management should be adjusted according to the life cycles and distributions of vulnerable species, as well as seasonal changes in coastal currents. This study provides a scientific basis for improving ecological connectivity and conservation effectiveness of MPAs in the Yellow and East China Seas.

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DUERR, NATHAN, THALIA CORAHUA-ESPINOZA, QUINLYN BAINE, et al. "Immature stages, new host plant records and shelter structures of Troyus phyllides (Röber, 1925) and Thoon ponka Evans, 1955 in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)." Zootaxa 5200, no. 4 (2022): 372–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.4.6.

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We describe here for the first time the complete immature life cycles and shelter structures of two Neotropical skipper butterflies in the subtribe Moncina, Troyus phyllides (Röber, 1925) and Thoon ponka Evans 1955, along with new natural host plant records for these species at Finca Las Piedras, Madre de Dios, Peru. Four eggs and a preantepenultimate larva of T. phyllides, as well as three eggs of Thoon ponka were collected in nature and each passed through five larval instars to adulthood. Troyus phyllides fed on a herbaceous species, Lasiacis ligulata Hitchcock & Chase (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae), while T. ponka fed on two congeneric herbaceous bamboo species, Pariana lunata Nees and Pariana sp. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae). We present photos of all immature stages and host plants, as well as illustrations of the shelter structures and the head capsules for each of these two species.

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Catling, Paul M., and Brenda Kostiuk. "Use of a marsh dominated by the introduced European Lake Sedge, Carex acutiformis, by highly localized native butterflies." Canadian Field-Naturalist 128, no. 4 (2015): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v128i4.1629.

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To determine whether native butterflies had colonized a marsh in Ottawa that was entirely dominated by the invasive alien European Lake Sedge (Carex acutiformis), we surveyed two adjacent stands of the sedge and surrounding habitats. Dion Skipper (Euphyes dion), Mulberry Wing (Poanes massasoit), Broad-winged Skipper (P. viator), and browns (Lethe spp.) were all abundant in the introduced sedge, but absent from surrounding habitats. This is the first report of the use of invasive-dominated wetland by native Canadian butterflies. Reduced nectar resources because of dominance of the invasive species over native nectar-producing plants did not prevent significant colonization. The known restriction of the butterflies to native Lakebank Sedge (Carex lacustris) as a larval host plant, but its absence in the area, coupled with dominance of its close relative, European Lake Sedge, provides strong circumstantial evidence of the use of the latter as larval food. This report doubles the number of recently localized native butterflies that have been able to increase their distribution by switching to habitat dominated by invasive plants.

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Sharanabasappa, C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy, M. N. Lavanya, and D. Pallavi. "Biology and rate of food consumption of banana skipper Erionota torus Evans (Hesperiidae: Lepidoptera)." ENTOMON 41, no. 3 (2016): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v41i3.187.

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Studies on life history of banana skipper, Erionota torus indicated female laid eggs in clusters on the under surface of the leaves of the banana plant. Incubation, total larval and pupal period ranged from 7 - 9 days, 26 - 33 days and 10 - 12 days, respectively. Fecundity of the female ranged from 18 -29 eggs. The amount of food consumed increased from II to V instars (10.28, 23.13, 25.01 and 41.56 % respectively). The weight gain in third instar was 33.51% of total larval weight. The values of growth rate (GR) decreased from II to V instar, the values varied between 0.03 and 0.16 g/day/g. Consumption index ranged between 0.64 and 2.15 g/day/g. The indices of food utilization efficiencies namely; AD values ranged from 80.89 to 97.86%, ECI 6.86 to 13.00% and ECD 7.90 to 15.90%.

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Martín-Vega, Daniel, and Arturo Baz. "Comparative larval morphology of the European bone-skippers, Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer, 1798) and Centrophlebomyia furcata (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Piophilidae), with notes on their coexistence and natural history." Journal of Natural History 48, no. 5-6 (2013): 285–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.791938.

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Martín-Vega, Daniel, Baz, Arturo (2013): Comparative larval morphology of the European bone-skippers, Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer, 1798) and Centrophlebomyia furcata (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Piophilidae), with notes on their coexistence and natural history. Journal of Natural History 48 (5-6): 285-299, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.791938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.791938

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Supekar, S. C., and N. P. Gramapurohit. "Does temporal variation in predation risk affect antipredator responses of larval Indian Skipper Frogs (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis)?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 3 (2020): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0118.

