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Zubrytski, Raman. "Výpočet zatížení, analýza pevnosti a simulace nárazu ptáka pro kompozitní náběžné hrany křídla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232103.
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Tato diplomová práce se zaměřuje na stanovení geometrických a materiálových parametrů konstrukce slotu letadla B737-200. V této práci je vypracovaný návrh kompozitového slotu s ohledem na dané zatěžovací případy, včetně tzv. “bird strike”. Analytické výpočty jsou ověřené metodou konečných prvků (MKP) v programech MSC.Nastran/Patran, MSC.Dytran
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Trávníček, Jakub. "Lávka pro pěší." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227456.
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The goal of this diploma work is a proposal and structural survey of wooden bridge for pedestrians and cyclists over the water area. The bridge is situated into the area of town Jihlava. A clingy slat wood and steel construction elements have been used for construction proposal. Bridge span is being used as 50 metres. Generally two variations of bridge constructions have been elaborated, variation A and variation B, of which variation A has been elaborated in more details.
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TAKEY, TADEU HIROAKI. "COLD FORMED SLAB SYSTEMS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2001. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=2421@1.
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Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de um novo sistema de
laje mista com o uso de perfis metálicos de chapa dobrada e
isopor seqüencialmente dispostos lado a lado e preenchidos
com concreto de armado. A principal motivação para este
estudo foi o desenvolvimento de um eficiente sistema de
laje fácil e rápida de ser construído, e que
fosse econômica. O sistema de laje desenvolvido maximiza o
espaço livre útil da construção, eliminando a necessidade
de formas e escoras tendo assim como conseqüência direta a
minimização das perdas construtivas. Os resultados obtidos
indicaram que os custos do novo sistema de laje são
equivalentes aos outros métodos de construção de lajes, mas
que outras características como o tempo e as perdas
economizadas na fase construtiva viabilizam a utilização do
novo sistema.O trabalho foi consta de três fases
principais: primeiramente uma otimização do estudo dos
perfis de chapa dobrada foi conduzida analisando as suas
características estáticas e dinâmicas para o sistema de
laje. Variáveis como peso, altura, espessura,tensão de
escoamento, vão máximo, carga suportada por vão e por
espessura da chapa metálica, momento máximo, capacidade de
carga, minimização dos custos de fabricação e
possibilidades de uso de vãos múltiplos foram validados.
Quando a seção do perfil metálico estava definida e
otimizada, foi estabelecido um estudo com uma série de 5
(cinco) testes em escala real. O propósito principal dos
testes foi obter os estados limites último da seção do
perfil adotado associado ao sistema de laje para validação
do sistema estrutural. Os testes avaliaram a real
aderência entre concreto e perfil metálico e sua influência
no estado limite último de flexão, cisalhamento e
deslizamento. Outra solução além da aderência química
natural do concreto com o perfil metálico envolveram o uso
de parafusos auto atarrachantes como conectores de
cisalhamento. A fase final compreendeu a comparação dos
resultados experimentais com as normas de aço para
averiguar a validade dos resultados do sistema de laje
mista.This work presents an investigation of an innovative composite slab system made of a steel deck and a styrofoam plate, side by side, filled with reinforced concrete. The objective of the present study was the development of an efficient composite slab system that is easy to manufacture, erect and also economic.The investigation started with a parametric design study of the steel deck profile.When an optimum steel deck profile was established the investigation proceeded with a series of full-scale- experiments. The tests enable the establishment of the ultimate and serviceability limit states associated with the investigated system.Another aim of the experiments was to investigate the concrete versus steel deck connection. Solutions using only the natural concrete versus steel adherence and others utilising shear connectors made of self-drilling bolts in the steel deck were considered. Finally current steel design codes were used to compare the experimental results and access the accuracy of the composite slab system In this paper a composite slab system developed for low-cost building construction is presented. Results and conclusions from a theoretical and experimental study were summarized below the work. Finally these composite slab systems can be implemented in large scale construction, just by the development of portable rolling equipment that can produce very long and continuous profiles, as required by the construction teamwork.
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Ouf, Mohamed El-Sadek Abdel Rahman. "Stabilisation of clay subgrade soils using ground granulated blastfurnace slag." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/327/.
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Roads constructed on expansive clays may be adversely affected by the behaviour of the clay. Expansive clays suffer volume change due to changes in moisture content which causes heaving, cracking and the break up of the road pavement. Stabilisation of these types of soil is necessary to suppress swelling and increase the strength of the soil and thus partially decrease the thickness of road pavement layers. The use of by-product materials for stabilisation has environmental and economic benefits. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS), a by-product material in Egypt, and lime are used in the current work to stabilise samples of a clay soil similar to a typical Egyptian clay soil. This test soil comprises 80% River Aire soil and 20% calcium montmorillonite. The main objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of GGBS, with and without lime, on the engineering behaviour (plasticity characteristics, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and swelling potential) of the test soil and to identify the reaction products of the stabilised materials to determine the mechanisms by which changes in engineering properties are obtained. In order to achieve these objectives, extensive laboratory investigations were carried out. Various mixes (up to 10% GGBS by dry weight of the test soil and up to 30% replacement by hydrated lime) were prepared and cured under two representative conditions {20°C with 90-100% relative humidity (CCI) and 35° C with 50-60% relative humidity (CC2)} for up to 12 months. Compaction and plasticity were measured soon after mixing, the swelling potential and UCS were measured after longer curing periods. Four analytical techniques {X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)} were used to identify the reaction products of the clay fraction of the test soil mixed with various amount of GGBS and lime. This pure clay test soil was used to ease identification of the reaction products. The investigations showed that generally the engineering properties (UCS, swelling, plasticity) improved with the addition of GGBS and with increasing curing period and temperature. The addition of lime resulted in a dramatic improvement within the test ranges covered in the programme. The maximum dry density, MDD, decreased and the optimum moisture content, OMC, increased with increasing GGBS and lime content. The major changes in the UCS and swelling behaviour are due to the formation of new cementitious materials. The analytical investigation confirmed two major reactions when GGBS and lime were added to the pure clay soil, hydration of GGBS activated by lime to produce calcium aluminosilicate hydrate gel (C-A-S-H) and hydrotalcite type phase, and the clay-lime reaction to produce calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), (C-A-H) and (C-A-S-H). The NMR test results revealed that the aluminosilicate chain length (EL), the aluminium: silicate (Al/Si) ratio and the amount of Si in the formed C-S-H significantly increased with an increase in the curing temperature and period, which indicates a more stable and well crystalline C-S-H. The results indicate that the use of GGBS alone, or preferably with lime, could have a significant effect on the behaviour of potentially swelling clays. Recommendations for further studies include a study of the effect of cyclic loading on the test soil. Also, site trials should be carried out to assess the suitability of using these materials in the field.
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Hon, Alan 1976. "Compressive membrane action in reinforced concrete beam-and-slab bridge decks." Monash University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5629.
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Talefirouz, Davood. "Use Of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Steel Slag And Fly Ash In Cement-bentonite Slurry Wall Construction." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615432/index.pdf.
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Slurry walls have been widely used for more than 25 years to control the migration of contaminants in the subsurface. In the USA, vertical barriers are mostly constructed of soil-bentonite using the slurry trench method of construction. In this method, sodium bentonite is mixed with water to form a viscous slurry that is pumped into a trench during excavation to maintain the trench stability. The stable trench is then backfilled with a mixture of soil and slurry having a consistency of high slump concrete. These barriers have been designed primarily for low permeability, generally less than 10&minus9 m/s. Some investigations have pointed toward improved performance using admixtures that would provide low permeability. In this study, Soma thermal power plant fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, lime, and steel slag are used as admixture to improve the performance of slurry walls. Permeability, compressive strength, slump, compressibility properties of the mixtures were found and checked for the minimum requirements. According to the findings of this study, granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash and steel slag can be used at certain percentages and curing periods as additive in cement-bentonite barrier wall construction. Permeability of specimens having fly ash decreases by increasing fly ash content. Mixtures having 50 % of GGBS type I with 5 % of lime and 9% bentonite content gave acceptable results in 28 days of curing time. Specimens including 50 % of GGBS type II with 5 % of lime and 9% bentonite content gave the higher permeability value in 28 days of curing time with respect to GGBS type I. In addition, most of the mixtures prepared by steel slag gave the acceptable permeability values in 28 days of curing period. Unconfined compressive strength of all mixtures increase by increasing curing time. Cc, Cr, Cv, kcon values were found from consolidation test results. Permeability values found from consolidation tests are 10 times to 100 times higher than flexible wall k results for the same effective stress of 150 kPa. Generally, mv values are decreasing with increasing curing time. As mv decreases, D increases.
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Alfonso, Lazaro. "Crack control in toppings for precast flat slab bridge deck construction." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010294.
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Georgiou, Christina Nefeli. "Constructing informative Bayesian priors to improve SLAM map quality." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17167/.
