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Crew, Mark D., Bounleut Phanavanh, and Carmen N. Garcia-Borges. "Sequence and mRNA expression of nonclassical SLA class I genes SLA-7 and SLA-8." Immunogenetics 56, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-004-0676-z.
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Rennert, Robert C., Kate T. Carroll, Mir Amaan Ali, Thomas Hamelin, Leon Chang, Brian P. Lemkuil, and Clark C. Chen. "Safety of stereotactic laser ablations performed as treatment for glioblastomas in a conventional magnetic resonance imaging suite." Neurosurgical Focus 41, no. 4 (October 2016): E7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.8.focus16217.
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OBJECTIVE Stereotactic laser ablation (SLA) is typically performed in the setting of intraoperative MRI or in a staged manner in which probe insertion is performed in the operating room and thermal ablation takes place in an MRI suite. METHODS The authors describe their experience, in which SLA for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment was performed entirely within a conventional MRI suite using the SmartFrame stereotactic device. RESULTS All 10 patients with GBM (2 with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation [mIDH1] and 8 with wild-type IDH1 [wtIDH1]) were followed for > 6 months. One of these patients underwent 2 independent SLAs approximately 12 months apart. Biopsies were performed prior to SLA for all patients. There were no perioperative morbidities, wound infections, or unplanned 30-day readmissions. The average time for a 3-trajectory SLA (n = 3) was 436 ± 102 minutes; for a 2-trajectory SLA (n = 4) was 321 ± 85 minutes; and for a single-trajectory SLA (n = 4) was 254 ± 28 minutes. No tumor recurrence occurred within the blue isotherm line ablation zone, although 2 patients experienced recurrence immediately adjacent to the blue isotherm ablation line. Overall survival for the patient cohort averaged 356 days, with the 2 patients who had mIDH1 GBMs exhibiting the longest survival (811 and 654 days). CONCLUSIONS Multitrajectory SLA for treatment of GBM can be safely performed using the SmartFrame stereotactic device in a conventional MRI suite.
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Kusza, S., L. Flori, Y. Gao, A. Teillaud, R. Hu, G. Lemonnier, Z. Bősze, E. Bourneuf, S. Vincent-Naulleau, and C. Rogel-Gaillard. "Transcription specificity of the class Ib genes SLA-6, SLA-7 and SLA-8 of the swine major histocompatibility complex and comparison with class Ia genes." Animal Genetics 42, no. 5 (February 1, 2011): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02170.x.
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Nieuwhof, M., F. Garretsen, and J. C. van Oeveren. "Growth analyses of tomato genotypes grown under low energy conditions." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 39, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v39i3.16541.
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Growth analyses were carried out on young plants of 15 genotypes, grown initially at 19/14 degrees C day/night temperatures for an 8 h day at low light intensity and subsequently at the night temperatures of 6, 10 and 14 degrees C. Significant genotypic differences occurred for relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR). RGR, LAR and SLA increased and LWR decreased at higher night temperatures. A strong negative correlation was observed between NAR and LAR and NAR and SLA whilst a positive correlation was noted between LAR and SLA. Plant weight was strongly influenced by seed size. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Kim, Sungwon, Cheonil Park, Byeong-Seok Moon, Hyoun-Ee Kim, and Tae-Sik Jang. "Enhancement of osseointegration by direct coating of rhBMP-2 on target-ion induced plasma sputtering treated SLA surface for dental application." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 31, no. 6 (November 23, 2016): 807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328216679761.
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Owing to the excellent bioactive properties of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs), dentistry considers them as a fascinating adjuvant alternative for enhancing bone regeneration and bone-to-implant junction in the early implantation stages. However, stable loading and delivery efficiency of rhBMPs on the implant surfaces involve major concerns because of the harsh wearing condition under load during implantation. In this study, to achieve successful rhBMP-2 delivery, a nanoporous surface structure is introduced on the sandblasting with large grit and acid-etching (SLA)-treated titanium (Ti) surface via the tantalum (Ta) target-ion induced plasma sputtering (TIPS) technique. Unlike oxidation-induced surface nanoporous fabrications on a Ti surface, TIPS-treated surfaces provide excellent structural unity of the nanoporous structure with the substrate due to their etching-based fabrication mechanism. SLA/TIPS-treated Ti exhibits distinct nanoporous structures on the microscale surface geometry and better hydrophilicity compared with SLA-treated Ti. A sufficiently empty nanoporous surface structure combined with the hydrophilic property of SLA/TIPS-treated Ti facilitates the formation of a thick and uniform coating layer of rhBMP-2 on the surface without any macro- and microcoagulation. Compared with the SLA-treated Ti surface, the amount of coated rhBMP-2 increases up to 63% on the SLA/TIPS-treated Ti surface. As a result, the in vitro pre-osteoblast cell response of the SLA/TIPS-treated Ti surface, especially cell adhesion and differentiation behaviors, improves remarkably. A bone-regenerating direct comparison between the rhBMP-2-coated SLA-treated and SLA/TIPS-treated Ti is conducted on a defective dog mandible model. After 8 weeks of implantation surgery, SLA/TIPS-treated Ti with rhBMP-2 exhibits a better degree of contact area for the implanted bone, which mineralizes new bones around the implant. Quantitative results of bone-in-contact ratio and new bone volume also show significantly higher values for the SLA/TIPS-treated Ti with the rhBMP-2 specimen. These results confirm that an SLA/TIPS-treated surface is a suitable rhBMP-2 carrier for a dental implant to achieve early and strong osseointegration of Ti dental implants.
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Tian, Debin, Sakthivel Subramaniam, C. Lynn Heffron, Hassan M. Mahsoub, Harini Sooryanarain, Bo Wang, Qian M. Cao, et al. "Construction and efficacy evaluation of novel swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I and class II allele-specific poly-T cell epitope vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus." Journal of General Virology 101, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001492.
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an economically important global swine disease. Here we report the development of subunit PRRSV-2 vaccines by expressing swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) class I and class II allele-specific epitope antigens in a robust adenovirus vector. SLA I-specific CD8 and SLA II-specific CD4 T cell epitopes of PRRSV-2 NADC20 were predicted in silico. Stable murine leukaemia cell lines (RMA-S), which are TAP-deficient and lacking endogenous class I epitope loading, were established to express different SLA I alleles. The binding stability of PRRSV T cell epitope peptides with SLA I alleles expressed on RMA-S cells was characterized. Two PRRSV poly-T cell epitope peptides were designed. NADC20-PP1 included 39 class I epitopes, consisting of 8 top-ranked epitopes specific to each of 5 SLA I alleles, and fused to 5 class II epitopes specific to SLA II alleles. NADC20-PP2, a subset of PP1, included two top-ranked class I epitopes specific to each of the five SLA I alleles. Two vaccine candidates, Ad-NADC20-PP1 and Ad-NADC20-PP2, were constructed by expressing the polytope peptides in a replication-incompetent human adenovirus 5 vector. A vaccination and challenge study in 30 piglets showed that animals vaccinated with the vaccines had numerically lower gross and histopathology lung lesions, and numerically lower PRRSV RNA loads in lung and serum after challenge compared to the controls, although there was no statistical significance. The results suggested that the Ad-NADC20-PP1 and Ad-NADC20-PP2 vaccines provided little or no protection, further highlighting the tremendous challenges faced in developing an effective subunit PRRSV-2 vaccine.
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Romero-Ruiz, Manuel M., Francisco Javier Gil-Mur, José Vicente Ríos-Santos, Pedro Lázaro-Calvo, Blanca Ríos-Carrasco, and Mariano Herrero-Climent. "Influence of a Novel Surface of Bioactive Implants on Osseointegration: A Comparative and Histomorfometric Correlation and Implant Stability Study in Minipigs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092307.
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Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the influence of a novel surface of dental implants (ContacTi®) on the osseointegration process in a minipig model. The surface was compared with other existing surfaces on the market (SLA® and SLActive®) by employing bone implant contact analysis (BIC) and implant stability. Method: Twelve minipigs were used with prior authorisation from an ethics committee. Three types of surfaces were tested: SLA® (sand-blasted acid-etched titanium), SLActive® (same but hydrophilic, performed under a nitrogen atmosphere), and ContacTi® (alumina particle bombardment of titanium, bioactivated when treated thermochemically) in 4.1 mm × 8 mm implants with internal connection and a polished neck. Twelve implants of each surface type (N = 36) were placed, sacrificing 1/3 of the animals at 2 weeks of placement, 1/3 at 4 weeks and the remaining 1/3 at 8 weeks. Numerical variables were compared with Analysis of Variance, and the correlation between ISQ and BIC was established with the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results: SLActive® and ContacTi® surfaces showed elevated osteoconductivity at 4 weeks, maintaining a similar evolution at 8 weeks (large amount of mature lamellar tissue with high maturity and bone quality). The SLA® surface showed slower maturation. The ISQ values in surgery were elevated (above 65), higher at necropsy and higher at 4 and 8 weeks in the SLA® group than in the other two (SLActive® and ContacTi®). No significant correlation was found between ISQ and BIC for each implant surface and necropsy time. Conclusion: The three surfaces analysed showed high RFA and BIC values, which were more favourable for the SLActive® and ContacTi® surfaces. No statistical correlation was found between the RFA and BIC values in any of the three surfaces analysed.
