Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Slimani'

Dans ce mémoire nous analysons deux oeuvres littéraires : Mes mauvaises pensées de Nina Bouraoui et Le Parfum des fleurs la nuit de Leïla Slimani. Le but de l’analyse est de savoir comment une double culture franco-maghrébine peut être vécue par des femmes nées dans des familles de mariages mixtes. Ce mémoire analyse ces oeuvres à partir des théories sur les genres littéraires, roman beur et autobiographie, et les lit à travers une perspective genrée pour voir comment nos écrivaines se situent dans les sociétés. Nous avons jugé intéressant de faire la comparaison avec le roman beur, qui évoque les problèmes d’intégration des beurs en France, alors que ces écrivaines ne sont pas des Beurettes puisqu’elles ont vécu au Maghreb et en France et elles traitent des problèmes rencontrés dans les deux endroits. En plus elles ont pu maitriser parfaitement les codes dans les sociétés grâce à leurs parents et il ne devrait pas y avoir de difficultés d’intégration alors qu’elles décrivent leurs rapports avec les deux cultures comme problématiques puisqu’elles se sentent toujours comme des étrangères partout. Le but principal n’est donc pas d’inscrire les récits étudiés ici dans un genre littéraire mais de montrer que beaucoup de problèmes d’intégration sont valables dans les deux cultures et les femmes ont encore plus de problèmes pour se faire respecter si elles ne respectent pas les traditions. Nous pouvons dire que ces écrivaines mettent au défi le roman beur comme elles ne montrent pas uniquement les problèmes d’intégration des Maghrébins en France mais aussi les problèmes pour se faire accepter parmi les Maghrébins pour ceux qui ne vivent pas conformément aux coutumes. Les problèmes liés à la binarité de sexes ont un rôle central. Bouraoui et Slimani donnent dans ces oeuvres la parole aux plus opprimés dans la culture maghrébine, les femmes, les homosexuels et les personnes qui ne suivent pas les traditions en même temps qu’elles traitent les problèmes d’intégration en France. Notre conclusion est que le bagage historique et la culture mixte ont influencé leur choix de métier. Le fait de prendre la parole et d’écrire des oeuvres introspectives les a aidées dans leurs propres analyses de soi. Ces analyses avec les descriptions des milieux aident aussi le lecteur à comprendre la situation dans les sociétés et les messages des écrivaines.
In this paper two literary works are analysed: Mes mauvaises pensées by Nina Bouraoui and Le Parfum des fleurs la nuit by Leïla Slimani. The aim of the analysis is to understand how a dual French and North African culture could be experienced by women in families characterized by mixed marriages. The literary works are analysed from theories based on literary genres, “roman beur” and the notion of biography. The study is based on a gender perspective and I try to understand how the authors are experiencing the societies. Comparing with the “roman beur” is interesting, since they raise the integration issues for second generation North African immigrants in France, but the authors are not likely to be seen as second generation migrants from North Africa since they have been living in the Maghreb region and in France, they are telling stories from both places. In addition, they have perfectly mastered the codes of both societies thanks to their parents and should not experience integration issues but nevertheless they feel like strangers. The main objective is not to classify the literary genres but to create an understanding and raise the issues that both cultures are facing regarding the integration into society, focusing on how women have a hard time trying to be respected when not following traditions. The authors challenge the “roman beur” since they not only reproduce the integration problems of North African immigrants in France but also the problems of being accepted among the North African community for those who do not live according to traditions. Issues related to the binary gender roles in society play a central role. Bouraoui and Slimani give in these works voices to the most oppressed individuals in the North African culture: women, homosexuals and people who do not follow traditions at the same time as they are dealing with the integration problems in France. The conclusion is that the historical background and the mixed culture influence the choice of the authors’ profession. Speaking up and writing in an introspective way helped them in their own self-analysis. These analyses also help the reader to understand the situation in the societies and the messages of the writers.

