Journal articles: 'Slack'

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Fonseka, M. M., G.-L. Tian, X. Yang, and R. L. T. N. Rajapakse. "The interactions between different types of financial and human resource slacks on firm performance: Evidence from a developing country." South African Journal of Business Management 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v45i3.131.

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This paper investigates the effect of both FS and HR slack together on firm performance and how different levels of these slack resources affect performance of private-owned enterprises (POEs) and state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Hypotheses are tested using a longitudinal data set of 11,985 listed Chinese companies from 2000 to 2009. Findings reveal that the unabsorbed-financial slack and HR slack show an inverse U shape relationship on firm performance for both POEs and SOEs. However, a less-negative interaction occurs for unabsorbed-financial and HR slacks for POEs. The absorbedfinancial and HR slacks also shows an inverse U shape relationship on performance and this relationship does not have a significant negative effect on SOE’s performance. The article concludes with theoretical contributions and practical implications of the findings.

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Kaczmarek, Leonard K. "Slack, Slick, and Sodium-Activated Potassium Channels." ISRN Neuroscience 2013 (May 13, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/354262.

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The Slack and Slick genes encode potassium channels that are very widely expressed in the central nervous system. These channels are activated by elevations in intracellular sodium, such as those that occur during trains of one or more action potentials, or following activation of nonselective cationic neurotransmitter receptors such as AMPA receptors. This review covers the cellular and molecular properties of Slack and Slick channels and compares them with findings on the properties of sodium-activated potassium currents (termed KNa currents) in native neurons. Human mutations in Slack channels produce extremely severe defects in learning and development, suggesting that KNa channels play a central role in neuronal plasticity and intellectual function.

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Connor, Margaret A., Stephanie Tarvin, Megan Quail, and Sven Peter Batke. "Plant diversity and community composition in managed humid coastal dune slacks in NW England." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0256215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256215.

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Humid coastal dune slacks are an endangered habitat in Northwestern Europe. In the UK, dune slacks are currently classified as being in ‘unfavourable’ condition, with projected decrease in England of up to 30% by 2036. Studies in mainland Europe suggest that regional factors (e.g. slack area, age, and isolation) are more important than local factors (e.g. soil, pH, soil nutrient and water status) in driving successional vegetation processes in coastal slacks. However, this has never been tested for the UK, where approximately 14% of European slacks occur. We used previously established survey protocols to test whether regional factors are more important than local factors in UK coastal slacks, along the Sefton Coast in NW England. We found that slack area and slack age were more important than local factors in driving plant community composition and species richness. We also showed that higher levels of management, such as active grazing and invasive shrub and tree removal, are effective in increasing soil moisture levels in slacks. Our results suggest that similar successional processes are likely to be important in slacks in the NW of England, compared to mainland Europe.

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Kim, Shin, Shin, and Park. "Organizational Slack, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability, and Integrated Reporting: Evidence from Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 16, 2019): 4445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164445.

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This paper examines whether organizational slack is associated with firms’ voluntary disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR), sustainability, and integrated reporting. This is an empirical research study using archival data based on a sample of public firms listed on the Korea Exchange from 2005 to 2016. We manually collected CSR reports, sustainability reports, and integrated reports (IRs) that were published during our sample period. We found that human resource slack was highly related to the publication of corporate social responsibility, sustainability, and integrated reports. Firms initiating such disclosure in their industry groups were likely to have slack in permanent employees as well as financial slack. Additionally, integrated reporting, which is a recent improvement in the delivery of financial and non-financial information, was positively associated with an excess number of regular employees. This study provides evidence that slacks in regular employees are related to a greater degree of voluntary disclosure via standalone CSR or sustainability reporting as well as integrated reporting. These findings suggest that slacks or excess human resources play a crucial role in voluntary corporate disclosure.

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Rothberg, Brad S. "A slick, slack pathway through the pore." Journal of Physiology 595, no. 7 (March 5, 2017): 2337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp273497.

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Putra, I. Gede Eka Dharma, and Danang Mintoyuwono. "PENGARUH PARTISIPASI ANGGARAN, PENEKANAN ANGGARAN, DAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASI TERHADAP SENJANGAN ANGGARAN PADA SUKU DINAS PEMERINTAHAN DI DKI JAKARTA." Equity 20, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34209/equ.v20i2.625.

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The study aims to determine the influence of budgetary participation, budget emphasis and organisation commitment on budgetary slcak. Respondents were studied were departement chief, head of subsection, and section chief in departements at west jakarta, south jakarta, north jakarta, central jakarta, and east jakarta . Data collection techniques in this research using primary data by distributing questionnaires to 211 respondents. Technique data processing was performed using SPSS 21 and assisted by using microsoft office 2010. The variables studied consisted of budgetary participation, budget emphasis, organisation commitment and budgetary slack. The analysis used to test this research is multiple linear regression test. Partial results of the study showed absence of budgetary participation significant effect on budgetary slack, the absence of budget emphasis on budgetary slack, and absence of organisation commitment on budgetary slack. From the results of simultaneous studies showed a significant effect between the variables of budgetary participation, budget emphasis, organisation commitment on budgetary slack.

