Relevant bibliographies by topics / Slag-Fly ash

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Academic literature on the topic 'Slag-Fly ash'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Slag-Fly ash"

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Giergiczny, Zbigniew. "Fly ash and slag." Cement and Concrete Research 124 (October 2019): 105826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105826.

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Shaikh, Faiz U. A., and Anwar Hosan. "High Volume Slag and Slag-Fly Ash Blended Cement Pastes Containing Nano Silica." Materials Science Forum 967 (August 2019): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.967.205.

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This paper presents the effect of nanosilica (NS) on compressive strength and microstructure of cement paste containing high volume slag and high volume slag-fly ash blend as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Results show that high volume slag (HVS) cement paste containing 60% slag exhibited about 4% higher compressive strength than control cement paste, while the HVS cement paste containing 70% slag maintained the similar compressive strength to control cement paste. However, about 9% and 37% reduction in compressive strength in HVS cement pastes is observed due to use of 80% and 90% slag, respectively. The high volume slag-fly ash (HVSFA) cement pastes containing total slag and fly ash content of 60% exhibited about 5%-16% higher compressive strength than control cement paste. However, significant reduction in compressive strength is observed in higher slag-fly ash blends with increasing in fly ash contents. Results also show that the addition of 1-4% NS improves the compressive strength of HVS cement paste containing 70% slag by about 9-24%. However, at higher slag contents of 80% and 90% this improvement is even higher e.g. 11-29% and 17-41%, respectively. The NS addition also improves the compressive strength by about 1-59% and 5-21% in high volume slag-fly ash cement pastes containing 21% fly ash+49%slag and 24% fly ash+56%slag, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirm the reduction of calcium hydroxide (CH) in HVS/HVSFA pastes containing NS indicating the formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gels in the system. By combining slag, fly ash and NS in high volumes e.g. 70-80%, the carbon footprint of cement paste is reduced by 66-76% while maintains the similar compressive strength of control cement paste. Keywords: high volume slag, nanosilica, compressive strength, TGA, high volume slag-fly ash blend, CO2 emission.
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Zhang, Dong Qing, Xue Ying Li, Xin Wei Ma, and Zheng Wang. "Effects of Mineral Admixtures on the Chloride Permeability of Hydraulic Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 2082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2082.

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The chloride permeability of concrete with slag or (20wt%, 30wt%, and 40wt% of binder) and binary slag and fly ash (the ratio of slag and fly ash 5:5, 4:6 and 6:4) was investigated in this study. The results show that the chloride permeability of concrete decreases firstly and increases latterly with the increasing of fly ash content. However, the permeability of concrete with slag decreases sharply with the slag content increases. Especially the content of slag is 40 wt%, the permeability is only 15.4% of the control concrete. The permeability of concrete using binary admixture of slag and fly ash is less than that of fly ash concrete and more than that of slag concrete.
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Ferdian Adhitia and Dewi Pertiwi. "PENGARUH VARIASI FLY ASH SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEBAGIAN SEMEN DENGAN COPPER SLAG PENGGANTI SEBAGIAN PASIR UNTUK BETON MUTU 42 MPA." PADURAKSA: Jurnal Teknik Sipil Universitas Warmadewa 9, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/pd.9.1.1676.80-86.

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Pada pabrik peleburan tembaga PT Smelting Company Gresik meghasilkan limbah berupa copper slag. Limbah copper slag memiliki beberapa keuntungan antara lain meningkatkan kuat tekan beton,mengurangi panas hidrasi, meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap sulfat dalam air laut, mengurangi serangan alkali-silika dan klorida. Pada PLTU Paiton Probolinggo terdapat hasil limbah dari pembakaran batu bara. Limbah tersebut terbagi dua. Limbah yang terbang tersebut adalah fly ash yang didapatkan dengan cara ditangkap oleh peralatan filtrasi partikel lain sebelum gas buang mencapai cerobong asap batu bara. Limbah yang turun kebawah disebut bottom ash. Penelitian ini menggunakan limbah copper slag sebagai pengganti sebagian pasir dengan fly ash pengganti sebagian semen. Variasi yang digunakan adalah 40% copper slag, 40% copper slag + 5% fly ash, 40% copper slag + 7.5% fly ash, 40% copper slag + 10% fly ash. Copper slag berasal dari PT. Smelting Company Gresik, sedangkan fly ash dari PT. Paiton.Pengujian dilakukan di PT. SCG Readymix. Pengujian dilakukan pada umur 14 hari, 28 hari, dan 56 hari. Kuat tekan beton normal diperoleh melebihi 42 Mpa, dimana kuat tekan tertinggi pada variasi 40% copper slag + 10% fly ash dengan kuat tekan 58.13 MPa pada umur 56 hari.
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Dermawan, Denny, and Mochammad Luqman Ashari. "Studi Komparasi Kelayakan Teknis dan Lingkungan Pemanfaatan Limbah B3 Sandblasting terhadap Limbah B3 Sandblasting dan Fly Ash sebagai Campuran Beton." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 15, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v15i1.25-30.