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Zhou, C., Y. Q. Chen, Y. H. Zhu, G. F. Lin, L. F. Zhang, X. C. Liu, and F. M. He. "Antiadipogenesis and Osseointegration of Strontium-Doped Implant Surfaces." Journal of Dental Research 98, no. 7 (May 28, 2019): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519850574.
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The decreased bone density and increased marrow adiposity that occur with aging may influence the outcome of dental implants. Strontium (Sr), an anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis, has an inhibitory effect on adipogenesis but favors osteogenesis of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). However, little is known about the effects and mechanisms of local Sr release on adipogenesis during bone formation in aged bone. In this study, a potential dental implant material, Sr-doped titanium, was developed via a sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA) method combined with a hydrothermal process. The effects of Sr-SLA on initial adhesion, proliferation, intracellular redox state, and adipogenic differentiation of senescent BMSCs were investigated. The in vitro results showed that Sr-SLA promoted spreading of senescent BMSCs via upregulation of the gene and protein expression of integrin β1. In addition, it was revealed that Sr-SLA could reduce intracellular oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species and oxygen radicals and increasing the content of glutathione peroxidase. More important, Sr-SLA suppressed lipid droplet production and adipokines expression via downregulation of transcription peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, thus inhibiting adipogenesis. Finally, the Sr-SLA implants were implanted in tibiae of aged (18-mo-old) Sprague-Dawley rats for 2 and 8 wk. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that Sr-SLA implants significantly enhanced osseointegration, and the inhibition effect on marrow adipose tissue formation was moderate. All these results suggest that due to the multiple functions produced by Sr, antiadipogenesis capability and rapid osseointegration were enhanced by the Sr-SLA coatings, which have potential application in dental implantation in the aged population.
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Hotsonyame, G. K., and L. A. Hunt. "Seeding date, photoperiod and nitrogen effects on specific leaf area of field-grown wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-006.
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Specific leaf area (SLA), the ratio of leaf area to leaf weight, is an important plant characteristic that affects the rate of dry matter production of crop canopies. It is affected by the conditions of growth of both isolated plants and crop communities, but the extent to which various environmental factors impact on SLA under field conditions is not clearly understood. This study was conducted to study the variability in SLA of leaves on the main culm, and in the leaf canopy as an entity, under different conditions of photoperiod, nitrogen and temperature for a number of wheat genotypes grown under field conditions. Five plantings at approximately bimonthly intervals on 12 May, 5 July and 22 September 1993; and on 9 June and 10 August 1994 were made under both natural photoperiod and an extended photoperiod of 20 h. A split plot design with two levels of nitrogen (0 kg N ha−1 and 150 kg N ha−1) as main plots and four genotypes of wheat comprising two spring types (Norseman and Roblin) and two winter types (Ruby and Harus) as subplots was used.SLA of individual leaves varied among leaf positions, but the pattern of variation was dependent on sowing date and genotype. For May and June sowing dates, SLA increased with leaf number up to leaf 5 and then declined with subsequent leaf numbers for the spring genotypes, but increased to leaf 5 and changed little thereafter for the winter types. For July or August sowing and for both spring and winter genotypes, the change in SLA with leaf position was less clear. The results further showed that some of this variability in SLA with leaf position could be accounted for by the mean air temperatures over which the leaves developed. As temperatures increased from 8 °C to 26 °C, SLA increased to a maximum value achieved at 18–20 °C and then declined. However, there was a large scatter of SLA values around 18–20 °C, due partly to some lower SLA values for the July and August sowing dates. This suggests the impact of other factors such as radiation and the degree of mutual shading within the canopy on SLA. Mean canopy SLA reflected the individual leaf values during the period of leaf production, and varied with sowing date and genotype, although the pattern of genotypic variability was inconsistent over sowing dates; it decreased rapidly after spike emergence presumably reflecting leaf aging. Neither nitrogen nor photoperiod had significant effects on SLA on both individual leaf and canopy bases.The results suggest that temperature is one factor affecting SLA under field conditions, but that further work to identify other factors impacting on SLA in the field will be necessary. For application of simulation models to situations in which temperatures are likely to vary, an accounting for the impact of temperature on the SLA of individual leaves would be desirable. Key words: Specific leaf area (SLA), sowing date, temperature, simulation, wheat
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Raskin, Jeffrey Steven, Frank Lin, Murali Chintagumpala, Virendra Rajendrakumar Desai, Patrick J. Karas, Kathryn Wagner, Howard L. Weiner, Sandi Lam, and Daniel Curry. "139 Outcome of Stereotactic Laser Ablation of Primary Brain Tumors in Children." Neurosurgery 64, CN_suppl_1 (August 24, 2017): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx417.139.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION Stereotactic laser ablation (SLA) is an innovative minimally invasive strategy used to treat intracranial tumors. While it is applied commonly in adults as adjuvant therapy for high grade tumors, its use in children is less well understood. At Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), an interdisciplinary team considers SLA, with or without concomitant biopsy, as a diagnostic and treatment strategy in select cases. This study represents our institutional experience over 5 years using SLA for children with brain tumors. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed for patients less than 18 years old undergoing SLA at TCH from 2012–2016. Demographics, medical history, and surgical outcomes were recorded. Biopsy diagnosis rate, adjuvant treatments, and tumor outcomes are noted. RESULTS >Fourteen children (7 males), with an average age at first surgery of 11.6 years, underwent SLA for WHO I (8), WHO II (1), WHO III (1), WHO IV (2) and unknown (2) tumors. Tumor locations were deep (periventricular, midbrain) in nine cases. Antecedent biopsy was diagnostic in 5 of the 7 patients (71%). SLA without concurrent biopsy was the solo treatment in the other 7 patients (50%). Complete ablation of tumors was confirmed radiographically in 11/14 children. Follow-up time was an average of 2 years. At follow up, 11 children had stable disease, 2 had recurrences, and there was 1 death. One patient developed acute postoperative hydrocephalus requiring temporary ventricular drain placement for cerebrospinal fluid diversion. CONCLUSION SLA is an effective novel adjunctive or primary treatment modality for primary brain tumors in children, with a low complication profile, even in deep locations, and may be easily paired with diagnostic biopsy.
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Feng, Yan Bo, Wei Qi Yan, Di Sheng Yang, Jie Feng, Xiao Xiang Wang, and Sam Zhang. "Biological and Biomechanical Properties of Chemically Modified SLA Titanium Implants In Vitro and In Vivo." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.399.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the interface shear strength and the responses of osteoblast-like cells to titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface modified by alkali and heat treatments (SLA-AH). The implants with machined and SLA surface served as controls. Each type of implant was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. In vitro assays were made using human osteoblast-like cell culture on different surfaces. The rectangle plates were also transcortically implanted into the proximal metaphysis of New Zealand White rabbit tibiae. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks implantation, mechanical and histological assessments were performed to evaluate biomechanical and biological behavior in vivo. By SEM examination, SLA surface combined with AH treatments revealed a macro-rough surface with finely microporous structure. The in vitro assays showed that the SLA-AH surfaces exhibited more extensive cell deposition and improved cell proliferation as compared with controls. Pull-out test demonstrated that the SLA-AH treated implants had a higher mechanical strength than the controls at all interval time after implantation. Histologically, the test implants revealed a significantly greater percentage of bone-implant contact when compared with controls. The results of this study suggest that a useful approach by combined processes could optimize implant surfaces for bone deposition and produce distinct biological surface features.
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Zhang, Bei-Li, Erika Zannou, and Frédéric Sannajust. "Effects of photoperiod reduction on rat circadian rhythms of BP, heart rate, and locomotor activity." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): R169—R178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.1.r169.
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The effects of a photoperiod reduction in the entrainment of circadian rhythms of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) were determined in conscious Wistar rats by using radiotelemetry. Two groups of seven rats were maintained in a 12:12-h light-dark (12L/12D) photoperiod for 11 wk and then placed in a reduced photoperiod of 8:16-h light-dark (8L/16D) by advancing a 4-h darkness or by advancing and delaying a 2-h darkness for 6 wk. Finally, they were resynchronized to 12L/12D. Advancing a 4-h dark phase induced a 1-h advance of acrophase for SBP, DBP, and HR, but not for SLA. The percent rhythm, amplitude, and the 12-h mean values of all parameters were significantly decreased by the photoperiod reduction. When symmetrically advancing and delaying a 2-h dark phase, a 1 h 20 min delay of acrophases and a decrease in percent rhythms and amplitudes of SBP, DBP, HR, and SLA were observed. Only the 12-h mean values of HR and SLA were decreased. Our findings show that the cardiovascular parameters differ from SLA in phase-shift response to photoperiod reduction and that the adjustment of circadian rhythms to change from 12L/12D to 8L/16D photoperiod depends on the direction of the extension of the dark period.
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Parnia, Feridoun, Javad Yazdani, and Solmaz Maleki Dizaj. "Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Sinus Lift Augmentation as a Dental Implant Technology." Stem Cells International 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3080139.