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Murro, Eduardo Vinícius Bassi, Guilherme Bittencourt Teixeira, Ilse Maria Beuren, Luciano Márcio Scherer, and Gerlando Augusto Sampaio Franco de Lima. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL SLACK AND INNOVATION IN COMPANIES OF BM&FBOVESPA." RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie 17, no. 3 (June 2016): 132–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712016/administracao.v17n3p132-157.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: The goal of this study is to identify the relationship of absorbed, non-absorbed and potential slack with the innovation of companies of sectors members of the sectoral ranking of innovation in the Brazilian Index of Innovation (IBI) listed in BM&FBovespa. Originality/gap/relevance/implications: Organizational slack and innovation have been objects of study internationally, but still represent a research gap in Brazil. Also there were not identified studies using the intangible asset to measure innovation and the possible relations with the organizational slack measures. This theme can also support the strategic activities of organizations, such as contributing to the creation of competitive advantage. Key methodological aspects: Descriptive research with quantitative approach was carried out using financial data of 208 companies listed in BM&FBovespa classified as innovative according to the Index Brazil of Innovation. Information regarding intangible assets, used as metrics to measure the innovation, was collected from the Notes; and the data to calculate the measures of organizational slack were collected from Economática® database. Summary of key results: In the application of the panel data model, the results demonstrate a significant relationship between organizational slack and innovation. The potential and absorbed slacks impact significantly and positively the innovative process. Non-absorbed slack influences positively, but with relatively smaller impact compared to other measures. Key considerations/conclusions: It is concluded that the results indicate a relationship in greater degree of absorbed and potential slack and to a lesser degree of non-absorbed slack with the innovation of the companies surveyed.

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Tejada, Maria de los Angeles, Lars Jørn Jensen, and Dan A. Klaerke. "PIP2 modulation of Slick and Slack K+ channels." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 424, no. 2 (July 2012): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.038.

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Sabirin, Sabirin. "THE EFFECT OF PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING, INFORMATION ASYMETRICITY ON THE SLACK BUDGET AND THEIR IMPACT ON COMPANY PERFORMANCE LEVEL." Accounting and Finance Studies 1, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47153/afs14.1942021.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of participatory budgeting variables and information asymmetry on budgetary slack, and to analyze the effect of participatory budgeting and information asymmetry variables on company performance through budgetary slack. This research is causal (causal research). The study population is all offices of PT Angkasa Pura II (Persero) in Indonesia. The sample consists of a number of members selected from the population. The sampling technique used in this study is non probability sampling, that is total sampling. In this research a descriptive statistical analysis will be performed using path analysis. The results showed that Participatory Budgeting and Information Asymmetry had a significant positive effect on budgetary slack as well as on company performance. The Slcak budget has a significant positive effect on company performance. However, the Budgetary Slack in this research model did not succeed in mediating the relationship between Participatory Budgeting and Information Asymmetry on company performance.

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Dewi, Ni Putu Sintya Purnama, and Dewa Gede Wirama. "Debt covenant slack, earnings management, and value relevance of accounting information." International research journal of management, IT and social sciences 6, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v6n4.661.

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This study aims to examine the effect of debt covenant slack on the value relevance of accounting information, and whether earnings management works as an intervening variable. A total of 40 non-financial companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2017 were selected as sample. Three hypotheses were tested using partial least square and analyzed via path analysis. This study found that debt covenant slack positively affects the value relevance of accounting information. Possibly, the tendency of small debt covenant slacks in the firms causing the information of firms’ performance to be less relevant for the investor because they believe that the firms will prioritize the debt payments rather than dividends. Furthermore, empirical evidence from this study indicates that debt covenant slack affects investors’ decision in using firms’ performance information. However, no statistically significant effect was found neither on the relationship between debt covenant slack and earnings management nor on the relationship between earnings management and the value relevance of accounting information. Hence, earnings management is not an intervening variable in the effect of debt covenant slack on the value relevance of accounting information.

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Fields, Brian, Rastislav Bodík, and Mark D. Hill. "Slack." ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 30, no. 2 (May 2002): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/545214.545222.

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Yang, Ting, Fei Luo, Joel Fuentes, Weichao Ding, and Chunhua Gu. "A Flexible Reinforced Bin Packing Framework with Automatic Slack Selection." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 19, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6653586.

