Relevant bibliographies by topics / Slope environment

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Slope environment'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Slope environment"

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Lamb, Bernard C., Muhammad Saleem, William Scott, Nina Thapa, and Eviatar Nevo. "Inherited and Environmentally Induced Differences in Mutation Frequencies Between Wild Strains of Sordaria fimicola From “Evolution Canyon”." Genetics 149, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.1.87.

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Abstract We have studied whether there is natural genetic variation for mutation frequencies, and whether any such variation is environment-related. Mutation frequencies differed significantly between wild strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola isolated from a harsher or a milder microscale environment in “Evolution Canyon,” Israel. Strains from the harsher, drier, south-facing slope had higher frequencies of new spontaneous mutations and of accumulated mutations than strains from the milder, lusher, north-facing slope. Collective total mutation frequencies over many loci for ascospore pigmentation were 2.3, 3.5 and 4.4% for three strains from the south-facing slope, and 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.3% for five strains from the north-facing slope. Some of this between-slope difference was inherited through two generations of selfing, with average spontaneous mutation frequencies of 1.9% for south-facing slope strains and 0.8% for north-facing slope strains. The remainder was caused by different frequencies of mutations arising in the original environments. There was also significant heritable genetic variation in mutation frequencies within slopes. Similar between-slope differences were found for ascospore germination-resistance to acriflavine, with much higher frequencies in strains from the south-facing slope. Such inherited variation provides a basis for natural selection for optimum mutation rates in each environment.
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Deng, Hua Feng, Yu Wang, Min Zhu, and Jing Guo. "Excavation Type Optimization of High Cutting Slope at Reservoir Bank." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2486.

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Because our country is a mountainous country, in engineering construction process, inevitably involve a lot of high cutting slopes. Summarized the relevant research achievements of predecessors, we put forward the type optimization scheme based on the current problems of smaller longitudinal slope degrees at bottom interface of high cutting slopes. Setting some slower longitudinal slope degrees at the bottom interface of high cutting slopes, which will reduce excavation volume to a certain degree, thus reduce energy consumption, reduce the influence of excavation on the surrounding environment, and reduce relevant expenses to restore the slope environment. After setting some slower longitudinal slope degrees, the slope toe drainage will be more unobstructed, the slope height will be reduced, and the slope will be more stable, thus reduce the work amount of slope retaining. For each year, thousands of kilometers mountainous highway will be built, bottom interface type optimization of high cutting slopes will have very big economic value. Therefore, which is worth to recommend in construction and designing of high cutting slopes.
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Chen, Chongjuan, Yufu Jia, Yuzhen Chen, Imran Mehmood, Yunting Fang, and Guoan Wang. "Nitrogen isotopic composition of plants and soil in an arid mountainous terrain: south slope versus north slope." Biogeosciences 15, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-369-2018.

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Abstract. Nitrogen cycling is tightly associated with environment. The south slope of a given mountain could significantly differ from north slope in environment. Thus, N cycling should also be different between the two slopes. Since leaf δ15N, soil δ15N and Δδ15Nleaf-soil (Δδ15Nleaf-soil = leaf δ15N − soil δ15N) could reflect the N cycling characteristics, we put forward a hypothesis that leaf δ15N, soil δ15N and Δδ15Nleaf-soil should differ between the two slopes. However, such a comparative study between two slopes has never been conducted. In addition, environmental effects on leaf and soil δ15N derived from studies at global scale were often found to be different from those on a regional scale. This led to our argument that environmental effects on leaf and soil δ15N could depend on local environment. To confirm our hypothesis and argument, we measured leaf and soil δ15N on the south and north slopes of Tian Shan. Remarkable environmental differences between the two slopes provided an ideal opportunity for our test. The study showed that leaf δ15N, soil δ15N and δ15Nleaf-soil on the south slope were greater than those on the north slope, although the difference in soil δ15N was not significant. The result confirmed our hypothesis and suggested that the south slope has higher soil N transformation rates and soil N availability than the north slope. In addition, in this study it was observed that the significant influential factors of leaf δ15N were temperature, precipitation, leaf N, leaf C ∕ N, soil moisture and silt ∕ clay ratio on the north slope, whereas on the south slope only leaf C ∕ N was related to leaf δ15N. The significant influential factors of soil δ15N were temperature, precipitation, soil moisture and silt ∕ clay ratio on the north slope, whereas on the south slope, mean annual precipitation and soil moisture exerted significant effects. Precipitation exerted contrary effects on soil δ15N between the two slopes. Thus, this study supported our argument that the relationships between leaf and soil δ15N and environmental factors are localized.
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Blenkinsop, Glen M., Ying Liang, Nicholas J. Gallimore, and Michael J. Hiley. "The Effect of Uphill and Downhill Slopes on Weight Transfer, Alignment, and Shot Outcome in Golf." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2017-0310.

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The aim of the study was to examine changes in weight transfer, alignment, and shot outcome during golf shots from flat, uphill, and downhill slopes. Twelve elite male golfers hit 30 shots with a 6-iron from a computer-assisted rehabilitation environment used to create 5° slopes while collecting 3-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of the swing. A launch monitor measured performance outcomes. A shift in the center of pressure was found throughout the swing when performed on a slope, with the mean position moving approximately 9% closer to the lower foot. The golfers attempted to remain perpendicular to the slope, resulting in weight transfer toward the lower foot. The golfers adopted a wider stance in the sloped conditions and moved the ball toward the higher foot at address. Ball speed was not significantly affected by the slope, but launch angle and ball spin were. As the coaching literature predicted, golfers were more likely to hit shots to the left from an uphill slope and to the right from a downhill slope. No consistent compensatory adjustments in alignment at address or azimuth were found, with the change in final shot dispersion resulting from the lateral spin of the ball.
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Bourli, Nicolina, George Iliopoulos, Penelope Papadopoulou, and Avraam Zelilidis. "Microfacies and Depositional Conditions of Jurassic to Eocene Carbonates: Implication on Ionian Basin Evolution." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070288.