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The problem of Simultaneous Localisation And Mapping (SLAM) has been widely researched and has been of particular interest in recent years, with robots and self driving cars becoming ubiquitous. SLAM solutions to date have aimed to produce faster, more robust solutions that yield consistent maps by improving the filtering algorithms used, introducing better sensors, more efficient map representations or improved motion estimates. Whilst performing well in simplified scenarios, many of these solutions perform poorly in challenging real life scenarios. It is therefore important to produce SLAM solutions that can perform well even when using limited computational resources and performing a quick exploration for time critical operations such as Urban Search And Rescue missions. In order to address this problem this thesis proposes the construction of informative Bayesian priors to improve performance without adding to the computational complexity of the SLAM algorithm. Indoors occupancy grid SLAM is used as a case study to demonstrate this concept and architectural drawings are used as a source of prior information. The use of prior information to improve the performance of robotics systems has been successful in applications such as visual odometry, self-driving car navigation and object recognition. However, none of these solutions leverage prior information to construct Bayesian priors that can be used in recursive map estimation. This thesis addresses this problem and proposes a novel method to process architectural drawings and floor plans to extract structural information. A study is then conducted to identify optimal prior values of occupancy to assign to extracted walls and empty space. A novel approach is proposed to assess the quality of maps produced using different priors and a multi-objective optimisation is used to identify Pareto optimal values. The proposed informative priors are found to perform better than the commonly used non-informative prior, yielding an increase of over 20% in the F2 metric, without adding to the computational complexity of the SLAM algorithm.
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Russell, Justin. "Progressive collapse of reinforced concrete flat slab structures." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28991/.
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In 1968 a relatively small gas exposition on the 18th floor of the Ronan Point tower building resulted in the partial collapse of the structure. This event highlighted that progress collapse may occur to structures under an accidental loading event. Other events, including the bombing of the Murrah federal building in 1993 in Oklahoma, have resulted in the common design requirement that a structure be capable of surviving the removal of a load bearing element. This approach, often referred to as the sudden column loss scenario, effectively ignores the cause of the damage and focuses on the structure’s response afterwards. The refinement of the analysis varies, with options to include the nonlinear and dynamic behaviours associated with extreme events, or to use simplified linear and static models with factors included to account for the full behaviour. Previous research into progressive collapse has highlighted that providing ductility in the connections, and avoiding brittle failures, is important in ensuring the structure maintains integrity after a column loss event. However, the majority of this work has been focused on the behaviour of steel and Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame structures. As flat slab construction is a popular method for many structures, due to the flexibility it offers for layouts and its low storey heights, it is an important to consider flat slab behaviour in more detail. Furthermore, slab elements behave differently to frame structures due to the Alternative Load Paths (ALPs) that can develop after a column loss via two-dimensional bending mechanisms. Additionally, punching shear failure is a known issue due to the thin section depths. This work addresses the issue of the response of RC flat slab structures after a sudden column loss. As previous case studies have demonstrated that brittle failures may lead to progressive collapse of such structures, a complete understanding of the response is required. The nonlinear behaviour of a slab structure, due to both material and geometric factors, is investigated to determine the additional capacity available beyond the usual design limits. Additionally, the dynamic factors involved, primarily due to inertial effects, are also considered. To achieve this, experimental and numerical studies were conducted. A series of 1/3 scale models of slab substructures were constructed to replicate column loss events. Two types of tests were conducted, a static push down test with a support removed and a sudden dynamic column removal case. Displacements, strains and support reactions were recorded throughout, along with cracking patterns. For the dynamic tests a high speed camera was used to obtain the deflection response in the short time period after removal and to observe the formation of cracks. Comparisons between the two cases allowed determination of the dynamic effects on the response of the system. The experimental programme was then replicated using a Finite Element (FE) model. The results taken from the experimental case were used to validate the material and modelling assumptions made during the numerical simulations. This validated model was finally used to investigate a wider range of variables and assess the response of typical structural arrangements, with particular focus on the nonlinear and dynamic factors involved after a sudden column loss. The experimental and numeral investigations demonstrated that after the loss of a column, flat slab structures can maintain integrity due to a change in the load paths away from the removal location. Although in some cases a large amount of flexural damage to the concrete and reinforcement occurred, such effects did not lead to complete failure. However, during the experimental programme some punching shear failures occurred, usually at the corner column locations. From the numerical analysis, shear forces of over twice the fully supported condition occurred as a result of removing a column, which may exceed the designed capacity. Comparisons between a static and dynamic analysis provides information into a suitable Dynamic Amplification Factor (DAF) for use with simplified modelling approaches. Based on the range of structures considered, the maximum increase in deflections as a result of a sudden removal was 1.62 times the static case, this is less than the commonly used factor of 2.0. Additionally, this factor reduces as the nonlinearity increases due to further damage, with a smallest DAF calculated at 1.39. This factor can be reduced further if the column is not removed instantaneously. Finally, the material strengthening effect, due to high strain rates, was considered with the conclusion that as such effects only make a limited increase in the capacity of the slab and may be conservatively ignored. In conclusion, RC flat slab structures are capable of resisting progressive collapse after the loss of a column. This is primarily due to their ability to develop ALPs. However, while flexural damage is usually fairly minimal, progressive punching shear failure is a critical design condition as it may result in a complete collapse. Furthermore, the inertial effects involved after a sudden removal can increase the damage sustained, although current design methods may be over conservative.
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Dufourd, Delphine. "Des cartes combinatoires pour la construction automatique de modèles d'environnement par un robot mobile." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7413/1/dufourd.pdf.
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Ce travail s'inscrit dans la problématique classique de localisation et de cartographie simultanées pour un robot mobile évoluant en milieu intérieur supposé inconnu. Son originalité réside dans la définition d'un modèle de carte très structuré fondé sur un outil algébrique appelé « carte combinatoire », qui combine plusieurs types de représentations géométriques (modèles surfaciques et cartes basées sur des primitives géométriques) et fournit des informations topologiques telles que les liens d'adjacence. Nous détaillons la chaîne algorithmique permettant de construire des cartes en ligne suivant ce modèle, avec un robot équipé d'un télémètre laser à balayage : il s'agit d'adapter les techniques habituelles basées sur le filtrage de Kalman afin de gérer les relations d'adjacence (appariement de chaînes polygonales, définition de points de cassure virtuels, mises à jour géométrique et topologique spécifiques). Des résultats expérimentaux illustrent et valident les divers mécanismes mis en oeuvre.
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Skates, Alan Stewart. "Development of a design method for restrained concrete slab systems subject to concentrated and uniform loadings." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303975.
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Vandiver, Pamela Bowren. "Sequential slab construction : a Near Eastern pottery production technology, 8000-3000 B.C." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80444.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.
Bibliography: leaves 285-299.
by Pamela Bowren Vandiver.
Ph.D.
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Hobbs, Michael. "Effects of Slab-Column Interaction in Steel Moment Resisting Frames with Steel-Concrete Composite Floor Slabs." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9946.
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Composite construction is widely used worldwide and is undergoing significant technological development. New Zealand is part of this development, with new beam options incorporating multiple unstiffened web openings and new deck profiles supported by extensive testing. However, one area where relatively little research has been undertaken is in the interaction of the composite slab with the seismic resisting system under lateral loading.
In order to provide important new information in this area, a series of full scale beam-column-joint-slab subassemblies were tested at the University of Canterbury. Specimens tested had moment end plate connections and different combinations of deck tray direction, and isolation of the slab from the column. An additional test uses a sliding-hinge type connection to assess the effect of the floor slab in this type of low damage connection.
In these tests the lateral capacity of the seismic resisting system was increased by up to 25% due to the presence of the slab in contact with the column. The increase in capacity is 10% greater for decking running in longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction as a result of a more substantial full depth slab bearing on the column. The floor slabs of the subassemblies with the slab cast against the column all showed a higher level of damage than for those with the isolated column and the post ultimate strength degradation of the subassemblies without special detailing was significant. The subassembly with a section of full depth slab surrounding the column also exhibited a higher capacity but with an improved post ultimate strength degradation. All moment end plate subassemblies sustained drifts of up to 5% without significant strength loss.
The sliding hinge joint showed little signs of damage under testing to 5% drift. Some inelastic deformation of the connection and beams was noted above 5% drift.
Results from both testing and numerical modelling have shown that the current methods used to design these systems are conservative but within 15% of the values observed. Further testing and modelling will be necessary before any meaningful changes can be made to the way in which these systems are designed. Recommendations have been made regarding the placements of shear studs in plastic hinge zones and the provision of slab isolation around beam-column connections.
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Kiraz, Meryem. "A Construction Grammar Approach to How Turkish Learners of English Use Auxiliary Verbs in Terms of Tense, Aspect and Voice." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1279589745.
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Tossavainen, Mia. "Leaching results in the assessment of slag and rock materials as construction material /." Luleå, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/44.
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Trygstad, Steinar. "Structural Behaviour of Post Tensioned Concrete Structures : Flat Slab. Slabs on Ground." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-114.