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The slack-based algorithms are popular bin-focus heuristics for the bin packing problem (BPP). The selection of slacks in existing methods only consider predetermined policies, ignoring the dynamic exploration of the global data structure, which leads to nonfully utilization of the information in the data space. In this paper, we propose a novel slack-based flexible bin packing framework called reinforced bin packing framework (RBF) for the one-dimensional BPP. RBF considers the RL-system, the instance-eigenvalue mapping process, and the reinforced-MBS strategy simultaneously. In our work, the slack is generated with a reinforcement learning strategy, in which the performance-driven rewards are used to capture the intuition of learning the current state of the container space, the action is the choice of the packing container, and the state is the remaining capacity after packing. During the construction of the slack, an instance-eigenvalue mapping process is designed and utilized to generate the representative and classified validate set. Furthermore, the provision of the slack coefficient is integrated into MBS-based packing process. Experimental results show that, in comparison with fit algorithms, MBS and MBS’, RBF achieves state-of-the-art performance on BINDATA and SCH_WAE datasets. In particular, it outperforms its baseline MBS and MBS’, averaging the number increase of optimal solutions of 189.05% and 27.41%, respectively.

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Tang, Fengzhen, Peter Tiňo, Pedro Antonio Gutiérrez, and Huanhuan Chen. "The Benefits of Modeling Slack Variables in SVMs." Neural Computation 27, no. 4 (April 2015): 954–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00714.

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In this letter, we explore the idea of modeling slack variables in support vector machine (SVM) approaches. The study is motivated by SVM+, which models the slacks through a smooth correcting function that is determined by additional (privileged) information about the training examples not available in the test phase. We take a closer look at the meaning and consequences of smooth modeling of slacks, as opposed to determining them in an unconstrained manner through the SVM optimization program. To better understand this difference we only allow the determination and modeling of slack values on the same information—that is, using the same training input in the original input space. We also explore whether it is possible to improve classification performance by combining (in a convex combination) the original SVM slacks with the modeled ones. We show experimentally that this approach not only leads to improved generalization performance but also yields more compact, lower-complexity models. Finally, we extend this idea to the context of ordinal regression, where a natural order among the classes exists. The experimental results confirm principal findings from the binary case.

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Dong, Xinyang, Gang Chen, Mingsong Lv, Weiguang Pang, and Wang Yi. "Flexible Mixed-Criticality Scheduling with Dynamic Slack Management." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 30, no. 10 (August 2021): 2150306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126621503060.

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Mixed-criticality (MC) system has attracted a lot of research attention in the past few years for its resource efficiency. Recent work attempted to provide a new MC model, the so-called Flexible Mixed-Criticality (FMC) task model, to relax the pessimistic assumptions in classic MC scheduling. However, in FMC, the behavior of MC tasks is still analyzed in offline stage. The run-time behavior such as dynamic slack has not yet been studied in FMC scheduling framework. In this paper, we present a utilization-based slack scheduling framework for FMC tasks. In particular, we monitor task execution on run time and collect dynamic slacks generated by task early completion. And these slacks can then be used either by high-criticality tasks to reduce mode-switches, or by low-criticality tasks so that less suspensions are triggered with more execution time, and thus quality of service is improved. We evaluate our approach with extensive simulations, and experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

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Jin, Ling, Jun Hyeok Choi, Saerona Kim, and Kwanghee Cho. "Slack Resources, Corporate Performance, and COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 14354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114354.

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COVID-19 has caused tremendous damage to global economies, and similar health crises are expected to happen again. This study tests whether slack resources would enable companies to prepare for such uncertainties. Specifically, we explored the influence of the COVID-19 patient occurrence on corporate financial performance and the buffering effect of financial slacks using Chinese listed companies’ data during 2021. We also examined whether this effect differs across firms’ financial health and industry. Test results are as follows. First, consistent with the recent studies on pandemics, the degree of COVID-19 prevalence had a negative impact on the Chinese company’s financial performance, and slack resources offset this adverse effect. Second, slack’s buffering effects appeared mostly in financially constrained companies. Third, such effects mostly appeared in industries vulnerable to the COVID-19 shock. In the business environment of 2021, adapted to COVID-19, our main test result seems to mainly come from companies with a greater need for slack. Our tests imply that, despite differences in the degree of accessibility to resources, excess resources help companies overcome the COVID-19 crisis, which means that firms can more efficiently respond to economic shocks such as COVID-19 if they reserve past profits as free resources. This study contributes to the literature in that there is limited research on the slack resources’ buffering effect on the COVID-19 shock and that this study works as a robustness test as it uses data from one of the East Asian regions at a time when the control of COVID-19 was relatively consistent and successful, which can limit the effect of COVID-19 and slacks.

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El Kadiri Boutchich, Driss. "Human capital in public research laboratories: a method proposal for assessing actual and target scores." Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education 12, no. 5 (February 21, 2020): 1189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jarhe-05-2019-0107.