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Predation risk varies on a moment-to-moment basis, through day and night, lunar and seasonal cycles, and over evolutionary time. Hence, it is adaptive for prey animals to exhibit environment-specific behaviour, morphology, and (or) life-history traits. Herein, the effects of temporally varying predation risk on growth, behaviour, morphology, and life-history traits of larval Indian Skipper Frogs (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799)) were studied by exposing them to no risk, continuous, predictable, and unpredictable risks at different time points. Our results show that larval E. cyanophlyctis could learn the temporal pattern of risk leading to weaker behavioural responses under predictable risk and stronger responses to unpredictable risk. Temporally varying predation risk had a significant impact on tadpole morphology. Tadpoles facing continuous risk had narrow tail muscles. Tadpoles facing predictable risk during the day were heavy with wide and deep tail muscles, whereas those facing predictable risk at night had long tails. Tadpoles facing unpredictable risk were heavy with narrow tail muscles. Metamorphic traits of E. cyanophlyctis were also affected by the temporal variation in predation risk. Tadpoles facing predictable risk during the day emerged at the largest size. However, tadpoles facing predictable risk at night and unpredictable risk metamorphosed earlier, whereas those facing continuous risk metamorphosed later.

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STREITBERGER, Merle, and Thomas FARTMANN. "Molehills as important larval habitats for the grizzled skipper, Pyrgus malvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), in calcareous grasslands." European Journal of Entomology 110, no. 4 (2013): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2013.087.

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Supekar, Swapnil C., and Narahari P. Gramapurohit. "Experience window influences development and retention of memory to recognize predators in the larval skipper frogs." Current Science 122, no. 8 (2022): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v122/i8/951-957.

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Marshall, Zarion D., and Ellie S. Heckscher. "The Role of Even-Skipped in Drosophila Larval Somatosensory Circuit Assembly." eneuro 9, no. 1 (2022): ENEURO.0403–21.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0403-21.2021.

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Hernández-Roldán, Juan L., Juan C. Vicente, Roger Vila, and Miguel L. Munguira. "Natural history and immature stage morphology of Spialia Swinhoe, 1912 in the Iberian Peninsula (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)." Nota Lepidopterologica 41, no. (1) (2018): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.41.13539.

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We present new data on the ecology, natural history and geographic distribution of the recently described skipper Spialia rosae Hernández-Roldán, Dapporto, Dincă, Vicente & Vila, 2016 and compare its immature stage morphology with the sympatric species S. sertorius (Hoffmannsegg, 1804). Spialia rosae uses species of Rosa L. (Rosaceae) as larval host-plants and prefers montane habitats, while S. sertorius feeds on Sanguisorba minor Scop. (Rosaceae) and inhabits lower altitudes. Rosa corymbifera Borkh. and R. tomentosa Sm. are documented for the first time as foodplants of S. rosae. We report Microgaster australis Thomson, 1895 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) as a larval parasitoid of S. rosae. Details of the immature stages of S. rosae and S. sertorius are shown using scanning electron microscope photographs, confirming the similar immature stage morphology, at least as regards the Iberian S. sertorius. In both species, the egg has high radial ribs, the last instar larva has branched setae covering the head, and the pupa has setae with pointed tips, barrel-like cuticular formations, and hairy mesothoracic tubercles. By extensive sampling of the species of Spialia in the region of Segovia, Central Spain, we extend the previously known geographic distribution of S. rosae to 56 new 100 km<sup>2</sup> MGRS squares, which represents a 155 % increase. Spialia rosae is present in the northern part of the interior plateau and in the main mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula. The main threats to the populations of S. rosae are its limited distribution range and the possible effects of climate change due to its specialization in montane habitats. The conservation status of S. rosae was previously regarded as Data Deficient (DD). With the addition of new data the species can now be evaluated as Least Concern (LC).

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Park, Y., M. Fujioka, M. Kobayashi, J. B. Jaynes, and S. Datta. "even skipped is required to produce a trans-acting signal for larval neuroblast proliferation that can be mimicked by ecdysone." Development 128, no. 10 (2001): 1899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.10.1899.