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In this investigation strength and structural behaviour of prestressed concrete is studied with one full scale test of one flat slab, 16000 mm x 19000 mm, and three slabs on ground each 4000 mm x 4000 mm with thickness 150 mm. The flat slab was constructed and tested in Aalesund. This slab has nine circular columns as support, each with diameter 450 mm. Thickness of this test slab was 230 mm and there were two spans in each direction, 2 x 9000 mm in x-direction and 2 x 7500 mm in y-direction from centre to centre column. The slab was reinforced with twenty tendons in the middle column strip in y-direction and eight tendons in both outer column strips. In x-direction tendons were distributed with 340 mm distance. There were also ordinary reinforcement bars in the slab. Strain gauges were welded to this reinforcement, which together with the deflection measurements gives a good indication of deformation and strains in the structure.
At a live load of 6.5 kN/m2 shear failure around the central column occurred: The shear capacity calculated after NS 3473 and EuroCode2 was passed with 58 and 69 %, respectively. Time dependent and non-linear FE analyses were performed with the program system DIANA. Although calculated and measured results partly agree well, the test show that this type of structure is complicated to analyse by non-linear FEM.
Prestressed slabs on ground have no tradition in Norway. In this test one reinforced and two prestressed slabs on ground were tested and compared to give a basis for a better solution for slabs on ground. This test was done in the laboratory at Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. The first slab is reinforced with 8 mm bars in both directions distributed at a distance of 150 mm in top and bottom. Slab two and three are prestressed with 100 mm2 tendons located in the middle of slab thickness, and distributed at a distance of 630 mm in slab two and 930 mm in slab three. Strain gauges were glued to the reinforcement in slab one and at top and bottom surface of all three slabs. In slab two and three there were four load cells on the tendons.
Each slab were loaded with three different load cases, in the centre of slab, at the edge and finally in the corner. This test shows that stiffness of sub-base is one of the most important parameters when calculating slabs on ground. Deflection and crack load level depends of this parameter. Since the finish of slabs on ground is important, it can be more interesting to find the load level when cracks start, than deflection for the slab. It is shown in this test that crack load level was higher in prestressed slabs than in reinforced slab. There was no crack in the top surface with load in the centre, but strain gauges in the bottom surface indicate that crack starts at a load of 28 kN in the reinforced slab, and 45 kN in the prestressed slabs. Load at the edge give a crack load of 30 kN in reinforced slab, 45 kN and 60 kN in prestressed slabs. The last load case gives crack load of 30 kN in reinforced slab, 107 kN and 75 kN in prestressed slabs. As for the flat slab, FE analyses were performed for all of the three slabs on ground, and analyses shows that a good understanding of parameters like stiffness of sub-base and tension softening model, is needed for correct result of the analyses.
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Steele, John Phillip. "Composite RCS frame systems: construction and peformance." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/181.
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The objective of this research program is to further evaluate the performance and constructability of reinforced concrete (RC) column-steel beam-slab systems (RCS) for use in low- to mid-rise space frame buildings located in regions of high wind loads and/or moderate seismicity. To better understand these systems, two full scale RCS cruciform specimens were tested under bidirectional quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. The experimental portion of this research program included the construction and testing of two full-scale cruciform specimens with identical overall dimensions but with different joint detailing. The two joint details evaluated were joint cover plates and face bearing plates with localized transverse ties. The construction process was recorded in detail and related to actual field construction practices. The specimens were tested experimentally in quasi-static reversed cyclic loading in both orthogonal loading directions while a constant axial force was applied to the column, to simulate the wind loads in a subassembly of a prototype building. To compliment the experimental work, nonlinear analyses were performed to evaluate the specimen strength and hysteretic degradation parameters for RCS systems. In addition, current recommendations in the literature on the design of RCS joints were used to estimate specimen joint strength and were compared with the experimental findings.
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VIANNA, JULIANA DA CRUZ. "COMPOSITE SLAB SYSTEM FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTIONS USING COLD FORMED STEEL PLATES WITH EMBOSSMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6962@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORNos trabalhos já concluídos nesta linha de pesquisa foram desenvolvidos protótipos de deck-metálico (steel-deck), empregando-se diversas formas de ligação entre a chapa de aço e o concreto armado, tais como: corrugações de alma (Andrade, 1986), parafusos auto-brocantes (Takey, 2001), septos em perfís tipo bandeja (Vieira, 2003) e corrugações circulares profundas (Beltrão,2003). Com a intenção de se desenvolver um novo perfil metálico que apresentasse uma boa aderência mecânica entre o concreto e o aço e com características de comportamento dúctil, estudou-se várias formas da seção transversal ideal. Variáveis como peso, altura, espessura, tensão de escoamento, vão máximo, e capacidade de suporte de carga foram consideradas. Após definição e otimização da seção do perfil metálico, foi efetuado um estudo experimental composto de uma série de ensaios. Foram executados dois ensaios de arrancamento (pull-out), nove ensaios de flexão do perfil metálico e um ensaio em escala real da laje mista. Os ensaios tipo pull-out foram executados para estabelecer a carga última de deslizamento na interface aço/concreto. Os ensaios dos perfis metálicos serviram para verificar a rigidez dos mesmos durante a fase de concretagem. Procurou-se com o ensaio em escala real determinar a resistência última da estrutura, o modo de ruína, as deflexões e as deformações. A fase final compreendeu a comparação dos resultados experimentais com os dos trabalhos desenvolvidos por Takey e Beltrão, bem como com resultados teóricos para validação de resultados do sistema proposto de laje mista.
The research work in composite slabs so far conducted has investigated various alternatives for the development of an economic and efficient composite slab system. These alternatives evaluated the effectiveness of the concrete to steel plate bonding by means of: web corrugations (Andrade, 1986), self-drilling bolts (Takey, 2001), cold formed channel sections with diaphragms (Vieira, 2003), and the used of deep circular corrugations, (Beltrão, 2003). The present investigation main objective was to develop a cold formed profile presenting an efficient connection between the concrete and the steel profile that yields a ductile behaviour for such system. The first step of the investigation was devoted to the assessment of an optimum cold-formed profile geometry. This task was made taking into account parameters like: profile weight, plate thickness, yield stress, maximum span and load carrying capacity among others. Following the definition of the optimum cold formed steel profile an experimental program was conceived and executed. The first part of the experiments consisted on pull-outs tests made to access the concrete to steel bond resistance. This was followed by simple supported tests on the cold formed steel profile to evaluate their stiffness during concrete casting operation. Finally a full-scale composite slab system was performed. The main aim of this test was to determine the composite system load carrying capacity, typical failure modes, associated stresses and displacements. The final phase of this dissertation depicts comparisons of the already mentioned experiments to other tests made by Takey (Takey, 2001), and Beltrão (Beltrão, 2003), as well as comparison of theoretical results, to validate the proposed composite slab system results.
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Akgun, Erdinc. "A Study On The Early-strength Improvement Of Slag Cements." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610750/index.pdf.
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Use of alternative raw materials, especially industrial by-products, is necessary for a sustainable cement industry. By replacing clinker with industrial by-products, consumption of natural resources and energy is decreased. Therefore, both economical and environmentally friendly cements are produced. Several industrial by-products such as fly ash, silica fume, and slag, one of the most widely used industrial by-products, can be used to produce standard blended cements.
Besides its many advantages, slag cements are reported to have lower early compressive strengths. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the early-strength improvement of slag cements. In the experimental study, in order not to change the cement type, the additives were incorporated within the minor additional constituent ranges, i.e. less than 5%. First, CEM III/A type control cement was prepared by blending clinker (K) and slag (S), which were separately ground in a laboratory type ball mill. Ground limestone (L) of varying fineness, silica fume (F), and sodium hydroxide (N) were prepared to be used as minor additional constituent. The ground clinker, slag, and gypsum, and the additives at various ratios were blended to obtain 15 CEM III/A type slag cements other than the control. Finally, the fresh and the hardened properties of the cements were determined.
As a result of this experimental study, it was observed that addition of limestone generally increased the early compressive strength of slag cements. However, silica fume and sodium hydroxide either decreased or did not affect the early compressive strength of the slag cements.
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Zorlu, Merve. "Evaluation Of Punching Shear Strength Design And Modelling Approaches For Slab-column Connections." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614889/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Flat plate systems are constructed with slabs directly supported on columns. Since
there are no beams in the system, the behavior of connections between the slabs and
columns play a crucial role. Due to the sudden and brittle nature of punching shear
failures, slab-column connection design must be conducted with proper safety
precautions. The first part of this study aims to evaluate the safety level of different
design expressions in the codes. Fir this purpose, the ability of ACI 318-11, TS-500
and Eurocode-2 to estimate punching shear strength was examined in light of
experimental results compiled from previous research. Interior and exterior
connections were examined in the course of the study. In the second part of the
study, beam and shell models were calibrated to simulate the load-deformation
response of interior slab-column connections in light of experimental results. In the
final part of this thesis, a typical floor plan of a flat plate system was analyzed to
investigate the possibility of a progressivefailure mechanism after punching failure
takes place at a slab-column connection. Minimum post-punching capacity required
to avoid progressive punching failure in a floor was estimated. It is believed that, the
results of this study can be helpful in guiding engineers in understanding the safety
inherent in punching shear design expressions and to take necessary precautions
against progressive collapse.
