Relevant bibliographies by topics / Slave trade

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Slave trade'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Slave trade"

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Ayamdoo, Mathew Awine. "Who is to be blamed for The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Africa? A Focus on the Role Played by Africa in the Trade." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 04 (2022): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6407.

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This paper examines the Trans-Atlantic slave trade with a special focus on the role that Africans played in the trade to determine the extent to which a party in the trade can be blamed for the trade that has now been seen as a forgotten crime against humanity. The paper employs the qualitative research methodology, using the desktop review approach, to peruse and analyze secondary materials on the topic under study. The paper establishes the distinct nature of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade that distinguished it from the Trans-Saharan slave trade and other forms of slavery experiences in Africa and elsewhere. The paper also establishes that, Africans played a very significant role in the transatlantic slave trade, as they voluntarily played the role of suppliers of slaves to European slave buyers. The paper also acknowledges the instances where Africans were coerced by their European trading partners into slavery or slave trade, but establishes that Africans traded in equal terms with the Europeans and sometimes dictated the terms of trade, as they aimed at benefiting from the lucrative trade. The paper also indicates how Africans exchanged slaves for fire arms which they needed badly to protect themselves from invasion by neighbours. The paper argues that the slave trade was a trade between two parties – Africans and foreigners and both parties benefited from the spoils of the trade and cannot be exonerated from any blame that may arise from the consequences of the trade.
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Thiébaut, Rafaël. "French Slave Trade on Madagascar: A Quantitative Approach." Journal of Social History 54, no. 1 (2020): 34–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa006.

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Abstract This article provides a better understanding of the volume of the French slave trade on Madagascar. Indeed, while research on the European slave trade in the Atlantic has benefitted much from statistical data, the slave trade in the Indian Ocean still lags behind, despite new scholarship. Based on detailed archival research, this article systematically analyzes different aspects of this commerce, including the organization of the trade, the age-sex ratio of the enslaved, and their mortality during the middle passage. Taking the number of French expeditions as a basis, we are able to determine the number of slaves traded with greater accuracy than was previously possible. Through this calculation, this article will shed new light on the patterns of slave trade in the Indian Ocean.
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Rawley, James A. "Richard Harris, Slave Trader Spokesman." Albion 23, no. 3 (1991): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051111.

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“So little is known of the separate traders,” lamented the historian of the Royal African Company, K. G. Davies, that he was reduced to perceptive speculation about their activity. The authority, Basil Williams, writing about the period 1714–1760, asserted, “The traffic in negro slaves was carried on mainly by the Royal African Company.…“ In actuality a great deal can be discovered about the separate traders and their activity. The papers of Humphry Morice provide a rich source for a merchant who was perhaps London's and Great Britain's foremost slave trader in the 1720s. The assertion that the traffic in Negro slaves was carried on mainly by the Royal African Company is easily refuted by materials in the Public Record Office. London separate traders dominated the trade for the first three decades of the eighteenth century giving way to Bristol traders in the 1730s, who in turn gave way to Liverpool ascendancy in the 1740s.The English slave trade between 1699 and 1729, energized by the end of monopoly and the booming international market for slaves in America, grew prodigiously. In these years England accounted for nearly one-half of all slaves exported from the west coast of Africa. London alone accounted for two-thirds of all slaves delivered by English ships.Although the period falls half a century and more before the classic exposition of the advantages of free trade over monopoly by Adam Smith, an English free trade doctrine had found expression in Sir Dudley North's pamphlet, Discourses upon Trade (1691), and parlimentary proceedings. Interlopers in the slave trade, smugglers in the lucrative Spanish-American trade who opposed parliamentary restriction on their activity, separate traders whose participation in the trade became legalized in 1698, and a variety of commercial, industrial, and planting interests all contributed in their fashion to an outlook favoring free trade in slaves.
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Webb, James L. A. "The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia." Journal of African History 34, no. 2 (July 1993): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033338.