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In order to decipher the paleo-depositional environments, during the Late Jurassic to Early Eocene syn-rift stage, at the margins of the Ionian basin, two different areas with exposed long sequences have been selected, Kastos Island (external margin) and Araxos peninsula (internal margin), and were examined by means of microfacies analysis and biostratigraphy. On Kastos Island, based on lithological and sedimentological features, the following depositional environments have been recognized: an open marine/restricted environment prevailed during the Early Jurassic (“Pantokrator” limestones), changing upwards into deep-sea and slope environments during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous (Vigla limestones). The Upper Cretaceous (Senonian limestones) is characterized by a slope environment, whereas during the Paleogene, deep-sea and toe of slope conditions prevailed. In Araxos peninsula, Lower Cretaceous deposits (“Vigla” limestones) were accumulated in a deep-sea environment; Upper Cretaceous ones (Senonian limestones) were deposited in slope or toe of slope conditions. Paleocene limestones correspond to a deep-sea environment. In Araxos peninsula, changes occurred during the Cretaceous, whereas on Kastos Island, they occurred during the Paleocene/Eocene, related to different stages of tectonic activity in the Ionian basin from east to west.
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JI, Xiao-Lei, and Ping YANG. "The effect of bermuda grass root morphology on the displacement of slope." MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927503004.

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During recent years, with the drastic development of highway, lots of slopes are produced which cause the increase of geological disasters including soil erosion on the slope and shallow sliding surface, it makes significant impact on the ecological environment. Adopting ecological protection technique of plant slope protection not only can prevent geological disasters, but also benefit the protection of ecological environment. In the paper, bermuda grass, as one kind of ordinary slope protection plants, was chosen as specimen, and the root-soil composite was regarded as organic system which consists of soil and root system; the effect of root morphology on displacement of slope surface under the function of rain erosion and slope runoff erosion was studied and analyzed by using nonlinearity finite calculation method. The result indicates Bermuda grass root system can defense the rain erosion of slope surface soil, restrain the soil displacement and prevent water and soil erosion of slope.
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Cornard, Pauline H., and Kevin T. Pickering. "Supercritical-flow Deposits and Their Distribution in a Submarine Channel System, Middle Eocene, Ainsa Basin, Spanish Pyrenees." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 576–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.34.

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Abstract Studies of supercritical-flow deposits (SFDs) and their spatial distribution in ancient deep-water systems should provide an additional tool to improve the understanding of the flow dynamics during deposition and the architecture of sandbodies. Outcrop recognition of SFDs in ancient deep-marine environments remains poorly documented, although their study dates back to the 1970s. This paper focusses on the criteria for recognizing SFDs and their distribution in three selected depositional environments from an ancient mid-lower slope to a proximal-basin floor setting in the middle Eocene Ainsa Basin, Spanish Pyrenees. From field observations, six facies associations interpreted as related to supercritical flow are defined. These facies associations are grouped in two categories. The first group includes facies associations related to erosional coarse-grained supercritical-flow bedforms related to meter and centimeter-scale scours and backfilling structures interpreted as large-scale cyclic steps or small-scale cyclic steps, respectively. Erosional coarse-grained supercritical bedforms are observed mainly in relatively high-gradient slopes and relatively confined settings. The second group of facies associations are related to depositional fine-grained supercritical-flow bedforms associated with upflow-dipping sandstone lenses, upflow-stacked wavy bedforms, upflow-stacked sigmoidal bedforms, and plane beds, interpreted as unstable and stable antidunes and upper-flow-regime plane beds. Depositional fine-grained supercritical-flow bedforms are observed mainly in relatively unconfined settings such as lower-slope, break-of-slope and proximal basin-floor environments. Two main SFD trends were observed in the Ainsa Basin in: (i) an axial-lateral direction, showing a decrease in SFDs from channel axis to channel margin, and (ii) a longitudinal proximal–distal direction, showing an increase in SFDs from the Gerbe System (mid-slope environment), to the Banastón System (proximal basin-floor environment), to the Ainsa System (lower-slope environment). From this study, two parameters are recognized as likely playing an important role on whether a flow is under supercritical or subcritical conditions: (i) confinement of the sandbodies, and (ii) slope gradient.
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Jia, Chunfeng, Baoping Sun, Xinxiao Yu, and Xiaohui Yang. "Analysis of Runoff and Sediment Losses from a Sloped Roadbed under Variable Rainfall Intensities and Vegetation Conditions." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 8, 2020): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052077.