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Arping, Christopher, and Karl Bergman. "The difference between the calculated cost and the actual cost with focus on concrete slab." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-142879.
Full textAbstract:
Denna studie är ett examensarbete och det avslutande momentet inom utbildningen byggteknik på Linköpings Universitet, campus Norrköping. Examensarbetet fokuserar på att ta reda på och kartlägga kostnadsavvikelser mellan kalkylerade och verkliga byggkostnader. Bakgrunden till studien ligger i att båda författarna har erfarenheter från byggbranschen och vet att kostnadsutfallet för projekt inte alltid blir som planerat. Därför togs beslutet att djupare analysera om vad orsakerna till avvikelser kan bero på. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om möjliga avvikelser finns mellan kalkyler och verkliga byggkostnader samt finna orsaker och åtgärder till avvikelserna. För att framställa ett resultat till studien ställdes tre övergripande frågeställningar som hela arbetet strävar efter att besvara. Dessa är hur ser kalkyleringsprocessen ut?, vilka kostnadsavvikelser finns mellan kalkylerade och verkliga byggkostnader? och hur åtgärdas eventuella avvikelser?. Arbetet har genomförts genom projektuppföljning för tre projekt hos ett företag där kostnader jämförts mellan anbudskalkylen och det verkliga utfallet för projektet. Studien tar endast hänsyn till projektkostnaden vilket innebär att det begränsas genom att inte räkna med centraladministration och vinst vilket anbudssumman annars också består av. Orsaker till avvikelser har fastställts via intervjuer med platscheferna för respektive projekt. Resultatet som uppnåtts visar på att avvikelser förekommer relativt ofta och främst på grund av ett fåtal orsaker. De poster som visar störst avvikelser genomgående i alla tre projekt är armering/ingjutningsgods, isolering, betong och arbetsplatsomkostnader. De största orsakerna till negativa avvikelser visade sig vara kalkyleringsfel, svåra arbetsplatsförhållanden och dåligt utfört arbete av underentreprenörer. Största orsakerna till att positiva avvikelser uppstått berodde på prutat pris för inköp samt ändrade arbetsmetoder. Det studien kommit fram till är att företaget bör skapa bättre rutiner för erfarenhetsåterföring från yrkesarbetare till kalkylarbetare. Ett annat förbättringsförslag är att även bli bättre på att besöka den tänkta arbetsplatsen innan start av kalkylering. Detta för att förebygga att avvikelserna uppstår i framtida projekt.
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McGurl, Michael Patrick. "Analysis of Vertical Load Distribution in Shoring and Slab Systems of Multistory Concrete Structures under Construction." NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04012010-165640/.
Full textAbstract:
Analysis of the construction load distribution during construction of multistory concrete buildings is critical for both construction safety and economy. Recent reduction of load factors used in design of the permanent structure has resulted in less strength availability in the construction stage and need for tools to better support shoring and reshoring analysis. Using the traditional simplified method to analyze loads in a concrete structure under construction, spreadsheet models have been developed which distribute load inputs chosen by the engineer. The models determine the vertical loads resisted by the following shoring systems: one set of shores with either two or three sets of reshores; two sets of shores with either one or two sets of reshores; or three sets of mechanical drophead shores. Analysis can be performed using either unfactored or factored loads and using either actual uniform loads or loads expressed as a proportion of slab dead load, D. Slab liftoff was then analyzed to prevent improper loading conditions during the construction cycle of multistory concrete buildings. The results of the models were validated by comparison with previously published shoring analysis. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis is performed to compare the loads supported by individual slabs and sets of shores in each model during the placement of upper floors.
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Ofosu-Asamoah, Kwabena. "Proposed code provisions for slab span thickness limitations including early-age construction loads and time-dependent effects." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6525.
Full textAbstract:
A typical construction procedure for a multi-storey reinforced concrete building involves supporting newly cast slabs on a number of previously cast floors through a reshore system. The loads transferred by the forms to the previously cast partially cured supporting slabs may appreciably exceed the design capacity. A further complication is that large early-age construction loads applied to immature slabs will cause large immediate deflections and extensive flexural cracking. The large ratio of applied stress to developed strength, coupled with the low elastic moduli of the immature slabs, will cause significant creep, mostly non-recoverable, resulting in large longterm deflections. Shrinkage, though a non-stress originated concrete deformation phenomena, also affects concrete deformation and needs to be accounted for in calculations to predict longterm deflections. Most cases of deflection damage occur as a result of exceeding the permissible deflection of slabs supporting non-structural elements. This creates serviceability problems such as cracked partitions, jamming of doors and windows, and an uneven placement of furniture. In most cases, the visual impact of cracks and sagging floors may cause concern for safety of the structure even if the structure has adequate strength. Problems related to excessive slab deflection constitutes a serviceability limit state. Current deflection control provisions of the ACI and CSA codes do not address the sensitivity of slab deflections to early-age construction loading and schedule. The present study develops a more realistic span-thickness criterion which includes the effect of early-age construction loads, concrete strength and panel aspect ratio. Undesirable slab deflections can be reduced by appropriately chosen camber in the formwork. The concept is to use a prescribed camber to offset the immediate deflections. An equation is recommended for the estimation of the amount of camber needed for any given span.
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Wu, Tong-Ching Tom. "The performance of the ice hockey slap and wrist shots : the effects of stick construction and player skill." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33949.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis was to examine the interaction of players' skill level, body strength, and various types of stick construction and stiffness on the performance of the hockey shots. Forty subjects were tested, and each subject performed the slap and wrist shots with different stick shaft constructions and stiffness. Shot mechanics were evaluated by simultaneously recording of ground reaction forces, stick movements and peak puck velocity. Data analyzed with a 4-way ANOVA for several dependent variables. The results indicated that: (1) the slap shot was faster than the wrist shot corresponding to greater vertical force, stick bending and hand placement; (2) the puck velocity was influenced by skill level and body strength not stick type; and, (3) the skilled players generated greater vertical force and stick bending by adjusting their hand positions. Further studies are needed to address the specific stick material and construction properties.
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Booysen, Heather-Ann. "The use of the waste delisting process - case study : the management of ferrochrome slag as a construction product in South Africa / Heather Booysen." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4290.
Full textAbstract:
Ferrochrome slag is a by-product from the production of ferrochrome, an essential component in stainless steel. World wide it is known that ferrochrome slags are been used mainly in the road and civil construction industries, and in producing refractories.
Slag management at ferrochrome producing companies has been influenced by the limited space available and financial cost implications of the siag dumps. In South Africa, according to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry's minimum requirements, (DWAF, 1998), ferrochrome slag due to its quantity or volume on the disposal sites has been classified as hazardous, as it leaches Manganese (Mn) (33%) above the DWAF minimum environmental requirements acceptable levels. This rating of the slag has therefore put limitations on the use of slag commercially.
This paper investigates the various slag uses proposed which can impact positively on the management of the slag i.e. that would reduce its dumping loads and consequently its impact on the surrounding environment. The uses proposed for are brick and concrete making and road building.
The paper provides results for the proposed slag uses leaching potential, performs a risk assessment to determine its potential effect on the environment and human health as weli as discusses the method used to delist the slag through the South African delisting process. Comments on the process from the DEAT are also provided.Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Delibas, Tughan. "Effects Of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Trass And Limestone Fineness On The Properties Of Blended Cements." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614072/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research was to determine the effects of the fineness of different mineral additives on loss on ignition, heat of hydration, physical, mechanical and chemical properties of blended cements. For that purpose, portland cement clinker was replaced with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), natural pozzolan (NP) and limestone (L) at 6%, 20% and 35% replacement levels. Blended cements containing GBFS and NP were ground to a fineness of 3000, 5000 and 6000 cm2/g. Cements containing L were ground to 3000 cm2/g, 4000 cm2/g and 4500 cm2/g. All of the blended cement types mentioned above were both interground and separately ground to the specified fineness levels. Therefore, a total of 57 different cements were produced. Loss on ignition, heat of hydration, chemical, mechanical and physical analyses were performed on the produced cements. Moreover, the chemical analyses of the cements were obtained for cement particles finer (-45&mum) and coarser (+45&mu
m) than 45 &mu
m in order to determine the ingredients of -45 &mu
m, which is known to be more reactive. As a result it was shown that the grindability differences of the cement ingredients affect the properties of blended cements. An increase in the specific surface area increases both the compressive strength and heat of hydration values and adversely affects the loss on ignition values. The results also showed that if the cement particles were ground finer, it was more prone to moisture which resulted in higher loss on ignition values after longer periods.
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Ward, Robert J. "Short-term Construction Load Monitoring & Transverse Bending of the Bottom Slab on the I-280 Veteran’s Glass City Skyway." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1197421660.
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Ward, Robert J. "Short-term construction load monitoring & transverse bending of the bottom slab on the I-280 Veteran's Glass City Skyway /." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1197421660.