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Following the late fifteenth- and sixteenth-century cavalry revolution in Senegambia, the horse and slave trade became a major sector of the desert-edge political economy. Black African states imported horses from North Africa and the western Sahara in exchange for slaves. Over time, under conditions of increasing aridity, the zone of desert horse-breeding was pushed south, and through crossbreeding with the small disease-resistant indigenous horses of the savanna, new breeds were created. Although the savanna remained an epidemiologically hostile environment for the larger and more desirable horses bred in North Africa, in the high desert and along the desert fringe, Black African states continued to import horses in exchange for slaves into the period of French colonial rule.The evidence assembled on the horse trade into northern Senegambia raises the difficult issue of the relative quantitative importance of the Atlantic and Saharan/North African slave trades and calls into question the assumption that the Atlantic slave trade was the larger of the two. Most available evidence concerns the Wolof kingdoms of Waalo and Kajoor. It suggests that the volume of slaves exported north into the desert from Waalo in the late seventeenth century was probably at least ten times as great as the volume of slaves exported into the Atlantic slave trade. For both Waalo and Kajoor, this ratio declined during the first half of the eighteenth century as slave exports into the Atlantic markets increased. The second half of the eighteenth century saw an increase in predatory raiding from the desert which produced an additional flow of north-bound slaves. For Waalo and Kajoor – and probably for the other Black African states of northern Senegambia – the flow of slaves north to Saharan and North African markets probably remained the larger of the two export volumes over the eighteenth century. This northward flow of slaves continued strong after the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade and was only shut down with the imposition of French colonial authority.
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Oostindie, Gert. "The slippery paths of commemoration and Heritage tourism: the Netherlands, Ghana, and the rediscovery of Atlantic slavery." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2005): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002501.

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Reflects upon the commemoration of the Atlantic slave trade and American slavery. Author describes how the slave trade and slavery was recently "rediscovered", as a part of Dutch history, and he compares this to the attention to this history in other European countries once engaging in slavery. He argues that despite the fact that the history of the slave trade and slavery is worthy of attention in itself, contemporary political and social factors mainly influence attention to the slave trade and slavery, noting that in countries with larger Afro-Caribbean minority groups the attention to this past is greater than in other once slave-trading countries. He further deplores the lack of academic accuracy on the slave trade and slavery in slavery commemorations and in the connected search for African roots among descendants of slaves, and illustrates this by focusing on the role of Ghana, and the slave fortress Elmina there, as this fortress also has become a much visited tourist site by Afro-Americans. According to him, this made for some that Ghana represents the whole of Africa, while African slaves in the Caribbean, also in the Dutch colonies, came from various parts of Africa. Author attributes this selectivity in part to the relatively large Ghanaian community in the Netherlands.
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Oostindie, Gert. "The slippery paths of commemoration and Heritage tourism: the Netherlands, Ghana, and the rediscovery of Atlantic slavery." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002501.

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Reflects upon the commemoration of the Atlantic slave trade and American slavery. Author describes how the slave trade and slavery was recently "rediscovered", as a part of Dutch history, and he compares this to the attention to this history in other European countries once engaging in slavery. He argues that despite the fact that the history of the slave trade and slavery is worthy of attention in itself, contemporary political and social factors mainly influence attention to the slave trade and slavery, noting that in countries with larger Afro-Caribbean minority groups the attention to this past is greater than in other once slave-trading countries. He further deplores the lack of academic accuracy on the slave trade and slavery in slavery commemorations and in the connected search for African roots among descendants of slaves, and illustrates this by focusing on the role of Ghana, and the slave fortress Elmina there, as this fortress also has become a much visited tourist site by Afro-Americans. According to him, this made for some that Ghana represents the whole of Africa, while African slaves in the Caribbean, also in the Dutch colonies, came from various parts of Africa. Author attributes this selectivity in part to the relatively large Ghanaian community in the Netherlands.
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Lovejoy, Paul E., and David Richardson. "British Abolition and its Impact on Slave Prices Along the Atlantic Coast of Africa, 1783–1850." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 1 (March 1995): 98–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700040584.

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This article challenges the widely held view that slave prices in Africa fell substantially and permanently after Britain abolished its slave trade in 1807. Examination of slave-price data shows that, when allowance is made for movements in prices of trade goods bartered for slaves, real slave prices fell sharply between 1807 and 1820 but that the fall was confined to West Africa. In West Central Africa prices remained steady before 1820. Thereafter, prices rose strongly in both areas, and between 1830 and 1850 prices were generally close to the levels reached between 1783 and 1807, the height of the Atlantic slave trade.
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EDEN, JEFF. "Beyond the Bazaars: Geographies of the slave trade in Central Asia." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 4 (July 2017): 919–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000505.

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AbstractThe slave trade in nineteenth-century Central Asia involved hundreds of thousands of slaves, predominantly Persian Shīʿites, and stopping the trade was alleged to be a major motivating factor in the Russian conquest of the region. Nevertheless, Central Asian slavery remains little-studied and little-understood. In this article I will argue, first, that the region's slave trade was characterized by decentralized trade networks and by abundant inter-nomadic trade; and, second, that Russian efforts to end the slave trade by decree and through military force in the 1860s and 70s were not as successful as has often been assumed.
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Law, Robin. "Slave-Raiders and Middlemen, Monopolists and Free-Traders: the supply of slaves for the Atlantic trade in Dahomey c. 1715–1850." Journal of African History 30, no. 1 (March 1989): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030875.