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Development of a multicellular organism requires precise coordination of cell division and cell type determination. The selector homeoprotein Even skipped (Eve) plays a very specific role in determining cell identity in the Drosophila embryo, both during segmentation and in neuronal development. However, studies of gene expression in eve mutant embryos suggest that eve regulates the embryonic expression of the vast majority of genes. We present here genetic interaction and phenotypic analysis showing that eve functions in the trol pathway to regulate the onset of neuroblast division in the larval CNS. Surprisingly, Eve is not detected in the regulated neuroblasts, and culture experiments reveal that Eve is required in the body, not the CNS. Furthermore, the effect of an eve mutation can be rescued both in vivo and in culture by the hormone ecdysone. These results suggest that eve is required to produce a trans-acting factor that stimulates cell division in the larval brain.

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Siewert, Ricardo Russo, and André Victor Lucci Freitas. "Morphology, natural history of the immature stages and larval shelter behavior of the Neotropical skipper Quadrus cerialis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)." Tropical Lepidoptera Research 35, no. 1 (2025): 39–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15360053.

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32

Crim, L. W., C. E. Wilson, Y. P. So, D. R. Idler, and C. E. Johnston. "Feeding, Reconditioning, and Rematuration Responses of Captive Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Kelt." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 9 (1992): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-203.

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Wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) kelt were reconditioned in the laboratory by initiating their feeding during the winter on freshly thawed Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) supplemented with vitamins and trace minerals. Some kelt improved in condition by April, and by June the majority were reconditioned. Some females skipped a year of reproductive activity with most rematuring a second time the following year. One group of females rematured and was spawned a third time without skipping another reproductive cycle. Plasma levels of vitellogenin, estradiol, and testosterone remained low in reproductively inactive female kelt; in contrast, these substances increased and peaked just prior to spawning in late October in maturing female kelt. In males, plasma levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone rose in conjunction with testicular development, reaching peak hormone values during the period of spermiation. Although good-quality eggs were collected from reconditioned kelt according to high egg fertilization rates and high rates of egg survival through the eyed and hatching stages, most kelt yolksac larvae died just prior to swim-up. High mortality rates for kelt larvae suggest that either the silverside diet is nutritionally deficient or that the physiology of reconditioned kelt broodstock is inadequate for good-quality egg production.

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Ottersen, Geir, Bjarte Bogstad, Natalia A. Yaragina, Leif Christian Stige, Frode B. Vikebø, and Padmini Dalpadado. "A review of early life history dynamics of Barents Sea cod (Gadus morhua)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 8 (2014): 2064–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu037.

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Abstract The Barents Sea stock of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is currently the world's largest cod stock. It is also a stock for which long time-series are available and much research has been carried out. With this review, we wish to present an overview and evaluation of the knowledge on Barents Sea cod early life dynamics. The focus is on the effects of the biotic and abiotic drivers, which jointly determine the strength of a year class. A stage-by-stage approach is employed. We summarize and assess the significance of the different processes described in the literature to be at play during each specific life stage, from spawning stock, through eggs, larvae, and pelagic juvenile, to demersal juvenile and recruitment at age 3. Also Russian work is included, some of which until now has not been available to non-Russian readers. Physical drivers examined include sea temperature, advection and dispersal, wind-induced turbulence, and light. Biotic mechanisms studied range from maternal effects and skipped spawning in the adult stock through egg quantity and quality, to prey availability for the larvae and effects of cannibalism on the juveniles. Finally, we evaluate the main hypotheses put forth by Johan Hjort a hundred years ago in the light of our synthesis of present knowledge. A main conclusion is that it is unlikely that there is any one single life stage during which recruitment with any generality is determined.

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MATSUMOTO, Kazuma, ERNIWATI, Rosichon UBAIDILLAH, and Koji NAKAMURA. "Head Capsule Width of Larva and Duration of Developmental Stages of the Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (L.), (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Bogor, Indonesia." Tropics 4, no. 2/3 (1995): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.4.247.

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35

Goh, Kean S., Roberta L. Gibson, and Ward M. Tingey. "Potato Insect Control." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (1988): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.141.