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The potential application of stem cell biology in human dentistry is a new and emerging field of research. The objective of the current review was to study the efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in sinus lift augmentation (SLA). A literature review was performed in PubMed Central using MeSH keywords such as sinus lift, MSCs, dental implants, and augmentation. The searches involved full-text papers written in English, published in the past 10 years (2007–2017). The review included in vitro and in vivo studies on the use of MSCs in SLA. Electronic searching provided 45 titles, and among them, 8 papers were chosen as suitable based on the inclusion requirements of this review. The reviewed studies have revealed the potential of MSCs in SLA. According to these papers, stem cell therapy combined with different biomaterials may considerably improve bone regeneration in previous steps of dental implantation and may veritably lead to efficient clinical usages in the recent future. However, the identification of an ideal source of stem cells as well as long-term studies is vital to assess the success rate of this technology. Further clinical trials are also needed to approve the potential of MSCs in SLA.
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Costa-Hurtado, Mar, Alexandre Olvera, Verónica Martinez-Moliner, Nuria Galofré-Milà, Paloma Martínez, Javier Dominguez, and Virginia Aragon. "Changes in Macrophage Phenotype after Infection of Pigs with Haemophilus parasuis Strains with Different Levels of Virulence." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 7 (April 15, 2013): 2327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00056-13.
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ABSTRACTHaemophilus parasuisis a colonizer of healthy piglets and the etiological agent of Glässer's disease. Differences in virulence among strains ofH. parasuishave been widely observed. In order to explore the host-pathogen interaction, snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived piglets were intranasally infected with 4 strains ofH. parasuis: reference virulent strain Nagasaki, reference nonvirulent strain SW114, field strain IT29205 (from a systemic lesion and virulent in a previous challenge), and field strain F9 (from the nasal cavity of a healthy piglet). At different times after infection, two animals of each group were euthanized and alveolar macrophages were analyzed for the expression of CD163, CD172a, SLA I (swine histocompatibility leukocyte antigen I), SLA II, sialoadhesin (or CD169), and CD14. At 1 day postinfection (dpi), virulent strains induced reduced expression of CD163, SLA II, and CD172a on the surfaces of the macrophages, while nonvirulent strains induced increased expression of CD163, both compared to noninfected controls. At 2 dpi, the pattern switched into a strong expression of CD172a, CD163, and sialoadhesin by the virulent strains, which was followed by a steep increase in interleukin 8 (IL-8) and soluble CD163 in serum at 3 to 4 dpi. The early increase in surface expression of CD163 induced by nonvirulent strains went along with higher levels of IL-8 in serum than those induced by virulent strains in the first 2 days of infection. Alpha interferon (IFN-α) induction was observed only in animals infected with nonvirulent strains. Overall, these results are compatible with a delay in macrophage activation by virulent strains, which may be critical for disease production.
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Ali, Md Maksud. "The Study of Errors and Feedback in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Research: Strategies used by the ELT practitioners in Bangladesh to address the errors their students make in learning English." IIUC Studies 8 (September 10, 2014): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v8i0.20409.
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The study of errors and feedback is one of the major issues in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. The research in this area is so important because it gives the English language teaching (ELT) practitioners an opportunity to have an insight in understanding the nature of learners errors and in giving feedback to learners. Following quantitative method, this paper carries out an empirical cross-sectional survey research on errors and feedback in SLA in the context of Bangladesh in order to generalize the way in which the Bangladeshi ELT practitioners view their students errors and the ways they correct the errors. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v8i0.20409 IIUC Studies Vol.8 December 2011: 131-140
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Daly, Lauren T., Michael C. Daly, Amin Mohamadi, and Neal Chen. "Chronic Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament Disruption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Surgical Treatments." HAND 15, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944718787289.
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Background: Although many techniques have been described, there is no clear optimal surgical treatment for chronic scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) disruption. Methods: We identified 255 articles reporting outcomes of SLIL reconstruction. Of these, 40 studies (978 wrists) met eligibility requirements and reported sufficient data on radiographic outcomes to be included in the study. The mean and standard deviation of preoperative and follow-up assessments including scapholunate gap (SLG) and scapholunate angle (SLA) were used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For other radiographic or clinical outcomes, there were not enough reported data to calculate a pooled effect size, and pooled nonstandardized comparisons were made. Results: The SMD between preoperative and postoperative SLA in tenodesis reconstruction was 0.7 (CI, 0.29 to 1.11, P = .001) and 0.04 (CI, –0.27 to 0.38, P = .8) for capsulodesis reconstruction. For SLG, tenodesis demonstrated an SMD of 1.1 (CI, 0.6 to 1.55, P < .001) compared with 0.1 (CI, –0.36 to 0.59, P = .6) for capsulodesis reconstruction. Tenodesis had a significant improvement compared with capsulodesis in SLA ( P = .01) and SLG ( P = .005). Tenodesis also showed improvement in grip strength and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores. Conclusions: Comparing preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements, tenodesis reconstruction demonstrated significantly improved SLG and SLA relative to capsulodesis. Interpreted in the context of the limitations, existing data demonstrates some benefit of tenodesis reconstruction.
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Kim, Nam-Ho, So-Hyoun Lee, Jae-Jun Ryu, Kyung-Hee Choi, and Jung-Bo Huh. "Effects of rhBMP-2 on Sandblasted and Acid Etched Titanium Implant Surfaces on Bone Regeneration and Osseointegration: Spilt-Mouth Designed Pilot Study." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/459393.
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This study was conducted to evaluate effects of rhBMP-2 applied at different concentrations to sandblasted and acid etched (SLA) implants on osseointegration and bone regeneration in a bone defect of beagle dogs as pilot study using split-mouth design.Methods. For experimental groups, SLA implants were coated with different concentrations of rhBMP-2 (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL). After assessment of surface characteristics and rhBMP-2 releasing profile, the experimental groups and untreated control groups (n= 6 in each group, two animals in each group) were placed in split-mouth designed animal models with buccal open defect. At 8 weeks after implant placement, implant stability quotients (ISQ) values were recorded and vertical bone height (VBH, mm), bone-to-implant contact ratio (BIC, %), and bone volume (BV, %) in the upper 3 mm defect areas were measured.Results. The ISQ values were highest in the 1.0 group. Mean values of VBH (mm), BIC (%), and BV (%) were greater in the 0.5 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL groups than those in 0.1 and control groups in buccal defect areas.Conclusion. In the open defect area surrounding the SLA implant, coating with 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL concentrations of rhBMP-2 was more effective, compared with untreated group, in promoting bone regeneration and osseointegration.
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Nicola, Silvana, Luigi Basoccu, and Salvino Leoni. "Efficiency of Nitrogen Assimilation in Tomato Seedlings as Affected by Nitrogen Regime and Photoperiod." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 776C—776. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.776c.
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Excessive nitrogen can be detrimental to transplant quality when supplied during the period of suboptimal photoperiod conditions. This investigation was made to determine the relationship between nitrogen and photoperiod on the growth rate of the transplants. The growth analysis included the determination of the net assimilation rate (NAR) and the nitrogen productivity (NP). `Camone' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were grown in the greenhouse under two photoperiods 8 and 12 h) at a constant light intensity and fertilized with three different N concentrations (8, 15, and 30 mmol·liter–1) applied four times. Longer photoperiods enhanced plant growth by increasing the internode, LAR, SLA, and SWR. Root fresh weight, dry weight, stem dry matter, NAR, and RWR were minimal when 30 mmol·liter–1 N concentration was supplied, while LAR and SLA were at their maximum level. The interaction between N and photoperiod was significant. Increasing N supply during an 8-h photoperiod decreased growth. During a 12-h photoperiod, 15 mmol·liter–1 was the optimum N concentration for fresh growth and 8 mmol·liter–1 for shoot dry growth. The RGR had the lowest value, with 30 mmol·liter–1 N and 8-h photoperiod. PNC was highest when plants received 30 mmol·liter–1 N during an 8-h photoperiod, and when the plants received 15 and 30 mmol·liter–1 N during the 8-h photoperiod. LNC doubled in plants fertilized with 30 mmol·liter–1 N compared to those with 8 mmol·liter–1 when grown under a 12-h photoperiod. The NP was at the maximum in plants fertilized with 8 mmol·liter–1 N at the 12-h photoperiod. The lowest NP values occurred when plants were fertilized with 30 mmol·liter–1 N. When photoperiod is a limiting factor in growing seedlings, N supply must be limited to optimize the efficiency of its utilization by the plant.
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CaramÍs, João, Duarte Marques, Braz David, Rita Alves, Helena Francisco, Andrè Chen, Andrè Moreira, and Gonçalo CaramÍs. "Retrospective study of 8‐mm bone level SLA‐surfaced implants with 1‐ to 2‐year follow‐up." Clinical Oral Implants Research 30, S19 (September 2019): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/clr.368_13509.
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Le Guenhennec, Laurent, Eric Goyenvalle, Marco A. Lopez-Heredia, Pierre Weiss, Yves Amouriq, and Pierre Layrolle. "Histomorphometric Evaluation of Bone Response to Different Titanium Implant Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.613.