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Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of Toledo, 2007.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Science in Civil Engineering." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 55-56.
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Yaqoob, Saima. "BRIDGE EDGE BEAM : NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF REINFORCEDCONCRETE OVERHANG SLAB BY FINITEELEMENT METHOD." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222806.
Full textAbstract:
Bridge edge beam system is an increasing concern in Sweden. Because it is the mostvisible part of the structure which is subjected to harsh weather. The edge beamcontributes to the stiffness of overhang slab and helps to distribute the concentratedload. The design of edge beam is not only affected by the structural members, but it isalso affected by non-structural members.The aim of the thesis is to investigate the influence of edge beam on the structuralbehavior of reinforced concrete overhang slab. A three-dimensional (3D) non-linearfinite element model is developed by using the commercial software ABAQUS version6.1.14. The load displacement curves and failure modes were observed. The bendingmoment and shear capacity of the cantilever slab is studied.The validated model from non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete slab gives morestiffer result and leads to the high value of load capacity when comparing with theexperimental test. The presence of the edge beam in the overhang slab of length 2.4 mslightly increases the load capacity and shows ductile behavior due to the self-weightof the edge beam. The non-linear FE-analysis of overhang slab of length 10 m leads tomuch higher load capacity and gives stiffer response as compare to the overhang slabof 2.4 m. The presence of the edge beam in the overhang slab of length 10 m giveshigher load capacity and shows stiffer response when comparing with the overhangslab of length 10 m. This might be due to the self-weight of the edge beam and theoverhang slab is restrained at the right side of the slab.
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Geven, Caglar. "Investigation Of The Properties Of Portland Slag Cement Produced By Separate Grinding And Intergrinding Methods." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610662/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, there has been a growing trend for the use of industrial by-products in the production of blended cements because of economical, environmental, ecological and diversified product quality reasons. Granulated blast furnace slag, a by-product of the transformation of iron ore into pig-iron in a blast furnace, is one of these materials which is used as a cementitious ingredient.
The aim of this study is to investigate the properties of Portland slag cement (CEMII/B-S) by using separate grinding and intergrinding of granulated blast furnace slag and Portland cement clinker.
For this purpose, granulated blast furnace slag was used as mineral admixture replacing 30% of the clinker. Clinker and granulated blast furnace slag were ground to four different Blaine fineness values of 3000 cm2/g, 3500 cm2/g, 4000 cm2/g and 4500 cm2/g by intergrinding and separate grinding in a laboratory ball mill. Then, eight Portland slag cement mixes and four Portland cement control mixes were prepared, in order to determine and compare 2-, 7-, 28-, and 90-day compressive and flexural strengths, normal consistencies and setting times.
It was found that for the Blaine fineness values of 3000 cm2/g, 3500 cm2/g and 4000cm2/g, the 2-, 7-, 28-, and 90-day compressive strength of the interground Portland
slag cements had higher values than the separately ground Portland slag cements. However, for the Blaine fineness values of 4500 cm2/g, separately ground Portland slag cement specimens had slightly higher 2-, 7-, 28-, and 90-day compressive strength values than the interground ones.
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Topbas, Selim. "Effect Of Trass, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag And Fly Ash On Delayed Ettringite Formation." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612494/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Properly proportioned, placed and cured concrete can be durable under most conditions. However, deterioration of concrete does occur under certain environments. One of the problems that affect the durability of hardened concrete is delayed ettringite formation (DEF) which is an important problem encountered in precast concrete industry where high temperature curing is applied. Although there had been many researches on DEF, there are still many uncertainties about its chemistry and mechanism.
In this study, the effects of partial cement replacement by different mineral admixtures (trass, blast furnace slag and fly ash), SO3/Al2O3 molar ratio and specific surface area of cement on DEF were investigated. For this purpose, 9 groups of control cements were prepared with 3 different specific surface areas and 3 different SO3/Al2O3 molar ratios. Different amounts of mineral admixtures were blended with the control cements. High temperature curing was applied to the cement pastes and the expansions of these pastes were measured periodically for 240 days.
v
The experimental results obtained were interpreted for a comparative analysis of the effects of the afore-mentioned parameters.
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Alarcon, Escalante Yoseline Lizbeth, and Medina Yoleisi Mishell Ostos. "Propuesta de una guía de asistencia para la mejora en los procesos de autoconstrucción de viviendas de dos pisos. Caso: A.H. Programa Municipal Vivienda Única - Distrito de San Juan de Miraflores." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653047.
Full textAbstract:
En la siguiente tesis se presenta los resultados de un trabajo de investigación sobre los deficientes procesos autoconstructivos de las estructuras de una vivienda de dos pisos en el Asentamiento Humano Vivienda Única - San Juan de Miraflores.
Sabemos que un gran porcentaje de la población habita en viviendas autoconstruidas, vulnerables a cualquier fenómeno de la naturaleza, pues no cumplen con los parámetros de construcción establecidos. Para desarrollar el problema y los objetivos de la presente tesis de investigación se resume a continuación el contenido de cada capítulo a desarrollar. Primero se identifican los principales factores internos y/o externos que motivaron a los pobladores en la autoconstrucción de sus viviendas, mediante una encuesta en campo realizada a 30 pobladores del Asentamiento Humano Vivienda Única. Luego se procesaron los datos obtenidos y se graficaron los resultados. Seguido, se determinó las condiciones de estas viviendas y se detalló cuáles son los daños que pueden afectar negativamente su comportamiento ante un eventual sismo. Para conseguir la información requerida se realizó una evaluación de 5 viviendas donde se recabaron los datos necesarios con ayuda de los pobladores y el presidente de la zona en mención. Después de realizar esta investigación se pasó a formar la guía de autoconstrucción para mejorar los procesos constructivos deficientes donde se encontrará los materiales y procedimientos óptimos para la construcción de una vivienda en el Asentamiento Humano Vivienda Única. Por último, se diseñará un modelo de vivienda de dos pisos de un área de 120 m2 donde se realizará el diseño de los principales elementos estructurales, y se realizará un análisis costo - beneficio entre dos sistemas de losas: el sistema convencional y el sistema con viguetas pretensadas y casetones de poliestireno.The following thesis presents the results of a research work on the deficient self-constructive processes of the structures of a two-story house in the Single House Human Settlement - San Juan de Miraflores. We know that a large percentage of the population lives in self-built houses, vulnerable to any phenomenon of nature, as they do not meet the established construction parameters. To develop the problem and the objectives of this research thesis, the content of each chapter to be developed is summarized below. First, the main internal and / or external factors that motivated residents to self-build their homes are identified through a field survey of 30 residents of the Single House Human Settlement. Then the obtained data were processed and the results were plotted. Next, the conditions of these homes were determined and the damages that could negatively affect their behavior in the event of an eventual earthquake were detailed. In order to obtain the required information, an evaluation of 5 houses was carried out, where the necessary data was collected with the help of the residents and the president of the area in question. After carrying out this research, the self-construction guide was formed to improve the deficient construction processes where the optimal materials and procedures for the construction of a house will be found in the Single House Human Settlement. Finally, a two-story house model of an area of 120 m2 will be designed where the design of the main structural elements will be carried out, and a cost-benefit analysis will be carried out between two slab systems: the conventional system and the system with prestressed joists and polystyrene shells.
Tesis
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Tyboni, Cecilia. "Visualization of Dynamic Information." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-12422.
Full textAbstract:
Sandvik IT Services (SITS) ambition is to provide a smooth and suitable IT environment for the whole Sandvik organization. The idea is that SITS should provide end-to-end solutions globally in an efficient manner. To ensure that they can provide this, they have to be efficient in their work. To handle problems regarding incident and support, they have a large TV screen that shows important information about different processes. The demand for the information has increased; therefore the information displayed on the screen has also increased. Today, the amount of information on the screen is too big and it makes the information difficult to read and absorb. This work will help make SITS application management more effective in the future. Through Workshops for both managers and developers, it is necessary to find out the difference of what SITS requires to diversify priority information. And also be able to view the information in a user-friendly way, a layout of the information is suggested. The result of this work is to produce a design proposal.
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Cesar, Antonio Carlos Giocondo. "Uso do resíduo escória de aciaria em sistema construtivo de alvenaria estrutural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-22012015-151500/.
