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Journal articles on the topic 'Slavery – Nigeria'
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1
Nast, Heidi J. "The impact of British imperialism on the landscape of female slavery in the Kano palace, northern Nigeria." Africa 64, no. 1 (January 1994): 34–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161094.
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AbstractSpatial analysis of the Kano palace shows that colonial abolitionist policies enacted in northern Nigeria after the British conquest of 1903 affected the lives and places of female and male slaves differently. The differences derived from historical differences in the placement and function of slave women and men in the palace: whereas slave women lived and/or worked in a vast secluded private domain and engaged in state household reproduction on behalf of the emir, male state slaves inhabited ‘public’ places and held state-related offices. Colonial abolitionist policies, which restructured traditional ‘public’ spheres of state, accordingly forcefully altered male slave spaces while the private domain of female slavery initially went largely undisturbed. In time, as palace slave patronage was more severely undermined, domestic slave women left the palace to follow slave husbands and/or heads of households who had been exiled or who were in search of better outside opportunities, resulting in a decrease in the reserve of slave women from which concubines were chosen. The reserve declined further as slave men were permitted to marry freeborn women, resulting in a marked decrease in concubine numbers and a marked transformation of the internal organisation of the inner household. The spatial organisation of female slavery in the palace was thus affected indirectly and later than that of male slavery.The article demonstrates the utility of spatial analysis in understanding historical change and points to the need for greater sensitivity to issues of gender, ‘class’ and power in analyses of slavery and its abolition. It was the gender, wealth and power of royal patrons as well as the state-level skills and authority of male palace slaves, for example, that initially led British officials to promote state slavery for their own ends—advantages for slaves that women and/or masters of lesser means could not provide. Ironically, it was because male slaves held so much authority that British officials eventually intervened directly to erode their places and powers. The analysis establishes that the spatial organisation of slavery was constructed and eroded variably across time and place.
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Porter, Gina. "A Note on Slavery, Seclusion and Agrarian Change in Northern Nigeria." Journal of African History 30, no. 3 (November 1989): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370002449x.
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For geographers and others working on contemporary development issues in Africa, the historical perspective is of considerable significance. Such topics as the incidence and form of indigenous slavery and slave-trading in pre-colonial times are particularly pertinent to modern-day studies of population and rural development, and work published by historians is read with interest by researchers outside the discipline. Thus, some years ago, discussion was generated between geographers and historians on the impact of slave raiding in Nigeria's ‘Middle Belt’, initially stimulated by a paper in the Journal of African History. As the subsequent debate illustrated, the relationship between modern population density and settlement patterns and pre-colonial slavery is a fascinating one.
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Lovejoy, Paul E. "Concubinage and the Status of Women Slaves in Early Colonial Northern Nigeria." Journal of African History 29, no. 2 (July 1988): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023665.
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Court records from 1905–6 offer a rare view of the status of women slaves in early colonial Northern Nigeria. It is shown that British officials found it easy to accommodate the aristocracy of the Sokoto Caliphate on the status of these women, despite British efforts to reform slavery. Those members of the aristocracy and merchant class who could afford to do so were able to acquire concubines through the courts, which allowed the transfer of women under the guise that they were being emancipated. British views of slave women attempted to blur the distinction between concubinage and marriage, thereby reaffirming patriarchal Islamic attitudes. The court records not only confirm this interpretation but also provide extensive information on the ethnic origins of slave women, the price of transfer, age at time of transfer, and other data. It is shown that the slave women of the 1905–6 sample came from over 100 different ethnic groups and the price of transfer, which ranged between 200,000 and 300,000 cowries, was roughly comparable to the price of females slaves in the years immediately preceding the conquest. Most of the slaves were in their teens or early twenties. The use of the courts to transfer women for purposes of concubinage continued until at least the early 1920s.
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Chadimova, Michala. "Sexual Slavery and Members of a Terrorist Group – What is the Future of the 'Boko Haram' Trial at the International Criminal Court?" Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644720x16061196655061.
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Crimes committed by the members of Boko Haram in Nigeria are not only the subject of national trials but also of preliminary examination at the International Criminal Court (ICC). This article focuses on the sexual slavery perpetrated by Boko Haram, describes how the crimes are viewed within the national Nigerian criminal process and addresses the possibility of prosecution of the crimes at the ICC.<br/> This article analyses the legal terminology used to describe the crimes connected to Boko Haram – enslavement, sexual slavery, human trafficking and terrorism – and their interaction. While providing an overview of the ICC's current preliminary examination into the situation in Nigeria, this article discusses how the principle of complementarity is potentially holding the OTP back from the formal investigation.<br/> Furthermore, an overview of cases at the ICC that have involved charges of sexual slavery or enslavement will be provided. By analysing the Court's findings in relation to elements of sexual slavery, this article provides an insightful view into the Court's rhetoric on this crime. Similarly, this article discusses modes of liability that have been employed in the Katanga/Chui and Ntaganda cases and provides a learning opportunity for future cases of sexual slavery as both a crime against humanity (Article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute) and a war crime (Article 8(2)(e)(vi) of the Rome Statute; 8(2)(b)(xxii) of the Rome Statute).
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Cooper, Barbara M. "Reflections on Slavery, Seclusion and Female Labor in the Maradi Region of Niger in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Journal of African History 35, no. 1 (March 1994): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700025962.
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This essay argues that female participation in agriculture and limited seclusion in Maradi (Niger) today do not stem from the absence of agricultural slavery in the pre-colonial period but rather result from the resistance of the Katsinawa élite to the Islamic reforms of the Sokoto Caliphate and from the absence of rimji (plantation) slavery in the region. The abolition of slavery did not mark a watershed in the rise of seclusion, as M. G. Smith argues was the case in Nigeria, but rather triggered a series of reformulations of marriage and female hierarchy. Semi-legitimate and legitimate polygynous marriages permitted men and women of the wealthier classes to retain the labor of former female slaves as ‘concubines’ and later enabled them to use junior wives to perform the duties once carried out by slaves. Women countered the ambiguities of such marriages by asserting their worth through wedding ritual and later by adopting the veiling of élite women. As economic and cultural ties with northern Nigeria grew during the colonial and post-colonial periods, and as goods and services reduced some of the labor demands upon urban women, seclusion gained in popularity. By acquiescing to the dependency implicit in purdah women could protect themselves from the labor demands of others and could sometimes free themselves up to earn independent incomes of their own. Thus the recent adoption of seclusion in Maradi has not arisen out of a unilateral decision on the part of newly freed women to adopt seclusion as a sign of status, as Smith claimed for Northern Nigeria, but resulted instead from of a series of redefinitions, contestations and negotiations of marriage in which both men and women have been active.