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PurposeThis work aims to propose an alternative method of human capital calculation for research laboratories of public university, taking into account some drawbacks of the methods currently applied in this field.Design/methodology/approachThis method is implemented via a linear program extracted from Data Envelopment Analysis based on slack movement. This is the formulation of Copper et al. (2000), which is used as the starting point for developing the proposed method through important transformations.FindingsThe proposed method is supported by an illustration related to a Moroccan public university. This illustration showed that 57 per cent of the laboratories and all the research activities that they perform are in deficit with respect to target scores.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed method has technical limitations related to scores equal to 1 and to variables when those are numerous. To solve them, it is possible to use peer benchmarking system for the first limitation, and methods of regrouping the variables when those are numerous for the second limitation. Equally, the proposed method does not associate slack with important factors like governance and the impact analysis of research on innovation, competitiveness, and societal aspects. Likewise, it does not use the slack to measure individual efficiency at the same laboratory. Future research can fill these gaps.Practical implicationsThis work allows making appropriate budgetary and research policy within university, through budgeting process and management control by using raw and adjusted target values as well as actual ones. Also, the highlighting of the excessive slacks leads the university to take actions to reduce them, according to the most loss-making research activities.Originality/valueThe proposed method is original, since it fills a deficit in terms of human capital target values calculation and of the slack movement concept in relation to the efficient frontier. Additionally, it transforms the Data Envelopment Analysis program into a program that eliminates the slacks linked to the inputs, the radial movement related to the outputs and treats only the outputs and slacks related to these outputs.

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Colaianni, C. Alessandra. "Slack Tide." New England Journal of Medicine 386, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2111782.

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Hilley, Sarah, and Jón Adólf Steinólfsson. "Slack Space." Infosecurity Today 2, no. 2 (March 2005): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1742-6847(05)70191-9.

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Jonsson, Ernst. "Ineffective slack." Scandinavian Journal of Management Studies 3, no. 2 (November 1986): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0281-7527(86)90023-x.

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Sautter, Joachim. "Budgetary Slack." Controlling 28, no. 4-5 (2016): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0935-0381-2016-4-5-281.

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Seliskar, Denise M. "The role of waterlogging and sand accretion in modulating the morphology of the dune slack plant Scirpus americanus." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-230.

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Scirpus americanus Pers., a major dune slack plant in coastal sand dune ecosystems, differs in height along transects ranging between the lowest and highest elevational areas of slacks located along the coast of Delaware, U.S.A. Using reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments, results suggest that environmental factors rather than hereditary traits are more important in accounting for the differences in plant morphology expressed in the field. Dune slack plants are exposed to stresses of waterlogging and sand accretion in their natural environment. In controlled greenhouse experiments waterlogging was shown to inhibit stem growth and cause an increase in aerenchymatous tissue, whereas periodic sand deposition caused an increase in the plant height of Scirpus.

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Sayekti, Yosefa. "The Effect of Slack Resources on Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Empirical Evidence on Indonesian Listed Companies." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 5, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.2(12).

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Objective - This study examines the effect of companies' slack resources on strategic Corporate Social Responsibility ('CSR') and also non-strategic CSR. By analysing the slack resources as a determinant of CSR, it might indicate the companies' priority regarding their strategic CSR as part of companies' strategy. Methodology/Technique - Instead of using profitability as a measure of slack resources, this study employs slack resources as a variable itself as it was developed by Burgeois (1981), based on financial data in the companies' financial statements. Findings - The empirical result of this study indicates that un-absorbed slack resources positively affect the strategic CSR and also non-strategic CSR of a company, while absorbed slack resources do not significantly affect either. Novelty - Unlike previous studies, this study does not use profitability as a proxy of slack resources, but uses slack resources as a variable itself. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Slack Resources; Corporate Social Responsibility; Strategic CSR; Nonstrategic CSR; Slack Resources; Absorbed Slack Resources; Unabsorbed Slack Resources.

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Santi, C. M. "Opposite Regulation of Slick and Slack K+ Channels by Neuromodulators." Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 19 (May 10, 2006): 5059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3372-05.2006.

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de los, Maria, Angeles Tejada, Lars Jørn Jensen, and Dan A. Klaerke. "Phosphoinositides Control the Activity of Slick and Slack K+ Channels." Biophysical Journal 102, no. 3 (January 2012): 692a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.3756.

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Chen, H., J. Kronengold, Y. Yan, V. R. Gazula, M. R. Brown, L. Ma, G. Ferreira, et al. "The N-Terminal Domain of Slack Determines the Formation and Trafficking of Slick/Slack Heteromeric Sodium-Activated Potassium Channels." Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 17 (April 29, 2009): 5654–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5978-08.2009.

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Guha, Mahua. "Organizational slack in declining firms and surviving firms." Journal of Strategy and Management 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-11-2014-0092.