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Fly ash and sandblasting slag widely used as concrete’s builder because it contains quite high silica (SiO2) approximately 58,20% and 98,97%. Fly ash and sandblasting slag can increase concrete power pressure and contains characteristic like cement. Method of concrete making and technical feasibility test on this research use SNI standar (SNI 03-2834-2000). Environmental feasibility test use Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedur (TCLP) according PP No. 101 tahun 2014. The results of this research show that the use of sandblasting slag can increase concrete power pressure at age of immersion 28 days. Concrete power pressure with 5%; 10%; 15%; and 20% sandblasting slag are 16,32 MPa; 17,81 MPa; 18,89 MPa; and 15,24 MPa. The use of sandblasting slag and fly ash can increase concrete power pressure at age of immersion 28 days. Concrete power pressure with 5% sandblasting slag and 30% fly ash; 10% sandblasting and 25% fly ash, 15% sandblasting and 20% fly ash, and 20% sandblasting and 15% fly ash are 18,53 Mpa, 16,08 MPa, 17,20 Mpa, and 15,91 MPa. Based on the TCLP test, the concentration of heavy metal substances in 10% SBE are below the standard. Thus, it is scientifically proven to conclude that concrete with 10% and 15% sandblasting slag and 5% sandblasting slag and 30% fly ash; 15% sandblasting and 20% fly ash are technically proper and safe for the environment.
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Zhou, Mingkai, Xu Cheng, and Xiao Chen. "Studies on the Volumetric Stability and Mechanical Properties of Cement-Fly-Ash-Stabilized Steel Slag." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030495.

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The stability of steel-slag road materials remains a critical issue in their utilization as an aggregate base course. In this pursuit, the present study was envisaged to investigate the effects of fly ash on the mechanical properties and expansion behavior of cement-fly-ash-stabilized steel slag. Strength tests and expansion tests of the cement-fly-ash-stabilized steel slag with varying additions of fly ash were carried out. The results indicate that the cement-fly-ash-stabilized steel slag exhibited good mechanical properties. The expansion rate and the number of bulges of the stabilized material reduced with an increase in the addition. When the addition of fly ash was 30–60%, the stabilized material was not damaged due to expansion. Furthermore, the results of X-CT, XRD and SEM-EDS show that fly ash reacted with the expansive component of the steel slag. In addition, the macro structure of the stabilized material was found to be changed by an increase in the concentration of the fly ash, in order to improve the volumetric stability. Our study shows that the cement-fly-ash-stabilized steel slag exhibits good mechanical properties and volumetric stability with reasonable additions of fly ash.
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Chi, Mao Chieh, and Yen Chun Liu. "Effects of Fly Ash/Slag Ratio and Liquid/Binder Ratio on Strength of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash/Slag Mortars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 377 (August 2013): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.377.50.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of fly ash/slag ratio and liquid/binder ratio on strength of alkali-activated fly ash/slag (AAFS) mortars. Three liquid/binder ratios of 0.35, 0.5 and 0.65 and three fly ash/slag ratios of 100/0, 50/50, and 0/100 were selected as variables to design and produce mixes of AAFS mortars. The compressive strength and flexural strength of alkali-activated fly ash/slag mortars were discussed and compared with reference mortars produced using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortars. Based on the results, both fly ash/slag ratio and the liquid/binder ratio are significant factors influencing the strengths of AAFS mortars. The strength of AAFS mortars except alkali-activated fly ash mortars is higher than that of OPC mortars. When the fly ash/slag ratio reaches 50/50, the AAFS mortars possesses the highest strength compared with the other mortars.
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Li, Cai Yu, Lin Yang, Jian Xin Cao, and Qiu Mei Liu. "Effect of High-Calcium Fly Ash on Activity Index and Hydration Process of Phosphorous Slag Powders." Materials Science Forum 873 (September 2016): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.873.105.

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Effect of the dosage of high-calcium fly ash and fineness of phosphorous slag powders on activity index of phosphorous slag powders was explored. The hydration samples of phosphorous slag powders with high-calcium fly ash content were analyzed using XRD, DSC-TG and SEM. The results showed that activity index of phosphorous slag powders increased and then decreased with the dosage of high-calcium fly ash increasing. When the dosages of high-calcium fly ash were 15%-20%, activity indexes of phosphorous slag powders were above 1. With fineness of phosphorous slag powders increasing with ranges from 370 to 440 m2·kg-1, activity indexes of phosphorous slag powders increased with ranges from 1.028 to 1.174. High-calcium fly ash accelerated the hydration reaction of phosphorous slag powders, and promoted the increase in the strength of phosphorous slag powders glue-sand.
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Synowiec, Katarzyna. "Properties of non-standard fly ash – slag cements containing calcareous fly ash." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2013): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2034.

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The paper presents the tests results of the properties of non - standard fly ash - slag cements composition. Both natural (unprocessed) and activated by grinding calcareous fly ash was used. It was found that the calcareous fly ash next to the granulated blast furnace slag may be a component of low - clinker cements (ca. 40%). Those cements are characterized by low heat of hydration and overdue of initial setting time in comparison with Ordinary Portland Cement, moreover they have an unfavorable effect on consistency and its upkeep in time. Production of fly ash - slag cements is possible for strength class 32,5 N when the component of cement is raw fly ash, and for strength classes 32,5 N, 32,5 R and 42,5 N when ground fly ash was used. Fly ash activated by grinding was characterized by higher activity.
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Wang, Qiang, Pei Yu Yan, and Reng Guang Liu. "Effects of Blended Steel Slag-Superfine Fly Ash Mineral Admixture and Ordinary Fly Ash on the Properties of Concrete." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.323.

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The effects of blended steel slag-superfine fly ash mineral admixture and ordinary fly ash on the properties of concrete were compared in this study. The results show that, in the case of the same adding amount, blended steel slag-superfine fly ash mineral admixture and ordinary fly ash have similar effects on the early strength and chloride ion permeability of concrete. Blended mineral admixture has higher ability to improve the late strength of concrete than ordinary fly ash. Paste and concrete containing blended mineral admixture have smaller porosities than that containing ordinary fly ash. Blended steel slag-superfine fly ash is an ideal mineral admixture for concrete.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slag-Fly ash"

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Bool, Lawrence E. III. "The partitioning of iron during the combustion of pulverized coal." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186374.