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Vegetation plays an important role in reducing soil erosion. By exploring the allocation and coverage of different types of vegetation, we can improve management practices that can significantly reduce soil erosion. In this experiment, we study runoff and sediment losses on a shrub-grass planted, grass planted, and bare slope under different rainfall intensities. Results showed that the runoff generation time for the three subgrade types decreased as rainfall intensity increased (p < 0.05). The slopes planted with either grass or shrub-grass were able to effectively delay runoff generation. As rainfall intensity increased, the runoff amount increased for all treatments, with runoff in the bare slope increasing the most. The runoff reduction rate from the shrub-grass slope ranged from 54.20% to 63.68%, while the reduction rate from the slope only planted with grass ranged from 38.59% to 55.37%. The sediment yield from the bare slope increased from 662.66 g/m2 (15 mm/h) to 2002.95 g/m2 (82 mm/h) with increasing rainfall intensity in the plot. When compared with the bare slope, both the shrub-grass and planted grass slopes were able to retain an additional 0.9 g/m2 to 4.9 g/m2 of sediment, respectively. An accurate relationship between rainfall intensity, sloped vegetation types, and runoff reduction rate was obtained by regression analysis and validated. These results can provide a reference for improving soil and water conservation via improved vegetation allocation on a sloped roadbed.
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Nakaya, Junko, Kazunari Sako, Shunsuke Mitsutani, and Ryoichi Fukagawa. "Hydrological Environment in Subsurface Steep Slope - Groundwater Flow Passageway on Slope Behind Kiyomizudera -." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0080.

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The hydrological environment must be understood before water flow can be adequately controlled to prevent slope failure without impacting unduly on the hydrological mountain slope environment. We conducted field studies to determine current sites and measurement of ground temperature 1 meter deep to clarify groundwater flow passageways on the slope behind the cultural heritage temple Kiyomizudera in Kyoto. Results showed anomalous temperature 1 meter deep bands on the slope and several springs that are extensions of these bands. Several of these bands coincide with terrain deformations such as gullies and slope failure scars indicating the probability of relationships between groundwater flow and topological deformation.
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Xiaoli, Guo, Yan Jiancheng, Li Xueliang, Wen Xin, and Li Xingli. "Study on shaping slope stability of dump in eastern grassland open-pit mine." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 04043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019404043.

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The dumps in the open-pit mining area in the eastern grassland are prone to landslides due to the fragile ecological environment, so it is inevitable to reshape the dump slopes. In order to explore a more scientific method for slope shaping of open-pit mine dump, slope stability analysis were used to compare effect of three types of slope-type (wave-shaped, slope-shaped and step-shaped slope shaping method)in outside dumping site of Baori Hiller open-pit mine. The results show that the slope stability is negatively correlated with the slope angle, and the stability of different shaping slopes is realized as wave-shaped slope (F=2.711)> Slope-shaped slope(F=2.513)>Step-shaped slope(F=1.047), in which the wave type and slope type are all within the safe range, but the step type slope is unstable; in consideration of cost, stability and erosion resistance, it is better to set the slope angle of the dump to 15°.The wave-shaped shaping method of the natural dumping of the excavation field outside the Baori Hiller open-pit mine has the best effect and is worth promoting.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slope environment"

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Ratigan, Ashley. "Paleoenvironmental analysis of Cretaceous mudstones at Slope Mountain, Alaska using carbon stable isotopes." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1463567305.

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Miller, Andrew J. "Human-Induced Geomorphology?: Modeling Slope Failure in Dominical, Costa Rica Using Landsat Imagery." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1274194885.

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Sinitski, Emily H. "Transtibial Amputee and Able-bodied Walking Strategies for Maintaining Stable Gait in a Multi-terrain Virtual Environment." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31515.

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The CAREN-Extended system is a fully immersive virtual environment (VE) that can provide stability-challenging scenarios in a safe, controlled manner. Understanding gait biomechanics when stability is challenged is required when developing quantifiable metrics for rehabilitation assessment. The first objective of this thesis was to examine the VE’s technical aspects to ensure data validity and to design a stability-challenging VE scenario. The second and third objectives examined walking speed changes and kinematic strategies when stability was challenged for able-bodied and unilateral transtibial amputees. The results from this thesis demonstrated: 1) understanding VE operating characteristics are important to ensure data validity and to effectively design virtual scenarios; 2) self-paced treadmill mode for VEs with multiple movement scenarios may elicit more natural gait; 3) gait variability and trunk motion measures are useful when quantitatively assessing stability performance for people with transtibial amputations.
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Pierret, Benoît. "Le fauteuil roulant chez le blessé médullaire, facteur déterminant de l'insertion sociale. État des lieux et effets de la locomotion en dévers sur les astreintes physiologiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0216/document.