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Abstract COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF OIL VERSUS WATER AS A CARRIER IN CONTROLLED-DROPLET APPLICATION, 1987: Potato seed pieces were hand-planted 12 inches apart in a Rhinebeck silt loam field on 5 Jun at the Cornell Vegetable Research Farm, Freeville, N.Y. Each plot consisted of a 33-ft row separated by 2 skipped rows. Plots were arranged in a split-plot experimental design with 4 replications. The carriers were the main plots and the insecticides were the subplots. Carriers were either water or vegetable oil at 2 qt/acre (Landoil—90%). Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted controlled-droplet-applicator (CDA) sprayer delivering 5.2 gal/acre at 3500 rpm, 20 psi, and 2.3 mph. Due to the low population of CPB on 8 Jul, 100 field-collected third- and fourth-instar larvae were introduced per plot. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul and 4 Sept. Sampling methods and dates were as follows: (1) Colorado potato beetle (CPB): number of live adults and larvae/10 hills on 8, 12, 27 Jul; and CPB/6 ft on 6 and 13 Sept; (2) aphids: number of alate and apterous buckthorn, potato, and green peach aphids/5 compound leaves (from lower third of plant); and (3) potato leafhopper (PLH): number of adults and nymphs/5 D-vac sampling sites on 14, 22, and 29 Jul and 6 and 16 Sep. Weed control, fertilization, and other cultural practices were the same as those normally used in commercial production. Yields were taken on 10 Oct for the entire 33-ft row.

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Daubresse, G., R. Deuring, L. Moore, et al. "The Drosophila kismet gene is related to chromatin-remodeling factors and is required for both segmentation and segment identity." Development 126, no. 6 (1999): 1175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.6.1175.

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The Drosophila kismet gene was identified in a screen for dominant suppressors of Polycomb, a repressor of homeotic genes. Here we show that kismet mutations suppress the Polycomb mutant phenotype by blocking the ectopic transcription of homeotic genes. Loss of zygotic kismet function causes homeotic transformations similar to those associated with loss-of-function mutations in the homeotic genes Sex combs reduced and Abdominal-B. kismet is also required for proper larval body segmentation. Loss of maternal kismet function causes segmentation defects similar to those caused by mutations in the pair-rule gene even-skipped. The kismet gene encodes several large nuclear proteins that are ubiquitously expressed along the anterior-posterior axis. The Kismet proteins contain a domain conserved in the trithorax group protein Brahma and related chromatin-remodeling factors, providing further evidence that alterations in chromatin structure are required to maintain the spatially restricted patterns of homeotic gene transcription.

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Goh, Kean S., Ward M. Tingey, and Donald R. Specker. "Potato Insect Control." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (1988): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.144.

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Abstract COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF CONVENTIONAL VERSUS CONTROLLED-DROPLET APPLICATION, 1986: Potato seed pieces were planted in a Rhinebeck silt loam field on 3 Jun at the Cornell Vegetable Research Farm, Freeville, N.Y. Each plot consisted of a 30-ft-long row separated by 2 skipped rows. Plots were arranged in a split-plot experimental design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted hydraulic boom sprayer with 4 hollow-cone nozzles delivering 100 gal/acre at 130 psi and with a tractor-mounted controlled-droplet-applicator (CDA) sprayer delivering 5.3 gal/acre at 3500 rpm and 20 psi. Treatments were applied on 4 Jul and 4 Aug. Sampling methods and dates were (1) Colorado potato beetle (CPB): number of live beetles/10 hills on 3, 5, and 7 Jul; number of live larvae/10 mainstems on 11, 18, and 25 Jul; (2) aphids: number/5 compound leaves (from lower third of plant) on 1, 5, 11, and 18 Aug; and (3) potato leafhopper (PLH): number/5 D-vac sampling sites on 1, 5, 11, and 18 Aug. Weed control, fertilization, and other cultural practices were the same as those normally used in commercial production.

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Beyer, SG, SH Alonzo, and SM Sogard. "Zero, one or more broods: reproductive plasticity in response to temperature, food, and body size in the live-bearing rosy rockfish Sebastes rosaceus." Marine Ecology Progress Series 669 (July 8, 2021): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13718.