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Udoh, Emmanuel Williams. "Modern Religious Slavery in Nigeria: The Christian Perspective." PINISI Discretion Review 4, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/pdr.v4i1.14525.
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Gandhi's concept of nonviolence has a humanistic approach. He tried to change the very character of every Indian in the society where he lived. He said that man is basically a violent being, but gradually he can become non-violent if he desires. He recognizes that man is a conditional being and as such subject to the determination of the physical world. The ultimate end in man's life for Gandhi is realizing the Absolute. Pertinent to note that, Gandhi had spent quite some time in his tutelage in Southern Africa where his experiences impelled him to adopt non-violence as the only paradigm to overcome oppression and domination in his country India. British oppression and inhumanity were so severe and intensive that Gandhi was cautious about the use of violence, alternatively, he adopted non-violence to be the only imperative paradigm to dislodge the domination and inhumane treatment of the British against the Indians in South Africa. In this respect, I recommend Gandhi's non-violence principles as a fundamental paradigm towards peace in Africa. Peace in Africa is imperative for human and societal development especially as one sees Africa grappling with instabilities, insurgencies, terrorism, xenophobia, political upheavals, nepotism and gender agitations. In this article, I recognize Gandhi’s postulations on non-violence as an initiative which if adopted and its dictates are adhered to, could enhance peace in Africa.
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Renne, Elisha P. "Childhood Memories and Contemporary Parenting in Ekiti, Nigeria." Africa 75, no. 1 (February 2005): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2005.75.1.63.
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AbstractThe practice of pawning children, whose labour served as interest paid on loans, was common in precolonial and early colonial Ekiti Yoruba society. Known as , these children would work for the lender until their kinsmen had repaid the debts they had incurred. British colonial officials came to view this practice as a form of slavery and eventually outlawed it. This paper considers the life history of one older man who worked as an in a small Ekiti Yoruba town, focusing on his memories of child-pawning and how this practice has been interpreted by his children. The paper then examines the process whereby people's changed thinking about the moral bases of pawning parallels contemporary reassessments of the practice of child-fostering by young parents, some of whom claim that it is ‘like slavery’. How subsequent generations of townspeople remember slavery, child-pawning and, more recently, child-fostering, have implications for reproduction, since what it means to have the number of children who can be ‘raised well’ may contribute to social and economic pressures to limit family size. This study of memories of pawning and child-fostering, which support reduced fertility, underscores the ways that distinctive historical experiences have had different consequences for how reproduction is perceived and practised.
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VAN BEEK, WALTER E. A. "INTENSIVE SLAVE RAIDING IN THE COLONIAL INTERSTICE: HAMMAN YAJI AND THE MANDARA MOUNTAINS (NORTH CAMEROON AND NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA)." Journal of African History 53, no. 3 (November 2012): 301–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853712000461.
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ABSTRACTA rare document, the diary of a slave raider, offers a unique view into the sociopolitical situation at the turn of the nineteenth century in the colonial backwater of North Cameroon. The Fulbe chief in question, Hamman Yaji, not only kept a diary, but was by far the most notorious slave raider of the Mandara Mountains. This article supplements the data from his diary with oral histories and archival sources to follow the dynamics of the intense slave raiding he engaged in. This frenzy of slaving occurred in a ‘colonial interstice’ characterized by competition between three colonial powers – the British, the Germans and the French, resilient governing structures in a region poorly controlled by colonial powers, and the unclear boundaries of the Mandara Mountains. The dynamics of military technology and the economics of this ‘uncommon market’ in slaves form additional factors in this episode in the history of slavery in Africa. These factors account for the general situation of insecurity due to slave raiding in the area, to which Hamman Yaji was an exceptionally atrocious contributor. In the end a religious movement, Mahdism, stimulated the consolidation of colonial power, ending Yaji's regime, which in all its brutality provides surprising insight in the early colonial situation in this border region between Nigeria and Cameroon.
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Fisher, Humphrey J. "Slavery and Seclusion in Northern Nigeria: A Further Note." Journal of African History 32, no. 01 (March 1991): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700025366.
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Adesina, Olubukola S. "Modern day slavery: poverty and child trafficking in Nigeria." African Identities 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2014): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2014.881278.
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Abiodun, Temitope Francis, Marcus Temitayo Akinlade, and Olanrewaju Abdulwasii Oladejo. "The State and Challenges of Human Trafficking in Nigeria: Implications for National Peace and Security." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 11, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v11i2.18544.
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In the West African sub-region, the trend of trafficking in persons is widespread; and the phenomenon now attaining its peak unhindered, has actually portrayed Nigeria as a nation occupying a central position as an originating state, transit and destination for victims of trafficking. There is also evidence of internal trafficking from rural zones to cities. The menace of human trafficking in Nigerian state has taken an indescribable facet in the last two decades owing to the factors of; massive unemployment, poverty, recession in the economy, conflicts, globalization, existing weak legal system, and inadequate legislation, and political will. Trafficking in person is an organized crime and a modern form of slavery. The two methods used by traffickers to get their victims are deception and through force. Human trafficking has continued to strive in Nigeria because of shameful connivance among the Nigeria’s security agencies, Embassies, airline officials and human traffickers. The study adopts Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen’s Routine Activity and the Kevin Bales’ Modern Slavery theories (1979; 1999). 500 copies of questionnaire were administered to a set of purposively selected respondents with the In-Depth Interview Guide to elicit information on the subject. The study in its findings reveals that human trafficking has continued to strive in Nigeria because of connivance from the security, immigration, embassy, airline officials and traffickers while the menace has put Nigeria’s identity black in the global system. The study therefore recommended that the Nigerian government should swiftly endeavour to address the issue of massive unemployment and poverty in the state as well as create enabling environments for entrepreneurship for the citizenry; also the national laws, international conventions and protocols that have legal potencies to curb trafficking must be implemented or strengthened; and finally, fighting human trafficking in Nigeria requires more efforts to create public awareness of the crime, organize counseling, rehabilitation and re-integration program for the victims.
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Bastian, Misty L. "‘The Daughter she will Eat Agousie in the World of the Spirits’ Witchcraft Confessions in Missionised Onitsha, Nigeria." Africa 72, no. 1 (February 2002): 84–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2002.72.1.84.