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This article, which extends and modifies the analysis offered in an earlier article in this journal (1977), examines what is known of the organization of the supply of slaves for the trans-Atlantic trade in Dahomey, with particular emphasis on the relative importance of local slave-raiding and the purchase of slaves from the interior, and on the evolution of a group of private merchants within Dahomey. It is argued that initially the kings of Dahomey sought to operate the slave trade as a royal monopoly, and relied exclusively upon slave-raiding rather than purchasing slaves from the interior. From the mid-eighteenth century, however, Dahomey did seek to operate as a ‘ middleman’ in the supply of slaves from the interior, and since its kings did not normally attempt to control this aspect of the trade this involved the emergence of a private sector in the slave trade. Although merchants in Dahomey were in origin state officials, licensed to trade on behalf of the king or ‘caboceers’ (chiefs), they subsequently acquired the right to trade on their own account also and thus became in some measure independent of the state structure. The autonomy and wealth of the merchant community in Dahomey were further enhanced by the transition from slave to palm oil exports in the nineteenth century, when leading merchants moved into large-scale oil production, using slave labour supplied by the king. There were recurrent tensions between the monarchy and the merchants over commercial policy and over the monarchy's expropriatory fiscal practices, and the conflict of interests between the two was exacerbated by the development of the oil trade, undermining the solidarity of Dahomey in the face of the European imperialism of the late nineteenth century.
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HUBBELL, ANDREW. "A VIEW OF THE SLAVE TRADE FROM THE MARGIN: SOUROUDOUGOU IN THE LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE OF THE NIGER BEND." Journal of African History 42, no. 1 (March 2001): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700007805.

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The region of Souroudougou played a dynamic role in the regional slave trade of the western Niger Bend during the nineteenth century, supplying slaves to neighboring states. A number of mechanisms, termed here ‘indirect linkages’, connected sources of slaves in Souroudougou to the broader regional slave trade. These took the form of commercial activity by Muslim mercantile groups, banditry and alliances formed between neighboring states and local power brokers in Souroudougou. At the same time, the growing slave trade triggered important internal processes of change in the local social landscape, termed here the ‘espace de compétition’. In particular, heightened individual and group competition transformed established codes of behavior and social networks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slave trade"

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Mustakeem, Sowande'. "'Make haste & let me see you with a good cargo of Negroes' gender, health, and violence in the eighteenth century Middle Passage /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Sonoi, Chine. "British romanticism, slavery and the slave trade." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.657618.

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Hurbon, Laennec. "TH􁪽 SLAVE TRADE AND BLACK SLAVERY IN AMERICA." Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology, 1991. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/bet,1477.

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Knight, Christina Anne. "Performing Passage: Contemporary Artists Stage the Slave Trade." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11178.

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My dissertation examines the work of George C. Wolfe, August Wilson, Lorna Simpson and Glenn Ligon, theater and visual artists working in the 1980s and 1990s who feature representations of the Middle Passage in their work. Despite their different mediums--Wolfe and Wilson created plays for the proscenium stage and Simpson and Ligon crafted art installations--all four critiqued the racialized social retrenchment of their historical moment by linking it to the slave trade, and each did so through an engagement with black performance traditions.
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Wright, John Lawrence. "'Nothing else but slaves' : Britain and the central Saharan slave trade in the nineteenth century." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323698.

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Ball, Lucy. "Memory, myth and forgetting : the British transatlantic slave trade." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/memory-myth-and-forgetting(85412377-1e7b-42a6-9bce-c088d916158a).html.