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Patterns of reproduction, such as size-fecundity relationships used in models to assess fish populations, are generally treated as static through time and invariant to environmental change. However, growing evidence suggests that changes in ocean conditions, such as warming water temperatures and reduced primary productivity, affect life history traits, including reproduction. Under controlled experimental conditions, we documented reproductive plasticity in the live-bearing rosy rockfish Sebastes rosaceus in response to different temperature and feeding regimes, with maternal size as a covariate. Rosy rockfish occur throughout the California Current, a highly dynamic ecosystem for which increased environmental variability is predicted with climate change. Females produced 0-5 larval broods annually. Larger females had disproportionately higher fecundity than smaller females by producing larger-sized broods and a greater number of annual broods. Warmer water temperature decreased the time interval between brood releases, likely reflecting faster egg and larval development. However, warmer temperature did not increase the total number of broods, potentially reflecting a tradeoff with increased metabolic demand. Well-fed females had better body condition and higher annual fecundity compared to poorly fed females, primarily due to a greater number of broods. Conversely, females with poor body condition at the start of the reproductive season did not reproduce, providing possible evidence of delayed maturation at smaller sizes or skipped spawning at larger sizes. Reproductive plasticity (in terms of whether and how many broods are produced per year) in response to the environment likely contributes to high inter-annual variation in population larval production. Understanding the causes and consequences of reproductive plasticity is critical to developing sustainable management strategies and predicting population response to changing climate conditions.

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Seaver, Elaine C., Emi Yamaguchi, Gemma S. Richards, and Neva P. Meyer. "Expression of the pair-rule gene homologs runt, Pax3/7, even-skipped-1 and even-skipped-2 during larval and juvenile development of the polychaete annelid Capitella teleta does not support a role in segmentation." EvoDevo 3, no. 1 (2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-3-8.

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SHARANABASAPPA, C. M. KALLESHWARASWAMY, M. S. MARUTHI, and HIROSHI SHIMA. "Population dynamics and new record of larval parasitoids, Senometopia sp. and Winthemia sumatrensis (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) on banana skipper, Erionota torus Evans (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from South Karnataka." Journal of Biological Control 32, no. 1 (2018): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2018/18744.

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Vavra, S. H., and S. B. Carroll. "The zygotic control of Drosophila pair-rule gene expression. I. A search for new pair-rule regulatory loci." Development 107, no. 3 (1989): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.107.3.663.

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The examination of pair-rule gene expression in wild-type and segmentation mutant embryos has identified many, but not necessarily all, of the elements of the regulatory system that establish their periodic patterns. Here we have conducted a new type of search for previously unknown regulators of these genes by examining pair-rule gene expression in blastoderm embryos lacking parts of or entire chromosomes. This method has the advantage of direct inspection of abnormal pair-rule gene patterns without relying upon mutagenesis or interpretation of larval phenotypes for the identification of segmentation genes. From these experiments we conclude that: (i) most zygotically required regulators of the fushi tarazu (ftz), even-skipped (eve) and hairy (h) pair-rule genes have been identified, except for one or more loci we have uncovered on chromosome arm 2L; (ii) the repression of the ftz and eve genes in the anterior third of the embryo is under maternal, not zygotic control; and (iii) there are no general zygotically required activators of pair-rule gene expression. The results suggest that the molecular basis of pair-rule gene regulation can be pursued with greater confidence now that most key trans-acting factors are already in hand.

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Martín-Vega, Daniel, and Arturo Baz. "Comparative larval morphology of the European bone-skippers,Thyreophora cynophila(Panzer, 1798) andCentrophlebomyia furcata(Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Piophilidae), with notes on their coexistence and natural history." Journal of Natural History 48, no. 5-6 (2013): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.791938.

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Goto, Daisuke, Martin J. Hamel, Mark A. Pegg, Jeremy J. Hammen, Matthew L. Rugg, and Valery E. Forbes. "Spatially dynamic maternal control of migratory fish recruitment pulses triggered by shifting seasonal cues." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 6 (2018): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17082.

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Environmental regimes set the timing and location of early life-history events of migratory species with synchronised reproduction. However, modified habitats in human-dominated landscapes may amplify uncertainty in predicting recruitment pulses, impeding efforts to restore habitats invaluable to endemic species. The present study assessed how environmental and spawner influences modulate recruitment variability and persistence of the Missouri River shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) under modified seasonal spawning and nursery habitat conditions. Using a spatially explicit individual-based biophysical model, spawning cycle, early life-history processes (dispersal, energetics and survival) and prey production were simulated under incrementally perturbed flow (from –10 to –30%) and temperature (+1 and +2°C) regimes over 50 years. Simulated flow reduction and warming synergistically contracted spring spawning habitats (by up to 51%) and periods (by 19%). Under these conditions, fewer mature females entered a reproductive cycle, and more females skipped spawning, reducing spawning biomass by 20–50%. Many spawners migrated further to avoid increasingly unfavourable habitats, intensifying local density dependence in larval stages and, in turn, increasing size-dependent predation mortality. Diminished egg production (by 20–97%) and weakened recruitment pulses (by 46–95%) ultimately reduced population size by 21–74%. These simulations illustrate that environmentally amplified maternal influences on early life histories can lower sturgeon population stability and resilience to ever-increasing perturbations.