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Introduction. Les capacités et les possibilités de déplacement en fauteuil roulant manuel (FRM) sont déterminantes pour l'intégration sociale et professionnelle des usagers. Objectifs. Approfondir la connaissance des contraintes de déplacement en FRM à travers 2 études. La 1ère pour identifier les habitudes et préciser les difficultés des usagers ; la 2nde, induite par les résultats de la 1ère, pour évaluer les effets du dévers, encore méconnus, sur les astreintes cardiaques, énergétiques, musculaires et subjectives. Méthodes. La 1ère étude a été menée par questionnaire complété par 118 sujets paraplégiques en FRM. La 2nde étude, en laboratoire avec 25 hommes paraplégiques, comporte 2 tests : un test d?effort sur ergocycle à bras et un test de propulsion de 300 m et 8 conditions combinant 4 dévers (0, 2, 8 et 12 %) et 2 vitesses (0,97 m.s-1 et une vitesse choisie "de confort"). Résultats. La 1ère étude révèle un environnement peu adapté, avec des moyens de transport et des bâtiments souvent inaccessibles sans aide, et des gènes limitant les sorties des usagers parmi lesquelles figure le dévers. La 2nde étude indique des astreintes cardiaques, énergétiques et musculaires significativement modifiées par le dévers et par la vitesse (p < 0,01). L'astreinte subjective n'est pas modifiée par la vitesse. Des différences entre 0 et 2 % sont faibles mais existent. Un dévers de 12 % est difficilement réalisable. Les équilibres des activités musculaires changent dès 2 % de dévers. Le niveau lésionnel modifie de façon très importante les stratégies de déplacements et les niveaux d'astreintes mesurées ou perçues. Discussion-Conclusion. Les effets du dévers sont perceptibles dès 2 % et sont nets et délétères à 8 %. Ce travail permet de proposer de façon plus argumentée un modèle d'astreintes qui conforte le seuil de dévers fixé réglementairement à 2 % permettant à la grande majorité des usagers de FRM de se déplacer de façon autonome et de rester actifs
Introduction. Displacement capacities and possibilities in manual wheelchair (MWC) are strong determinants of social and occupational integration of MWC users. Objectives. Improve the knowledge of the strains involved by displacement in MWC through 2 studies; the first one to identify habits and difficulties of MWC users. The second one, induced by the results of the first one, has assessed the poorly known cardiac, energetic, muscular and subjective strains of the displacement of MWC users on a cross slope. Methods. The first study was a survey answered by 118 paraplegics habitual MWC users. The second one, a laboratory study conducted with 25 paraplegic men, includes 2 tests: a sub maximal arm-cranking test and a 300 m propulsion test with 8 conditions combining 4 cross slopes (0, 2, 8 et 12%) and 2 velocities (0,97 m.s-1 and a "comfortable" chosen one). Results. The first study shows an adverse environment, with many places unreachable without help and disturbances, like cross slope, which hinders users' displacements. The second study demonstrates the increases of cardiac, energetic, muscular and subjective strains with cross slope. Differencies between 0 and 2% cross slopes are low but quantified. Displacement on a 12% cross slope is very difficult. The balance of muscles activities is changing at 2% cross slope. The injury level makes deep changes in the displacements strategies and in as well perceived as measured strain levels. Discussion-Conclusion. Effects of cross slope are perceived for as low as 2% and onwards values. They are high and deleterious at 8%. This work allows to construct a model of cross slope strains which confirms that the regulatory 2% cross slope limit is well chosen because it allows most MWC users to move without help and remain active
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Figueiredo, Augusto Cesar de. "Análise e aplicação da IPA-08 do DNIT visando o controle dos processos de instabilização em taludes de corte rodoviários : o caso da duplicação da rodovia BR-163/364/MT." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2015. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/237.

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As rodovias constituem importante instrumento para o desenvolvimento do Estado do Mato Grosso, sendo o modal mais utilizado para efetuar a logística de escoamento da produção bem como efetua a interligação entre os municípios. O crescimento do Estado de Mato Grosso acima da média nacional gerou a necessidade de uma grande demanda por infraestrutura, e em especial, por adequações e melhorias no sistema viário. Atualmente, o Governo tenta minimizar esta conjuntura através da execução de várias obras rodoviárias a fim de melhorar a trafegabilidade e consequentemente estruturar a sua logística do transporte. Paralelamente, esta escolha pelo transporte rodoviário acarreta impactos ambientais significativos embora a Engenharia Rodoviária tenha avançado no que diz respeito a tecnologia de construção e o conceito de preservação ambiental. A maioria das obras rodoviárias, durante a sua fase executiva, não possuem um rigor e uma metodologia apropriada para minimizar e controlar os impactos gerados principalmente aos processos ligados à dinâmica superificial e em especial as instabilizações dos taludes provenientes dos cortes. Os Estudos acerca dos EIA/RIMA previstos no Artigo 10 da Lei 6.938/81 da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente objetivando o Licenciamento Ambiental são extremamente abrangentes e genéricos e não se constituem como ferramenta adequada para o correto monitoramento ambiental dos processos do meio físico durante o processo executivo destas rodovias. Diante desta realidade, este trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo subsidiar procedimentos metodológicos com o intuito de analisar e aplicar a Instrução de Proteção Ambiental (IPA-08), a fim de servir de ferramenta técnica para a avaliação dos impactos ambientais nos taludes de corte presentes na rodovia em execução e provocados pelas modificações no meio físico e em particular nos processos da dinâmica superficial, gerados na área de influência direta (AID). Para tanto, adotou-se como área de estudo um segmento pertencente a duplicação da rodovia BR-163/364/MT - Rosário Oeste ao Posto Gil com o intuito de acompanhar e inspecionar os impactos na área delimitada objetivando avaliar o desempenho do trecho rodoviário em estudo. Nesse trabalho foram apresentados como resultados a delimitação da área de estudo, sua compartimentação e caraterização geotécnica, a caraterização e apresentação das instabilizações nos taludes de corte assim como uma análise e proposta de aplicação da IPA-08 como forma de controle preventivo e corretivo.
The highways are an important tool for the development of the State of Mato Grosso, the most widely used modal to make the production flow logistics and makes the interconnection between the municipalities. The growth of the State of Mato Grosso above the national average generated the need for a large demand for infrastructure, and in particular for adjustments and improvements in the road system. Currently, the Government tries to minimize this situation through implementation of various road works to improve the trafficability and consequently structure their transport logistics. In parallel, this choice by road transport entails significant environmental impacts although the Road Engineering has advanced with regard to construction technology and the concept of environmental preservation. Most road works during their execution phase, not of a rigor and an appropriate methodology to minimize and control the impacts generated primarily to surface water resources ephemeral, intermittent and perennial directly influenced by the construction. Studies on the EIA / RIMA provided for in Article 10 of Law 6938/81 of the National Environmental Policy aiming Environmental Licensing are extremely comprehensive and generic and does not constitute as a proper tool for the proper environmental monitoring of surface water resources during executive these highway. Given this reality, this research has the objective to subsidize methodological procedures in order to anlyze and apply the Instruction of Environmental Protection (IPA-08) in order to serveas a technical tool for the evaluation of environmental impacts on cutting slopes present on the road in construction and caused by changes in the physical environment and in particular in the processes of dynamic surface, generated in the area of direct influence (AID). Therefore, it was adopted as the study area belonging to a segment duplication of BR-163/364 / MT - Rosario Oeste Posto Gil for the purpose of monitor and inspect the area bounded on the impacts to evaluate the performance of the road stretch in study. In this work results are presented as the delimitation of the study area, its subdivision and geotechnical characterization, the characterization and presentation of instability in cutting slopes as well as an analysis and proposed application of the IPA-08 as a form of preventive and corrective control.
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Campbell, Elaine. "The sedimentology of lower-slope clastic successions in deep-water environments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440059.