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Titanium dental implants presenting different blasted surfaces and an OCP coated surfaces have been implanted in the femoral epiphysis of rabbits. A comparable osseointegration has been observed for the titanium implants blasted either with alumina or biphasic calcium phosphates particles whatever the delay of implantation (2 or 8 weeks). A higher bone to implant contact has been observed for the SLA and OCP coated implants as compared to the grit-blasted groups.
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Oliveira, Mariana F. M., Fabrizio Caputo, Ricardo D. Lucas, Benedito S. Denadai, and Camila C. Greco. "Physiological and Stroke Parameters to Assess Aerobic Capacity in Swimming." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, no. 3 (September 2012): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.3.218.
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Purpose:To identify the speed corresponding to anaerobic threshold using the D-max method for both blood lactate and biomechanical stroke parameters determined in an incremental swimming test and to compare this information with the speed corresponding to the maximal lactate steady state (SMLSS).Methods:Five male long-distance swimmers and 8 triathletes (N = 13; age 23.8 ± 9.5 y, height 1.76 ± 0.1 m, weight 71.3 ± 9.8 kg) performed the following protocols: maximal 400-m test to determine maximal aerobic speed (S400); 7 × 200-m incremental test to determine the speed corresponding to the D-max point on the blood lactate (SLa), stroke-rate (SSR), stroke-length (SSL), and stroke-index (SSI) responses; and two to four 30-min submaximal tests to determine the SMLSS.Results:SLA (1.18 ± 0.08 m/s), SSI (1.18 ± 0.08 m/s), SSR (1.17 ± 0.1 m/s), and SSL (1.16 ± 0.09 m/s) were not significantly different from each other or from SMLSS (1.13 ± 0.08 m/s). There were high correlations between SLA, SSI, SSR, SSL, and SMLSS (r = .91, .89, .85, and .80, respectively). The typical errors of estimate for SLA (3.2%), SSI (3.7%), SSR (4.1%), and SSL (4.7%) suggest good validity of these variables to predict SMLSS. Furthermore, all physiological and biomechanical variables were moderately to highly correlated with S400 (r = .73–.95).Conclusions:It is possible to obtain a physiological index of aerobic capacity and performance using simple biomechanical measurements during an incremental test without performing blood lactate analyses.
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Marques, Anderson Cesar Ramos, Leandro Bittencourt de Oliveira, Raíssa Schwalbert, Bianca Knebel Del Frari, Gustavo Brunetto, Fernando Luiz Ferreira de Quadros, Carlos Nabinger, and Fernando Teixeira Nicoloso. "Growth strategies as determinants of CO2 sequestration and response to nitrogen fertilisation in C4 grasses in South American natural grasslands." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 8 (2020): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19301.
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Grass species grown in South American natural grasslands present different growth strategies related to variations in specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and possible nitrogen (N) allocation. Nitrogen fertilisation can have effects on physiological processes such as CO2 assimilation; however, these responses can change depending on the growth strategy adopted by each species. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of N fertilisation on SLA, LDMC and CO2 assimilation in eight C4 grass species: Axonopus affinis, Paspalum pumilum, P. notatum, P. urvillei, P. plicatulum, Andropogon lateralis, Saccharum angustifolium and Aristida laevis. These species were cultivated in pots filled with soil subjected to two conditions of N availability: nil (control) and 200 mg N kg–1 soil. The SLA of Axonopus affinis was 5.4 times higher than that of Aristida laevis. Axonopus affinis and P. pumilum recorded the lowest LDMC, their leaves showed 53% lower LDMC than observed for Aristida laevis, on average. Resource-capture species showed variation in leaf area with N addition to values 20% higher than the control, whereas species characterised by a resource-conservation growth strategy recorded variation in leaf area with N addition to values only 8% higher than the control. With N addition, the CO2 assimilation of resource-capture species represented variation (increase) nine times that of resource-conservation species compared with their respective controls. Resource-capture species have greater CO2 capture potential than resource-conservation species, mainly a result of N addition.
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Santos, María, Sonia López Serrano, and Rosa M. Manchón. "The Differential Effect of Two Types of Direct Written Corrective Feedback on Noticing and Uptake: Reformulation vs. Error Correction." International Journal of English Studies 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2010/1/114011.
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Framed in a cognitively-oriented strand of research on corrective feedback (CF) in SLA, the controlled three- stage (composition/comparison-noticing/revision) study reported in this paper investigated the effects of two forms of direct CF (error correction and reformulation) on noticing and uptake, as evidenced in the written output produced by a group of 8 secondary school EFL learners. Noticing was operationalized as the amount of corrections noticed in the comparison stage of the writing task, whereas uptake was operationally defined as the type and amount of accurate revisions incorporated in the participants’ revised versions of their original texts. Results support previous research findings on the positive effects of written CF on noticing and uptake, with a clear advantage of error correction over reformulation as far as uptake was concerned. Data also point to the existence of individual differences in the way EFL learners process and make use of CF in their writing. These findings are discussed from the perspective of the light they shed on the learning potential of CF in instructed SLA, and suggestions for future research are put forward.
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CaramÍs, João, Duarte Marques, Rita Alves, David Braz, Helena Francisco, Andrè Chen, Filipe Freitas, and Gonçalo CaramÍs. "Retrospective study of short SLA‐surfaced implants (6 and 8 mm) with 1‐ to 4‐Years Follow‐up." Clinical Oral Implants Research 30, S19 (September 2019): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/clr.367_13509.
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Furey, Matthew J., Neil J. White, and Gurpreet S. Dhaliwal. "Scapholunate Ligament Injury and the Effect of Scaphoid Lengthening." Journal of Wrist Surgery 09, no. 01 (December 20, 2019): 076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401014.
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Abstract Objective We hypothesized that lengthening the scaphoid in a model of scapholunate ligament injury (SLI) will result in correction of radiographic markers of dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) deformity. Materials and Methods An SLI with DISI deformity was created by sectioning the SL ligament, the palmar radiocarpal ligaments, and scapho-trapezio-trapezoid ligaments of a cadaveric upper extremity (n = 5). The wrist was radiographed in both anteroposterior and lateral planes to confirm creation of SLI and DISI. The scaphoid was then osteotomized at its waist. A series of grafts (1–8 mm) were then placed at the osteotomy site. Radiographs were completed at each length. The main outcome measures were scapholunate interval (SL, mm), scapholunate angle (SLA, degrees), and radiolunate angle (RLA, degrees). These values, measured following the insertion of varying graft lengths, were compared with baseline measurements taken “post-injury” status. Results The ability to create an SLI with DISI was confirmed in the postinjury group with a statistically significant change in RLA, SLA, and SL compared with preinjury. With osteotomy and progressive insertion of spacers, the values improved into the accepted normal ranges for RLA (6 mm) and SLA (4 mm) with scaphoid lengthening. Conclusions In this cadaveric model of SL injury, radiographic markers of DISI were returned to within normal ranges with scaphoid osteotomy and lengthening. Clinical Relevance The results of this study add insight into wrist kinematics in our injury model and may represent a potential future direction for surgical treatment of SLI.
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Byambadorj, Ser-Oddamba, Byung Bae Park, Jonathan O. Hernandez, Narantugs Dulamsuren, Zoljargal Sainbuyan, Oyuntugs Altantugs, Khulan Sharavdorj, In Kyeong Seong, and Nyam-Osor Batkhuu. "Optimal Irrigation Regime for Woody Species Potentially Suitable for Effective and Sustainable Afforestation in the Desert Region of Mongolia." Land 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020212.
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Long-term studies on plant response mechanisms to different irrigation regimes will provide a better understanding of the survivability and establishment of plant communities in a desert environment. Thus, across 10 years, we regularly investigated the effects of the rainfall (control), rainfall + 4 L h−1, rainfall + 8 L h−1, and rainfall + 12 L h−1 irrigation regimes on the growth and leaf morpho-physiology of Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Ulmus pumila L., Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall. ex Schltdl., and Hippophae rhamnoides L. to suggest an optimal irrigation regime for each woody species for effective and sustainable afforestation in Mongolia. We measured the root collar diameter (RCD), annual height growth, survivability, leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf biomass (LB), total chlorophyll concentration, and predawn (ψp) and midday (ψm) leaf water potentials across the treatments and species. Results showed that trees grown at 12 L h−1 grew taller per year and generally resulted in a higher SLA, but generally resulted in a lower survival rate compared with those in the other treatments in all species. Total chlorophyll content was higher in trees grown under 4 and/or 8 L h−1, particularly for T. ramosissima and E. moorcroftii. Lastly, leaf water potentials were found more negative for trees subjected to 4 L h−1, especially in T. ramosissima and U. pumila, but still resulted in a higher survival rate and LB compared with 12 L h−1. H. rhamnoides showed higher survivability at 8 and/or 12 L h−1 than at 4 L h−1. Therefore, we suggest 4 L h−1 to be the optimal irrigation regime for irrigating T. ramosissima, U. pumila and E. moorcroftii, and 8 and/or 12 L h−1 for H. rhamnoides. Our findings are relevant to ensuring the sustainability of afforestation programs in arid and semiarid landscapes in Mongolia.