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Purpose – There is a preponderance of evidence in the established literature that declining firms have lower levels of organizational slack when compared with surviving firms. To further advance the current literature, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not organizational slack in its various forms differ in declining firms and in surviving firms. Additionally, this study examines whether there is a change in the extent of slack in the declining firms in the years immediately preceding bankruptcy filing. Design/methodology/approach –t-tests and panel regressions with random effects are performed. Findings – Available slack, potential slack and total slack of bankrupts significantly differ from that of survivors in each year. However, recoverable slack levels do not differ in bankrupts and survivors. Available slack of bankrupts reduces significantly over the last five years before bankruptcy. Recoverable slack, potential slack and total slack conditions do not drastically deteriorate for the bankrupts over the last few years prior to bankruptcy. Research limitations/implications – Not confirming to prior evidences, the results of this study suggest that not every type of organizational slack is in a worse condition within a declining firm than in a surviving firm. Practical implications – Among all the slack types, what differentiates bankrupts from survivors is the amount of available slack. Decreasing available slack within declining firms should forewarn managers of further likely deteriorations. Originality/value – The results of this study questions the prevailing wisdom that financial resource levels, especially the levels of organizational slack is in a significantly lower level in declining firms than in surviving firms.

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Overmans, Tom. "Innovative austerity management." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 30, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 350–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-04-2018-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to uncover the right type of organizational slack for innovation. It examines how city managers conceive slack, and how they create slack to facilitate innovation while dealing with fiscal stress. Design/methodology/approach The study is built around a comparative case study approach to uncover contrasts, similarities and patterns of slack-building for innovation in austere times. It relies on the experiences of 12 experienced city managers. Data are sought from elite interviews and one focus group. Findings The main finding is that innovation in the public sector does not benefit from slack in general, but from a specific type of slack. The evidence shows that useful slack for innovation is not so much about financial slack or HR slack, but about psychological slack. Research limitations/implications This study adds to the literature that the key questions of slack research should not only focus on identifying the “right amount” of slack but also on identifying of the “right type” of slack. Practical implications Public managers who want to deal with (fiscal) crises more innovatively might reconsider their perceptions of slack and its value. Rather than operating on a pure cost effectiveness paradigm, they should balance the costs of slack and its innovative abilities. Originality/value This paper highlights the social/psychological side of austerity management. It concludes that increasing the ability of public organizations to innovatively cope with fiscal stress is not so much about increasing predictive capacity or financial buffers, but about increasing the mental leeway of coworkers.

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Helmayunita, Nayang, and Ade Elsa Betavia. "PENGARUH SKEMA KOMPENSASI, SELF EFFICACY DAN PENALARAN MORAL TERHADAP SLACK BUDGETING." Jurnal Aplikasi Akuntansi 4, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jaa.v4i1.68.

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This study aims to examine the effect of compensation schemes, self efficacy and moral reasoning on slack budgeting. In this study the hypothesis is proposed that in the slack inducing compensation scheme the slack budgeting will be greater than using the truth inducing compensation scheme, then managers with low self efficacy will do slack budgeting compared to those with high self efficacy. It is also proposed that the individual with low moral reasoning will do slack budgeting rather than the individual with high moral reasoning. The research design in this study was a quasi 2 x 2 laboratory experiment, with Accounting students who had sat in the 5th semester of Padang State University as lower level managers who participated in budgeting. The statistical method used to test the hypothesis is two-way ANOVA. This study provides results that the compensation scheme can affect slack budgeting actions, self efficacy has no effect on slack budgeting actions, and the interaction between slack inducing compensation schemes with low self efficacy has no effect on slack budgeting actions. Moral reasoning affects slack budgeting actions, and at lower level managers who have low levels of moral reasoning and low levels of self efficacy, interactions with slack inducing compensation schemes affect slack budgeting actions. The results of this study can contribute in the management accounting literature related to budgetary slack and its causal factors. Keyword: Slack Budgeting, Compensation Schemes, Self Efficacy, and Moral Reasoning.

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Beuren, Ilse Maria, Franciele Beck, and Fabiane Popik. "Do Shared Interests Affect the Accuracy of Budgets?" Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 26, no. 67 (April 2015): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201512090.

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The creation of budgetary slack is a phenomenon associated with various behavioral aspects. This study focuses on accuracy in budgeting when the benefit of the slack is shared between the unit manager and his/her assistant. In this study, accuracy is measured by the level of slack in the budget, and the benefit of slack represents a financial consideration for the manager and the assistant. The study aims to test how shared interests in budgetary slack affect the accuracy of budget reports in an organization. To this end, an experimental study was conducted with a sample of 90 employees in management and other leadership positions at a cooperative that has a variable compensation plan based on the achievement of organizational goals. The experiment conducted in this study is consubstantiated by the study of Church, Hannan and Kuang (2012), which was conducted with a sample of undergraduate students in the United States and used a quantitative approach to analyze the results. In the first part of the experiment, the results show that when budgetary slack is not shared, managers tend to create greater slack when the assistant is not aware of the creation of slack; these managers thus generate a lower accuracy index than managers whose assistants are aware of the creation of slack. When budgetary slack is shared, there is higher average slack when the assistant is aware of the creation of slack. In the second part of the experiment, the accuracy index is higher for managers who prepare the budget with the knowledge that their assistants prefer larger slack values. However, the accuracy level differs between managers who know that their assistants prefer maximizing slack values and managers who do not know their assistants' preference regarding slack. These results contribute to the literature by presenting evidence of managers' behavior in the creation of budgetary slack in scenarios in which they share the benefits of slack with their assistants.