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Based on Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory and Connerton’s notion of collective forgetting, this thesis contends that the history of the British transatlantic slave trade has been deliberately omitted from British collective remembrance, replaced by a stylised image of the campaign for its abolition, in the interests of maintaining a consistent national identity built around notions of humanitarian and philanthropic concern. This thesis examines the way that this collective amnesia was addressed during the bicentenary of the passage of the Slave Trade Act in 2007 in museological display and the media, alongside its interrogation in novels published during the last seventeen years. The exploration of the bicentennial commemoration provided a unique opportunity to examine the way in which the nation presented its own history to the British public and the international community, and the divergent perspectives at play. Analysis of the artefacts and panel text featured at the International Slavery Museum, the Uncomfortable Truths exhibition at the Victoria & Albert Museum and the Chasing Freedom exhibition at the Royal Naval Museum reveals an emerging desire amongst curators to reduce attention garnered on the previously-lionised British abolitionists in favour of an increased representation of the experiences of the enslaved, including instances of their resistance and rebellion. Examination of neo-slave narratives scrutinises the way that postcolonial novelists draw attention to the process by which eighteenth-century slave narratives came to be published, demonstrating their unsuitability to be considered historical texts. S. I. Martin’s Incomparable World (1996), David Dabydeen’s A Harlot’s Progress (2000), Lawrence Hill’s The Book of Negroes (2009), Bernadine Evaristo’s Blonde Roots (2009) and Andrea Levy’s The Long Song (2010) re-write the slave experience and the process of writing, reframing abolitionist motivations around self-interest and political necessity rather than humanitarian concern. Media engagement was analysed through newspaper articles reporting on the bicentenary, the output of the BBC’s Abolition Season, and the representation of slavery in film, revealing a surface-level engagement with the subject, furthering the original abolitionist imagery, with any revisionist output needing to be specifically sought-out by the consumer. The thesis concludes that a revisionist approach to the history of the slave trade is becoming more apparent in challenges to collective memory occasioned by the bicentenary of its abolition; novelists make this challenge unavoidably clear to their readers, whilst those visiting museums are presented with an opportunity to reassess their understanding of this history by engaging with exhibits; the media, however, provides this revisionism but only in small ways, and has to be sought out by audiences keen to engage with it.
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Radburn, Nicholas James. "William Davenport, the slave trade, and merchant enterprise in eighteenth-century Liverpool : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1187.

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Brown, Christopher L. "Foundations of British abolitionism, beginnings to 1789." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241245.

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Nyirongo, Rachael. "The Libyan slave trade: a study on the responsibility of the Libyan government and relevant regional and international bodies based on international standards." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31597.

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In 2015, the “Migrant Crisis” caused panic in Europe, with Europe experiencing a high number of migrants arriving from the sea. Some countries increasing their bans on migrants and other limiting their migrant intake, the repercussions faced by the migrants in Libya have been atrocious. Soon, there were various reports exposing the abuse that the migrants were facing en route to Europe, one of these being slavery. Libya is the main transit route for migrants on their way to Europe and as a result, Libya has been facing a large influx of migrants. These migrants travel to Libya with the aim of being smuggled across the sea in the hopes of penetrating European borders and seeking asylum. Unfortunately, these migrants have found themselves to be victims of grave human rights abuses, including the crime of slavery. In 2017, CNN aired the first video footage that exposed the slave trade taking place in Libya. The thesis focuses on the potential accountability of the Libyan Government, the African Union, the European Union and the United Nations. It focuses on the relevant regional and international instruments and principles, including the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. Through various reports, it looks at the abuses the migrants are facing and which parties are responsible for these abuses. The thesis finds that whilst all bodies contributed to the crisis, and all bodies reacted, there are clear indications of some of them not working at their full capacity. However, as the thesis deals mainly with regional and international bodies, their accountability is limited
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McGhee, Fred Lee. "The Black crop : slavery and slave trading in nineteenth century Texas /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Books on the topic "Slave trade"

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Susan, Wright. Slave trade. New York: Pocket Star Books, 2003.

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Kachur, Matthew. The slave trade. New York: Facts On File, 2006.

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Jeremy, Black. The slave trade. London: Social Affairs Unit, 2006.

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Baraka, Imamu Amiri. Slave ship. Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street Press, 2001.

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Black, Jeremy. The Atlantic Slave Trade. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362647.

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Black, Jeremy. The Atlantic Slave Trade. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362401.

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Black, Jeremy. The Atlantic Slave Trade. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362494.

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Black, Jeremy. The Atlantic Slave Trade. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362449.

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Northrup, David. The Atlantic slave trade. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011.

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Allman, Toney. The transatlantic slave trade. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Slave trade"

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Everill, Bronwen. "Slave Trade Interventionism." In Abolition and Empire in Sierra Leone and Liberia, 107–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137291813_6.

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Knepper, Paul. "White Slave Trade." In The Invention of International Crime, 98–127. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230251120_5.

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Lian, John, and Trevor Burnarp. "Hearing Slave Voices." In The Atlantic Slave Trade, 443–56. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362647-24.

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Kehinde, Michael. "Trans-Saharan Slave Trade." In Encyclopedia of Migration, 1–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6179-7_30-1.

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Derrick, Jonathan. "The Old Slave-Trade." In Africa's Slaves Today, 110–33. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003310747-6.

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Hole, Robert. "The White Slave Trade." In Selected Writings of Hannah More, 36–41. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003173182-4.