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Interest has been stimulated by discovery of hydrocarbons in turbiditic sandstones interpreted as submarine slope deposits. The aim of this study is to test models of slope development, and to document the variety of gravity flow processes and products within deep-water lower-slope regions. This has involved a comprehensive sedimentological study of the geometry, facies distribution and spatial and temporal variation of internal architectural elements within deep-water clastic successions from three study areas. The Maras Foreland Basin (Miocene) contains an exhumed deep-water slope succession. Two laterally equivalent intervals highlight the complex lateral facies transitions that occur in lower-slope regions. The Macduff Slate Formation (Cambrian/Ordovician) was deposited in a deep-water passive margin environment and contains associated glacial deposits. Following deposition the sediments experienced several phases of regional metamorphism and associated deformation. A detailed structural and sedimentological study of several laterally equivalent intervals determined that the sediments were deposited in a sinuous, aggradational channel system with associated levee-overbank elements. Six age-equivalent cored reservoir intervals, offshore Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa (Cretaceous) were deposited on a submarine slope during late syn-rift extension. A comprehensive sedimentological study complimented by petrophysical and seismic data determined that deposition occurred within a series of stepped mini-basins or tilted fault blocks. There is evidence that the basins did not fill uniformly and that fault activity during sedimentation controlled sediment distribution patterns across faults, intervening transfer zones and within fault blocks. The three study areas differ in age, basin type, grain-size range and the interpreted length and geometry of the shelf-to-slope profile, but contain comparable facies associations linked to depositional architectural elements predicted by models of lower-slope successions.
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Armitage, Dominic Anthony. "High-resolution architectural evolution of depositional elements in deep-marine slope environments : the quaternary Niger delta slope, quaternary southwest grand banks slope, Canada, and Cretaceous Tres pasos formation, Chile /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Hansson, Lina. "Upper slope sedimentation environments in the Gaoping river-sea system of SW Taiwan." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90906.