A disponibilidade de conteúdo gerado por usuários em sites colaborativos de perguntas e respostas tem impulsionado o avanço de modelos de Question Answering (QA) baseados em reúso. Essa abordagem pode ser implementada por meio da tarefa de seleção de respostas (Answer Selection, AS), que consiste em encontrar a melhor resposta para uma dada pergunta em um conjunto pré-selecionado de respostas candidatas. Nos últimos anos, abordagens baseadas em vetores distribucionais e em redes neurais profundas, em particular em redes neurais convolutivas (CNNs), têm apresentado bons resultados na tarefa de AS. Contudo, a maioria dos modelos é avaliada sobre córpus de perguntas objetivas e bem formadas, contendo poucas palavras. Raramente estruturas textuais complexas são consideradas. Perguntas de consumidores, comuns em sites colaborativos, podem ser bastante complexas. Em geral, são representadas por múltiplas frases inter-relacionadas, que apresentam pouca objetividade, vocabulário leigo e, frequentemente, contêm informações em excesso. Essas características aumentam a dificuldade da tarefa de AS. Neste trabalho, propomos um modelo de seleção de respostas para perguntas de consumidores. São contribuições deste trabalho: (i) uma definição para o objeto de pesquisa perguntas de consumidores; (ii) um novo dataset desse tipo de pergunta, chamado MilkQA; e (iii) um modelo de seleção de respostas, chamado SlimRank. O MilkQA foi criado a partir de um arquivo de perguntas e respostas coletadas pelo serviço de atendimento de uma renomada instituição pública de pesquisa agropecuária (Embrapa). Anotadores guiados pela definição de perguntas de consumidores proposta neste trabalho selecionaram 2,6 mil pares de perguntas e respostas contidas nesse arquivo. A análise dessas perguntas levou ao desenvolvimento do modelo SlimRank, que combina representação de textos na forma de grafos semânticos com arquiteturas de CNNs. O SlimRank foi avaliado no dataset MilkQA e comparado com baselines e dois modelos do estado da arte. Os resultados alcançados pelo SlimRank foram bastante superiores aos resultados dos baselines, e compatíveis com resultados de modelos do estado da arte; porém, com uma significativa redução do tempo computacional. Acreditamos que a representação de textos na forma de grafos semânticos combinada com CNNs seja uma abordagem promissora para o tratamento dos desafios impostos pelas características singulares das perguntas de consumidores.
The increasing availability of user-generated content in community Q&A sites has led to the advancement of Question Answering (QA) models that relies on reuse. Such approach can be implemented by the task of Answer Selection (AS), which consists in finding the best answer for a given question in a pre-selected pool candidate answers. Recently, good results have been achieved by AS models based on distributed word vectors and deep neural networks that are used to rank answers for a given question. Convolutinal Neural Networks (CNNs) are particularly succesful in this task. Most of the AS models are built over datasets that contains only short and objective questions expressed as interrogative sentences containing few words. Complex text structures are rarely considered. However, consumer questions may be really complex. This kind of question is the main form of seeking information in community Q&A sites, forums and customer services. Consumer questions have characteristics that increase the difficulty of the answer selection task. In general, they are composed of multiple interrelated sentences that are usually subjective, and contains laymans terms and excess of details that may be not particulary relevant. In this work, we propose an answer selection model for consumer questions. Specifically the contributions of this work are: (i) a definition for the consumer questions research object; (ii) a new dataset of this kind of question, which we call MilkQA; and (iii) an answer selection model, named SlimRank. MilkQA was created from an archive of questions and answers collected by the customer service of a well-known public agricultural research institution (Embrapa). It contains 2.6 thousand question-answer pairs selected and anonymized by human annotators guided by the definition proposed in this work. The analysis of questions in MilkQA led to the development of SlimRank, which combines semantic textual graphs with CNN architectures. SlimRank was evaluated on MilkQA and compared to baselines and two state-of-the-art answer selection models. The results achieved by our model were much higher than the baselines and comparable to the state of the art, but with significant reduction of computational time. Our results suggest that combining semantic text graphs with convolutional neural networks are a promising approach for dealing with the challenges imposed by consumer questions unique characteristics.