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The presence of pyrite in coal has long been known to affect the slagging propensity of the coal when burned in industrial boilers. In particular it has been found that molten pyrite bonds very well to steel furnace tubes. In addition, it has been found that the amount of chemically bound iron greatly influences the slag contact angle and stickiness on steel heat transfer tubes. The goal of this research, which is part of a larger project headed by the PSI Technology Company to study mineral matter transformations during combustion, is to explore and model the mechanisms dominating the fate of iron during combustion. To achieve this goal a well characterized suite of coals was burned in a 17kW downfired laboratory combustor. Fly ash was extracted from the flue gas and size classified. These ash samples were then subjected to a number of analytical techniques including Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AA), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), Computer Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy (CCSEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Mossbauer Spectroscopy to determine the ash bulk composition and morphology. Of these techniques, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Mossbauer, were instrumental in determining the iron-silicate interactions during combustion. Utilizing the information gleaned from the fly ash analysis, and work in the literature, it was possible to propose a pathway for iron interactions during combustion. A mechanistic model was then proposed to quantify the competition between processes governing iron oxidation/crystallization and those promoting iron-silicate mixing/reaction. This model described the partitioning of iron between chemically bound and physically bound phases. By utilizing kinetic parameters from the literature and fundamental transport phenomena, this model was able to successfully correlate data from several coals burned under a range of combustion conditions. The model can also be used to quantify the effect of combustion modifications and fuel property changes on iron partitioning.
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Kothari, Ankit. "Effects of Fly Ash on the properties of Alkali Activated Slag Concrete." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63534.

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This master thesis presents the effects of fly ash on the properties of alkali activated slag concrete, commonly referred as Geopolymer concrete (GPC). Cement manufacturer are major producers of CO2 which negatively affects the environment. Due to the increased construction activities and environmental concern, it is necessary to introduce alternative and eco-friendly binders for concrete. Slag and fly ash based concrete, which is by-product from industrial waste, is probably the best replacement for OPC concrete due to less or nil environmental issue. Most of the researchers have already concluded that slag and fly ash can be used as binders in concrete by activating them with alkali activator solution (e.g. by sodium silicate or sodium carbonate). In the present work concretes were produced by varying the proportion of slag to fly ash (40:60, 50:50, 60:40 & 80:20); amount of alkali activators (5, 10 & 14) and chemical modulus of sodium silicate (Ms) (0.25, 0.5 & 1).  Setting times and compressive strength values were evaluated. Results showed that decrease in fly ash content irrespective of % of alkali activators and alkali modulus (Ms), the compressive strength was increasing and setting time was getting shorter. The produced concretes showed increasing compressive strength with increase in % of alkali activator for Ms 0.5 and 1, while for Ms=0.25 the strength was decreasing with increase in % of alkali activators. From this it can be concluded that, Ms=0.5 was the optimum point below which the reaction got slower. Based on the initial investigations, mix S8:F2-SS10(1) and S8:F2-SS10(0.5) showed most promising results in terms of fresh and hardened concrete properties and were easy to handle. Consequently, the above mentioned mixture was chosen to be studied in more detail. The experimental program for these mixes included determination of slump flow, compressive strength (7, 14, 28 days) and shrinkage (drying and autogenous). The results shows that, strength increased with time and comparatively mix with Ms=0.5 showed higher compressive strength than mix with Ms=1, due to higher alkalinity of the pore solution. Mix with Ms=1 showed higher drying shrinkage compared to mix with Ms=0.5, which was explained by higher alkalinity of the solutions (Ms=0.5) leading to rapid formation of aluminosilicate gel. Autogenous shrinkage appeared to be higher for mix with Ms=0.5. This was associated with lower modulus which leads to densification of concrete microstructure at early ages. Pore diameter decrease and the water trapped in the pores exerted increasing tensile stress resulting for higher autogenous shrinkage.
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Talefirouz, Davood. "Use Of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Steel Slag And Fly Ash In Cement-bentonite Slurry Wall Construction." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615432/index.pdf.

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Slurry walls have been widely used for more than 25 years to control the migration of contaminants in the subsurface. In the USA, vertical barriers are mostly constructed of soil-bentonite using the slurry trench method of construction. In this method, sodium bentonite is mixed with water to form a viscous slurry that is pumped into a trench during excavation to maintain the trench stability. The stable trench is then backfilled with a mixture of soil and slurry having a consistency of high slump concrete. These barriers have been designed primarily for low permeability, generally less than 10&minus
9 m/s. Some investigations have pointed toward improved performance using admixtures that would provide low permeability. In this study, Soma thermal power plant fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, lime, and steel slag are used as admixture to improve the performance of slurry walls. Permeability, compressive strength, slump, compressibility properties of the mixtures were found and checked for the minimum requirements. According to the findings of this study, granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash and steel slag can be used at certain percentages and curing periods as additive in cement-bentonite barrier wall construction. Permeability of specimens having fly ash decreases by increasing fly ash content. Mixtures having 50 % of GGBS type I with 5 % of lime and 9% bentonite content gave acceptable results in 28 days of curing time. Specimens including 50 % of GGBS type II with 5 % of lime and 9% bentonite content gave the higher permeability value in 28 days of curing time with respect to GGBS type I. In addition, most of the mixtures prepared by steel slag gave the acceptable permeability values in 28 days of curing period. Unconfined compressive strength of all mixtures increase by increasing curing time. Cc, Cr, Cv, kcon values were found from consolidation test results. Permeability values found from consolidation tests are 10 times to 100 times higher than flexible wall k results for the same effective stress of 150 kPa. Generally, mv values are decreasing with increasing curing time. As mv decreases, D increases.
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Topbas, Selim. "Effect Of Trass, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag And Fly Ash On Delayed Ettringite Formation." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612494/index.pdf.