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The Gaoping Slope, off the south west coast of Taiwan, is a tectonically active sedimentation environment attaining most of its sediment from the Gaoping River. This study examines sediment cores from two localities at 375 m and 495 m water depth by using X-radiography, Grain size- and 210Pb analysis, with the purpose of comparing the sedimentation environment at the two sites and examine how they were both affected by high sediment delivery during typhoon Morakot.The shallow site has coarse bioturbated sediment, whereas the deeper site had laminated fine sediment containing high amounts of organic material. Both localities display a 13-20 cm thick recently deposited layer in the cores taken after typhoon Morakot. The layers are characterized by coarsening-fining sequences. All cores show cyclicity in the grain size data.We suggest that the shallow station has a more energetic environment, affected by wave reworking, tides, and alongshore currents supplying riverine material from the Gaoping river. The deep site has a calmer sedimentation environment dominated by hemipelagic settling of suspended material. The recent accumulated deposits are most likely hyperpycnites from density driven hyperpycnal flows, originally caused by canyon overflows in the Gaoping- and the Kaohsiung canyon during the typhoon. The strata found at the Gaoping slope is a result of submarine mass transport of sediment, and reflect the interaction between annual seasons and extreme events triggered by typhoons and earthquakes - eroding, transporting, and depositing sediment in the area.
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CARVALHO, CARLOS VITOR DE ALENCAR. "SIMULATION OF TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION OF SILICICLASTIC SEDIMENTS IN PLATAFORM, SLOPE, AND BASIN ENVIRONMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3529@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
GRUPO DE TECNOLOGIA DE COMPUTAÇÃO GRÁFICA - PUC-RIO
A geologia sedimentar trata do estudo dos processos físicos, químicos e biológicos atuantes na superfície da Terra não só no presente como também ao longo de toda a sua evolução. Em função disso, ela pode ser aplicada em diversos campos, como, por exemplo, no estudo da formação de combustíveis fósseis. Um dos focos principais da geologia sedimentar reside em determinar os parâmetros e processos pelos quais as bacias sedimentares são preenchidas. Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um simulador numérico de sedimentação tridimensional, chamado de STENO, com ênfase nos processos deposicionais em ambientes de plataforma, talude e bacia. O algoritmo do simulador é baseado nos conceitos quantitativos formulados pela Estratigrafia de Seqüências, como mecanismos de controle primário da arquitetura dos estratos sedimentares, e em uma análise numérica para simulação do fluxo bidimensional de um fluido incompressível, em regime permanente, não viscoso, em função da batimetria da região a ser modelada através de um grid regular definido pelo usuário. O campo de velocidades, calculado a partir das velocidades de aporte de sedimentos e das velocidades de corrente, é utilizado para determinar a direção de escoamento dos sedimentos (linhas de correntes). A abordagem dada pelo algoritmo do STENO é inovadora em termos dos algoritmos existentes, pois considera que os sedimentos são transportados hidrodinamicamente, isto é, na direção x e y eles são transportados seguindo as linhas de corrente e na direção z a movimentação/deposição dos sedimentos é controlada pelo ângulo de estabilidade de cada fração litológica (areia, silte ou argila) e pelo volume do espaço disponível para acomodação em cada uma das colunas formadas a partir das células do modelo discretizado.
Sedimentary Geology deals with the study of the physical, chemical and biological processes operating in the surface of the Earth, not only in the present days, but also along all History. Therefore, it can be applied in miscellaneous fields, as, for example, in the study of fossils fuels formation. One of the main focus of sedimentary geology inhabits in determining the parameters and processes for which the sedimentary basins are filled. In this work the development of a numerical simulator of sedimentation 3D, called STENO is presented, with emphasises the depositary processes in platform, slope, and basin environments. The algorithm of the simulator is based on the formulated quantitative concepts for Sequence Stratigraphy, as mechanisms of primary control of the architecture of sedimentary stratus, and in a numerical analysis for simulation of the 2D steady-state flow of a incompressible fluid, not viscous, in function of the bathymetry of the region represented by one regular grid defined by the user. The velocity field calculated from boundary conditions (sediment aport velocity and for field stream velocity) it is used to determine the direction of draining of the sediments (streamlines). The algorithm of STENO is innovative because it considers that the sediments are carried hydrodynamicsly, that is, in direction x and y they are carried following streamlines and in direction z. The movement/deposition of sediments is controlled by an angle of stability of each lithology fraction (sand, silte or clay) and by the volume of the available space for accommodation in each one of the columns formed in the cells of the discretized model.
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Jones, Cullen A. (Cullen Albert). "Engineering properties of Resedimented Ugnu Clay from the Alaskan North Slope." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60804.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 1, p. 248-256).
This research determined the engineering properties of laboratory Resedimented Ugnu Clay (RUC) specimens created using recovered material from 3800 ft below the surface of the Alaskan Northern Slope to aid with future petroleum exploration. Thirteen constant rate of strain (CRS) tests were performed to ascertain the compression properties as a function of consolidation stress. Consolidation stress for these specimens ranged from 6,800 kPa to 39,000 kPa. CRS results show that the compression ratio (CR) decreases with increasing consolidation stress which is in accord with research completed on resedimented Boston Blue clay (RBBC) and behavior of RUC during Ko consolidation. The CRS data established a value of cv at 0.0015 cm 2/sec and an average Ck of the tested specimens at approximately 0.35. Thirteen K, consolidated triaxial compression tests were performed to ascertain the Ko and undrained shear properties as a function of consolidation stress. Consolidation stress for these specimens ranged from 190 kPa to 9,800 kPa. The range of Ko at maximum stress ranged from 0.47 to 0.65 where increasing consolidation stress resulted in an increase in Ko values and a decrease in undrained shear strength, which is in accord with research completed on resedimented Boston Blue clay (RBBC) and resedimented Gulf of Mexico Clay (RGOM) at MIT. Undrained Strength Ratios (USRs ) ranged from 0.262 to 0.349 with a trend of decreasing normalized strength and strain softening, and increasing axial strain at failure increase with increasing consolidation stress. Peak friction angles during shearing ranged from 20.30 - 27.80 with a general trend of decreasing with increasing consolidation stress. Observed Skempton's A parameters at failure (Af) ranged from 0.407 to 0.777 with a trend of with increasing with consolidation stress. Normalized secant moduli (Eu/o've ) measured at 0.01 % axial strain ranged from 150 to 475 with the trend of decreasing with increasing consolidation stress. When compared with RBBC and RGOM, the effects of plasticity and mineralogy on clay behavior are readily apparent. These results will provide data to perform analysis and design of petroleum exploration strategies and calibrate soil models.
by Cullen A. Jones.
S.M.
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Books on the topic "Slope environment"

1

Hossain, Zakaria. Environment-friendly cement composite (EFFC) for soil reinforcement and earth slope protection. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Environment-friendly cement composite (EFFC) for soil reinforcement and earth slope protection. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Hossain, Zakaria. Environment-friendly cement composite (EFFC) for soil reinforcement and earth slope protection. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Huryn, Alex D. Land of extremes: A natural history of the North Slope of Arctic Alaska. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2012.

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Kline, Thomas C. North Slope amphidromy assessment: Final report. [Fairbanks: University of Alaska, Coastal Marine Institute, 1999.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Cumulative environmental effects of oil and gas activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2003.

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Office, General Accounting. Alaska's North Slope: Requirements for restoring lands after oil production ceases : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2002.

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Lambert, Bernard. L' environnement carbonate bathyal en Nouvelle-Caledonie: Programme ENVIMARGES = The bathyal carbonate environment off New Caledonia : ENVIMARGES program. Paris: Institut géologique Albert de Lapparent, 1991.

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Hofmeister, R. Jon. Slope failures in Oregon: GIS inventory for three 1996/97 storm events. [Portland, Or.]: Dept. of Geology and Mineral Industries, 2000.