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Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um componente construtivo para alvenaria estrutural, utilizando o resíduo industrial escória de aciaria elétrica como matéria-prima em substituição a todos os agregados naturais. Para desenvolver este componente, inicialmente foram verificadas suas propriedades físicas, químicas e toxidade, para caracterizar o material e estabelecer metodologias de dosagens dos agregados. Nos ensaios para estabelecer dosagem, foi constatado que a matriz cimentícia estava contaminada, requerendo redução da fração de cimento para assegurar que o composto atendesse os parâmetros normativos ambientais. Uma linha experimental de fabricação foi implantada no laboratório para verificar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da industrialização das peças do componente construtivo. Foi observado que os custos de produção do novo componente são inferiores aos das unidades comumente produzidas no mercado. As propriedades físicas, mecânicas, dimensionais, de absorção de água e de retração das unidades de alvenarias ensaiadas com o componente construtivo demostraram desempenho satisfatório e viável para utilização em alvenaria estrutural. Uma vez que não existem parâmetros normativos específicos para o uso desta matéria-prima, foram utilizados os requisitos normativos de blocos de concreto como referência. O desempenho do novo componente de alvenaria, enquanto sistema construtivo, foi avaliado em aplicação experimental piloto, com resultados satisfatórios em relação ao processo de montagem das peças intertravadas, à viabilidade de automação da etapa de alvenaria, à relação de interface do componente construtivo com materiais de construção existentes no mercado, e ao seu desempenho térmico, estrutural e de estanqueidade. Os resultados permitem concluir que é viável a aplicação do resíduo de escória de aciaria como agregado em componentes construtivos de alvenaria estrutural.This thesis describes the development of a constructive component for structural masonry, using the industrial residue slag of electrical steel shops as raw material, replacing all natural aggregates. To develop such component, its physical and chemical properties, as well as its toxicity, were verified, aiming at characterizing the material and establish methods to calculate the dosage of the aggregates proportion in the mixture. In the tests to define the dosage, it was found that the cement matrix itself was contamined, requiring decreasing its fraction to ensure the mixture was in accordance to environmental parameters. An experimental facility was installed at the laboratory, aiming at verifying the technical and economical feasibility of masonry parts manufactured with the component. It was observed lower costs compared with typically available parts. The properties of the masonry parts, such as physical, mechanical, dimensional, water absorption and retraction, were tested, with satisfactory performance results. Once there are no specific parameters to be applied to this particular raw material, it was used technical standards applied to regular concrete blocks. The performance of the new masonry component, as a constructive system, was evaluated in pilot application, with satisfactory results in terms of assembly of interlocked parts, masonry stage automation, interface with typical materials, as well as its termal, structural and leaking properties. The overall results allow the conclusion that using slag of electrical steel shops as aggregated raw material of masonry components are viable.
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Yazici, Veysel. "Stabilization Of Expansive Clays Using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (gbfs), Gbfs-lime Combinations And Gbfs Cement." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604946/index.pdf.
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Expansive clays undergo a large swell when they are subjected
to water. Thus, expansive clay is one of the most abundant problems faced in geotechnical engineering applications. It causes heavy damages in structures, especially in water conveyance canals, lined reservoirs, highways, airport runways etc., unless appropriate measures are taken. In this thesis, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS), GBFS - Lime combinations and GBFS Cement (GBFSC) were utilized to overcome or to limit the expansion of an artificially prepared
expansive soil sample (Sample A). GBFS and GBFSC were added to Sample A in proportions of 5 to 25 percent. Different GBFS-Lime combinations were added to Sample A by keeping the total addition at 15 percent. Effect of stabilizers on grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, swelling percentage and rate of swell of soil samples were determined. Effect of curing on swelling percentage and rate of swell of soil samples were also determined. Leachate analysis of GBFS, GBFSC and samples stabilized by 25 percent GBFS and GBFSC was
performed. Use of stabilizers successfully decreased the amount of swell while increasing the rate of swell. Curing samples for 7 and 28 days resulted in less swell percentages and higher rate of swell.
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Figuli, Juraj. "Novostavba rodinného domu v Poříčí nad Sázavou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-239958.
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This diploma thesis involves design and assessment of the supporting elements of a two-storey family house ceiling construction. The slab components are pairs of beams and translations. I have choose two variants of solution for a long span elements. The first variant includes reinforced concrete elements only and in the second one prestress is used for beams, because of reducing construction height requirements. The basic model was evaluate by the calculation program Scia Engineer 2013, so I made 2D model of a slab in the program and joined 1D elements to the slab like a ribs. Selected prestress reduces a construction height, so it matches the desired appearance.
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Fahd, Faisal. "Risk Assessment Approach for Evaluating Recycled Materials Use in Road Construction: A Pilot Study." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1230027556.
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HENELL, DANIEL. "Airborne SLAM Using High-Speed Vision : The construction of a fully self-contained micro air vehicle localized and controlledusing computer vision based Simultaneous Localization And Mapping." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141772.
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A helicopter platform was built where the all the controls, localization and other calculations are performed onboard the helicopter making it fully self-contained. The localization is made only by using a monocular camera (with an option to use a stereo pair for easier initialization) and processing the video feed with computer vision algorithms. The helicopter’s pose is estimated by a computer vision algorithm which is an extended version of PTAM, a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm published 2007 by G. Klein and D. Murray. The program was changed to be able to track different kinds of self-similar ground textures and to be integrated with the helicopter hardware. The algorithm was also modified to be able to auto-initialize and to keep the map size constant by pruning out far away key frames to not be confined only to small areas. The impact on tracking using high-speed vision at 60 Hz was investigated and compared to tracking at 30 Hz, respectively 10 Hz. The impact was not as big as hypothesized. Tracking stability increases a lot when going from 10 Hz to 30 Hz video. However increasing the frame rate from 30 Hz to 60 Hz has a very small effect. In 60 Hz the difference between frames becomes smaller, but does not seem to affect the tracking stability very much. The reason for this is most likely that 30 Hz is adequate for the velocities in which the helicopter flies and the limiting factor is the algorithm in itself that it cannot track in every possible setting, and this will not be fixed by increasing the frame rate further but will require changes in the algorithm. The computer vision localization works well as long as there are good salient features to track. The tracking accuracy in such cases is measured to have a RMS error of 2.4 cm compared to motion capture data that can be assumed to be ground truth.En helikopterplattform har satts samman där all motorstyrning, lokalisering och övriga beräkningar sker ombord på helikoptern vilket gör den oberoende av extern hårdvara. Lokaliseringen av helikoptern görs enbart med hjälp av en monokulär kamera genom att analysera videoströmmen med hjälp av datorseende-algoritmer. Algoritmen som används är en anpassning av PTAM, en Similtaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algoritm publicerad 2007 av G. Klein och D. Murray. Algoritmen har modifierats så att den kan bättre hantera situationer med repeterande marktextur utan speciellt utmärkande särdrag, samt att programvaran har integrerats med helikopterhårdvaran för att att skicka styrsignaler. Algoritmen har även förbättrats med automatiskt initiering av trackern, samt ett alternativ att hålla kartstorleken konstant så att helikoptern kan röra sig över större områden utan att begränsas av den ökande beräkningstiden och minnesanvändningen för en större karta. Hur användandet av höghastighetskameror på 60 Hz påverkar kvalitén av trackningen undersöktes. Inverkan visade sig vara mindre än förväntad. Tracking-stabiliteten ökade mycket i övergången från 10 Hz till 30 Hz video. Mätningarna visade dock att det knappt var någon skillnad att gå från 30 Hz till 60 Hz. I 60 Hz så blir skillnaden mellan bildrutor mindre med det gav inte bättre trackning. Anledningen till detta är med största sannolikhet att 30 Hz ger tillräckligt mjuka rörelser för att kunna tracka rörelser i de hastigheter som är aktuella för helikoptern. Den begränsande faktorn är därför att den algoritm som används inte klarar av alla typer av scener och det kommer inte kunna lösas med snabbare och bättre kameror utan kommer kräva förbättringar av SLAM algoritmen. Lokaliseringen fungerar bra när det finns många framträdande särdrag. Precisionen i de fallen har mätts till att ha ett RMS fel på 2,4 cm jämfört med data från motion capture som kan antas vara exakt.
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Woods, Lisa Joy. "The significance of negative bending moments in the seismic performance of hollow-core flooring." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2042.
Full textAbstract:
Hollow-core flooring units are designed as simply supported members. However, frequently in construction, continuity is established between the units and supporting structure by the addition of insitu topping concrete and steel reinforcement. This change in structural form can result in negative bending moments and axial forces being induced in the floor by seismic and other structural actions. Significant negative moments are induced by load combinations that include the effects of seismic forces due to vertical ground motion. The focus of this research was two failure mechanisms possible under these loading conditions, a flexural failure and a shear failure. Both failure mechanisms were investigated analytically and experimentally.
A brittle flexural failure was observed experimentally in a sub assembly test that contained starter bars and mesh reinforcement in the insitu topping concrete. The failure occurred at loads lower than those predicted using standard flexural theory. It appears that, due to the prestressing and low reinforcement ratio of the topping concrete, the assumption that plane sections remain plane is not appropriate for this situation. It is proposed that a strain concentration factor be introduced to account for the effects of tension stiffening. This factor improves the correlation between observed and predicted flexural strength.
The second failure mode investigated was a flexure shear failure in a negative moment zone. Flexural cracks reduce the shear strength of a reinforced concrete member. Analytical predictions suggest that some hollow-core floor details could be prone to this type of brittle failure. A flexure shear failure was not observed experimentally; however, this does not eliminate the possibility of this failure mode.
A summary of other failure mechanisms possible in hollow-core flooring is also presented. All failure modes should to be considered as part of establishing a hierarchy of failure in the design or retrofit of hollow-core floors.