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AbstractThis article deals with witchcraft, missionisation, domestic slavery and social life on the emerging colonial ‘frontier’ of Onitsha, Nigeria, during the last years of the nineteenth century. The analysis centres on the confession of an accused witch and former domestic slave in the Waterside area of the town. It uses the document as a springboard for a larger discussion of the intersecting lives of Africans and Europeans in this marginal location at a moment when social relations there were undergoing radical transformation. By addressing such a text, taken down verbatim at the time of the confession, the author argues, we can gain a privileged insight into women's unofficial (and even prohibited) religious practice as well as the everyday lives of persons—notably female domestic slaves—who ordinarily receive little notice in the African colonial record. From Okuwan's confession we also learn something about how the increasing flows of commodities and new forms of colonial authority along this mercantile border were changing (and possibly devaluing) African women's labour as well as their religious power.
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Chineyemba, Lydia Isioma. "Unequal yoke: The paradox of religious slavery." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 14 (December 1, 2020): 338–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i14.6.
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Slavery is a historical reality of most societies in Africa. Lately, there has been an outcry on the resurgence of slavery with modern trends that include religious slavery which has become the fad of many clergies, who utilize their privileged positions, capitalizing on the gullibility and desperation of members to exploit them in the bourgeoisie/proletariat form of relationship. Ironically, Christianity is a redemptive tool for the emancipation of mankind, yet, it has been used to entrap adherents in the bondage it purports to liberate from. Studies have paid greater attention to other forms of modern slavery, like child trafficking, forced labour, and forced marriage, but the paradox of religious slavery in Nigeria is a dialectical contradiction that requires anthropological inquiry. This paper examined the role of the clergy in perpetuating slavery to uncover the motive(s) underlying the act and its implications for society. Marxist's perspectives on religion and fetishism of commodity, elaborated by Taussig (1980) provide theoretical explanations. The study revealed that pastors use intimidating prophecies and scaring messages to enslave adherents to obtain material/financial benefits from them. It poises that such engagement negates societal expectations of pastors as advocates of morality and custodians of trust and urge them to desist from it.
Keywords: Religion, Slavery, Dialectics, Paradox, Clergy.
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Adisa, Toyin Ajibade, Olatunji David Adekoya, and Olajumoke Okoya. "Modern-day slavery? The work-life conflict of domestic workers in Nigeria." Gender in Management: An International Journal 36, no. 4 (May 6, 2021): 519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-02-2020-0054.
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Purpose The trend of domestic employment thrives almost in every society. It is most common in developing countries and Nigeria is no exception. This paper aims to examine the nature of the role of a domestic worker in Nigeria and the work-life conflict issues involved in such work. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative research approach to examine the nature of the role of domestic workers and the associated work-life conflict issues. Findings The findings show that the nature of the jobs of domestic workers in Nigeria gives rise to a situation of modern-day slavery in which an employee works without a formal employment contract, with little or no rights to private time. Long and unstructured working hours, employers’ perceptions about domestic workers and a huge workload fuel and exacerbate work-life conflict amongst domestic workers in Nigeria. Research limitations/implications The extent to which the findings of this research can be generalised is constrained by the limited and selected sample of the research and the research context. Practical implications The primacy of the employer over the employee in domestic employment means that both time and work-based conflicts continue to buffer work-life conflict if domestic workers’ working hours remain unscheduled and their employers’ perceptions about them remain unchanged. This invariably has a negative impact on the domestic workers’ health and productivity. Therefore, domestic employment should be regulated by law and domestic workers should be treated like other formal employees. Originality/value This study contributes to the debates on the work-life conflict by highlighting the nature of the role of domestic workers in a non-western context, Nigeria and provides a nuanced insight into the work-life conflict issues involved in such work. The findings add conceptual thought and empirical evidence to the debate on work-life conflict.
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Oladejo, Mutiat Titilope. "Tradition of Concubine Holding in Hausa Society (Nigeria), 1900 – 1930." AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities 9, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijah.v9i1.12.
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This paper examined the tradition of holding women as concubine in Muslim societies of the Hausa. Concubine holding changed the status of women and was acquired by slavery. This paper analysed concubine holding as a phenomenon that challenged female status in Hausa society. It put into perspective, the trajectories of concubine holding from the legends in the tradition of origin. It analysed the rights and privileges accrued to a concubine. And by the beginning of the twentieth century, the question of concubine holding was conveniently desirable under Islamic law and while the British law attempted to change the practices as part of efforts to abolish slavery. Thus, the paper contended that; concubine holding was part of the accepted norms in the sexual notions, which specifically privileged women to change their status and negotiate power in Hausa society. The paper adopted the historical approach by analysing court records, archival materials of the Nigerian National Archives, Kaduna, as well as books and journals relevant to the theme.
Keywords: Concubine holding, British law, Islamic law, Hausa society
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Aderinto, Saheed. "“The problem of Nigeria is slavery, not white slave traffic”: Globalization and the politicization of prostitution in Southern Nigeria, 1921–1955." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 46, no. 1 (April 2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2012.659576.
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Pally, Agidi Ejime. "Restructuring, National Security and Nigeria’s Relationship with the External World." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i4.2.
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Nigeria as a nation has been experiencing security challenges at alarming level in the last few years. This has taken various forms such as kidnapping from ransom, herders and farmers clashes, organized crimes, and cybercrimes, implosive movement of small and light arms. Trans border crimes, human trafficking, and slavery among others. This has affected Nigeria’s external relations with the outside world negatively in various ways, such as constriction of bilateral trade volume, cold diplomatic relations, low tourism attraction, low educational exchang e, reduction of military trainings abroad, refusal of arms purchase, low foreign investments among others. The diversity nature of the Nigerian state stands a gap in finding solutions to the myriads of problems as Nigeria’s image abroad has been dented badly. Restructuring the Nigerian state in various spheres has been the agitation of many Nigerians in the recent time. This paper therefore examines restructuring the Nigerian state, National security and its implications on her relationship with the external world. It is a qualitative paper that focused on secondary sources of information, and adopted structural functional theory as its framework of analysis. The paper argued that restructuring the political structures in Nigeria will advance quality security in Nigeria. It is the opinion of the paper that improves security in the country will enhance robust Nigerian’s relationship with the external world. The paper recommended among others, the restructuring of political economic and social structures through the instrument and legitimacy of national conference. This has to be backed by legislations from the national and state assembly.
Keywords: Restructuring, External Relationships, National Security, Political Structure, National Conference
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Esoimeme, Ehi Eric. "Using the risk-based approach to curb modern slavery in the supply chain." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2019-0056.