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Baum, Rex L. Review of slope stability issues at the proposed Carlota Copper Project, Pinal and Gila Counties, Arizona. [Denver, CO]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Slope environment"

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French, Hugh M. "Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution." In The Periglacial Environment, 216–47. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118684931.ch9.

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McColl, Samuel T., and Daniel Draebing. "Rock Slope Instability in the Proglacial Zone: State of the Art." In Geography of the Physical Environment, 119–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94184-4_8.

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Tan, Wenhui, Danqing Gao, and Congcong Li. "Reliability Analysis on Slope Stability Based on Rainfall-Induced Damage." In Advances in Computer Science, Intelligent System and Environment, 265–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23753-9_42.

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Dusik, Jana-Marie, Fabian Neugirg, and Florian Haas. "Slope Wash, Gully Erosion and Debris Flows on Lateral Moraines in the Upper Kaunertal, Austria." In Geography of the Physical Environment, 177–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94184-4_11.

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Stora, Georges, André Arnoux, Eric Duport, Christian Re, Magali Gérino, Gaston Desrosiers, and Frank Gilbert. "Impact of Red Mud Deposits in the Canyon of Cassidaigne on the Macrobenthos of the Mediterranean Continental Slope." In Global Change: Mankind-Marine Environment Interactions, 397–400. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8630-3_72.

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Zhao, Bing, Yudi Geng, Yang Wang, Pandeng Luo, Meiheng Duan, and Xinwei Lu. "Evaluation of carbonate reservoir fracture on Shun Nan district in the northern slope of the central Tarim area." In Advances in Energy and Environment Research, 183–88. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315212876-37.

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Jelani, Jestin, Mohamad Saiful Adli Hah, Mohd Nazrin Mohd Daud, Nordila Ahmad, Maidiana Othman, and Wan Mohamed Syafuan Wan Mohamed Sabri. "Stability Analysis of a Man-Made Slope: A Case Study on the UPNM Campus, Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur." In Sustainable Development of Water and Environment, 39–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75278-1_4.

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Christ, Alina, Oliver Schenk, and Per Salomonsen. "Using Stratigraphic Forward Modeling to Model the Brookian Sequence of the Alaska North Slope." In Geostatistical and Geospatial Approaches for the Characterization of Natural Resources in the Environment, 623–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18663-4_94.

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Roberge, Jean, and André P. Plamondon. "Observations of Snowmelt Runoff Pathways on a Slope in a Boreal Forest Environment, Lac Laflamme, Quebec." In Seasonal Snowcovers: Physics, Chemistry, Hydrology, 611–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3947-9_27.

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Dziamski, A., M. Banach-szott, M. Drag, and Z. Stypcyñska. "Content of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen as Well as Root Mass in Meadow Soils Under a Combined Slope and Flood Irrigation System." In Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, 319–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5634-2_58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Slope environment"

1

Wang, Xuchun, Peng Zhang, Jindong Li, and Ning Wang. "Study on steep slope stability of coal mine under open-pit and underground mining." In Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2011.5930634.

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Trandafir, Aurelian C. "Seismic Coefficients for Simplified Deepwater Slope Stability Assessment Under Earthquake Loading." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31056-ms.

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Abstract Pseudostatic limit-equilibrium based slope stability analyses are carried out on a routine basis to evaluate stability of submarine slopes under earthquake loading. For slopes in deepwater settings, a major challenge in performing pseudostatic slope stability analyses is selection of an appropriate seismic coefficient. Most published displacement-based methodologies for seismic coefficient selection were developed using simplified sliding block models for seismic slope performance evaluation that are unable to capture the complex deformation mechanism of deepwater slopes during earthquakes. To address this challenge, this study employs two-dimensional dynamic finite-element based deformation analysis to investigate the earthquake response of submarine clay slopes characterized by morphology, stratigraphic architecture and geotechnical properties representative for the deepwater environment. Finite-element computed seismic slope performance indicators, including horizontal peak ground acceleration at the seafloor and earthquake-induced maximum shear strain within the slope, along with horizontal seismic coefficients required to trigger slope instability in limit-equilibrium based pseudostatic stability analyses are used to develop a rational shear strain-based correlation relationship for deepwater slope seismic coefficient selection.
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Li, Kun, Yanjun Shang, Wantong He, and Yi Jiang. "Characteristics and Mechanism of Bedding Rock Slope Failure: A Case Study on No.5 Slope at Wutai-Yuxian Expressway." In International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aeece-15.2015.93.

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Yu, Xueyong. "Slope Foundation Bearing Capacity Upper Bound Solution." In 2017 3rd International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials (IFEESM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeesm-17.2018.187.

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Zhong Wei, Kong Jiming, and Chen Xiaoqing. "The excavation effect of complex rock high slope." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965602.

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Schmidt, Rachel. "Point Thomson Project's Alaska North Slope Borough Community Engagement Program." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/168524-ms.

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Sanz, M. A., J. F. Martín-Duque, C. Martín-Moreno, A. Lucía, J. M. Nicolau, J. Pedraza, L. Sánchez, R. Ruiz, and A. García. "Silica sand slope gullying and mining in Central Spain: erosion processes and geomorphic reclamation of contour mining." In GEO-ENVIRONMENT 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/geo080011.

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Hirata, Kazuya, Miyuki Kamatani, and Toshiyuki Murakami. "Advanced motion control of two-wheel wheelchair for slope environment." In IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2013.6700196.