This thesis argues that the assumption that there is no tradition of theatre or the performing arts in general in the Arab World because Islam does not allow figurative arts is not well founded. It shows how and why new theatrical trends have emerged in the Arab World and have become successful. Thus, the study starts with Chapter One - 'The Arab World And Theatical Tradition' - which is a general survey of Arab theatre including aspects of performance arts throughout history. This is followed by a survey of the emergence and development of modern Algerian theatre in which the factors behind this emergence and the success of the three trends described in this study are analysed. These are illustrated through three plays by three major contemporary playwrights in three similar sections each including a biography of the author with particular emphasis on his theatre career and his views on theatre in Algeria and an annotated translation of a selected play followed by a commentary. A major concern of this work has been to make available through original translations important plays from the contemporary Algerian theatre that have not previously been published. Chapter Two deals with Kateb Yacine and includes three parts: a) The life of Kateb Yacine - b) An annotated translation of Falistin Maghdura (Palestine Betrayed). - c) A commentary on the play. Chapter Three deals with Abdelkader Alloula and includes a) The life of the playwright - b) An annotated translation of Al-Ajwad (The Story of The Generous People - c) A commentary on the play. Chapter Four deals with Slimane Benaissa and includes: a) The life of the playwright - b) An annotated translation of Bu-lam zid Al-Guddam (Carry on Bu-lam- c) A commentary on the play. The thesis closes with concluding observations.

Thèse de doctorat : Géochimie de l'environnement : Strasbourg 1 : 2008. Thèse de doctorat : Géochimie de l'environnement : Tunis, Tunisie : 2008.
Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 134-141.

L'hydrogeologie du sahel de mohammedia-ben-slimane est etudiee a partir des caracteristiques hydrodynamiques et de l'hydrochimie des eaux de la nappe pheatique. La nappe est heterogene. Sur les 435 mm de pluie annuelles, seulement 1 pour cent assure l'alimentation. Son ecoulement s'effectue en general vers la mer et vers la vallee de l'oued mellah ou on a mis en evidence des anomalies locales traduisant les pompages intensifs. On etudie la composition chimique des eaux de la nappe en 1972, mais aussi celle de 1990. On montre a travers les analyses comparatives que le teneur en sels solubles a augmente entre 1972 et 1990. Cette evolution spatio-temporelle de la mineralisation des eaux est liee a un avancement du biseau sale dans la zone proche de la mer, aux effets de l'evaporation sur les eaux d'irrigation et sur les eaux de la nappe proche de la surface, a une remontee capillaire des sels soluble, a un echange ionique eau-substrat, a une utiliszation des eaux de l'oued mellah et a une dissolution et infiltration du seil gemme stocke dans la mine de mohammedia. On montre que les retombees atmospheriques dissoutes et particulaires constituent une nouvelle source de sels sollubles et insolubles au niveau des sols et des eaux de la nappe
The sahelien hydrogeology of mohammedia-ben slimane was studies from the hydrodynamic characteristics and hydrochemistry of the water table. The water table is hererogenous of 435 mm of annuel precipita tion, only 1 "percent" charges it. The flav is generally towards the sea and towards the oues mellah valley where one finds local anomalies caused by intensive pumping. Studis the chemical composition of the water table in 1972, but abo in 1990. The display through a comparative analysis that the content of soluble salts which was augmented between 1972 and 1990. This spatio-temporal evolution of the mineralisation of the water is tied to an advancement of the saline wedge in the coastat zone, with the effects of evaporation of irrigation water and groundwater close to the surface, to a capillary rising of soluble salts having a water substrate ionic exchange, to utilisa tion of the waters of oued mellah and to a dissolution and infiltration of rock salts stored in the mine at mohammedia. It schows that the salt changed rainfall and falling particles constitutes a new sourche of soluble and insoluble salts