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Purpose This paper aims to critically examine the modern slavery statements of Anglo American Plc. and Marks and Spencer Group Plc. to determine the level of effectiveness of the risk assessment and risk mitigation measures of both companies and provide recommendations on how the risk assessment and risk mitigation measures of both companies could be strengthened. Design/methodology/approach The analysis took the form of a desk study, which analysed various documents and reports such as the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015, the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Transparency in Supply Chains) Regulations 2015, the UK Guidance issued under Section 54(9) of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, the 2018 Global Slavery Index, funded by Forrest’s Walk Free Foundation, the Anglo American Plc. Modern Slavery Statement of 2017/18, the Marks and Spencer Modern Slavery Statement of 2017/18, the Financial Action Task Force Guidance on the Risk Based Approach to Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (High Level Principles and Procedures) 2007, the Financial Action Task Force International Standards On Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation (The FATF Recommendations) 2012, the Australia Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Rules Instrument 2007 (No. 1) (as amended), the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada Guidance on the risk-based approach to combatting money laundering and terrorist financing 2017 and the Central Bank of Nigeria (Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism in Banks and Other Financial Institutions in Nigeria) Regulations, 2013. Findings This paper determined that the standard due diligence measures and the enhanced due diligence measures of Anglo American Plc. are not effective enough to identify/assess the risk(s) of modern slavery in the supply chains reason being that Anglo American Plc. does not use diverse methods/methodologies for her due diligence programme. This paper, however, determined that the standard due diligence measures and the enhanced due diligence measures of Marks and Spencer Group Plc. are effective enough to identify/assess the risk(s) of modern slavery in the supply chains because Marks and Spencer adopts diverse methods/methodologies for her due diligence programme. This paper also determined that both Anglo American Plc. and Marks and Spencer Group Plc. adopt diverse methods for the monitoring of their corrective action plans which are designed to mitigate the modern slavery risk(s) associated with high-risk suppliers. For example, Anglo American Plc. monitors anti-modern slavery compliance with the use of both internal Anglo American teams and third-party auditors to ensure that the identified issues are adequately addressed. Research limitations/implications This paper focuses on Section 54 of the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 and the Modern Slavery Statements of Anglo American Plc. and Marks and Spencer Group Plc for the year 2017/18. Originality/value Several articles have been published on this topic. Among them, is an article by Stefan Gold, Alexander Trautrims and Zoe Trodd titled “Modern slavery challenges to supply chain management”, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 20 Issue: 5, pp.485-494 and an article by Stephen John New titled “Modern slavery and the supply chain: the limits of corporate social responsibility?”, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 20 Issue: 6, pp.697-707. The article by Stefan Gold, Alexander Trautrims and Zoe Trodd drew attention to the challenges modern slavery poses to supply chain management. Although the article briefly talked about the risk-based approach to monitoring supply chains for slavery, it did not discuss about the due diligence measures that UK firms are required to apply during risk identification and risk assessment, and the risk mitigation measures that will address the risk(s) that have been identified. The article by Stephen John New examines legal attempts to encourage supply chain transparency and the use of corporate social responsibility methods. Though the article mentions the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015, more attention was paid to the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act [S.B. 657], State of California, 2010), enacted in 2011 and in effect from 2012. The article analysed the California Act without critically discussing the risk assessment procedures for UK companies. In addition to discussing the different stages of the risk assessment/risk management process, this paper will examine the modern slavery statements of Anglo American Plc. and Marks and Spencer Group Plc. This paper will provide recommendations on how the risk assessment/risk mitigation measures of both companies could be strengthened. This is the only paper to adopt this kind of approach. The analysis/recommendations in this paper will help UK companies to design effective due diligence procedures for their supply chain.
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Okogbule, Nlerum S. "Combating the “New Slavery” in Nigeria: An Appraisal of Legal and Policy Responses to Human Trafficking." Journal of African Law 57, no. 1 (February 27, 2013): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855313000028.
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AbstractThis article examines the legal and policy responses of the Nigerian government and other agencies to human trafficking, which is one of the central social and economic challenges facing the country today. After exploring the nature and dimensions of the practice, it argues that Nigeria's unenviable position as a country of origin, transit and destination in human trafficking, as well as the impact of the practice on the lives of the victims and adverse implications for the country's corporate image, make it imperative that effective measures are adopted to combat it. In this respect, while accepting that legal measures are important in achieving the objective, the article highlights some deficiencies in current efforts and suggests a multidimensional approach, with greater emphasis on the “push” and “pull” factors of human trafficking prevalent in the country, such as high levels of unemployment, poverty, inequality and marginalization.
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Starratt, Priscilla E., Paul Lovejoy, and Jan Hogendorn. "Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936." International Journal of African Historical Studies 28, no. 2 (1995): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221619.
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Manning, Patrick, Paul E. Lovejoy, and Jan S. Hogendorn. "Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897- 1936." American Historical Review 100, no. 1 (February 1995): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168090.
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Falola, Toyin, Paul E. Lovejoy, and Jan S. Hogendorn. "Slow Death for Slavery. The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936." African Economic History, no. 21 (1993): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601822.
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O'Hear, Ann, Paul E. Lovejoy, and Jan S. Hogendorn. "Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936." African Studies Review 38, no. 2 (September 1995): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525335.
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Kopytoff, Igor, Paul E. Lovejoy, and Jan S. Hogendorn. "Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1, no. 4 (December 1995): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034982.
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Hogendorn, Jan, and Paul Lovejoy. "The development and execution of Frederick Lugard's policies toward Slavery in Northern Nigeria." Slavery & Abolition 10, no. 1 (May 1989): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440398908574973.
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Osinubi, Taiwo Adetunji. "Abolition, Law, and the Osu Marriage Novel." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 2, no. 1 (November 14, 2014): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2014.24.
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AbstractThis paper examines the representation of Osu slavery in Chinua Achebe’sNo Longer at Ease. Whereas critics read the references to Osu as a minor subplot in the novel, this author suggests the dissipation of the Osu marriage plot illustrates the crisis of abolition within the context of anticolonial struggles. By situating Achebe’s novel alongside midcentury discourses on abolition, freedom, and marriage rights, the author argues that the novel’s form responds to the impasses between the abolitionist agendas of international law, the administrative mandate of colonial law, and indigenous Igbo agitations for and against the eradication of the Osu system. Key to this reading is the novel’s cursory reference to the 1956 bride price laws of eastern Nigeria. By narrativizing the failure of the 1956 legislation, Achebe reflects upon African implication in slavery as well as on the divergences between midcentury anticolonial internationalism and on-ground interpretations and improvisations of freedom.