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Properly proportioned, placed and cured concrete can be durable under most conditions. However, deterioration of concrete does occur under certain environments. One of the problems that affect the durability of hardened concrete is delayed ettringite formation (DEF) which is an important problem encountered in precast concrete industry where high temperature curing is applied. Although there had been many researches on DEF, there are still many uncertainties about its chemistry and mechanism. In this study, the effects of partial cement replacement by different mineral admixtures (trass, blast furnace slag and fly ash), SO3/Al2O3 molar ratio and specific surface area of cement on DEF were investigated. For this purpose, 9 groups of control cements were prepared with 3 different specific surface areas and 3 different SO3/Al2O3 molar ratios. Different amounts of mineral admixtures were blended with the control cements. High temperature curing was applied to the cement pastes and the expansions of these pastes were measured periodically for 240 days. v The experimental results obtained were interpreted for a comparative analysis of the effects of the afore-mentioned parameters.
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Ryno, Barnard. "Mechanical properties of fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete with the addition of macro fibres." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95866.

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Thesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Geopolymer concrete is an alternative construction material that has comparable mechanical properties to that of ordinary Portland cement concrete, consisting of an aluminosilicate and an alkali solution. Fly ash based geopolymer concrete hardens through a process called geopolymerisation. This hardening process requires heat activation of temperatures above ambient. Thus, fly ash based geopolymer concrete will be an inadequate construction material for in-situ casting, as heat curing will be uneconomical. The study investigated fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete. When slag is added to the matrix, curing at ambient temperatures is possible due to calcium silicate hydrates that form in conjunction with the geopolymeric gel. The main goal of the study is to obtain a better understanding of the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete, cured at ambient temperatures. A significant number of mix variations were carried out to investigate the influence that the various parameters, present in the matrix, have on the compressive strength of fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete. Promising results were found, as strengths as high as 72 MPa were obtained. The sodium hydroxide solution, the slag content and the amount of additional water in the matrix had the biggest influence on the compressive strength of the fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete. The modulus of the elasticity of fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete did not yield promising results as the majority of the specimens, regardless of the compressive strength, yielded a stiffness of less than 20 GPa. This is problematic from a structural point of view as this will result in large deflections of elements. The sodium hydroxide solution had the most significant influence on the elastic modulus of the geopolymer concrete. Steel and polypropylene fibres were added to a high- and low strength geopolymer concrete matrix to investigate the ductility improvement. The limit of proportionality mainly depended on the compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete, while the amount of fibres increased the energy absorption of the concrete. A similar strength OPC concrete mix was compared to the low strength geopolymer concrete and it was found that the OPC concrete specimen yielded slightly better flexural behaviour. Fibre pull-out tests were also conducted to investigate the fibre-matrix interface. From the knowledge gained during this study, it can be concluded that the use of fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete, as an alternative binder material, is still some time away as there are many complications that need to be dealt with, especially the low modulus of elasticity. However, fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete does have potential if these complications can be addressed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geopolimeerbeton is ‘n alternatiewe konstruksiemateriaal wat vergelykbare meganiese eienskappe met beton waar OPC die binder is, en wat bestaan uit ‘n aluminosilikaat en ‘n alkaliese oplossing. Vliegas-gebaseerde geopolimeerbeton verhard tydens ‘n proses wat geopolimerisasie genoem word. Hierdie verhardingsproses benodig hitte-aktivering van temperature hoër as dié van die onmiddellike omgewing. Gevolglik sal vliegas-gebaseerde geopolimeerbeton ‘n ontoereikende konstruksiemateriaal vir in situ gietvorming wees, aangesien hitte-nabehandeling onekonomies sal wees. Die studie het vliegas/slagmentgebaseerde geopolimeerbeton ondersoek. Wanneer slagment by die bindmiddel gevoeg word, is nabehandeling by omliggende temperature moontlik as gevolg van kalsiumsilikaathidroksiede wat in verbinding met die geopolimeriese jel vorm. Die hoofdoel van die studie was om ‘n beter begrip te kry van die meganiese eienskappe van geopolimeerbeton, wat nabehandeling by omliggende temperature ontvang het. ‘n Aansienlike aantal meng variasies is uitgevoer om die invloed te ondersoek wat die verskeie parameters, aanwesig in die bindmiddel, op die druksterkte van die vliegas/slagmentgebaseerde geopolimeerbeton het. Belowende resultate is verkry en sterktes van tot so hoog as 72 MPa is opgelewer. Daar is gevind dat die sodiumhidroksiedoplossing, die slagmentinhoud en die hoeveelheid water in die bindmiddel die grootste invloed op die druksterkte van die vliegas/slagmentgebaseerde geopolimeerbeton gehad het. Die styfheid van die vliegas/slagmentgebaseerde geopolimeerbeton het nie belowende resultate opgelewer nie. Die meeste van die monsters, ongeag die druksterkte, het ‘n styfheid van minder as 20 GPa opgelewer. Vanuit ‘n strukturele oogpunt is dit problematies, omdat groot defleksies in elemente sal voorkom. Die sodiumhidroksiedoplossing het die grootste invloed op die styfheid van die vliegas/slagmentgebaseerde geopolimeerbeton gehad. Staal en polipropileenvesels is by ‘n hoë en lae sterke geopolimeer beton gevoeg om die buigbaarheid te ondersoek. Die die maksimum buigbaarheid het hoofsaaklik afgehang van die beton se druksterkte terwyl die hoeveelheid vesels die beton se energie-opname verhoog het. ‘n OPC beton mengsel van soortgelyke sterkte is vergelyk met die lae sterkte geopolimeerbeton en daar is gevind dat die OPC beton ietwat beter buigbaarheid opgelewer het. Veseluittrektoetse is uitgevoer om die veselbindmiddel se skeidingsvlak te ondersoek. Daar kan tot die gevolgtrekking gekom word dat, alhoewel belowende resultate verkry is, daar steeds sommige aspekte is wat ondersoek en verbeter moet word, in besonder die styfheid, voordat geopolimeerbeton as ‘n alternatiewe bindmiddel kan optree. Volgens die kennis opgedoen tydens hierdie studie, kan dit afgelei word dat die gebruik van vliegas/slagmentgebaseerde geopolimeerbeton, as 'n alternatiewe bindmiddel, nog 'n geruime tyd weg is, as gevolg van baie komplikasies wat gehandel moet word, veral die lae elastisiteitsmodulus. Tog het vliegas/slagmentgebaseerde geopolimeerbeton potensiaal as hierdie komplikasies verbeter kan word.
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Chibulu, Chizya. "The influence of fly ash and ground granulated blastfurnace slag on restrained shrinkage cracking of bonded overlays." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20521.