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Yankholmes, Aaron. "The Transatlantic Slave Trade." In Cultural Heritage and Tourism in Africa, 170–83. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003153955-10.

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Carlton-Ford, Steve. "The African Slave Trade." In Legacies of Injustice, 41–65. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003507246-3.

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Eltis, D. "The British Contribution to the Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Slave Trade1." In The Atlantic Slave Trade, 163–80. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362647-10.

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Nigel Bolland, O. "Systems of Domination after Slavery." In The Atlantic Slave Trade, 393–422. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362647-22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Slave trade"

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Pereda, Javier, Patricia A. Murrieta-Flores, Nicholas Radburn, Lois South, and Christian Monaghan. "Afrobits: An interactive installation of African music and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade." In Proceedings of EVA London 2020. BCS Learning and Development Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/eva2020.19.

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Chen, Yuekun, and Yousef Sardahi. "Multi-Objective Optimal Design of an Active Aeroelastic Cascade Control System for an Aircraft Wing With a Leading and Trailing Control Surface." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3121.

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Abstract This paper presents a multi-objective optimal design of cascade controllers applied to an aircraft wing with a leading and trailing control surface driven by electromagnetic actuators (EMAs). The design of the control system is decoupled into an inner (slave or secondary) and outer (master or primary) control algorithm. The master control algorithm is applied to the dynamics of the wing and its ailerons while two salve control loops are designed for the two EMAs. Then, a multi-objective and optimal design of the control algorithms is carried out. Three objectives are considered : 1) the speed of response of the slave controlled system must be faster than that of the master one, 2) the controlled system must be robust against external upsets, and 3) optimal energy consumption. The multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) is solved by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), which is one of the widely algorithms in solving MOPs. The setup parameters of the primary and secondary control algorithms are tuned during the optimization and the design objectives are evaluated. The solution of the MOP is a set of optimal cascade controllers that represent the trade-offs among the design objectives. Computer simulations show that the design objectives are achieved. However, some of the optimal solutions are practically in-feasible because they respond poorly to external disturbances. Presented study may become the basis for multi-objective optimal design of active aeroelastic control systems.
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Boroujerdi, Sarah. "Mapping Out Race: How Afro-Iranian Migrations Redefine the ‘Aryan Myth’." In GLOCAL Conference on Mediterranean and European Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/comela22.5-4.

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If maps refer to geographies, the transing of cultural histories, and an arrival of migrant bodies, what might it mean to map out race in Iran? This work examines the ethnocentric biases that stem from the ‘Aryan Myth’—a terminology influenced by The First Persian Empire (550-330 B.C.) and further associations with the ancient Indo-Europeans by 19th century Western scholars. The kindred ties between Iranian identity and homeland through the Aryan label formulated a romanticized narration of race in Iran. The bridge between linguistics, as emphasized by theocratic terminology and ancient language associations, and geography uniformly synthesized racial affiliations between Iranians and the Aryan racial categorization. Aryan ancestry and its association with land as homeland, while formulating a singular Iranian identity, subsequently separated Iranians from Afro-Iranian populations residing north of the Persian Gulf in the next few millennia to come. Limited scholarship has been shown of the Afro-Iranian community’s presence in southern Iran, particularly during and after the period of the slave trade from East Africa in the 1800s into southern Iran. However, archives on the aftermath of slavery from within Iran and England are critical to scholarship on Afro-Iranian migrations (Mirzai 2002, p. 231), where a reclaiming of multi-ethnic identity and a renovated epistemological lens comes centerfold. This work begins with an analysis of the Indo-European migrations of 4,000 and 3,500 B.C. by examining the Iranian family origins through Nichols (1997) "The epicenter of the Indo-European linguistic spread." This will be accompanied by the Ara’s (2005) Eschatology in the Indo-Iranian traditions: The genesis and transformation of a doctrine to define the history of the term “Aryan” and its rooted ties with Indo-European migrations and geography as homeland during Achaemenid rulership. The concluding section will review Mirzai’s (2002) “African presence in Iran: identity and its reconstruction,” with an analysis of the African diaspora during the mid eighteen and early nineteen hundreds, and subsequent growth of Afro-Iranian heritage within southern Iran. Through the establishment of Afro-Iranian societies within southern Iran during the 19th and 20th centuries, socioeconomics resulting from the slave trade, and race relations during the African population settlement of the eighteen hundreds, the blossoming of an Afro-Iranian ethnic heritage led to subsequent ostracism from the larger Iranian host society.
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Calvo Serrano, Julio, Carlos Malagón Luesma, Jorge Bezares Batista, Jesús Rodríguez Bulnes, and Adelaida Martín Martín. "La Torre de Martil, Tetuán, Marruecos." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17910.