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Blue, Gregory. "Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936 (review)." Journal of World History 7, no. 1 (1996): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2005.0048.
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Nwotite, Anita. "An Evaluation of the Legal Framework for Redressing Sexual Violence in the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria: Challenges and the Way Forward." Stellenbosch Law Review 32, no. 1 (2021): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/slr/v32/i1a8.
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Sexual violence is one of the human rights violations characterising the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. These violations include rape, sexual slavery and the abduction of women and girls by members of the insurgent group. Unfortunately, the emphasis has always been on the provision of humanitarian aid rather than redressing these violations. This article argues that although there are laws in place regulating sexual violence in Nigeria, these laws are inadequate in providing redress for the victims. Besides, the laws are rarely implemented to ensure a system of justice for victims, given the patriarchal and cultural antecedents of Nigeria. It is against this background that the article evaluates the legal framework for redressing sexual violence in the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria with a view to revealing the gap that exists therein. To achieve this aim, the article defines sexual violence and instances of such in the Boko Haram context. It also examines the legal framework for redressing sexual violence in Nigeria and the limitations of these laws in that regard. The article further considers the concept of redress and what it entails. Although the article adopts a legal approach, it is concluded that this approach is inadequate in addressing the issue at stake and that, in addition, a resort to extra-legal or other radical measures is needed. To address this challenge, the article among other things, recommends the eradication of cultural practices and negative values encouraging sexual violence; stipulation of a timeframe within which cases of sexual violence must be redressed; the appointment of an independent monitoring body to ensure the implementation of constitutional provisions in that regard; judicial independence; and advocacy by both civil society organisations and the media as tools to compel the relevant authorities to fulfil their responsibility to protect victims of sexual violence. This, it is submitted, will go a long way to address the vulnerability of Nigerian women and girls faced with sexual violence by insurgent groups.
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Eteng, Mary Juachi, Macpherson Uchenna Nnam, Innocent Ahamefule Nwosu, Emmanuel Chimezie Eyisi, Jonathan Akwagiobe Ukah, and Emmanuel Chukwuebuka Orakwe. "Gender and modern-day slavery in Nigeria: A critical analysis of baby factory and terrorism." Aggression and Violent Behavior 58 (May 2021): 101549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101549.
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Mbah. "Performing Ogaranya: Kalu Ezelu Uwaoma, Male Slavery, and Freedom Politics in Southeastern Nigeria, c. 1860–1940." Journal of West African History 3, no. 1 (2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/jwestafrihist.3.1.0027.
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Whyte, Christine. "The Persistence of Slavery: An Economic History of Child Trafficking in Nigeria by Robin Phylisia Chapdelaine." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 14, no. 3 (2021): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2021.0043.
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Alter, Karen J., Laurence Helfer, and Jacqueline R. McAllister. "A New International Human Rights Court for West Africa: The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 4 (October 2013): 737–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.4.0737.
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The Community Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS Court) is an increasingly active and bold adjudicator of human rights. Since acquiring jurisdiction over human rights complaints in 2005, theECOWASCourt has issued numerous decisions condemning human rights violations by the member states of the Economic Community of West African States (Community). Among this Court’s path-breaking cases are judgments against Niger for condoning modern forms of slavery and against Nigeria for impeding the right to free basic education for all children. TheECOWASCourt also has broad access and standing rules that permit individuals and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to bypass national courts and file suits directly with the Court. Although the Court is generally careful in the proof that it requires of complainants and in the remedies that it demands of governments, it has not shied away from politically courageous decisions, such as rulings against the Gambia for the torture of journalists and against Nigeria for failing to regulate multinational companies that have degraded the environment of the oil-rich Niger Delta.
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Tambe, Ashwini. "The Moral Hierarchies of Age Standards: The UN Debates a Common Minimum Marriage Age, 1951–1962." American Historical Review 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa191.
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Abstract While the UN was still a fledgling organization in the early 1950s, it took on the question of what an appropriate minimum age for marriage should be across all its member countries. Two UN conventions—the 1956 Supplementary Convention on Slavery and the 1962 Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages—involved tense deliberations over a marriage age standard. Drawing on records of UN preparatory meetings, I show that delegates representing Britain and Portugal spearheaded an effort to frame early and forced marriage as forms of slavery, and thereby focused abolitionist attention on formerly colonized countries. The moral worth of newly independent countries came to be signaled by specifying a high chronological age for marriage rather than treating puberty as a threshold. Although there was no tidy polarization between colonizers and colonized in the deliberations, several delegates from former British colonies—especially Nigeria and India, large regional powers with aspirations to lead the budding Non-Aligned Movement—strenuously rejected the tutelary stance of the British delegates. These debates about a common marriage age reveal how, in this foundational moment of liberal internationalism, relationships of equivalence between countries were undercut by efforts to mark differences between imperial powers and newly independent countries.
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Salau, Mohammed Bashir. "RELIGION AND POLITICS IN AFRICA: THREE STUDIES ON NIGERIA." Journal of Law and Religion 35, no. 1 (April 2020): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2020.15.
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Until the second half of the twentieth century, the role of religion in Africa was profoundly neglected. There were no university centers devoted to the study of religion in Africa; there was only a handful of scholars who focused primarily on religious studies and most of them were not historians; and there were relatively few serious empirical studies on Christianity, Islam, and African traditional religions. This paucity of rigorous research began to be remedied in the 1960s and by the last decade of the twentieth century, the body of literature on religion in Africa had expanded significantly. The burgeoning research and serious coverage of the role of religion in African societies has initially drawn great impetus from university centers located in the West and in various parts of Africa that were committed to demonstrating that Africa has a rich history even before European contact. Accordingly scholars associated with such university centers have since the 1960s acquired and systematically catalogued private religious manuscripts and written numerous pan-African, regional, national, and local studies on diverse topics including spirit mediumship, witchcraft, African systems of thought, African evangelists and catechists, Mahdism, Pentecostalism, slavery, conversion, African religious diasporas and their impact on host societies, and religion and politics. Although the three works under review here deal with the role of religion in an African context, they mainly contribute to addressing three major questions in the study of religion and politics: How do Islam and other religious orientations shape public support for democracy? What is the primary cause of conflict or religious violence? What strategies should be employed to resolve such conflicts and violence?
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Crowley, Dustin. "The Planet Already Turned Black." Extrapolation: Volume 62, Issue 1 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/extr.2021.4.