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The concrete repair industry is driven by deterioration of, damage to, and defects in concrete structures. The impact of deterioration or damage is a reduction in the service life of the concrete structure. One of the common methods used to repair and rehabilitate damaged concrete structures is the bonded overlay technique. However, bonded overlays are prone to restrained shrinkage cracking which impairs their performance. The mechanism leading to restrained shrinkage cracking of bonded concrete overlays is complex and depends on material properties, such as shrinkage, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and tensile relaxation. In order to reduce the risk of cracking in bonded concrete overlays, one or a combination of the following is required: lower shrinkage strains, higher tensile strength, lower elastic modulus, and increased stress relaxation. The development of these material properties depends on the degree of hydration of the binder material. Fly ash (FA) and slag (GGBS) are known to influence the hydration reaction when added to the binder material. This change in hydration reactions affects the development of the mechanical properties of the concrete, which ultimately affects the outcome of restrained shrinkage. An increase in age at cracking with the use of fly ash and slag in bonded concrete overlays was hypothesised. The research aimed at investigating the influence of fly ash and slag on the performance of bonded concrete overlays with regards to restrained shrinkage cracking. The research also aimed at using the influence of fly ash and slag on the specific material properties governing restrained shrinkage to analyse and predict the performance of the overlay materials
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Zheng, Yong Chu. "Shrinkage behaviour of geopolymers /." Connect to thesis, 2010. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/7157.

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Naalisvaara, M. (Mikko). "Mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of fibre-reinforced alkali activated fly ash/slag binder s using ceramic waste aggregate." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805221855.