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Barker, Emilia, Lina AlQobaly, Zahab Shaikh, Kirsty Franklin, and Keyvan Moharamzadeh. "Implant Soft-Tissue Attachment Using 3D Oral Mucosal Models—A Pilot Study." Dentistry Journal 8, no. 3 (July 7, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj8030072.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate soft-tissue attachment to different metal, ceramic, and polymer implant surfaces using an inflamed, three-dimensional (3D), tissue-engineered, human oral mucosal model, as well as multiple-endpoint qualitative and quantitative biological approaches. Methods: Normal human oral fibroblasts, OKF6/TERT-2 keratinocytes and THP-1 monocytes were cultured, and full-thickness, 3D oral mucosal models were engineered inside tissue culture inserts. Sand-blasted and acid-etched (SLA) and machined (M) titanium–zirconium alloy (TiZr; commercially known as Roxolid; Institut Straumann AG, Switzerland), ceramic (ZrO2), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) rods (Ø 4 mm × 8 mm) were inserted into the center of tissue-engineered oral mucosa following a Ø 4mm punch biopsy. Inflammation was simulated with addition of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha to the culture medium. Implant soft-tissue attachment was assessed using histology, an implant pull-test with PrestoBlue assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Inflamed, full-thickness, 3D human oral mucosal models with inserted implants were successfully engineered and histologically characterized. The implant pull-test with PrestoBlue assay showed higher viability of the tissue that remained attached to the TiZr-SLA surface compared to the other test groups. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). SEM analysis showed evidence of epithelial cell attachment on different implant surfaces. Conclusions: The inflamed, 3D, oral mucosal model has the potential to be used as a suitable in vitro test system for visualization and quantification of implant soft-tissue attachment. The results of our study indicate greater soft tissue attachment to TiZr-SLA compared to TiZr-M, ceramic, and PEEK surfaces.
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Buser, D., N. Broggini, M. Wieland, R. K. Schenk, A. J. Denzer, D. L. Cochran, B. Hoffmann, A. Lussi, and S. G. Steinemann. "Enhanced Bone Apposition to a Chemically Modified SLA Titanium Surface." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 7 (July 2004): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300704.
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Increased surface roughness of dental implants has demonstrated greater bone apposition; however, the effect of modifying surface chemistry remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated bone apposition to a modified sandblasted/acid-etched (modSLA) titanium surface, as compared with a standard SLA surface, during early stages of bone regeneration. Experimental implants were placed in miniature pigs, creating 2 circular bone defects. Test and control implants had the same topography, but differed in surface chemistry. We created the test surface by submerging the implant in an isotonic NaCl solution following acid-etching to avoid contamination with molecules from the atmosphere. Test implants demonstrated a significantly greater mean percentage of bone-implant contact as compared with controls at 2 (49.30 vs. 29.42%; p = 0.017) and 4 wks (81.91 vs. 66.57%; p = 0.011) of healing. At 8 wks, similar results were observed. It is concluded that the modSLA surface promoted enhanced bone apposition during early stages of bone regeneration.
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Vieira, Antonio José Dias, Dario Alves de Oliveira, Taís Cristina Bastos Soares, Ivan Schuster, Newton Deniz Piovesan, Carlos Alberto Martínez, Everaldo Gonçalves de Barros, and Maurílio Alves Moreira. "Use of the QTL approach to the study of soybean trait relationships in two populations of recombinant inbred lines at the F7 and F8 generations." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 18, no. 2 (June 2006): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202006000200004.
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This work aimed to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with photosynthesis and growth and productivity traits of soybean and to study possible associations between these traits by the analysis of coincidence of QTL in linkage groups (LGs). Thus, populations of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the F7 and F8 generations derived from the cross between the varieties BARC-8 and Garimpo were used. The traits evaluated were net assimilation rate of CO2 under saturating light (Asat), potential photosynthesis rate (Pmax), leaf area (A), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf nitrogen (N); root (W R), nodule (W N), stem (W ST), leaf (W L), pod (W P) and plant dry mass (W T); nodule (nN), seed (n s), and pod number (nP); seed fresh mass per plant (W S), one-hundred seed fresh mass (W HS) and seed protein percentage (P%). It was possible to identify the following QTL associated with the following soybean traits: SLA, Asat, N, W R, W ST, W L, W T, W P, W HS, n s and nP, indicating that the RIL population has a great potential for mapping loci associated with quantitative traits of the soybean crop. The correlations between the soybean traits were partially confirmed by coincidence of QTL.
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Etemad-Shahidi, Yasaman, Omel Baneen Qallandar, Jessica Evenden, Frank Alifui-Segbaya, and Khaled Elsayed Ahmed. "Accuracy of 3-Dimensionally Printed Full-Arch Dental Models: A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 3357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103357.
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The use of additive manufacturing in dentistry has exponentially increased with dental model construction being the most common use of the technology. Henceforth, identifying the accuracy of additively manufactured dental models is critical. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature and evaluate the accuracy of full-arch dental models manufactured using different 3D printing technologies. Seven databases were searched, and 2209 articles initially identified of which twenty-eight studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analysed. A meta-analysis was not possible due to unclear reporting and heterogeneity of studies. Stereolithography (SLA) was the most investigated technology, followed by digital light processing (DLP). Accuracy of 3D printed models varied widely between <100 to >500 μm with the majority of models deemed of clinically acceptable accuracy. The smallest (3.3 μm) and largest (579 μm) mean errors were produced by SLA printers. For DLP, majority of investigated printers (n = 6/8) produced models with <100 μm accuracy. Manufacturing parameters, including layer thickness, base design, postprocessing and storage, significantly influenced the model’s accuracy. Majority of studies supported the use of 3D printed dental models. Nonetheless, models deemed clinically acceptable for orthodontic purposes may not necessarily be acceptable for the prosthodontic workflow or applications requiring high accuracy.
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Huang, Bo, Mengkai Guang, Jun Ye, Ping Gong, and Hua Tang. "Effect of Increasing Doses ofγ-Radiation on Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Grown on Smooth and Rough Titanium Surfaces." Stem Cells International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/359416.
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Radiation therapy for oral and maxillofacial tumors could damage bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in jaw, which caused dental implant failure. However, how radiation affects BMSCs on SLA (sandblasted with large-grits, acid-etched) surfaces is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of different dose ofγ-radiation on BMSCs on SLA and PT (polished titanium) surfaces. Rat BMSCs were radiated with 2, 4, and 8 Gyγ-radiation and then seeded on both surfaces. Cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation were tested. The osteogenesis and the adipogenesis ability were examined by Alizarin-Red and Oil-Red staining, respectively. Real-time PCR was performed to detect osteogenic (osteocalcin, OCN; runt-related transcription factor 2, Runx2) and adipogenic (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARγ) gene expression at days 7 and 14 postirradiation. Results showed thatγ-radiation reduced cell proliferation, adhesion, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation. 2 Gy radiation promoted adipogenic differentiation, but it was significantly decreased when dosage reached 4 Gy. In conclusion, results suggest thatγ-radiation influenced BMSCs behaviors in a dosage-dependent manner except adipogenic differentiation, low dose promoted it, and high dose inhibited it. This effect was influenced by surface characteristics, which may explain the different failure rate of various implants in patients after radiation.
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Khasanah, Isna Uswatun. "KENAIKAN MUKA AIR LAUT PERAIRAN SUMATERA BARAT BERDASARKAN DATA SATELIT ALTIMETRI JASON-2." JURNAL ILMIAH GEOMATIKA 23, no. 1 (October 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24895/jig.2017.23-1.623.
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<p><em>The phenomenon of the sea level rise caused by many factors, one of which is global warming. Coastal areas are most vulnerable regions affected by sea level rise. Therefore, the information of sea level rise are used as consideration and policy-making on development plans for coastal areas like in West Sumatera Waters. The aims of this research are to identify the quality of Satelit Altimetry Jason-2 Data in West Sumatera Waters and to analysis the information of sea level rise of West Sumatera sea based on satelit altimetry Jason-2 data. Sea Level Rise in West Sumatera Water are identified by several steps, begin with collecting satellite altimetry Jason-2 data from 2008 to 2015 years. Then extraction Sea Surface Height (SSH) value of binary GDR data from Jason-2 by post processing to eliminate the geophysic errors, furthermore extraction undulation geoid value and calculating the Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) value. To identify the sea level rise value used linear regression analysis on the SLA data. The results of this research shown the existence of satellite altimetry Jason-2 data is 92.91%. The mean sea level rise in West Sumatera Waters during th period 8 year is 6.88 mm, and mean sea level rise of West Sumatera sea is 0.86 mm/year.</em></p>
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Johnstone, Patti M., Kelly R. Yeager, Marnie L. Pomeroy, and Nicole Hawk. "Open-Fit Domes and Children with Bilateral High-Frequency Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Benefits and Outcomes." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 29, no. 04 (April 2018): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.17008.