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Tetuan, located on the slopes of Mount Dersa, on the banks of the Martil (Martin) River, did not assume an important urban role until after the fall of Ceuta, located 60 km away, sometimes in the hands of Castilian troops and others of the Portuguese. Its location 10 km from the sea, avoided any maritime attack but, through shallow draft boats, the Martil River, made communication with the Mediterranean possible, assuming the function of naval base of the kingdom of Fez in the Strait. Historically, the economy of Tetuan was constituted by the tributes received in the name of the sultan among the tribes of the district, maritime trade with other ports of Barbary, and above all the product of privateering, ransoms of Christian captives and slave trade. The latter led to the development of simple port infrastructures at the mouth of the Martil River, as well as to the growth of a small coastal settlement. It would be at the beginning of the 18th century when privateering activity definitively gave way to maritime trade with the peninsula and British settlements in the Mediterranean. It was under the mandate of Caid Ahmad al-Riffi in 1720 when construction took place at its mouth, of Martil Tower. It is an artillery tower without passage holes at ground level, which can be accessed by a portable staircase to the first floor and is crowned by three watchtowers and a turret. This work aims to lay the foundations for its rehabilitation. The working methodology is based on photogrammetric plans as a basis for functional and constructive analysis, its materials, and a mapping of its most significant lesions, as well as an important search for information, especially graphic, that allows establishing its original state and its evolution over time.
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Stewart, Rick J. "The Glorious Revolution, Bristol and Engine Development in Cornwall 1688-1730s." In 2nd International Early Engines Conference. International Early Engines Conference & ISSES, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54267/ieec2-2-02.

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The Glorious Revolution of 1688/1689 set in train changes in English political and economic culture that acted as a significant catalyst for the development of deep copper mining in Cornwall. The adoption of improved water engines and, latterly, atmospheric engines was fundamental in meeting the drainage challenges faced as miners delved ever deeper in their search for copper ore. The increasing application of pumping technology required significant capital investment which was not available from inside Cornwall. Much of the capital to develop copper mining was supplied by Bristol merchants and industrialists who were benefiting from an economic boom occasion by the aforementioned economic and political changes. Most notable was the deregulation of the slave trade which allowed Bristol to eclipse London as England's primary slaving port turning Bristol into an economic powerhouse. A less quantifiable but nonetheless important factor was a growth in confidence in the stability of the post-revolution economy and amongst the entrepreneurial classes giving them the confidence to invest in Cornish deep mining.
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Ji, Yingfeng, Ronald A. Perez, and Ryoichi S. Amano. "Modeling and Control of Underwater Pan/Tilt Camera Tracking System: Geometry Modeling and Tracking Control." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10517.

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Biologists study on the biological behavior of various marine creatures in situ using underwater observation systems. The darkness in an underwater environment is always one of the most difficult problems to overcome in order to clearly monitor the life cycle of underwater creatures. This illumination would be solved employing the Master-Slave (camera-light platform) coordination tracking structure. The control of underwater platform is a challenging issue due to the complex external forces in the underwater environment. Comparing of tracking control between linear proportional-derivative (PD) and nonlinear PD for the Pan/Tilt camera platform were conducted. The variable structure control (VSC), i.e., sliding mode control (SMC), was employed to the tracking control of the underwater Pan/Tilt camera platform. The disadvantage of SMC is that the discontinuous control signal would excite the high frequency unmodeled dynamic which produces the chattering. One of the methods which eliminate the chattering is to use the boundary layer (BL). However, the width of BL can introduce a trade off between the tracking performance and chattering elimination. Large width of BL can much more eliminate the chattering, but lead to less accurate control results versa. A simple, easily implemented method to vary the width of BL according to the value of tracking error is illustrated and verified in this paper.
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Wik, Preben, Anna Hjalmarson, and Jenny Brusk. "DEAL - a serious game for CALL practicing conversational skills in the trade domain." In Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE 2007). ISCA: ISCA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/slate.2007-16.

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Gupta, Esther, and Douglas Jones. "Analyzing the Trade Space in Multi-lingual Automatic Text Difficulty Estimation." In 9th Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE). ISCA: ISCA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/slate.2023-16.

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Kumar, Prabhat, Roger A. Sauer, and Anupam Saxena. "On Synthesis of Contact Aided Compliant Mechanisms Using the Material Mask Overlay Method." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47064.