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Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), one of the most used construction materials, is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide. The manufacturing process of OPC requires large amounts of energy and it consumes Earth’s natural resources at a high rate. New methods to replace OPC have been developed for a few decades now, and one of the promising method is a class of materials known as alkali-activated materials (AAM). AAM’s require less raw resources to manufacture, due to utilizing various industrial by-products, such as blast furnace slag and fly ash. One-part alkali-activated binders require only dry materials that can be mixed and water is being added to the binder as the last step. This makes them easy to handle and transport. In this thesis, experiments regarding the mechanical properties and drying shrinkage were conducted on a set of different samples, including different fly ash-slag mix compositions and fibre combinations. Crushed ceramic waste was used as an aggregate, because it is currently a form of waste with very little use. It was found that using 40% slag and 50% fly ash was a desirable mix composition, and so it acted as the reference for fibre-reinforced mix compositions. Polypropylene (PP), basalt (Ba) and polyvinyl alcohol fibres (PVA) were tested in different combinations, with the total amount of fibres in each specimen at 1.5% (total volume). Results showed that generally the addition of fibres increased the total flexural strength. Freeze-thaw test results showed that flexural strength loss was lower with fibre-reinforced samples, and compressive strength generally isn’t negatively affected. Hybrid fibre mixtures showed the most promising results in terms of reducing drying shrinkage rate
Portlandsementti, eräs yleisimmistä rakennusmateriaaleista, on merkittävä kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen aiheuttaja. Portlandsementin valmistusprosessi käyttää paljon energiaa, ja se kuluttaa maapallon luonnonvaroja hälyttävällä tahdilla. Uusia materiaaleja, joilla Portlandsementti voitaisiin korvata, ollaan tutkittu ja kehitelty jo vuosikymmeniä, ja eräs lupaavista ehdokkaista on alkali-aktivoidut materiaalit. Näiden valmistaminen ei vaadi paljoa luonnonvaroja, sillä useita teollisuuden sivutuotteita voidaan hyödyntää lähes suoraan raaka-aineina, kuten masuunikuonaa ja lentotuhkaa. Lisäksi alkali-aktivaatioreaktio on huomattavasti Portlandsementin valmistuksessa tarvittavia kemiallisia reaktioita ympäristöystävällisempi. Yksi-osaiset alkali-aktivoidut sideaineet ovat kiinteässä muodossa veden lisäämiseen asti, joten niitä on helppoa ja turvallista käsitellä ja kuljettaa. Tässä työssä suoritettiin kokeita, joiden avulla mitattiin erään alkali-aktivoiduista sideaineista valmistetun betonin mekaanisia ominaisuuksia, sekä kuivumisen aiheuttamaa kutistumista. Kokeissa tutkittiin optimaalista lentotuhkan ja masuunikuonan välistä suhdetta, sekä kolmen erilaisen kuidun vaikutusta lisäaineena. Rakenneaineena käytettiin keraamista jätettä, eli posliinia, joka murskattiin haluttuun raekokoon leukamyllyllä. Jätteenä posliini on huono kierrätettävä, joten sille mahdollisten käyttötarkoituksien löytäminen on tärkeää. Tulosten perusteella betonin pohjaksi valittiin lentotuhka-masuunikuonasuhteeltaan 40/50 koostuva variantti. Polypropyleeni- (PP), basaltti- (Ba) ja polyvinyylialkoholikuituja (PVA) testattiin eri suhteissa niin, että niiden kokonaisosuus aineen tilavuudesta oli 1,5 %. Tulosten mukaan yleisesti kuitujen lisääminen lisäsi näytteiden taivutuslujuutta. Jäätymis-sulamissyklit heikensivät kuidullisia näytteitä enemmän kuin kuiduttomia taivutuslujuustestissä, mutta puristuslujuudessa vaikutusta ei juurikaan havaittu. Kuivumisen aiheuttama kutistuminen vaihteli eri kuituyhdistelmien välillä, mutta yleisesti ottaen kuituyhdistelmät yksittäisten kuitujen sijaan aiheuttivat vähiten kutistumista
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Almuwbber, Omar Mohamed. "The effect of different Ordinary Portland cement binders, partially replaced by fly ash and slag, on the properties of self-compacting concrete." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1040.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Civil Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowable self-consolidating concrete which can fill formwork without any external vibration. A self-compacting concrete mix requires the addition of superplasticiser (SP), which allows it to become more workable without the addition of excessive water to the mixture. The effect of different CEM I 52.5N cements produced by one company at different factories on self-compacting concrete was investigated. The properties of SCC are highly sensitive to changes in material properties, water content and addition of admixtures. For self-compacting concrete to be more accepted in South Africa, the effect that locally sourced materials have on SCC, partially replaced with extenders, needs to be investigated. The European guidelines for SCC (2005) determined the standard, through an extensive study, for the design and testing of self-compacting concrete. Using these guidelines, the properties of self-compacting concrete with the usage of local materials were investigated. The effect on SCC mixes was studied by using four cements; two types of SPs – partially replaced with two types of fly ash; and one type of slag. Mix design and tests were done according to the European Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete (2005). Using locally sourced materials (different cements, sand, coarse aggregate, fly ashes and slag), mixes were optimised with different SPs. Optimisation was achieved when self-compacting criteria, as found in the European guidelines, were adhered to, and the binders in these required mixes were then partially replaced with fly ash and slag at different concentrations. Tests done were the slump flow, V-funnel, L-box, sieve segregation resistance as well as the compressive strength tests. The results obtained were then compared with the properties prescribed by the European guidelines. The cements reacted differently when adding the SPs, and partially replacing fly ash and slag. According to the tests, replacing cement with extenders – in order to get a sufficient SCC – seemed to depend on the chemical and physical properties of each cement type, including the soluble alkali in the mixture, C3A, C3S and the surface area. The range, in which the concentration of these chemical and physical cement compounds should vary – in order to produce an acceptable SCC partially replaced by extenders – was determined and suggested to the cement producer. The main conclusion of this project is that cement properties vary sufficiently from factory to factory so as to influence the performance of an SCC mix. The problem becomes even bigger when such cements are extended with fly ash or slag, and when different SPs are used. When designing a stable SCC mix, these factors should be taken into account.
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Watterson, Scott Michael. "Strength of Concrete Masonry Prisms Constructed with Non-Traditional Grout and Type-M Mortar." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2909.

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The Concrete Masonry Association of California and Nevada in conjunction with Brigham Young University devised a masonry prism testing scheme to aid in the determination of whether prisms constructed with grouts possessing high levels of supplemental cementitious materials could meet minimum masonry compressive strength requirements. ASTM standards, identical to that of concrete, place restrictions on quantities, by weight, of supplemental materials that can replace ordinary Portland cement. For an all fly ash replacement, up to 40% of Portland cement can be replaced while up to 70% can be replaced by a fly ash-slag combination. Research is focused on class F fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag replacing Portland cement in larger quantities. Manufacturing grouts with increasing incremental amounts help to establish higher use limitations associated specifically with masonry grout. Masonry prisms, concrete masonry units, type M mortar, and variations of grout were tested for their respective compressive strengths at age intervals of 14, 28, 42, 56, and 90 days. Grouts were designed to support the discussion of whether non-traditional grouts can achieve acceptable masonry compressive strength in prisms while not possessing adequate grout compressive strength. The control grout consisted of one mix design containing a cementitious materials content of 100% Portland cement. Three grouts replaced Portland cement with fly ash and three grouts replaced Portland cement with a fly ash-slag combination without modifying the cementitious material weight contribution. Class F fly ash replaced Portland cement at rates of 45%, 55%, and 65%. Class F fly ash-ground granulated blast furnace slag combinations replaced Portland cement at rates of 65%, 75%, and 85% where the combinations consisted of 25% fly ash and 40%, 50%, and 60% slag. Results indicate that all prisms exceeded the 10.3 MPa (1500 psi) minimum compressive strength requirements before the mandated 28-day age period. Neither 55% and 65% fly ash replacements nor the 85% fly ash-slag combination achieved grout strength minimums at the typical specified age. The grout mixtures manufactured with exceeding addition rates which attained greater than the minimum strength at the 28-day age were the 45% fly ash and 65% and 75% fly ash-slag combination. All grouts did, eventually, extend their strength gain beyond 13.8 MPa (2000 psi) through the course of testing and all but 65% fly ash achieved this strength within 42 days.
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Books on the topic "Slag-Fly ash"

1

Boyd, Andrew James. Salt scaling resistance of concrete containing slag and fly ash. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1995.