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Huang, Cheng-Li, and Mien-Ling Chen. "The Effect of Attitudes Towards the Budgetary Process on Attitudes Towards Budgetary Slack and Behaviors to Create Budgetary Slack." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 5 (August 1, 2009): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.5.661.

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In this study more positive attitudes towards the budgetary process are examined to see whether or not these cause less favorable attitudes towards budgetary slack, and whether less favorable attitudes towards budgetary slack causes or are caused by behaviors intended to create budgetary slack. The effects are tested using a structural equation model based on questionnaire data gained from 216 Taiwanese managers. The results indicate that more positive attitudes towards the budgetary process result in attitudes less favorable towards budgetary slack. A more favorable attitude towards budgetary slack predicts more frequent incidence of behavior to create budgetary slack and vice versa. The results suggest that the best way to diminish managerial budgetary slack behaviors is to instill in managers more positive attitudes toward the budgetary process and less favorable attitudes towards budgetary slack.

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Matt, Lucas, Thomas Pham, David Skrabak, Felix Hoffmann, Philipp Eckert, Jiaqi Yin, Miriam Gisevius, et al. "The Na+-activated K+ channel Slack contributes to synaptic development and plasticity." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 78, no. 23 (October 18, 2021): 7569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03953-0.

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AbstractHuman mutations of the Na+-activated K+ channel Slack (KCNT1) are associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability. Accordingly, Slack knockout mice (Slack−/−) exhibit cognitive flexibility deficits in distinct behavioral tasks. So far, however, the underlying causes as well as the role of Slack in hippocampus-dependent memory functions remain enigmatic. We now report that infant (P6–P14) Slack−/− lack both hippocampal LTD and LTP, likely due to impaired NMDA receptor (NMDAR) signaling. Postsynaptic GluN2B levels are reduced in infant Slack−/−, evidenced by lower amplitudes of NMDAR-meditated excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Low GluN2B affected NMDAR-mediated Ca2+-influx, rendering cultured hippocampal Slack−/−neurons highly insensitive to the GluN2B-specific inhibitor Ro 25-6981. Furthermore, dephosphorylation of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluA1 at S845, which is involved in AMPAR endocytosis during homeostatic and neuromodulator-regulated plasticity, is reduced after chemical LTD (cLTD) in infant Slack−/−. We additionally detect a lack of mGluR-induced LTD in infant Slack−/−, possibly caused by upregulation of the recycling endosome-associated small GTPase Rab4 which might accelerate AMPAR recycling from early endosomes. Interestingly, LTP and mGluR LTD, but not LTD and S845 dephosphorylation after cLTD are restored in adult Slack−/−. This together with normalized expression levels of GluN2B and Rab4 hints to developmental “restoration” of LTP expression despite Slack ablation, whereas in infant and adult brain, NMDAR-dependent LTD induction depends on this channel. Based on the present findings, NMDAR and vesicular transport might represent novel targets for the therapy of intellectual disability associated with Slack mutations. Consequently, careful modulation of hippocampal Slack activity should also improve learning abilities.

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Marlin, Dan, and Scott W. Geiger. "The organizational slack and performance relationship: a configurational approach." Management Decision 53, no. 10 (November 16, 2015): 2339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-03-2015-0100.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the organizational literature and improve the understanding of the slack and performance link by: examining the slack and performance relationship using a configurational approach and by considering equifinality and its possible effects on this relationship. Design/methodology/approach – Using cluster analysis, ANCOVA, and means comparisons this study identifies different configurations of slack and their associated performance implications. Findings – The results show that configurations with higher levels of slack outperform those with lower levels of slack suggesting a positive relationship between slack and firm performance. The findings also demonstrate that alternative configurations of slack can result in similar levels of performance suggesting the existence of equifinality in this relationship. Research limitations/implications – This study contributes to prior research by moving beyond traditional linear and contingency views of slack and considering a configurational approach. An important contribution of this study is that while level of slack may be important it appears that how the various types of slack are bundled also serves as an important factor in firm outcomes and should be examined by future researchers. Practical implications – The results indicate that managerial attention should be paid to not only identifying appropriate levels and types of slack for the organization but also to appropriate ways to bundle theses resources. Originality/value – This study provides an important contribution to the literature by determining if certain slack bundles result in higher levels of performance and if there are multiple ways of bundling slack resources that result in similar performance outcomes.

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Sgourev, Stoyan V., and Wim van Lent. "When too many are not enough: Human resource slack and performance at the Dutch East India Company (1700–1795)." Human Relations 70, no. 11 (February 1, 2017): 1293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726717691340.