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In its depiction of alien invaders colonizing human bodies in Nigeria, Tade Thompson’s Wormwood Trilogy (2016-2019) at one level enacts a second contact narrative that recapitulates Africa’s history with European imperialism and slavery. At the same time, the biotechnological instruments of this new alien invasion signal a deepened and expanded colonization, one that takes place at the scale of both the planetary and the cellular, and that threatens to ensnare and enslave the entire human population within the machinations of Empire. As human bodies and minds become more thoroughly enmeshed in the bionetworks, surveillance, data collection, augmented realities, cyborg hybridizations, and genetic transformations wrought by the aliens, the global masses all become subject to imperial desire and power. Thus, I assert, Thompson configures the connective technologies of contemporary globalization as overt tools of colonialism: the networked subjectivities of surveillance capitalism are steeped in Black experiences of slavery and the colonial gaze, metastasizing the racist logic of imperialism through the mechanisms of Empire to encompass the whole planet. Thus the Wormwood narrative posits that Black experiences are always already implied by the imperialist resonances of the science fiction genre, highlighted here as foundational for everyone else to recognize their own relationship to the technologies of global capitalism—to see that we all inhabit a planet that already turned Black.
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Nast, Heidi J. "Islam, Gender, and Slavery in West Africa Circa 1500: A Spatial Archaeology of the Kano Palace, Northern Nigeria." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86, no. 1 (March 1996): 44–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1996.tb01745.x.
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Bolaji, Stephen Dele, Sullay Jalloh, Bisi Imonitie, and Abdulai Walon-Jalloh. "Reversing the Trend of Educational Disparity in West Africa." International Journal of Learning and Development 8, no. 2 (June 23, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v8i2.13089.
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This study was an outcome of research report on closing the gap of educational disparities in two West Africa countries (Nigeria and Sierra Leone). Both countries were among the 155 countries that agreed at the World Conference on ‘Education for All’ in Jomtien (1990), to make primary education accessible to all children and to massively reduce illiteracy before the end of the decade. There has been little demonstrated success since the implementation of the UBE program over a decade ago. Findings from the analysed data collected through document analysis and interview with thirty bureaucrats in the capital Territories of the two countries revealed that more than eight million children of school age (six to 15 years) are still not in school in Nigeria (Bolaji, Campbell-Evans and Gray, 2016; NUT, 2008; UENSCO, 2006; World Bank, 2007, UBEC, 2004), and over 28% of school-aged children are out of school and those children that have dropped out of school are engaged in domestic and economic slavery in Sierra Leone(World Bank Report, 2014; UNICEF Report, 2009; 2015). Meeting the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which aim to achieve compulsory universal basic education for all children 2050, is in serious doubt in both countries because of the issue of implementation. This study advocates regional managerialism of education as alternative approach to achieving education for all in 2050.
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Adelina, Astrid, and Nadhifa Khairunissa Ishadi. "THE ACT OF ABDUCTION AND WOMEN TRAFFICKING IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT (NIAC): BOKO HARAM CASE." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v5i1.376.
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ABSTRACT
Armed conflict situations will always have real negative implications, one of them is the attack against civilians. Civilians are considered as non-combatant, they do not participate in armed conflicts, thus they should not be targeted and attacked. One of the civilian groups who have special protection is women. But, in reality, women still frequently become the main victim. In the case of non-international armed conflict between Nigeria and Boko Haram, it is found that 2000 female students were abducted. They were sexually abused such as raped, sexual slavery, forced marriage, trafficked and ordered to commit suicide bombing. Nigeria is a state party to Additional Protocol II of the 1949 Geneva Convention as well as Rome Statute 1998. Nonetheless the crimes cannot be avoided and go unpunished. This paper highlights the analysis of the crime addressed to women from the perspective of international humanitarian law and international criminal law particularly in regards to the law enforcement. Research indicates that there is impunity which causes unwillingness of Nigeria to enforce the law against Boko Haram. Hence the international mechanism through ICC can be the best option to bring justice.
Keywords: Boko Haram, International Criminal Law, International Humanitarian Law, Non-International Armed Conflict, Women.
ABSTRAK
Keadaan konflik bersenjata akan selalu memiliki implikasi negatif yang nyata, salah satunya terhadap pihak sipil. Pihak sipil disebut sebagai non-kombatan, yaitu orang-orang yang tidak berpartisipasi di dalam konflik bersenjata, yang berarti orang-orang tersebut bukanlah target dan tidak boleh diserang. Salah satu pihak yang mendapat perlindungan khusus adalah perempuan. Tetapi, pada kenyataannya perempuan masih sering menjadi korban utama. dalam konflik non-internasional antara Nigeria dan Boko Haram, ditemukan fakta 2000 pelajar perempuan diculik. Mereka mengalami berbagai kekerasan seksual seperti pemerkosaan, budak seks, kawin paksa, perdagangan manusia, dan bahkan untuk melakukan bom bunuh diri. Nigeria adalah negara pihak Protokol Tambahan II Konvensi Jenewa 1949 dan Statuta Roma 1998. Namun kejahatan-kejahatan tersebut tidak dapat terhindari dan tidak diadili. Tulisan ini menitikberatkan penegakan hukum terkait kejahatan terhadap perempuan dilihat dari perspektif hukum humaniter internasional dan hukum pidana internasional. Berdasarkan penelitian, terdapat praktek impunitas yang menunjukan ketidakmauan Nigeria untuk melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap Boko Haram sebagai pelaku kejahatan tersebut. Oleh karenanya mekanisme ICC dapat merupakan pilihan terbaik untuk menegakan keadilan.
Kata Kunci: Boko Haram, Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Hukum Pidana Internasional, Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional, Perempuan
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Gausset, Quentin. "Historical Account or Discourse on Identity? A Reexamination of Fulbe Hegemony and Autochthonous Submission in Banyo." History in Africa 25 (1998): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172182.
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Traditional accounts of the nineteenth-century Fulbe conquest in northern Cameroon tell roughly the same story: following the example of Usman Dan Fodio in Nigeria, the Fulbe of Cameroon organized in the beginning of the nineteenth century a “jihad” or a “holy war” against the local pagan populations to convert them to Islam and create an Islamic state. The divisions among the local populations and the military superiority of the Fulbe allowed them to conquer almost all northern Cameroon. They forced those who submitted to give an annual tribute of goods and servants, and they raided the other groups. In these traditional accounts the Fulbe are presented as unchallenged masters, while the local populations are depicted as slaves who were powerless over their fate; their role in the conquest of the region and in the administration of the new political order is supposed to have been insignificant.I will show that, on the contrary, in the area of Banyo the Wawa and Bute played a crucial role in the conquest of the sultanate and in its administration. I will then re-examine the cliche that all members of the local populations were the slaves of the Fulbe by distinguishing the fate of the Wawa and Bute on one side from that of the Kwanja and Mambila on the other, and by showing the importance of the Fulbe's identity in shaping the definition of slavery. Finally I will argue that, if the historical accounts found in the scientific literature invariably insist on Fulbe hegemony and minimize the role played by the local populations, it is because those accounts are often based on Fulbe traditions, and because these traditions are remodeled by the Fulbe in order to correspond to their discourse on identity.