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International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (9th 2007 Warsaw, Poland). Ninth CANMET/ACI international conference on fly ash, silica fume, slag & natural pozzolans in concrete. Edited by Malhotra V. M, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology., and American Concrete Institute. Farmington Hills, Mich: American Concrete Institute, 2007.

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International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (6th 1998 Bangkok, Thailand). Fly ash, silica fume, slag & natural pozzolans in concrete: Proceedings, Sixth CANMET/ACI International Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998. Edited by Malhotra V. M, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology., and American Concrete Institute. Farmington Hills, Mich: ACI International, 1998.

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International, Conference on Fly Ash Silica Fume Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (7th 2001 Madras India). Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete. Farmington Hills, Michigan: ACI International, 2001.

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International, Conference on Fly Ash Silica Fume Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (7th 2001 Chennai India). Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete: [proceedings of the conference held July 22-27, 2001, in Chennai (Madras), India]. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 2001.

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International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (9th 2007 Las Vegas, Nev.). Ninth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete. Edited by Malhotra V. M and American Concrete Institute. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 2007.

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International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (4th 1992 Istanbul, Turkey). Fly ash, silicafume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete: Proceedings fourth International Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, May 1992. Edited by Malhotra V. M and American Concrete Institute. Detroit: American Concrete Institute, 1993.

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International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (4th 1992 Istanbul, Turkey). Fly ash, silicafume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete: Proceedings fourth International Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, May 1992. Edited by Malhotra V. M and American Concrete Institute. Detroit: American Concrete Institute, 1993.

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International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (4th 1991 Istanbul, Turkey). Fly ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete: Proceedings, fourth international conference, Istanbul, Turkey, May 1992. Edited by Malhotra V. M, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology., and American Concrete Institute. Detroit, Mich: American Concrete Institute, 1993.

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International, Conference on Fly Ash Silica Fume Slag and natural Pozzolans in Concrete (5th 1995 Milwaukee Wis ). Fly ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete: Proceedings fifth International Conference, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, 1995. Detroit: American Concrete Institute, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Slag-Fly ash"

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Nedeljković, Marija, Yibing Zuo, Kamel Arbi, and Guang Ye. "Natural Carbonation of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash and Slag Pastes." In High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, 2213–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_253.

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Jirasit, F., C. H. Rüscher, L. Lohaus, and P. Chindaprasirt. "Durability Performance of Alkali-Activated Metakaolin, Slag, Fly Ash, and Hybrids." In Developments in Strategic Ceramic Materials II, 1–12. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119321811.ch1.

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Ambekar, Mangesh Subhash, and Hrishikesh Ashok Shahane. "Laboratory Investigation of Black Cotton Soil—Fly Ash—Steel Slag Mixes." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 717–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6444-8_64.

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Alderete, Natalia, Yury A. Villagrán-Zaccardi, and Nele De Belie. "Long-Term Capillary Imbibition of Mortars with Slag and Fly Ash." In RILEM Bookseries, 161–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76551-4_15.

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Sakai, Koji, Takeju Matsuka, and Yasunori Suzuki. "Low-Carbon Concrete Using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly Ash." In Innovative Materials and Techniques in Concrete Construction, 101–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1997-2_6.

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Soyonar, Emre, Seyhan Fırat, Gülgün Yilmaz, and Volkan Okur. "Performance of Steel Slag and Fly Ash Added Soil as Subbase Materials." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 799–807. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63709-9_61.

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Wang, Ying, Luca Montanari, W. Jason Weiss, and Prannoy Suraneni. "Internal Curing Using Superabsorbent Polymers for Alkali Activated Slag-Fly Ash Mixtures." In 3rd International Conference on the Application of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) and Other New Admixtures Towards Smart Concrete, 239–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33342-3_26.

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Roy, Biswajit, and Aminul Islam Laskar. "Rheological Behavior of Geopolymer Mortar with Fly Ash, Slag and Their Blending." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 99–110. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5235-9_8.

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Marathe, Shriram, I. R. Mithanthaya, and Siddhivinayaka Hegde. "Slag–Fly Ash–Glass Powder-Based Alkali-Activated Concrete—A Critical Review." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293–309. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2826-9_19.

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Marathe, Shriram, I. R. Mithanthaya, and S. K. Susmitha. "Investigations on Slag-Fly Ash-Glass Powder Based Ecofriendly Interlocking Paver Blocks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 381–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2826-9_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Slag-Fly ash"

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Trinh, Quyen Van, Sándor Nagy, and Gábor Mucsi. "Preliminary Geopolymerization Experiments of Vietnamese Fly Ash and Slag." In MultiScience - XXXIII. microCAD International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference. University of Miskolc, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26649/musci.2019.009.

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Sunil, Rugma, Parvathy Panicker L, R. Megha, Athira K. Vijayan, and Ramaswamy K. P. "Preparation and Properties of Alkali Activated Coarse Aggregates Using Fly Ash and Slag." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.45.