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AbstractOpen-fit domes (OFDs) coupled with behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids were designed for adult listeners with moderate-to-severe bilateral high-frequency hearing loss (BHFL) with little to no concurrent loss in the lower frequencies. Adult research shows that BHFL degrades sound localization accuracy (SLA) and that BTE hearing aids with conventional earmolds (CEs) make matters worse. In contrast, research has shown that OFDs enhance spatial hearing percepts in adults with BHFL. Although the benefits of OFDs have been studied in adults with BHFL, no published studies to date have investigated the use of OFDs in children with the same hearing loss configuration. This study seeks to use SLA measurements to assess efficacy of bilateral OFDs in children with BHFL.To measure SLA in children with BHFL to determine the extent to which hearing loss, age, duration of CE use, and OFDs affect localization accuracy.A within-participant experimental design using repeated measures was used to determine the effect of OFDs on localization accuracy in children with BHFL. A between-participant experimental design was used to compare localization accuracy between children with BHFL and age-matched controls with normal hearing (NH).Eighteen children with BHFL who used CE and 18 age-matched NH controls. Children in both groups were divided into two age groups: older children (10–16 yr) and younger children (6–9 yr).All testing was done in a sound-treated booth with a horizontal array of 15 loudspeakers (radius of 1 m). The stimulus was a spondee word, “baseball”: the level averaged 60 dB SPL and randomly roved (±8 dB). Each child was asked to identify the location of a sound source. Localization error was calculated across the loudspeaker array for each listening condition.A significant interaction was found between immediate benefit from OFD and duration of CE usage. Longer CE usage was associated with degraded localization accuracy using OFDs. Regardless of chronological age, children who had used CEs for <6 yr showed immediate localization benefit using OFDs, whereas children who had used CEs for >6 yr showed immediate localization interference using OFDs. Development, however, may play a role in SLA in children with BHFL. When unaided, older children had significantly better localization acuity than younger children with BHFL. When compared to age-matched controls, children with BHFL of all ages showed greater localization error. Nearly all (94% [17/18]) children with BHFL spontaneously reported immediate own-voice improvement when using OFDs.OFDs can provide sound localization benefit to younger children with BHFL. However, immediate benefit from OFDs is reduced by prolonged use of CEs. Although developmental factors may play a role in improving localization abilities over time, children with BHFL will rarely equal that of peers without early use of minimally disruptive hearing aid technology. Also, the occlusion effect likely impacts children far more than currently thought.
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Thapa, Amrit, and Sher Muhammad. "Contemporary Snow Changes in the Karakoram Region Attributed to Improved MODIS Data between 2003 and 2018." Water 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102681.
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Snowmelt significantly contributes to meltwater in most parts of High Mountain Asia. The Karakoram region is one of these densely glacierized and snow-covered regions. Several studies have reported that glaciers in the Karakoram region remained stable or experience slight mass loss. This trend has called for further investigation to understand changes in other components of the cryosphere. This study estimates the comparative snow cover area (SCA) and snowline altitude (SLA) changes between 2003 and 2018 in the Karakoram region and its subbasins, including Hunza, Shigar, and Shyok. We used three different 8-day composite snow products of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in this study including (1) Original Aqua (MYD10A2), (2) Original Terra (MOD10A2), and (3) Improved Terra-Aqua (MOYDGL06*) snow products from 2003 to 2018. We used Mann–Kendall and Sen Slope methods to assess trends in the SCA and SLA. Our results show that the original snow products are significantly biased when investigating seasonal and annual trends. However, discarding a cloud cover of >20% in the original products improves the results and makes them more comparable to our improved snow product. The original products (without cloud removal) overestimate the SCA during summer and underestimate the SCA during winter and year-round throughout the Karakoram region. The bias in the mean annual SCA between improved and Aqua and Terra cloud threshold products for the Karakoram region is found to be −1.67% and 1.1%, respectively. The improved (MOYDGL06*) product reveals a statistically insignificant decreasing trend of the SCA on the annual scale between 2003 and 2018 in the Karakoram region and all three subbasins. The annual trends decreased at −0.13%, −0.1%, −0.08%, and −0.05% in the Karakoram, Hunza, Shigar, and Shyok, respectively. The monthly trends were slightly positive overall in December. The annual maximum SLA shows a statistically significant upward trend of 13 m above sea level (m a.s.l.) per year for the entire Karakoram region. This finding suggests a significant uncertainty in water resource planning based on the original snow data, and this study recommends the use of the improved snow product for a better understanding.
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BERTOLINI, MATTEO, and MARIO TRIGIANTE. "REGULAR R–R AND NS–NS BPS BLACK HOLES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 31 (December 20, 2000): 5017–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0000207x.
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We show in a precise group theoretical fashion how the generating solution of regular BPS black holes of N=8 supergravity, which is known to be a solution also of a simpler N=2 STU model truncation, can be characterized as purely NS–NS or R–R charged according to the way the corresponding STU model is embedded in the original N=8 theory. Of particular interest is the class of embeddings which yield regular BPS black hole solutions carrying only R–R charge and whose microscopic description can possibly be given in terms of bound states of D-branes only. The microscopic interpretation of the bosonic fields in this class of STU models relies on the solvable Lie algebra (SLA) method. In the present paper, we improve this mathematical technique in order to provide two distinct descriptions for type IIA and type IIB theories and an algebraic characterization of S×T-dual embeddings within the N=8, d=4 theory. This analysis will be applied to the particular example of a four parameter (dilatonic) solution of which both the full macroscopic and microscopic descriptions will be worked out.
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Rahman, Mohammad Ashiqur, Tanvir Ahmed, and Mohammad Abdul Mojid. "Coupled Irrigation–Drainage Management Practice for HYV Rice Cultivation with Saline-Irrigation Water: Evidence from Lysimeter Experiment." Agricultural Science 2, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): p95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p95.
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Irrigation with saline water adversely affects rice production and degrades land productivity in the coastal zones of many countries in the world. This study aimed at developing a suitable irrigation management practice to reduce the harmful effects of salinity on rice production under saline water irrigation. An experiment in raise-bed lysimeters was set in a split-split-plot design with irrigation–drainage practice as the main factor, irrigation water salinity as the sub-factor and rice variety as sub-sub factor; main factor and sub-factor comprised four treatments and the sub-sub factor comprised three treatments, each with three replications. The treatments of the main factor were – T1: 2-5 cm continuous ponding, T2: continuous saturation, T3: changing irrigation water after 3 days of application by maintaining 2-5 cm ponding depth, and T4: changing irrigation water after 5 days of application by maintaining 2-5 cm ponding depth. The sub-factor comprised – SL1: fresh water as control, SL2: saline water of 6 dS m-1, SL3: saline water of 9 dS m-1, and SL4: saline water of 12 dS m-1. The sub-sub factor comprised three salt-tolerant rice varieties V1: Binadhan-8, V2: Binadhan-10, and V3: BRRI dhan-47. The irrigation–drainage practices T2 and T3 provided significantly (p£0.05) improved growth and yield attributes of the rice varieties under salinity water level SL3 and SL4 compared to T1 and T4 treatments. The treatment T3 maintained least exposure of the crop to high degree of salinity and produced satisfactory plant attributes by inhibiting the detrimental effects of salinity. Therefore, T3 is suggested for adoption in practical fields when provision for removing high saline water from the rice fields can be arranged.
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Lecointre, A., T. Penduff, P. Cipollini, R. Tailleux, and B. Barnier. "Depth dependence of westward-propagating North Atlantic features diagnosed from altimetry and a numerical 1/6° model." Ocean Science 4, no. 1 (March 18, 2008): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-4-99-2008.
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Abstract. A 1/6° numerical simulation is used to investigate the vertical structure of westward propagation between 1993 and 2000 in the North Atlantic ocean. The realism of the simulated westward propagating signals, interpreted principally as the signature of first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves (RW), is first assessed by comparing the simulated amplitude and zonal phase speeds of Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) against TOPEX/Poseidon-ERS satellite altimeter data. Then, the (unobserved) subsurface signature of RW phase speeds is investigated from model outputs by means of the Radon Transform which was specifically adapted to focus on first-mode baroclinic RW. The analysis is performed on observed and simulated SLA and along 9 simulated isopycnal displacements spanning the 0–3250 m depth range. Simulated RW phase speeds agree well with their observed counterparts at the surface, although with a slight slow bias. Below the surface, the simulated phase speeds exhibit a systematic deceleration with increasing depth, by a factor that appears to vary geographically. Thus, while the reduction factor is about 15–18% on average at 3250 m over the region considered, it appears to be much weaker (about 5–8%) in the eddy-active Azores Current, where westward propagating structures might be more coherent in the vertical. In the context of linear theories, these results question the often-made normal mode assumption of many WKB-based theories that the phase speed is independent of depth. Alternatively, these results could also suggest that the vertical structure of westward propagating signals may significantly depend on their degree of nonlinearity, with the degree of vertical coherence possibly increasing with the degree of nonlinearity.
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Lecointre, A., T. Penduff, P. Cipollini, R. Tailleux, and B. Barnier. "Depth dependence of westward-propagating North Atlantic features diagnosed from altimetry and a numerical 1/6° model." Ocean Science Discussions 4, no. 6 (November 12, 2007): 817–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-4-817-2007.