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Slack is an elusive concept in organizational research, with studies documenting a variety of relationships between slack and firm performance. We advocate treating slack not as a resource, but as a practice – a sequence of events and responses over time. A longitudinal analysis of the Dutch East India Company (1700–1795) highlights the use of slack as a response to a resource constraint (the shortage of skilled labor). After documenting the negative performance effects of skill shortage, we identify a trade-off in the use of human resource slack (number of sailors above what is operationally required), in which slack enhanced operational reliability, but reduced efficiency. Derived from a historical context, this trade-off has contemporary relevance and is helpful in reconciling contradictory evidence on slack.

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Pai, Kanthilatha, Ravikala Rao, Rama Devadiga, Shrutakirthi Shenoi, and Sathish Pai. "Granulomatous slack skin." International Journal of Dermatology 39, no. 5 (May 2000): 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00841-4.x.

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35

Hamilton, J. H., and Ernest A. Jones. "Francis G. Slack." Physics Today 39, no. 7 (July 1986): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2815098.

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TSANG, W. Y. W., J. K. C. CHAN, K. T. LOO, K. F. WONG, and A. W. M. LEE. "Granulomatous slack skin." Histopathology 25, no. 1 (July 1994): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1994.tb00597.x.

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LeBoit, Philip E. "Granulomatous Slack Skin." Dermatologic Clinics 12, no. 2 (April 1994): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30186-4.

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Davidson, Jeffrey M., and Mariagabriella Giro. "Healing Slack Skin." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 126, no. 12 (December 2006): 2563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700608.

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Balus, Laurian, Liborio Manente, Daniele Remotti, Paola Grammatico, and Marinella Bellocci. "Granulomatous Slack Skin." American Journal of Dermatopathology 18, no. 2 (April 1996): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000372-199604000-00015.

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van Haselen, C. W., J. Toonstra, S. J. C. van der Putte, J. J. M. van Dongen, C. L. M. van Hees, and W. A. van Vloten. "Granulomatous Slack Skin." Dermatology 196, no. 4 (1998): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000017929.

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Balus, L. "Granulomatous slack skin." Archives of Dermatology 121, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.121.2.250.

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Balus, Laurian. "Granulomatous Slack Skin." Archives of Dermatology 121, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1985.01660020108030.

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Kawakubo, Yo, Harumi Shinagawa, Mayumi Akamatsu, Mariko Iizuka, Yutaka Tsutsumi, and Muneo Ohkido. "„Granulomatous slack skin”." Der Hautarzt 49, no. 1 (January 22, 1998): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001050050698.

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Baker, Kelly J. "Learning to Slack." Women in Higher Education 27, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/whe.20653.

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Zhou, Fangyuan, Katharina Metzner, Patrick Engel, Annika Balzulat, Marco Sisignano, Peter Ruth, Robert Lukowski, Achim Schmidtko, and Ruirui Lu. "Slack Potassium Channels Modulate TRPA1-Mediated Nociception in Sensory Neurons." Cells 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11101693.

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The transient receptor potential (TRP) ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1) channel is highly expressed in a subset of sensory neurons where it acts as an essential detector of painful stimuli. However, the mechanisms that control the activity of sensory neurons upon TRPA1 activation remain poorly understood. Here, using in situ hybridization and immunostaining, we found TRPA1 to be extensively co-localized with the potassium channel Slack (KNa1.1, Slo2.2, or Kcnt1) in sensory neurons. Mice lacking Slack globally (Slack−/−) or conditionally in sensory neurons (SNS-Slack−/−) demonstrated increased pain behavior after intraplantar injection of the TRPA1 activator allyl isothiocyanate. By contrast, pain behavior induced by the TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activator capsaicin was normal in Slack-deficient mice. Patch-clamp recordings in sensory neurons and in a HEK cell line transfected with TRPA1 and Slack revealed that Slack-dependent potassium currents (IKS) are modulated in a TRPA1-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings highlight Slack as a modulator of TRPA1-mediated, but not TRPV1-mediated, activation of sensory neurons.

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Lu, Ruirui, Katharina Metzner, Fangyuan Zhou, Cathrin Flauaus, Annika Balzulat, Patrick Engel, Jonas Petersen, et al. "Functional Coupling of Slack Channels and P2X3 Receptors Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Processing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010405.