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Daxecker, Ursula, and Brandon C. Prins. "Financing rebellion." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343316683436.
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A prominent explanation of the resource–conflict relationship suggests that natural resources finance rebellion by permitting rebel leaders the opportunity to purchase weapons, fighters, and local support. The bunkering of oil in the Niger Delta by quasi-criminal syndicates is an example of how the black-market selling of stolen oil may help finance anti-state groups. More systematic assessments have also shown that the risk and duration of conflict increases in the proximity of oil and diamond deposits. Yet despite the emphasis on rebel resource extraction in these arguments, empirical assessments rely almost exclusively on latent resource availability rather than actual resource extraction. Focusing on maritime piracy, this article argues that piracy is a funding strategy neglected in current research. Anecdotal evidence connects piracy in the Greater Gulf of Aden to arms trafficking, the drug trade, and human slavery. The revenue from attacks may find its way to Al-Shabaab. In Nigeria, increasing attacks against oil transports may signal an effort by insurgents to use the profits from piracy as an additional revenue stream to fund their campaign against the Nigerian government. The article hypothesizes that piracy incidents, that is, actual acts of looting, increase the intensity of civil conflict. Using inferential statistics and predictive assessments, our evidence from conflicts in coastal African and Southeast Asian states from 1993 to 2010 shows that maritime piracy increases conflict intensity, and that the inclusion of dynamic factors helps improve the predictive performance of empirical models of conflict events in in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts.
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Olohiomeru, Ikhioya Grace. "The Impact of Health Education in Curbing Trafficking Amongst Women in Edo State." Journal of Social Science Studies 3, no. 1 (December 4, 2015): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v3i1.8448.
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<p class="Default">Trafficking in human is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. Trafficking is carried out for different reasons, such as sexual slavery, forced labour, commercial prostitution, organ harvesting amongst others. It has become a great concern in Nigeria and Edo state in particular as a result of the notorious reputation for being one of the leading countries of Africa in human trafficking and there have been several researches carried out to phantom the propelling rationale for the increasing incidence of trafficking especially in women in Edo state. The paper examined the impact of health education in curbing women trafficking in Edo state. The writer discussed the following; what is trafficking in women, prevalence, causes, contributing factors, effects and the objectives of Health Education. It was discovered that the objective of Health Education as stated by Parmars, (2007) as informing the people, motivation of the people and guidance of the people can have positive and great impact in curbing women trafficking. Conclusions were drawn from other areas and recommendations were made.</p>
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Anderson, Richard. "Uncovering testimonies of slavery and the slave trade in missionary sources: the SHADD biographies project and the CMS and MMS archives for Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and the Gambia." Slavery & Abolition 38, no. 3 (September 22, 2016): 620–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2016.1223709.
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Taiwo, Rotimi. "The functions of English in Nigeria from the earliest times to the present day." English Today 25, no. 2 (May 26, 2009): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078409000121.
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ABSTRACTThe use of the English language in Nigeria dates back to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century when British merchants and Christian missionaries settled in the coastal towns called Badagry, near Lagos in the present day South Western Nigeria and Calabar, a town in the present day South Eastern Nigeria. The merchants initially traded in slaves until the slave trade was abolished in 1807, at which time freed slaves of Nigerian origin returned to the country. Many of them, who had been exposed to Western education and Christianity, later served as translators or interpreters for the Christian missionaries. The primary aim of the Christian mission was not to make their converts speak English; rather, it was to make them literate enough to read the bible in their indigenous languages. This must be the reason why Samuel Ajayi Crowder translated the English bible into Yoruba, the major language in South Western Nigeria.With the attainment of independence, English gradually grew to become the major medium for inter-ethnic communication. Like most African nations, the country, after independence, had to grapple with multi-ethnicity and acute multilingualism. In this article, we shall examine the expansion in the functions of English during the post-colonial period.
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OKAFOR, NNEKA IFEOMA, ANTHONY OBINNA IWUAGWU, BLESSING NGOWARI GOBO, CHRISTOPHER NDUBUISI NGWU, CHRISTY NGOZI OBI-KEGUNA, UCHE LOUISA NWATU, and FARAH NAZ RAHMAN. "Perception Of Illegal Migration And Sex Trafficking In Europe Among Younger Women Of Oredo Lga, Edo State, Nigeria: The Social Work And Ethical Considerations." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 6 (July 3, 2020): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8444.
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The movement of human populations across the planet has characterized human societies throughout history. However, the increasing rate of such movements across National borders has been in such a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country, put trafficked persons at risk and has given birth to modern day slavery. This study was therefore designed to ascertain the perception of illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe among young women in Oredo, Benin City, Nigeria. The study used a multi stage random sample of 90 women aged 18-40 years whom were interviewed using in-depth interviews (20) and Focus Group Discussions guides (7). The qualitative data generated were content analyzed and the results indicate that majority of the women perceive illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe negatively. They however would not discourage anyone who wishes to engage in the act, partly due to the socio economic benefits derived therein. Given that illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe is inimical to human and societal well-being, it therefore becomes necessary for social workers and ethical practitioners to advocate the formulation of policies and programmes focusing on ethical migration practice and women empowerment with aim to rehabilitate and reduce human sex exploitation.
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KLEIN, MARTIN A. "SLAVERY AND AFTER IN ILORIN Power Relations in Nigeria: Ilorin Slaves and their Successors. By ANN O'HEAR. Rochester NY: University of Rochester Press, 1997. Pp. xiv+338. £42.00 (ISBN 1-878822-86-1)." Journal of African History 43, no. 1 (March 2002): 149–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853702338222.
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Stewart, Barclay T., Kristin Ward Hatcher, Abhishek Sengupta, and Richard Vander Burg. "Cleft-Related Infanticide and Abandonment: A Systematic Review of the Academic and Lay Literature." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665617721919.