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Abstract. A 1/6° numerical simulation is used to investigate the vertical structure of westward propagation between 1993 and 2000 in the North Atlantic ocean. The realism of the simulated westward propagating signals, interpreted principally as the signature of first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves (RW), is first assessed by comparing the simulated amplitude and zonal phase speeds of Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) against TOPEX/Poseidon-ERS satellite altimeter data. Then, the (unobserved) subsurface signature of RW phase speeds is investigated from model outputs by means of the Radon Transform which was specifically adapted to focus on first-mode baroclinic RW. The analysis is performed on observed and simulated SLA and along 9 simulated isopycnal displacements spanning the 0–3250 m depth range. Simulated RW phase speeds agree well with their observed counterparts at the surface, although with a slight slow bias. Below the surface, the simulated phase speeds exhibit a systematic deceleration with increasing depth, by a factor that appears to vary geographically. Thus, while the reduction factor is about 15–18% on average at 3250 m over the region considered, it appears to be much weaker (about 5–8%) in the eddy-active Azores Current, where westward propagating structures might be more coherent in the vertical. These results suggest that the often-made normal-mode assumption of many WKB-based extended theories that the phase speed is independent of depth might need to be revisited. They also suggest that the vertical structure of westward propagating signals could significantly depend on their degree of nonlinearity, with the degree of vertical coherence possibly increasing with the degree of nonlinearity.
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Ibrahim, Muhammad, Muhammad Imran, Faisal Jamil, Yun-Jung Lee, and Do-Hyeun Kim. "EAMA: Efficient Adaptive Migration Algorithm for Cloud Data Centers (CDCs)." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040690.
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The rapid demand for Cloud services resulted in the establishment of large-scale Cloud Data Centers (CDCs), which ultimately consume a large amount of energy. An enormous amount of energy consumption eventually leads to high operating costs and carbon emissions. To reduce energy consumption with efficient resource utilization, various dynamic Virtual Machine (VM) consolidation approaches (i.e., Predictive Anti-Correlated Placement Algorithm (PACPA), Resource-Utilization-Aware Energy Efficient (RUAEE), Memory-bound Pre-copy Live Migration (MPLM), m Mixed migration strategy, Memory/disk operation aware Live VM Migration (MLLM), etc.) have been considered. Most of these techniques do aggressive VM consolidation that eventually results in performance degradation of CDCs in terms of resource utilization and energy consumption. In this paper, an Efficient Adaptive Migration Algorithm (EAMA) is proposed for effective migration and placement of VMs on the Physical Machines (PMs) dynamically. The proposed approach has two distinct features: first, selection of PM locations with optimum access delay where the VMs are required to be migrated, and second, reduces the number of VM migrations. Extensive simulation experiments have been conducted using the CloudSim toolkit. The results of the proposed approach are compared with the PACPA and RUAEE algorithms in terms of Service-Level Agreement (SLA) violation, resource utilization, number of hosts shut down, and energy consumption. Results show that proposed EAMA approach significantly reduces the number of migrations by 16% and 24%, SLA violation by 20% and 34%, and increases the resource utilization by 8% to 17% with increased number of hosts shut down from 10% to 13% as compared to the PACPA and RUAEE, respectively. Moreover, a 13% improvement in energy consumption has also been observed.
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Nederhoff, E. M., and J. A. M. van Uffelen. "Effects of continuous and intermittent carbon dioxide enrichment on fruit set and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 36, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v36i3.16671.
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An autumn crop of cv. Delphin was subjected to 6 CO2 treatments viz. continuous CO2 levels near 200, 340 (ambient) and 500 p.p.m., intermittent dosing for 8 minutes/40 or in every 104 minutes, and a control (without dosing or filtering). The number of fruits harvested per msuperscript 2 was 60% higher in the 500 p.p.m. than in the 200 p.p.m. treatment, but the average fruit weight was not significantly affected. The dry matter content of the leaves increased, and the SLA and LAR were smaller at higher CO2 concentrations. Vegetative growth tended to decrease at higher CO2 levels, probably because of competition between vegetative and generative organs. The effects of CO2 on setting and yield were less favourable with intermittent than with continuous CO2 enrichment for the same average concentration. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Díez-Bedmar, María Belén, and Pascual Pérez-Paredes. "Noun phrase complexity in young Spanish EFL learners’ writing." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 25, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 4–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17058.die.
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Abstract The research reported in this article examines Noun Phrase (NP) syntactic complexity in the writing of Spanish EFL secondary school learners in Grades 7, 8, 11 and 12 in the International Corpus of Crosslinguistic Interlanguage. Two methods were combined: a manual parsing of NPs and an automatic analysis of NP indices using the Tool for the Automatic Analysis of Syntactic Sophistication and Complexity (TAASSC). Our results revealed that it is in premodifying slots that syntactic complexity in NPs develops. We argue that two measures, (i) nouns and modifiers (a syntactic complexity index) and (ii) determiner + multiple premodification + head (a NP type obtained as a result of a corpus-driven analysis), can be used as indices of syntactic complexity in young Spanish EFL learner language development. Besides offering a learner-language-driven taxonomy of NP syntactic complexity, the paper underscores the strength of using combined methods in SLA research.
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Constans, Megan, Marvin Ssemadaali, Oleksandr Kolyvushko, and Sheela Ramamoorthy. "Antigenic Determinants of Possible Vaccine Escape by Porcine Circovirus Subtype 2b Viruses." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 9s2 (January 2015): BBI.S30226. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s30226.
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Currently available commercial vaccines against porcine circovirus strain 2 (PCV2) solely target the PCV2a genotype. While PCV2 vaccines are highly effective in preventing clinical signs, PCV2b has dominated over the PCV2a genotype in prevalence, corresponding with the introduction of PCV2a vaccines. A recently emerged PCV2b recombinant with an additional amino acid in the capsid protein, designated the mutant PCV2b (mPCV2b), is cause for concern due to its increased virulence and rapid spread. The accumulation of recent evidence for the increased genetic diversity in PCV2 suggests that current vaccines against PCV2a may be inducing selection pressure and driving viral evolution. In this study, the hypothesis that differences in key immune epitopes between the PCV2a vaccine strains, a classical PCV2b strain called PCV2b 41513 obtained from a vaccine-failure case, and mPCV2b strains could promote vaccine escape was tested using immuno-informatic tools. In the major viral proteins, 9 of the 18 predicted swine leukocyte antigens (SLA) class-I epitopes, 8 of the 22 predicted SLA class-II epitopes, and 7 of the 25 predicted B cell epitopes varied between the vaccine and field strains. A majority of the substitutions in both the T- and B-cell epitopes were located in the capsid protein. Some B- and T-cell epitopes that were identified as immunogenic in the vaccine strain were not identified as epitopes in the field strains, indicating a subtle shift in the antigenic profile of the field strains. Several nonconserved epitopes had both predicted B- and T-cell functions. Therefore, substitutions in the dual epitopes could affect both arms of the immune response simultaneously, causing immune escape. Our findings support further rational design of PCV2 vaccines to increase the current threshold of protection.
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Kong, Fanping, Qing Dong, Kunsheng Xiang, Zi Yin, Yanyan Li, and Jingyi Liu. "Spatiotemporal Variability of Remote Sensing Ocean Net Primary Production and Major Forcing Factors in the Tropical Eastern Indian and Western Pacific Ocean." Remote Sensing 11, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11040391.
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Based on widely used remote sensing ocean net primary production (NPP) datasets, the spatiotemporal variability of NPP is first analyzed over the tropical eastern Indian and western Pacific Ocean for the period 1998–2016 using the conventional empirical orthogonal function (EOF), the lead–lag correlation and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) technique. Barnett and Preisendorfer’s improved Canonical Correlation Analysis (BPCCA) is also applied to derive covariability patterns of NPP with major forcing factors of the chlorophyll a concentration (Chla), sea surface temperature (SST), sea level anomaly (SLA), ocean rainfall (Rain), sea surface wind (Wind), and current (CUR) under climate changes of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). We find that: (1) The first two seasonal EOF modes capture significant temporal and meridional NPP variability differences, as NPP reaches peaks approximately three months later in the western Pacific Ocean than that of in the eastern Indian Ocean. (2) The second and third interannual EOF modes are closely related with ENSO with a two-month lag and synchronous with IOD, respectively, characterized by southwesterly positive anomaly centers during positive IOD years. (3) NPP presents different varying tendencies and similar multiscale oscillation patterns with interannual and interdecadal cycles of 2~3 years, 5~8 years, and 9~19 years in subregions of the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea, the southeastern Indian Ocean, and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. (4) The NPP variability is strongly coupled with negative SST, SLA, and Rain anomalies, as well as positive Chla, Wind and CUR anomalies in general during El Niño/positive IOD years. The results reveal the diversity and complexity of large-scale biophysical interactions in the key Indo-Pacific Warm Pool region, which improves our understanding of ocean productivity, ecosystems, and carbon budgets.
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Pawlak, Mirosław. "Multiple perspectives on the self in SLA, Editors: Sarah Mercer and Marion Williams, Publisher: Multilingual Matters, 2014, ISBN: 978-1-78309-134-8, Pages: 188." Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2015.5.1.10.