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The sodium-activated potassium channel Slack (KNa1.1, Slo2.2, or Kcnt1) is highly expressed in populations of sensory neurons, where it mediates the sodium-activated potassium current (IKNa) and modulates neuronal activity. Previous studies suggest that Slack is involved in the processing of neuropathic pain. However, mechanisms underlying the regulation of Slack activity in this context are poorly understood. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings we found that Slack-mediated IKNa in sensory neurons of mice is reduced after peripheral nerve injury, thereby contributing to neuropathic pain hypersensitivity. Interestingly, Slack is closely associated with ATP-sensitive P2X3 receptors in a population of sensory neurons. In vitro experiments revealed that Slack-mediated IKNa may be bidirectionally modulated in response to P2X3 activation. Moreover, mice lacking Slack show altered nocifensive responses to P2X3 stimulation. Our study identifies P2X3/Slack signaling as a mechanism contributing to hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury and proposes a potential novel strategy for treatment of neuropathic pain.

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Manal, Kurt, and Thomas S. Buchanan. "Subject-Specific Estimates of Tendon Slack Length: A Numerical Method." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 20, no. 2 (May 2004): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.20.2.195.

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Tendon develops force proportional to the distance it is stretched beyond its slack length. Tendon slack length is an important parameter for musculoskeletal models because it can greatly affect estimations of muscle force. Unfortunately, tendon slack length is a difficult parameter to measure, and therefore values for it are not often reported in the literature. In this paper we present a numerical method for estimating tendon slack length from architectural parameters of the muscle. Specifically, tendon slack length is computed iteratively from musculotendon lengths determined when a corresponding joint is held at two angles, and from knowledge of the muscle's optimal fiber length. Idealized data generated using SIMM were used to test the tendon slack length algorithm. The method converged to within 1% of the “true” tendon slack length specified in the SIMM model. The advantage of the method outlined in this paper is that it yields subject-specific estimates of tendon slack length, given subject-specific input parameters.

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Sholehah, Nur Lazimatul Hilma, and Parmin Ishak. "Impact of Environmental Turbulence, Self-Esteem and Budget Emphasis on Budgetary Slack." QISTINA: Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia 1, no. 2 (December 25, 2022): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/qistina.v1i2.132.

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This study aims to: (1) Find out how much influence environmental turbulence, self-esteem and budget emphasis have on budgetary slack; (2) Knowing how much environmental turbulence affects budgetary slack; (3) Knowing how much self-esteem affects budgetary slack; (4) Knowing how much influence budget emphasis has on budgetary slack. This type of research is quantitative research. The object of this study was an employee of the Boelamo Regency BKAD. The sampling technique in this study used a saturated sampling method. Data collection was carried out through a survey method using a questionnaire that was distributed directly to all employees in BKAD Boalemo Regency. The results of this study show that (1) Environmental turbulence, self-esteem and budget emphasis simultaneously have a significant effect on budgetary slack, (2) Environmental turbulence has an insignificant positive effect on budgetary slack, (3) Self-esteem has a positive and significant effect on budgetary slack, (4) Budget emphasis has an insignificant positive effect on budgetary slack.

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Dharmawan, Yoana, and Made Gede Wirakusuma. "Karakteristik Personal dalam Memoderasi Pengaruh Penganggaran Partisipatif dan Ambiguitas Peran pada Senjangan Anggaran." E-Jurnal Akuntansi 31, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/eja.2021.v31.i02.p08.

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This study aims to determine the role of personal characteristics in moderating the effect of participatory budgeting on budgetary slack and to determine the role of personal characteristics in moderating the influence of role ambiguity on budgetary slack. Data used is primer data, the analysis technique used in this study is Moderated Regression Analysis. The results of the analysis address personal characteristics which weaken the effect of participatory budgeting on budgetary slack. This shows that with good personal characteristics, participatory budgets will be able to reduce budgetary slack events. Personal characteristics weaken the influence of role ambiguity on budgetary slack. This shows that good personal characteristics, the role ambiguity will be reduced and will able to reduce the budgetary slack. Keywords: Personal Characteristics; Participatory Budgeting; Role Ambiguity; Budgetary Slack.

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Geiger, Scott W., Dan Marlin, and Sharon L. Segrest. "Slack and performance in the hospital industry: a configurational approach." Management Decision 57, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 2978–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-07-2017-0703.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the healthcare management literature and improve the understanding of the slack and performance link by examining the hospital slack and performance relationship using a sample of 148 US hospitals. Design/methodology/approach Using cluster analysis, ANCOVA and means comparisons, this study identifies different hospital slack configurations and their associated performance implications. Findings The results demonstrate that different configurations of slack resources result in different levels of hospital performance. The findings also demonstrate equifinality in this relationship suggesting that some configurations of slack can result in similar levels of performance. Practical implications The results indicate that managerial attention should be paid to not only identifying appropriate levels and types of slack for hospitals but also to appropriate ways to bundle these resources. The findings also suggest there may be multiple ways for hospitals’ administrators to effectively manage and bundle slack resources. Originality/value Organizational slack and its impact on organizational performance is an important area of research within the management literature. Unfortunately, no known studies have examined how different types of slack resources are configured or bundled together in healthcare organizations and how this impacts firm performance. This study provides a significant contribution to the literature by providing a first step in understanding the slack and performance relationship in the hospital industry.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Slack'

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