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Objective: We aimed to describe the scope of cleft-related infanticide and identify issues that might inform prevention strategies. Design: Systematic reviews of both academic (eg, PubMed, EBSCOhost) and lay literature (eg, LexisNexis Academic, Google) databases were performed to identify all primary reports of cleft-related infanticide. All languages were included. Records before 1985 were excluded. Reference lists of all included reports were screened for potentially relevant records. Main Outcome Measures: Country of origin and excerpts that pertained to the concepts surrounding cleft-related infanticide were extracted. Extracted excerpts were examined using a content analysis framework. Results: Of the 1,151 records retrieved, 70 reports documented cleft-related infanticide from 27 countries. The largest number of reports was from China (14 reports; 48% of reports), followed by India (4; 14%) and Nigeria (4; 14%). However, 2 countries had 3 reports, 5 countries had 2 reports, and 17 countries had 1 report. Themes that emerged from excerpt analysis included stigma, lack of affordable cleft care, abandonment, orphanage overcrowding, and abuse and slavery. Conclusions: Cleft-related infanticide is a global problem. Initiatives to sensitize communities to cleft lip and/or cleft palate, provide timely and affordable cleft care, and build support systems for affected families may prove beneficial. Cleft care organizations have the opportunity to advocate for these initiatives, reduce the incidence of infanticide by providing or supporting timely and affordable cleft care, and demonstrate that children with successful cleft repairs reassimilate well into their communities.
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Urama, Evelyn Nwachukwu, and Chukwuka Ogbu Nwachukwu. "Human trafficking: Commercial sexual exploitation and forced domestic labour in African literature." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 5, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2017-0023.
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Abstract Just like social occurrences such as human sacrifice and slavery enhanced retardation of progress in Africa in the past, trafficking is another social occurrence addressed in contemporary African literature that impedes progress and tarnishes the image of the victims. Human trafficking is rampant in Africans and some part of the world in this 21st century. This paper examines how Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo’s Trafficked (2008) and Chika Unigwe’s On Black Sisters′ Street (2009) highlight social occurrences and how they contribute to the spread of girl trafficking in Africa. It also explores how both men and women are partners in trafficking, forming trafficking networks that lure girls from Nigeria to Europe and make huge profits from their misery. These pimps use ‘juju magic’ and rituals as a threat to exert complete control over the girls and also to ensure their compliance. The trafficked girls share their life experiences by telling their tales of woes exposing the shame that accompanies the sex trade and the stigmatization they suffer in the society. Their experiences are presented by the authors to highlight the trafficked girls′ pains, misery and struggle for freedom in order to appeal to everybody in the society to fight against human trafficking. The paper also examines how these exploited and depressed trafficked girls that have lost their self-esteem can still live fulfilled lives if government agencies and nongovernmental organizations come to their rescue.
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Amiriheobu, Frank, Victor Ordua, Ekperi Watts, and Ojobah Christian. "A CRITICAL DISCOURSE OF GIRL-CHILD MARRIAGE/SLAVERY IN SELECTED NIGERIAN FILM." International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences & Strategic Management Techniques 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijirsssmt.v8.i1.10.
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Until recent past, girl-child slavery/marriage, guided by unscrupulous African culture, has posed as major practice in the Nigerian state in the 21stCentury. This cankerworm, manifesting through early marriage, money marriage, commercial sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, and other forms of abuses on the women folk, weakens women participation in economic, political, religious, and social development, thus, increases the issues of pain, suffering, sickness, and death of the people and underdevelopment to the Nigerian 5state as portrayed in Stephanie Linus Dry. Dry is a 21st century film that interrogates girl-child marriage/slavery, money marriage, discrimination, deprivation and inequality against the women. Amongst the major findings is that girl-child marriage/slavery has provided impetus for dramatic and argumentative representations by critics and dramatist over the years, yet, the menace is highly prevalent in the Nigerian state in the 21st century, mostly in the Northern regions. The study therefore aims at interrogating the cause and effects of girl-child marriage/slavery in the Nigerian state in the 21st century. To achieve this, Radical Feminism Theory and Content Analytical Methodology are used as guide. More so, the study recommends that any culture, tradition, or norm that is responsible that for girl-child marriage/slavery in the Nigerian space should be abolished for equity and development to be ascertained.
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Triaud, Jean-Louis. "PAUL E. LOVEJOY and JAN S. HOGENDORN, Slow Death to Slavery. The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936. Cambridge University Press, 1993, XVII + 391 pp. £40.00." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41, no. 1 (1998): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520982601403.
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Irving, T. B. "King Zumbi and the Male Movement in Brazil." American Journal of Islam and Society 9, no. 3 (October 1, 1992): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v9i3.2577.
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Three great regions of America deserve a Muslim's attedon because oftheir Islamic past: Brazil in South America; the Caribbean, which scarcely hasbeen explored in this tespect; and the United States. Over 12 percent of theUnited States' population, and even more in the Caribbean, is of African origin,whereas Brazil has a similar or greater proportion of African descent.The enslavement and transportation of Africans to the New World continuedfor another three or four centuries after the region's indigenous Indianpopulations had either been killed off or driven into the plains and wooc1s.While knowledge of the original African Muslims in Notth America is vaguely acknowledged, teseatch is still required on the West Indies. Brazil's case,however, is clearer due to its proud history of the Palmares republic, whichalmost achieved its freedom in the seventeenth century, and the clearly Islamicnineteenth-century Male movement. As a postscript, the Canudos movement in 1897 also contained some Islamic features.In the Spanish colonies, the decline of the indigenous Indian populationsbegan quickly. To offset this development, Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566), Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, suggested the importation of enslavedAfricans to the new colonies, whete they could then be converted to Christianity.Few persons have exercised such a baneful effect on society as thisman, who is often called the "Apostle of the Indies." However, othes knewhim as the "Enslaver of Africans," especially the Muslims, who he called"Moots." These facts of African slavery apply to almost all of the Atlanticcoast of the Americas, from Maryland and Virginia to Argentina, as well asto some countries along the Pacific coast such as Ecuador and Peru. If thisaspect of Muslim history and the Islamic heritage is to be preserved for humanhistory, we need to devote more study to it.This tragedy began in the sixteenth century and, after mote than four hundredyears, its effects are still apparent. If those Africans caught and sold intoslavery were educated, as many of them were, they were generally Muslimsand wrote in Arabic. Thus, many educated and literate slaves kept the recordsfor their sometimes illiterate plantation masters, who often could not read ormake any mathematical calculations, let alone handle formal bookkeeping.In 1532, the first permanent European settlement was established in Brazil,a country which since that date has never been wholly cut off from WestAfrica: even today trade is carried on with the Guinea coast. Yoruba influencefrom Nigeria and Benin has been almost as pervasive in some regions of ...