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Zureiki, Ayman. "Fusion de données multi-capteurs pour la construction incrémentale du modèle tridimensionnel texturé d'un environnement intérieur par un robot mobilen." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/319/.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail traite la Modélisation 3D d'un environnement intérieur par un robot mobile. La principale contribution concerne la construction d'un modèle géométrique hétérogène combinant des amers plans texturés, des lignes 3D et des points d'intérêt. Pour cela, nous devons fusionner des données géométriques et photométriques. Ainsi, nous avons d'abord amélioré la stéréovision, en proposant une approche de la mise en correspondance stéréoscopique par coupure de graphe. Notre contribution réside dans la construction d'un graphe réduit qui a permis d'accélérer la méthode globale et d'obtenir de meilleurs résultats que les méthodes locales. Aussi, pour percevoir l'environnement, le robot est équipé d'un télémètre laser 3D et d'une caméra. Nous proposons une chaîne algorithmique permettant de construire une carte hétérogène, par l'algorithme de Cartographie et Localisation Simultanées (EKF-SLAM). Le placage de la texture sur les facettes planes a permis de solidifier l'association de donnéesThis thesis examines the problem of 3D Modelling of indoor environment by a mobile robot. Our main contribution consists in constructing a heterogeneous geometrical model containing textured planar landmarks, 3D lines and interest points. For that, we must fuse geometrical and photometrical data. Hence, we began by improving the stereo vision algorithm, and proposed a new approach of stereo matching by graph cuts. The most significant contribution is the construction of a reduced graph that allows to accelerate the global method and to provide better results than the local methods. Also, to perceive the environment, the robot is equipped by a 3D laser scanner and by a camera. We proposed an algorithmic chain allowing to incrementally constructing a heterogeneous map, using the algorithm of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping based (EKF-SLAM). Mapping the texture on the planar landmarks makes more robust the phase of data association
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Juda, Jan. "Návrh betonové konstrukce hudebního pavilonu v Poděbradech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412922.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis is focused on the roofing of the stage in spa park in Poděbrady. This construction is designed in two variants. In each variant is determined load on the structure and internal forces acting on the structure. Of these two variants, only one variant was selected. This selected variant was design in detail. In this variant was dimension their parts. Under the roof construction is located stage, which was not solved in the diploma thesis. All elements are dimensioned to the ultimate load condition by ČSN EN 1992-1-1. Drawings of the foundations, shapes construction, reinforcement and visualization are processed in the drawing part.
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Zhang, Jiwen. "BRIDGE END SETTLEMENT EVALUATION AND PREDICTION." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/40.
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A bridge approach is usually built to provide a smooth and safe transition for vehicles from the roadway pavement to the bridge structure. However, differential settlement between the roadway pavement resting on embankment fill and the bridge abutment built on more rigid foundation often creates a bump in the roadway. Previous work examined this issue at a microscopic level and presented new methods for eliminating or minimizing the effects at specific locations.
This research studies the problem at a macroscopic level by determining methods to predict settlement severity to assist designers in developing remediation plans during project development to minimize the lifecycle costs of bridge bump repairs. The study is based on historic data from a wide range of Kentucky roads and bridges relating to bridge approach inspection and maintenance history. A macro method considering a combination of maintenance times, maintenance measures, and observed settlement was used to classify the differential settlement scale as minimal, moderate, and severe, corresponding to the approach performance status good, fair, and poor. A series of project characteristics influencing differential settlement were identified and used as parameters to develop a model to accurately predict settlement severity during preliminary design. Eighty-seven bridges with different settlement severities were collected as the first sample by conducting a survey of local bridge engineers in 12 transportation districts. Sample two was created by randomly selecting 600 bridges in the inspection history of bridges in Kentucky. Ordinal and/or multinomial logistic regression analyses were implemented to identify the relationships between the levels of differential settlement and the input variables. Two predictive models were developed. Prediction of bridge approach settlement can play an important role in selecting proper design, construction, and maintenance techniques and measures. The users can select one or two models to predict the approach settlement level for a new bridge or an existing bridge with different purposes.
The significance of this study lies in its identification of parameters that had the most influence on the settlement severity at bridge ends, and how those parameters interacted in developing of a prediction model. The important parameters include geographic regions, approach age, average daily traffic (ADT), the use of approach slabs, and the foundation soil depth. The regression results indicate that the use of approach slabs can improve the performance of approaches on mitigating the problem caused by differential settlement. In addition, current practices regarding differential settlement prediction and mitigation were summarized by surveying the bridge engineers in 5 transportation districts.
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Kirca, Onder. "Temperature Effect On Calcium Aluminate Cement Based Composite Binders." Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607454/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In calcium aluminate cement (CAC) systems the hydration process is different than portland cement (PC) systems. The hydration products of CAC are subjected to conversion depending on temperature, moisture, water-cement ratio, cement content, etc. Consequently, strength of CAC system can be seriously reduced. However, presence of other inorganic binders or additives may alter the hydration process and improve various properties of CAC based composites.
The objective of this study is to investigate the temperature effect on the behaviour of CAC based composite binders. Throughout this research, several combinations of CAC-PC, CAC-gypsum, CAC-lime, CAC-ground granulated blast furnace slag (CAC-GGBFS) were studied. These CAC based composite binders were subjected to seven different curing regimes and their strength developments were investigated up to 210 days. In addition, the mechanism of strength development was examined by XRD analyses performed at 28 and 210 days. Finally, some empirical relationships between strength-time-curing temperatures were formulated.
Experimental results revealed that the increase in ambient temperature resulted in an increase in the rate of conversion, thereby causing drastic strength reduction, particularly in pure CAC mix. It has been observed that inclusion of small amount of PC, lime, and gypsum in CAC did not induce conversion-free CAC binary systems, rather they resulted in faster conversion by enabling rapid formation of stable C3AH6 instead of metastable, high strength inducing CAH10 and C2AH8. On the other hand, in CAC-GGBFS mixes, the formation of stable straetlingite (C2ASH8) instead of calcium aluminate hydrates hindered the conversion reactions. Therefore, CAC-GGBFS mixes, where GGBFS ratio was over 40%, did not exhibit strength loss due to conversion reactions that occurred in pure CAC systems.
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Van, der Merwe Johann Eduard. "Rocking shear wall foundations in regions of moderate seismicity." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1957.
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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In regions of moderate seismicity it has been shown that a suitable structural system is created when designing the shear wall with a plastic hinge zone at the lower part of the wall, with the shear walls resisting lateral loads and all other structural elements designed to resist gravity loads. A suitably stiff foundation is required for the assumption of plastic hinge zones to hold true. This foundation should have limited rotation and should remain elastic when lateral loads are applied to the structure. Ensuring a foundation with a greater capacity than the shear wall results in excessively large shear wall foundations being required in areas of moderate seismicity for buildings with no basement level. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of reducing the size of shear wall foundations in areas of moderate seismicity for buildings with no basement level. The investigation is aimed at allowing shear wall foundation rocking and taking into account the contribution of structural frames to the lateral stiffness of the structure. An example building was chosen to investigate this possibility. Firstly, lateral force-displacement capacities were determined for a shear wall and an internal reinforced concrete frame of this investigated building. Nonlinear momentrotation behaviour was determined for the wall foundation size that would traditionally be required as well as for six other smaller foundations. The above capacity curves against lateral loads were then used to compile a simplified model of the structural systems assumed to contribute to the lateral stiffness of the building. This simplified model therefore combined the effect of the shear wall, internal frame and wall foundation. Nonlinear time-history analyses were performed on this simplified model to investigate the dynamic response of the structure with different wall foundation sizes. By assessing response results on a global and local scale, it was observed that significantly smaller shear wall foundations are possible when allowing foundation rocking and taking into account the contribution of other structural elements to the lateral stiffness of the building.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is reeds getoon dat ʼn voldoende strukturele sisteem verkry word in gebiede van gematigde seismiese risiko indien ʼn skuifmuur ontwerp word met ʼn plastiese skarnier sone naby die ondersteuning van die muur. Skuifmure word dan ontwerp om weerstand te bied teen laterale kragte met alle ander strukturele elemente ontwerp om gravitasie kragte te weerstaan. Vir die aanname van plastiese skarnier sones om geldig te wees word ʼn fondasie met voldoende styfheid benodig. Só ʼn fondasie moet beperkte rotasie toelaat en moet elasties bly wanneer laterale kragte aan die struktuur aangewend word. ʼn Fondasie met ʼn groter kapasiteit as dié van die skuifmuur lei daartoe dat uitermate groot fondasies benodig word in gebiede van gematigde seismiese risiko vir geboue met geen kelder vlak. Hierdie studie is daarop gemik om die moontlikheid van kleiner skuifmuur fondasies te ondersoek vir geboue met geen kelder vlak in gebiede van gematigde seismiese risiko. Die ondersoek het ten doel om skuifmuur fondasie wieg aksie toe te laat en die bydrae van strukturele rame tot die laterale styfheid van die struktuur in ag te neem. Eerstens is die laterale krag-verplasing kapasiteit van ʼn skuifmuur en ʼn interne gewapende beton raam van die gekose gebou bepaal. Nie-lineêre moment-rotasie gedrag is bepaal vir die skuifmuur fondasie grootte wat tradisioneel benodig sou word asook vir ses ander kleiner fondasie grotes. Die bogenoemde kapasiteit kurwes is gebruik om ʼn vereenvoudigde model van die strukturele sisteme wat aanvaar word om laterale styfheid tot die gebou te verleen, op te stel. Hierdie vereenvoudigde model kombineer gevolglik die effek van die skuifmuur, interne raam en skuifmuur fondasie. Nie-lineêre tydgeskiedenis analises is uitgevoer op die vereenvoudigde model ten einde die dinamiese reaksie van die struktuur te ondersoek vir verskillende fondasie grotes. Resultate is beoordeel op ʼn globale en lokale vlak. Daar is waargeneem dat aansienlik kleiner skuifmuur fondasies moontlik is deur wieg aksie van die fondasie toe te laat en die bydrae van ander strukturele elemente tot die laterale styfheid van die gebou in ag te neem.