La lagune El Meleh est une lagune côtière qui s’ouvre sur le golfe de Tunis. Elle présente de nombreuses potentialités biologiques et écologiques. Cependant les divers rejets liés aux activités anthropiques viennent s’ajouter à la fragilité naturelle de l’écosystème pour aggraver sa dégradation. Ce travail a pour but d’identifier les impacts anthropiques sur les eaux et les sédiments et sur des compartiments non étudiés jusqu’à présent : les eaux interstitielles, les matières en suspension et les argiles. Il a permis de confirmer par les études géochimiques et statistiques ce qui était suspecté car tellement visible sur le terrain : Une contamination en éléments métalliques de l’ensemble de la lagune et en particulier de la zone Sud Ouest. Les principales sources de la pollution sont les effluents de la station d’épuration, les effluents industriels drainés par l’oued El Bey qui sont rejetés depuis des années dans la lagune ainsi que les activités agricoles, pratiquées au Sud et à l’Est de la lagune. Les sédiments présentent une contamination par Ni et Zn. L’étude de la contamination par le calcul du facteur d’enrichissement a permis de révéler d’autres éléments polluants tels que Cu ainsi que d’autres sites contaminés tels que la passe. Cu et Ni sont les plus enrichis au niveau des sédiments carottés. Zn et Ni présentent les plus fortes teneurs dans la MES de la lagune El Meleh. Les eaux interstitielles présentent des teneurs élevées pour le Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, et As par rapport aux eaux de surface. L’étude de la mobilisation des métaux lourds a montré que l’élément le plus contaminant est : As ; Cr et Zn viennent en second ordre, puis Ni et enfin Cu
The lagoon El Meleh is a coastal lagoon opening on the golf of Tunis. It has a very significant ecological and biological value. However effluents poured in the lagoon in relation with anthropogenic activities contribute to a gradual degeneration of the site. The aim of this work is to identify anthropogenic impacts on waters and sediments also on compartments non studied before: interstitial waters, suspended matters and clay. Statistical and geochemical studies confirm what was suspected and clear on the site: a heavy metals contamination of the lagoon and especially of the South western zone. The main sources of pollution are purification station effluents, industrial wastes carried by the oued El Bey which were rejected on the lagoon for many years and agricultural activities practiced in the South and East of the lagoon. Sediments are contaminated with Ni and Zn. Contamination factor proves that Cu is also polluting and the pass is contaminated too. Cu and Ni are enriched in deep sediments. Zn and Ni present high values in the suspended matters of the lagoon. Interstitial waters present high values for Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr and As compared to surface waters. Study of heavy metals mobilisation proved that the most contaminating element is As, than Cr and Zn, than Ni and finally Cu

This dissertation presents new evidence about Anglo-Moroccan relations in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with particular reference to the development of the links between the Gharb region of Morocco and Gibraltar and the establishment of the Moroccan consulate there. This evidence is used to re-evaluate prevailing arguments about Moroccan isolationism, especially during the reign of Mawlay Sulaymān (r. 1792-1822), linking this to the nature of the Moroccan sultanate's foreign and trade policy over the longer term. It is argued that the Sīdī Muḥammad b. 'Abd Allāh's (r. 1757-90) well-known 'opening up' of the country should be seen not just as a response to European expansion, but also as a continuation of the sultanate's historical development as a state based partly on the control of trade. It is further argued that Mawlay Sulaymān and his successor Mawlay 'Abd al-Raḥmān (r. 1822-59) essentially followed Sīdī Muḥammad's policy. With reference to this context, the dissertation analyses the development of the Moroccan consulate in Gibraltar, including re-dating its initial establishment. The example of the consulate is also applied to reconsidering dominant assumptions about the role of religious discourse in limiting Morocco's contact with the outside world by assessing the wider social and economic context in which it operated, specifically the growth of trade between Gibraltar and the Gharb and the related development of a group of both Jewish and Muslim Moroccan merchants who partly conducted it. The dissertation finally assesses the political importance of these trade links and commercial interests, and how they influenced the operation of power and authority in the Gharb. The overall case is presented in the context of a critique of civilisational or culturalist approaches to the study of reactions to European expansion and modernity that prioritise cultural difference between Western and, in this case, Muslim societies. It is argued that the Straits of Gibraltar - a ubiquitous symbol of the supposed dividing line between different civilisations - actually illustrate the importance of the interaction between different societies for accurately understanding their development and the agency of actors on both sides.

The first part of my thesis is focused on observation of the leaf damage by invertebrate herbivores during season. I examined how the selected traits affect the palatability of plant species. In the next project, I investigated the effect of herbivory and gaps on seedling establishment. And finally, in the last part, I studied the effect of herbivory of terrestrial gastropods on competitive relationships among selected species.