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Contact Aided Compliant Mechanisms (CCMs) are synthesized via the Material Mask Overlay Strategy (MMOS) to trace a desired non-smooth path. MMOS employs hexagonal cells to discretize the design region and engages negative circular masks to designate material states. To synthesize CCMs, the modified MMOS presented herein involves systematic mutation of five mask parameters through a hill climber search to evolve not only the continuum topology (slave surfaces), but also, to introduce the desired rigid, interacting surfaces within some masks. Various geometric singularities are subdued via hexagonal cells though numerous V-notches get retained at the continuum boundaries. To facilitate contact analysis, boundary smoothing is performed by shifting boundary nodes of the evolving continuum systematically. Numerous hexagonal cells get morphed into concave sub-regions as a consequence. Large deformation finite element formulation with Mean Value Coordinates (MVC) based shape functions is used to cater to the generic hexagonal shapes. Contact analysis is accomplished via the Newton-Raphson iterations with load increment in conjunction with the penalty method and active set constraints. An objective function based on Fourier Shape Descriptors is minimized subject to suitable design constraints. An example of a path generating CCM is included to establish the efficacy of the proposed synthesis method.
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Мирчева, Бойка. "Места на българската памет – Похвално слово за Кирил и Методий и неговите преписи." In Кирило-методиевски места на паметта в българската култура. Кирило-Методиевски научен център, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59076/5808.2023.09.

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PLACES OF BULGARIAN MEMORY – THE EULOGY FOR CYRIL AND METHODIUS AND ITS COPIES (Summary) The Eulogy for Cyril and Methodius is one of the earliest Slavic sources for the life and work of the Slavic apostles. According to the latest data, it has been preserved in 31 copies, created in a wide area and period of time – from the Balkans to the northernmost Russian literary centers and between the 12th and 18th centuries. Its text is an invariable part of the earliest layer of Slavic sources for the two first teachers and bears the marks of a primary author created by immediate witnesses of the time. It is important to note that this is the second Slavic source after the Vita Metodii to preserve the text of Pope Adrian II’s letter to princes Rostislav, Svetopolk and Kotzel, whose Latin original has not reached us. The text in the two sources is different. As an invariable part of the earliest layer of Slavic sources about Cyril and Methodius and their disciples, which invariably accompanies one of the two main Slavic Cyrillo-Methodidian sources – Vita Cyrilli and Vita Metfdii, the Eulogy for Cyril and Methodius is part of the Bulgarian historical, cultural and literary heritage and part of Bulgarian memory for the two Slavic apostels. The purpose of this study is to trace in which and what type of literary environments the text of the Eulogy was copied and where its copies are currently stored. The manner of their formation and their fate over the centuries is of great importance for the nature of the collections in which the copies of the work are kept, for which basic information is given in the article. These data can answer the question of how the text of this work was distributed, why it was preserved in these manuscript collections. The information is summarized and presented in the form of a geographical map, which shows the distribution and influence of the Eulogy among the southern and eastern Slavs.
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Reports on the topic "Slave trade"

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Reis, João. Slaves Who Owned Slaves in Nineteenth-Century Bahia, Brazil. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/reis.2021.36.

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It was not uncommon in Brazil for slaves to own slaves. Slaves as masters of slaves existed in many slave societies and societies with slaves, but considering modern, chattel slavery in the Americas, Brazil seems to have been a special case where this phenomenon thrived, especially in nineteenth-century urban Bahia. The investigation is based on more than five hundred cases of enslaved slaveowners registered in ecclesiastical and manumission records in the provincial capital city of Salvador. The paper discusses the positive legal basis and common law rights that made possible this peculiar form of slave ownership. The paper relates slave ownership by slaves with the direction and volume of the slave trade, the specific contours of urban slavery, access by slaves to slave trade networks, and slave/master relations. It also discusses the web of convivial relations that involved the slaves of slaves, focusing on the ethnic and gender profiles of the enslaved master and their slaves.
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Steckel, Richard, and Richard Jensen. Determinants of Slave and Crew Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1540.

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Nunn, Nathan, and Leonard Wantchekon. The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14783.

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Levine, Ross, Chen Lin, and Wensi Xie. The Origins of Financial Development: How the African Slave Trade Continues to Influence Modern Finance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23800.

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Rodrigues-Moura, Enrique, and Christina Märzhauser. Renegotiating the subaltern : Female voices in Peixoto’s «Obra Nova de Língua Geral de Mina» (Brazil, 1731/1741). Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-57507.