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Hejl, Zbyněk. "Objekt pro bydlení – nosná železobetonová konstrukce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409791.
Full textAbstract:
Master´s thesis is focused on the design and assessment of reinforced concrete load-bearing structure of a detached house. The supporting structure model is processed in SCIA Engineer. Selected reinforced concrete elements are assessed in accordance with ČSN EN 1992 - 1 -1. Part of the thesis is a technical report and drawings of the shape and reinforcement.
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Carlsson, Catharina, and Stefan Johnsson. "Jämförande studie mellan en ZIP-balksbro och en traditionell plattrambro : Utifrån underhåll, materialåtgång, last av trafik samt en utvärdering av det färdiga broprojektet." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42936.
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I Sverige finns 21 000 broar som Trafikverket förvaltar (Trafikverket, 2018a). Två brotyper som finns är rambro och balkbro. Rambron är en av de vanligaste brotyperna och är uppbyggd som en fast inspänd konstruktion. Brosystemet kallas plattrambro eller balkrambro beroende på om balkarna eller plattan är det bärande elementet. Om bron istället är fritt upplagd på stödkonstruktionen, kallas brosystemet för plattbro eller balkbro (Vägverket, 1996). ZIP-balksbron är uppbyggd som en balkbro med en modell liknande omvända T-balkar som läggs fläns mot fläns. Brosystemet kommer ursprungligen från Spanbeton i Holland och gjorde under år 2019 premiär på den svenska marknaden med ett projekt i Härnösand. Bron har en spännvidd på 20,55 meter bestående av nio ZIP-balkar. Balkarna prefabriceras på Strängbetongs fabrik i Långviksmon utanför Härnösand. Projektet blev klart under hösten 2019. Syfte och mål med examensarbetet var att undersöka skillnader mellan ZIP-balksbron och en traditionell exemplifierad plattrambro. Aspekterna som undersöktes var underhållet hos de två brotyperna, materialåtgång av betong och armering, last av trafik samt att det gjordes en utvärdering av projektet. Resultatet visar att ZIP-balksbron kräver mer underhåll än en plattrambro eftersom balkbroar har övergångskonstruktion och brolager. Den tar även mer tid att inspektera då den innehåller manhål. ZIP-balksbron använder sig av 29,38 % mindre betong på en meter. Armeringsdifferensen mellan broarna är försumbart. Momentet av den vertikala respektive horisontella lasten av trafik är 44,5 % respektive 19,2 % större hos ZIP-balksbron jämfört med plattrambron. Resultatet visar även på ett bra utfört brobygge som kan hänvisas i brolösningen, samt nöjda parter från flera håll. Slutsatsen är att plattrambron är mer fördelaktig att använda ur ett underhållsperspektiv, en balkbro kräver betydligt större underhåll än de driftåtgärder som årligen sker på broar. Men, genom arbetets bevisning använder ZIP-balksbron mindre betong än hos en traditionell plattrambro och har en enkel byggprocess, vilket ökar förtroendet för brolösningen och framförallt för prefabricering inom brobranschen. Trots att brotypen kräver ett större underhåll samt en ökad och mer komplex momentfördelning än hos en plattrambro, kan säkerheten under byggtiden vara en avgörande aspekt vid val av brobyggen i framtiden.The ZIP-beam bridge is constructed as a beam bridge with inverted T-beams placed with flanges next to each other. The bridge system is originally from Spanbeton in Holland and it is having its premiere on the Swedish market during year 2019 with an ongoing project in Härnösand. The bridge span is 20,55 meters consisted with nine ZIP-beams. The project was finished in august 2019. The purpose and goal were to examine differences between the ZIP-beam bridge and a traditional slab frame bridge. The aspects to examine was maintence, use of concrete and reinforcement and traffic loads. The results show that the ZIP-beam bridge requires more maintenance than the slab frame bridge. The ZIP-beam bridge uses 29,38 % less concrete per metre. The use of reinforcement is negligible. The moment force of the horisontal and vertical traffic loads is 44,5 % respective 19,2 % larger at the ZIP-beam bridge. The conclusion of this paper shows that even though the ZIP-beam bridge requires more maintenance and a more complex moment force than a slab frame bridge, the safety during the building time as well as the less amount of concrete used can be a conclusive factor when building bridges in Sweden in the future.
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Soyluoglu, Serdar. "Effects Of Separate And Intergrinding On Some Properties Of Portland Composite Cements." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611365/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In the production of cement, to increase the cement/clinker ratio and decrease CO2 emission, the most important alternative is to produce mineral admixture incorporated cements (CEM II-III-IV-V) instead of portland cement
(CEM I). These cements are usually produced by intergrinding the portland cement clinker and the mineral admixtures. However, the difference between grindabilities of the different components of such cements may cause significant effects on the particle size distribution and many other properties.
For this reason, separate grinding of additives and clinker may be thought as an alternative. In this study, the effects of intergrinding and separate grinding on the particle size distribution and consequently on the strength of portland
composite cements which contained natural pozzolan (trass), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and limestone besides portland cement clinker were studied.
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Benák, Dalibor. "Stavebně-technologický projekt polyfunkčního domu v Brně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226997.
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This master's thesis focuses on a preparation of a multifunctional building in Brno, on Vídeňská street. It is based on a project that has been realized in 2005. Construction-technological preparation of this project includes the design of securing of time, financial, and human resources, project of construction site layout, a design of construction machines setup, technological manual for construction of monolithic reinforced concrete structure, plan of controls and tests for quality, and a manual for obtaining permission for using public space and protection of historical tree.
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Kubíček, Ondřej. "Most na silnici II/379." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371987.
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The master´s thesis deals with a new road bridge on the road II/379. There are three possible variants in preliminary design but only the option of connected girder slab beam of four fields was selected. This variant was assessed by static calculation in accordance with European standards. Other important parts of this thesis are also drawings, construction progress, visualisation and technical report.
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Ashrafi, Karzan, and Ahmed Ibrahim Ali. "Testning av betongskivor för inredningsändamål." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104763.
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Detta examensarbete syftar till att utveckla ett nytt sätt att använda betong för inredningsändamål. Betong har alltid använts i större byggnader, infrastruktur och andra kategorier. Nyligen började den moderna inredningen använda betong inomhus, till exempel som bänkskiva eller som en hylla. Arbetet fokuserar på en huvudfråga: Är betong ett bra materialval för inredning? För att besvara denna fråga bestämdes några punkter för att komma till huvudfrågan. Följande punkter behövde testat och analyserad för att komma till svaren: - Beräkna och testa betongens hållfasthet - Testa slagtålighet - Analysera hur betong reagerar med kemikalier med olika pH-värde - Förhållandet mellan miljö och betong - Studera produktionen av betong Laborationstest, litteraturskällor och fältstudier användes som metoder för att få ett resultat av ovan nämnda punkter. Resultaten visar att betong kan användas som inredningsändamål och kan användas i större utsträckning än vad som är fallet idag. Sammanfattningsvis är betong ett bra material som används för inredningsändamål och den framtida tekniken kommer att minska koldioxidutsläppen som följer med produktionen av betongen. Det kommer att göra betong ännu bättre som material att använda i framtiden.The following thesis aims to develop a new way to use concrete as interior material. Concrete has always been used in larger scale buildings, infrastructure and in other categories. Recently the modern interior design started to use concrete indoors for example as countertop or as a shelf. This thesis focuses on one main question: is concrete a good material choice for interior use. To answer that question, we decided to have sub questions to help to get to the main question. The following questions needed test and analysis methods to get to the answers: - Calculate and test the strength of concrete - Test impact resistance - Analyze how concrete reacts with chemicals with different PH-values - Study the production of concrete - Relation between environment and concrete Lab tests, literature sources, and field studies was used as methods to answer those questions. The results shows that concrete can be utilized as interior material and can be used to a greater extent than is the case today. In conclusion concrete is a good material as used for interior purposes and the future technology will decrease carbon dioxide emissions that comes with production of the concrete. That will make concrete even better as material to use in the future.