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Sadia Maalik, Nehal Khalid, Sajida Mushtaq, et al. "Diversity and relative abundance of Order Lepidoptera from agro-ecosystem of District Sialkot, Pakistan." Zoo Botanica 3, no. 1 (2025): 97–113. https://doi.org/10.55627/zoobotanica.003.01.1239.

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Moths, skippers, and butterflies are all members of the second most well-known and diverse order of insects, the order Lepidoptera. In agronomic domains, lepidopterans are ecologically important insects that serve as both pollinators and pests. Agro-ecosystems support a diverse range of pests and beneficial insects. Agro-ecosystems support a diverse range of pests and beneficial insects. During the current study, the diversity and relative abundance of Lepidopteran species (including both adults and larvae) were analyzed from the selected crops i.e. fodder, brassica, wheat, and vegetables from agro-ecosystems of district Sialkot, Pakistan. Sampling was done through the quadrat and sweep net methods from March 2021 to June 2021. A total of 2013 Lepidopteran specimens constituting 26 genera and 29 species belonging to 10 families were recorded from these crops available at the selected locales of Sialkot district. The fodder crop was found to be rich in Lepidopterans manifesting a relative abundance of 53.40% followed by brassica (25.88%), vegetables (19.82%), and least was in wheat (0.89%). Maximum relative abundance was noticed in May (33.48%) followed by April (31.84%), March (20.07%), and lowest in June (14.61%). Family Pieridae was the most abundant family with a relative abundance of 41.03% followed by the family Noctuidae (39.29%). The most dominant species was Helicoverpa armigera showing a relative abundance of 17.44%. The fodder crop (H’= 2.999) and the month of May (H’=2.8053) demonstrated the highest diversity among all the data evaluated by the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’). It is concluded that district Sialkot has a diversified Lepidopteran fauna. For the purpose of assessing their diversity, abundance, and distribution in upcoming conservation and pest management research, the current study may assist in identifying beneficial Lepidopteran species and pests in agro-ecosystems.

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Maisonhaute, Julie-Éléonore, and Shari L. Forbes. "Overwintering behaviour of the skipper fly (Diptera: Piophilidae) of forensic importance in Québec, Canada." Canadian Entomologist, January 11, 2021, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.78.

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Abstract Laboratory experiments and field observations from August 2019 to April 2020 demonstrated that skipper flies (Diptera: Piophilidae) overwinter as larvae and likely present an obligatory winter diapause in Québec, Canada. Diapause was confirmed by the very few emergences of adults in the laboratory following collection from carrion at the end of summer and in fall, the migration of larvae deep in the soil, and the persistence of larvae inside carrion during the winter until the following spring when they became active again and initiated pupation (i.e., intra-puparial period). To our knowledge, our observations represent the first report of the overwintering of skipper fly larvae inside an animal carcass in North America. In addition, this winter diapause should be considered in forensic entomology when using the presence of skipper fly larvae on a body to estimate the time elapsed since death.

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Bargar, Timothy A., and Michelle L. Hladik. "Permethrin Contamination of Sawgrass Marshes and Potential Risk for the Imperiled Klot's Skipper Butterfly (Euphyes pilatka klotsi)." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5783.