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Out of ~11.000.000 enslaved Africans disembarked in the Americas, ~ 46% were taken to Brazil, where transatlantic slave trade only ended in 1850 (official abolition of slavery in 1888). In the Brazilian inland «capitania» Minas Gerais, slave numbers exploded due to gold mining in the first half of 18th century from 30.000 to nearly 300.000 black inhabitants out of a total ~350.000 in 1786. Due to gender demographics, intimate relations between African women and European men were frequent during Antonio da Costa Peixoto’s lifetime. In 1731/1741, this country clerk in Minas Gerais’ colonial administration, originally from Northern Portugal, completed his 42-page manuscript «Obra Nova de Língua Geral de Mina» («New work on the general language of Mina») documenting a variety of Gbe (sub-group of Kwa), one of the many African languages thought to have quickly disappeared in oversea slaveholder colonies. Some of Peixoto’s dialogues show African women who – despite being black and female and therefore usually associated with double subaltern status (see Spivak 1994 «The subaltern cannot speak») – successfully renegotiate their power position in trade. Although Peixoto’s efforts to acquire, describe and promote the «Língua Geral de Mina» can be interpreted as a «white» colonist’s strategy to secure his position through successful control, his dialogues also stress the importance of winning trust and cultivating good relations with members of the local black community. Several dialogues testify a degree of agency by Africans that undermines conventional representations of colonial relations, including a woman who enforces her «no credit» policy for her services, as shown above. Historical research on African and Afro-descendant women in Minas Gerais documents that some did not only manage to free themselves from slavery but even acquired considerable wealth.
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Huntington, Dale. Anti-trafficking programs in South Asia: Appropriate activities, indicators and evaluation methodologies. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2002.1019.

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Throughout South Asia, men, women, boys, and girls are trafficked within their own countries and across international borders against their wills in what is essentially a clandestine slave trade. The Congressional Research Service and the U.S. State Department estimate that between 1 to 2 million people are trafficked each year worldwide with the majority originating in Asia. Root causes include extreme disparities of wealth, increased awareness of job opportunities far from home, pervasive inequality due to caste, class, and gender bias, lack of transparency in regulations governing labor migration, poor enforcement of internationally agreed-upon human rights standards, and the enormous profitability for traffickers. The Population Council, UNIFEM, and PATH led a participatory approach to explore activities that address the problem of human trafficking in South Asia. A meeting was held in Kathmandu, Nepal, September 11– 13, 2001 to discuss these issues. Approximately 50 representatives from South Asian institutions, United Nations agencies, and international and local NGOs attended. This report summarizes the principal points from each paper presented and captures important discussion points that emerged from each panel presentation.
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Nunn, Nathan. The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13367.

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Thomas, M. D. Magnetic and gravity characteristics of the Thelon and Taltson orogens, northern Canada: tectonic implications. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329250.

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Differences of opinion concerning the relationship between the Thelon tectonic zone and the Taltson magmatic zone, as to whether they are individual tectonic elements or two independent elements, have generated various plate tectonic models explaining their creation. Magnetic and gravity signatures indicate that they are separate entities and that the Thelon tectonic zone and the Great Slave Lake shear zone form a single element. Adopting the single-element concept and available age dates, a temporally evolving plate tectonic model of Slave-Rae interaction is presented. At 2350 Ma, an Archean supercontinent rifted along the eastern and southern margins of the Slave Craton. Subsequent ocean closure, apparently diachronous, began with subduction at 2070 Ma in the northern Thelon tectonic zone, followed by subduction under the Great Slave Lake shear zone at 2051 Ma. Subduction related to closure of an ocean between the Buffalo Head terrane and the Rae Craton initiated under the Taltson magmatic zone at 1986 Ma, at which time subduction continued along the Thelon tectonic zone. At 1970 Ma, collision in the northern Thelon tectonic zone is evidenced in the Kilohigok Basin. From 1957 to 1920 Ma, plutonism was active in the Taltson magmatic zone, Great Slave Lake shear zone, and southern Thelon tectonic zone. The plutonism terminated in the northern Thelon tectonic zone at 1950 Ma, but it resumed at 1910 Ma and continued until 1880 Ma. The East Arm Basin witnessed igneous activity as early as 2046 Ma, though this took place more continuously from 1928 to 1861 Ma; some igneous rocks bear subduction-related trace element signatures. These signatures, and the presence of northwest-verging nappes, may signify collision with the Great Slave Lake shear zone as a result of southeastward subduction, completing closure between the Slave and Rae cratons.
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Anglin, C. D. Rare Earth and Trace Element Geochemistry of Scheelites, Slave Province Gold Deposits. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/133348.

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Brodeur, Abel. Reproduction of 'The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades<sup>*</sup>'. Social Science Reproduction Platform, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.48152/ssrp-3xyj-5534.

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