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Woolley, Robert, Jon Timmis, and Andy Tyrrell. "Analysis of two-wheeled robot morphology for a slope environment." In UKRAS20 Conference: “Robots into the real world”. EPSRC UK-RAS Network, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/sf6zi7l.

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Hofmann, Helene, Armin Roduner, and Vjekoslav Budimir. "Slope stabilisation in earthquake prone environment – the TECCO® System." In 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/1crocee.2021.261.

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Reports on the topic "Slope environment"

1

Knobles, David P. Acoustic Propagation in Continental Shelf Break and Slope Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541890.

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Knobles, David P. Acoustic Propagation in Continental Shelf Break and Slope Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada571665.

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Knobles, David P. Acoustic Propagation in Continental Shelf Break and Slope Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574942.

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Blundell, S. Micro-terrain and canopy feature extraction by breakline and differencing analysis of gridded elevation models : identifying terrain model discontinuities with application to off-road mobility modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40185.

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Elevation models derived from high-resolution airborne lidar scanners provide an added dimension for identification and extraction of micro-terrain features characterized by topographic discontinuities or breaklines. Gridded digital surface models created from first-return lidar pulses are often combined with lidar-derived bare-earth models to extract vegetation features by model differencing. However, vegetative canopy can also be extracted from the digital surface model alone through breakline analysis by taking advantage of the fine-scale changes in slope that are detectable in high-resolution elevation models of canopy. The identification and mapping of canopy cover and micro-terrain features in areas of sparse vegetation is demonstrated with an elevation model for a region of western Montana, using algorithms for breaklines, elevation differencing, slope, terrain ruggedness, and breakline gradient direction. These algorithms were created at the U.S. Army Engineer Research Center – Geospatial Research Laboratory (ERDC-GRL) and can be accessed through an in-house tool constructed in the ENVI/IDL environment. After breakline processing, products from these algorithms are brought into a Geographic Information System as analytical layers and applied to a mobility routing model, demonstrating the effect of breaklines as obstacles in the calculation of optimal, off-road routes. Elevation model breakline analysis can serve as significant added value to micro-terrain feature and canopy mapping, obstacle identification, and route planning.
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Spiehs, Mindy, Bryan Woodbury, Beth E. Doran, Roger Eigenberg, Kris Kohl, Vince Varel, Elaine Berry, and James Wells. Environmental Conditions in Beef Deep-Bedded Mono-Slope Facilities. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-455.

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McFarlane, Sally, Ricky Petty, Ashley Williamson, Shaima Nasiri, Wanda Ferrell, Hans Verlinde, Mark Ivey, et al. Climate and Environmental Sciences Division, North Slope of Alaska Priorities Workshop, September 10–12, 2014. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1471415.

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Araújo, T. C. M., J. M. R. Camargo, B. P. Ferreira, and M. Maida. Submerged channels of the Eastern Brazilian Continental Shelf: can the slope value be used as potential surrogates of reef environments? Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/305406.

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Flaig, P. P., and D. A. van der Kolk. Depositional environments of the Prince Creek Formation along the east side of the Toolik River, Sagavanirktok Quadrangle, North Slope, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/29407.

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Wells, Aaron, Tracy Christopherson, Gerald Frost, Matthew Macander, Susan Ives, Robert McNown, and Erin Johnson. Ecological land survey and soils inventory for Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2016–2017. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287466.

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This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of future field- and RS-based studies, facilitates further analysis and contextualization of existing data, and will help inform natural resource management decisions. We collected information on the geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetation characteristics of ecosystems using a dataset of 724 field plots, of which 407 were sampled by ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research and Services (ABR) staff in 2016–2017, and 317 were from existing, ancillary datasets. ABR field plots were located along transects that were selected using a gradient-direct sampling scheme (Austin and Heligers 1989) to collect data for the range of ecological conditions present within KATM, and to provide the data needed to interpret ecosystem and soils development. The field plot dataset encompassed all of the major environmental gradients and landscape histories present in KATM. Individual state-factors (e.g., soil pH, slope aspect) and other ecosystem components (e.g., geomorphic unit, vegetation species composition and structure) were measured or categorized using standard classification systems developed for Alaska. We described and analyzed the hierarchical relationships among the ecosystem components to classify 92 Plot Ecotypes (local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the variation in soils, vegetation, and disturbance properties observed at the field plots. From the 92 Plot Ecotypes, we developed classifications of Map Ecotypes and Disturbance Landscapes that could be mapped across the park. Additionally, using an existing surficial geology map for KATM, we developed a map of Generalized Soil Texture by aggregating similar surficial geology classes into a reduced set of classes representing the predominant soil textures in each. We then intersected the Ecotype map with the General-ized Soil Texture Map in a GIS and aggregated combinations of Map Ecotypes with similar soils to derive and map Soil Landscapes and Soil Great Groups. The classification of Great Groups captures information on the soil as a whole, as opposed to the subgroup classification which focuses on the properties of specific horizons (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Of the 724 plots included in the Ecotype analysis, sufficient soils data for classifying soil subgroups was available for 467 plots. Soils from 8 orders of soil taxonomy were encountered during the field sampling: Alfisols (<1% of the mapped area), Andisols (3%), Entisols (45%), Gelisols (<1%), Histosols (12%), Inceptisols (22%), Mollisols (<1%), and Spodosols (16%). Within these 8 Soil Orders, field plots corresponded to a total of 74 Soil Subgroups, the most common of which were Typic Cryaquents, Typic Cryorthents, Histic Cryaquepts, Vitrandic Cryorthents, and Typic Cryofluvents.
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