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Coarse aggregate is an essential component of concrete which influences the properties of concrete. Generally, natural crushed stones are being used for the concrete production. The increased demand of aggregates for concrete production can be countered by using alternate aggregates. Production of artificial aggregates from industrial wastes appear as a promising and sustainable alternative to natural aggregates as it helps in utilizing large amount of industrial byproducts in concrete, reduces environmental pollution and also relieves the issues involved in their waste disposal. Hence, this study aims at the utilization of industrial wastes (fly ash and slag) for the manufacture of synthetic aggregates which could be a potential sustainable alternative for the coarse aggregates. Cold bonded pelletized aggregates were prepared by using alkali-activated Class F fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Alkali mixture of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and 10M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution were used for the chemical activation of fly ash and slag. Two types of synthetic aggregates were prepared using the fabricated disc pelletizer; mix containing only slag and another mix with equal proportion of fly ash and slag, and the aggregates were heat cured for 24 hours. Tests were done to determine properties such as aggregate surface texture and shape, particle size distribution, bulk density and specific gravity, and the results were compared with the properties of normal aggregates (natural crushed stones). The results indicate that synthetic aggregates made by alkali activation of fly ash and slag could be a potential alternative to the crushed stones.
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Xie, Jixing, Jie Yin, Junjing Chen, and Jianzhong Xu. "Study on the Geopolymer Based on Fly Ash and Slag." In 2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceet.2009.607.

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Zhaoyi, He, Lu Zhaofeng, and Weirong Huang. "Pavement Performance Research on Fly Ash-Carbide Slag Residue Concrete." In GeoHunan International Conference 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/47624(403)11.

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Zwahr, Heiner. "Ash Recycling: Just a Dream?" In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2211.

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Waste to energy is only one way of handling waste, material recovery is another aspect of sustainable waste management. This is actually nothing new and has always been part of the operation of WTE (Waste to Energy) plants in Hamburg. In descriptions of the first waste incineration plant in Hamburg, which started operation in 1896, it was stated that “the fly ash” collected in the ash chambers was used as filler material for the insulation of ceiling cavities. Its use in the sandwich walls of money safes was expressly recommended by the members of the urban refuse collection authority. Another lucrative trade was the sorting of scrap iron. It was separated from the incineration slag with magnets. The slag itself was said to be as sterile as lava, as hard as glass, as useful as bricks, and it was a profitable side product of waste incineration. The crushed incinerator slag was evidently so much in demand in road construction and as an aggregate in concrete production that demand could often not be met in the building season, even though it was stored through the winter, [1,2,3].
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Ntuli, F., T. Falayi, and U. Thwanane. "Removal of sulphates from acid mine drainage using desilicated fly ash slag." In WASTE MANAGEMENT 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wm160341.

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Bansode, Samitinjay Sadashivrao. "Comparative Analysis between Properties of Steel Slag, Fly Ash, and Clay Bricks." In GeoCongress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412121.391.

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Altmami, Munir, and Mahmoud Khatab. "Development of composite mortars based on lime, blastfurnce slag and fly ash." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES (KEYTECH 2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5123693.

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Xiao, Y., M. Oorsprong, Y. Yang, and J. H. L. Voncken. "Vitrification of Bottom Ash From AVR MSW Incinerators." In 14th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec14-3192.

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During incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW), various environmentally harmful elements and heavy metals are liberated either into bottom ash, or carried away with the off-gases and subsequently trapped in fly-ash. If these minor but harmful elements are not properly isolated and immobilized, it can lead to secondary environmental pollution to the air, soil and water. The stricter environmental regulations to be implemented in the near future in the Netherlands require a higher immobilization efficiency of the bottom ash treatment. In the present study, MSW incinerator bottom ash was vitrified at higher temperatures and the slag formed and metal recovered were examined. The behaviour of soluble elements that remain in the slag is evaluated by leaching extraction. The thermodynamics of slag and metal formation is discussed. The results obtained can provide a valuable route to treat the ashes from incinerators, and to make recycling and more efficient utilization of the bottom ash possible.
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Chi, Maochieh, Jiang-Jhy Chang, and Weichung Yeih. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Circulated Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Coal Fly Ash." In 5th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icadme-15.2015.6.

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Reports on the topic "Slag-Fly ash"

1

Sugama, T., J. Warren, T. Butcher, Lance Brothers, and D. Bour. Self-degradable Slag/Class F Fly Ash-Blend Cements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1030632.

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Harbour, J. Characterization of Slag, Fly Ash and Portland Cement for Saltstone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890223.

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Yildirim, Irem, Monica Prezzi, Meera Vasudevan, and Helen Santoso. Use of Soil-Steel Slag-Class-C Fly Ash Mixtures in Subgrade Applications. Purdue University, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315188.

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Krishnan, Anand, Jinesh Mehta, and J. Olek. Technical Issues Related to the Use of Fly Ash and Slag During Late-Fall (Low Temperature) Construction Season. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313382.

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Lomboy, Gilson, Douglas Cleary, Seth Wagner, Yusef Mehta, Danielle Kennedy, Benjamin Watts, Peter Bly, and Jared Oren. Long-term performance of sustainable pavements using ternary blended concrete with recycled aggregates. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40780.

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Dwindling supplies of natural concrete aggregates, the cost of landfilling construction waste, and interest in sustainable design have increased the demand for recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in new portland cement concrete mixtures. RCA repurposes waste material to provide useful ingredients for new construction applications. However, RCA can reduce the performance of the concrete. This study investigated the effectiveness of ternary blended binders, mixtures containing portland cement and two different supplementary cementitious materials, at mitigating performance losses of concrete mixtures with RCA materials. Concrete mixtures with different ternary binder combinations were batched with four recycled concrete aggregate materials. For the materials used, the study found that a blend of portland cement, Class C fly ash, and blast furnace slag produced the highest strength of ternary binder. At 50% replacement of virgin aggregates and ternary blended binder, some specimens showed comparable mechanical performance to a control mix of only portland cement as a binder and no RCA substitution. This study demonstrates that even at 50% RCA replacement, using the appropriate ternary binder can create a concrete mixture that performs similarly to a plain portland cement concrete without RCA, with the added benefit of being environmentally beneficial.
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