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Soon, K. H., and V. H. S. Khoo. "CITYGML MODELLING FOR SINGAPORE 3D NATIONAL MAPPING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W7 (October 23, 2017): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w7-37-2017.
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Since 2014, the Land Survey Division of Singapore Land Authority (SLA) has spearheaded a Whole-of-Government (WOG) 3D mapping project to create and maintain a 3D national map for Singapore. The implementation of the project is divided into two phases. The first phase of the project, which was based on airborne data collection, has produced 3D models for Relief, Building, Vegetation and Waterbody. This part of the work was completed in 2016. To complement the first phase, the second phase used mobile imaging and scanning technique. This phase is targeted to be completed by the mid of 2017 and is creating 3D models for Transportation, CityFurniture, Bridge and Tunnel. The project has extensively adopted the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)'s CityGML standard. Out of 10 currently supported thematic modules in CityGML 2.0, the project has implemented 8. The paper describes the adoption of CityGML in the project, and discusses challenges, data validations and management of the models.
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Caramês, João, Ana Catarina Pinto, Gonçalo Caramês, Helena Francisco, Joana Fialho, and Duarte Marques. "Survival Rate of 1008 Short Dental Implants with 21 Months of Average Follow-Up: A Retrospective Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2020): 3943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123943.
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This retrospective study evaluated the survival rate of short, sandblasted acid-etched surfaced implants with 6 and 8 mm lengths with at least 120 days of follow-up. Data concerning patient, implant and surgery characteristics were retrieved from clinical records. Sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA)-surfaced tissue-level 6 mm (TL6) or 8 mm (TL8) implants or bone-level tapered 8 mm (BLT8) implants were used. Absolute and relative frequency distributions were calculated for qualitative variables and mean values and standard deviations for quantitative variables. A Cox regression model was performed to verify whether type, length and/or width influence the implant survival. The cumulative implant survival rate was assessed by time-to-event analyses (Kaplan–Meier estimator). In all, 513 patients with a mean age of 58.00 ± 12.44 years received 1008 dental implants with a mean follow-up of 21.57 ± 10.77 months. Most implants (78.17%) presented a 4.1 mm diameter, and the most frequent indication was a partially edentulous arch (44.15%). The most frequent locations were the posterior mandible (53.97%) and the posterior maxilla (31.55%). No significant differences were found in survival rates between groups of type, length and width of implant with the cumulative rate being 97.7% ± 0.5%. Within the limitations of this study, the evaluated short implants are a predictable option with high survival rates during the follow-up without statistical differences between the appraised types, lengths and widths.
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Zheng, Yaxiong, Fengying Guan, Shaohui Fan, Yang Zhou, and Xiong Jing. "Functional Trait Responses to Strip Clearcutting in a Moso Bamboo Forest." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060793.
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Functional characteristics reflect plant strategies and adaptability to the changing environment. Determining the dynamics of these characteristics after harvesting would improve the understanding of forest response strategies. Strip clearcutting (SC) of moso bamboo forests, which significantly reduces the cutting cost, has been proposed to replace manual selective harvesting. A comparison of restoration features shows that 8 m is the optimal cutting width. However, the precise response of functional features to the resulting harvest-created gap remains unclear. In this study, three SC plots were selected which was performed in February 2019, with three unharvested plots as a control (C). The study focused on 10 functional traits, including leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen content (LNC), leaf phosphorus content (LPC), nitrogen/phosphorus ratio (N:P), wood density (WD), fine root biomass (FRB), specific fine root length (SRL), and root length density (RLD). A one-way ANOVA was used to compare differences in functional traits and soil nutrients between treatments. Strip clearcutting significantly reduced the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents (p < 0.05). In terms of functional characteristics, SC significantly decreased LA and increased LNC, LPC, and N:P (p < 0.05). However, SC had no significant effect on fine root traits (p > 0.05). This study highlighted that root trait, soil content of total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) returned to the level of uncut plots after a year’s recovery. The LPC, LNC, and N:P were negatively correlated with LA, and LDMC and WD were negatively correlated with SLA, while the effect of SC on fine root traits was limited (p > 0.05). Fine root traits (FRB, RLD, and SRL) were positively associated with SOC, TN, and TP, but negatively correlated with TK. The changes in soil nutrient content caused by the removal of biomass were normal. Increased light and the rapid growth of new trees will increase nutrient regressions; therefore, these results further confirm the feasibility of SC.
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Mehrdad, Ali Gholami. "ARABSKI, JANUSZ, & WOJTASZEK, ADAM. (Eds.). Individual Learner Differences in SLA. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2011. Pp. xvii, 320. $129.95, paper. ISBN 978-1-84769-434-8." Modern Language Journal 97, no. 1 (February 21, 2013): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.01439.x.
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Smith, Gregory C., Yimin Liu, Mounir Benkiran, Kamel Chikhar, Dorina Surcel Colan, Audrey-Anne Gauthier, Charles-Emmanuel Testut, et al. "The Regional Ice Ocean Prediction System v2: a pan-Canadian ocean analysis system using an online tidal harmonic analysis." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 1445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1445-2021.
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Abstract. Canada has the longest coastline in the world and includes diverse ocean environments, from the frozen waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the confluence region of Labrador and Gulf Stream waters on the east coast. There is a strong need for a pan-Canadian operational regional ocean prediction capacity covering all Canadian coastal areas in support of marine activities including emergency response, search and rescue, and safe navigation in ice-infested waters. Here we present the first pan-Canadian operational regional ocean analysis system developed as part of the Regional Ice Ocean Prediction System version 2 (RIOPSv2) running in operations at the Canadian Centre for Meteorological and Environmental Prediction (CCMEP). The RIOPSv2 domain extends from 26∘ N in the Atlantic Ocean through the Arctic Ocean to 44∘ N in the Pacific Ocean, with a model grid resolution that varies between 3 and 8 km. RIOPSv2 includes a multivariate data assimilation system based on a reduced-order extended Kalman filter together with a 3D-Var bias correction system for water mass properties. The analysis system assimilates satellite observations of sea level anomaly and sea surface temperature, as well as in situ temperature and salinity measurements. Background model error is specified in terms of seasonally varying model anomalies from a 10-year forced model integration, allowing inhomogeneous anisotropic multivariate error covariances. A novel online tidal harmonic analysis method is introduced that uses a sliding-window approach to reduce numerical costs and allow for the time-varying harmonic constants necessary in seasonally ice-infested waters. Compared to the Global Ice Ocean Prediction System (GIOPS) running at CCMEP, RIOPSv2 also includes a spatial filtering of model fields as part of the observation operator for sea surface temperature (SST). In addition to the tidal harmonic analysis, the observation operator for sea level anomaly (SLA) is also modified to remove the inverse barometer effect due to the application of atmospheric pressure forcing fields. RIOPSv2 is compared to GIOPS and shown to provide similar innovation statistics over a 3-year evaluation period. Specific improvements are found near the Gulf Stream for all model fields due to the higher model grid resolution, with smaller root mean squared (rms) innovations for RIOPSv2 of about 5 cm for SLA and 0.5 ∘C for SST. Verification against along-track satellite observations demonstrates the improved representation of mesoscale features in RIOPSv2 compared to GIOPS, with increased correlations of SLA (0.83 compared to 0.73) and reduced rms differences (12 cm compared to 14 cm). While the RIOPSv2 grid resolution is 3 times higher than GIOPS, the power spectral density of surface kinetic energy provides an indication that the effective resolution of RIOPSv2 is roughly double that of the global system (35 km compared to 66 km). Observations made as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (2017–2019) provide a rare glimpse at errors in Arctic water mass properties and show average salinity biases over the upper 500 m of 0.3–0.4 psu in the eastern Beaufort Sea in RIOPSv2.
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Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "LANGUAGE AND THE LEXICON: AN INTRODUCTION. David Singleton. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. xii + 244. $65.00 cloth, $19.95 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 3 (August 4, 2003): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263103220192.
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David Singleton observes in the opening lines of Language and the lexicon that “almost everything in language is related in some way or other to words” (p. 1). There is little wonder, therefore, that the lexicon has been at the center of linguistic research and controversies for a long time. Organized into 10 chapters, this book offers a concise overview of major topics in contemporary research. The first chapter provides necessary background information and an overview of the volume. The remaining nine chapters cover a wide range of issues relevant to the lexicon, lexicology, and lexicography. Chapter 2 looks at the lexicon-syntax interface and introduces some contemporary approaches to linguistics and to the lexicon in particular. Chapter 3 presents basic aspects of morphology and word formation, whereas chapter 4 deals with “lexical partnerships,” especially collocations, and rudimentary information on language corpora. Chapter 5 turns to lexical semantics and problems involved in analyzing meaning, and chapter 6 briefly investigates the relations between words, sounds, signs, and writing systems. Chapters 7 and 8 focus on different dimensions of lexical change. Chapter 7 tackles the social, regional, and situational aspects of lexical variation, and chapter 8 describes lexical change, historical processes, language contact, and lexical engineering. Chapter 9 explores the mental lexicon and models of lexical processing. This chapter includes a disappointingly short section on the lexicon in SLA. Finally, the last chapter surveys key concepts and developments in lexicography.