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AbstractNontarget effects from mosquito control operations are possible in habitats adjacent to areas targeted by ultra‐low volume (ULV) sprays of permethrin for adult mosquito control. This paper assessed the risks of permethrin exposure to butterflies, particularly the imperiled Klot's skipper, when exposed to ground based ULV sprays. Samples of larval host plant leaves (sawgrass) were collected in June (in mosquito season) and January (outside mosquito season) of 2015 from sawgrass marsh habitats of the National Key Deer Wildlife Refuge and analyzed for permethrin. Permethrin detection was higher in June (detected on 70% of samples) than in January (30%) and concentrations were significantly higher in June (geomean = 2.1 ng/g, median = 2.4) relative to January (0.4 ng/g, median = 0.2). Dietary risk for 4th – 5th instar larvae was low based on the measured residues. The AGricultural DISPersal model (v 8.26) was used to estimate permethrin residues on sawgrass following ULV sprays (deposited residues) to estimate immediate post‐spray risk. Estimated deposited residues (33 – 543 ng/g) were much higher than measured residues, which lead to higher risk likelihood for butterfly larvae immediately after ULV sprays. The difference between estimated and measured residues, and between the two risk estimations, reflects uncertainty in risk estimates based on the measured residues. Research on modeling deposited pesticide residues following ground based ULV spray is limited. More research on estimating deposited pesticide residues from truck mounted ULV sprayers could help reduce uncertainty in the risk predictions for nontarget insects like butterflies.

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Bursey, Charles, Anjum Rizvi, and Pallab Maity. "New species of Gorgoderina (Digenea; Gorgoderidae) and other helminths in Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Dehradun, (Uttarakhand), India." Acta Parasitologica 59, no. 4 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-014-0291-6.

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AbstractGorgoderina spinosa sp. nov. (Digenea, Gorgoderidae) from the bladder of the water skipper, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Anura, Dicroglossidae), from Dehradun, India is described and illustrated. Gorgoderina spinosa is the 6th Indian species assigned to the genus and is separated from its congeners based upon the morphology of vitelline glands and the presence of a spinose integument. Two additional digenean species, Diplodiscus amphichrus and Ganeo tigrinus, and 3 nematode species, Cosmocerca kalesari, Gendria chauhani, and unidentified larvae were found. Diplodiscus amphichrus, Ganeo tigrinus, Cosmocerca kalesari, and Gendria chauhani have previously been reported to infect Indian individuals of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis.

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G M Osman, Alaa. "Blood Characteristics and Tissue Histology of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus Niloticus) Fed A Diet Containing Cheese Skipper (Piophila Casei) Larvae." Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition 2, no. 3 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32474/sjfn.2019.02.000137.

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Larquier, Corentin, Frédéric Azémar, Yves Braet, Léni Weiss, Arthur Compin, and Laurent Pelozuelo. "Presence of the European bone-skipper fly Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer, 1798) (Diptera: Piophilidae) larvae in the cerebral cavity of large mammals and report of different insect larvae living inside mammal bones." Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.), January 25, 2023, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2022.2156385.

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50

Brackley, Allison, John Lill, and Martha Weiss. "Ecological Predictors of Pupal Survival in a Common North American Butterfly." Environmental Entomology, July 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvac055.

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Abstract All holometabolous insects undergo a pupal life stage, a transformative period during which the insects are immobile and thus particularly vulnerable to both natural enemies and harmful abiotic conditions. For multivoltine species like the silver-spotted skipper [Epargyreus clarus (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)], which produces both diapausing and nondiapausing generations throughout much of its range, both the duration of the pupal stage and the ecological challenges faced by pupae can differ among generations. We conducted a set of field experiments to investigate the seasonal and annual variation in pupal mortality for E. clarus pupae experiencing different biotic and abiotic conditions. We also examined the behavioral and ecological factors influencing the construction and persistence of pupal shelters by prepupal larvae. Surprisingly, measures of both cumulative and daily pupal predation were significantly higher during the relatively short (10–14 d) nondiapausing (summer) generations, compared with the diapausing (winter) generations, despite a nearly 20-fold longer pupal duration recorded for the latter. Indirect evidence from field censuses suggested that this intergenerational difference in mortality was due to seasonal variation in consumption of pupae by generalist vertebrate predators. The presence of a shelter increased survival in summer, though not in winter, perhaps because winter pupae were likely to be buried under autumnal leaf litter, regardless of initial shelter status. When constructing their shelters, prepupal E. clarus larvae did not prefer host leaves over nonhost leaves, suggesting that induced preferences are unlikely to play an important role in this process. Despite finding marked differences in the decomposition rates of shelter leaves derived from host vs. nonhost plants, several lines of evidence suggest that these differences are unlikely to impact E. clarus pupal mortality during either the summer or winter generations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Skipper Larvae'

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