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1
Lamb, Bernard C., Muhammad Saleem, William Scott, Nina Thapa, and Eviatar Nevo. "Inherited and Environmentally Induced Differences in Mutation Frequencies Between Wild Strains of Sordaria fimicola From “Evolution Canyon”." Genetics 149, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.1.87.
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Abstract We have studied whether there is natural genetic variation for mutation frequencies, and whether any such variation is environment-related. Mutation frequencies differed significantly between wild strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola isolated from a harsher or a milder microscale environment in “Evolution Canyon,” Israel. Strains from the harsher, drier, south-facing slope had higher frequencies of new spontaneous mutations and of accumulated mutations than strains from the milder, lusher, north-facing slope. Collective total mutation frequencies over many loci for ascospore pigmentation were 2.3, 3.5 and 4.4% for three strains from the south-facing slope, and 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.3% for five strains from the north-facing slope. Some of this between-slope difference was inherited through two generations of selfing, with average spontaneous mutation frequencies of 1.9% for south-facing slope strains and 0.8% for north-facing slope strains. The remainder was caused by different frequencies of mutations arising in the original environments. There was also significant heritable genetic variation in mutation frequencies within slopes. Similar between-slope differences were found for ascospore germination-resistance to acriflavine, with much higher frequencies in strains from the south-facing slope. Such inherited variation provides a basis for natural selection for optimum mutation rates in each environment.
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Deng, Hua Feng, Yu Wang, Min Zhu, and Jing Guo. "Excavation Type Optimization of High Cutting Slope at Reservoir Bank." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2486.
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Because our country is a mountainous country, in engineering construction process, inevitably involve a lot of high cutting slopes. Summarized the relevant research achievements of predecessors, we put forward the type optimization scheme based on the current problems of smaller longitudinal slope degrees at bottom interface of high cutting slopes. Setting some slower longitudinal slope degrees at the bottom interface of high cutting slopes, which will reduce excavation volume to a certain degree, thus reduce energy consumption, reduce the influence of excavation on the surrounding environment, and reduce relevant expenses to restore the slope environment. After setting some slower longitudinal slope degrees, the slope toe drainage will be more unobstructed, the slope height will be reduced, and the slope will be more stable, thus reduce the work amount of slope retaining. For each year, thousands of kilometers mountainous highway will be built, bottom interface type optimization of high cutting slopes will have very big economic value. Therefore, which is worth to recommend in construction and designing of high cutting slopes.
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Chen, Chongjuan, Yufu Jia, Yuzhen Chen, Imran Mehmood, Yunting Fang, and Guoan Wang. "Nitrogen isotopic composition of plants and soil in an arid mountainous terrain: south slope versus north slope." Biogeosciences 15, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-369-2018.
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Abstract. Nitrogen cycling is tightly associated with environment. The south slope of a given mountain could significantly differ from north slope in environment. Thus, N cycling should also be different between the two slopes. Since leaf δ15N, soil δ15N and Δδ15Nleaf-soil (Δδ15Nleaf-soil = leaf δ15N − soil δ15N) could reflect the N cycling characteristics, we put forward a hypothesis that leaf δ15N, soil δ15N and Δδ15Nleaf-soil should differ between the two slopes. However, such a comparative study between two slopes has never been conducted. In addition, environmental effects on leaf and soil δ15N derived from studies at global scale were often found to be different from those on a regional scale. This led to our argument that environmental effects on leaf and soil δ15N could depend on local environment. To confirm our hypothesis and argument, we measured leaf and soil δ15N on the south and north slopes of Tian Shan. Remarkable environmental differences between the two slopes provided an ideal opportunity for our test. The study showed that leaf δ15N, soil δ15N and δ15Nleaf-soil on the south slope were greater than those on the north slope, although the difference in soil δ15N was not significant. The result confirmed our hypothesis and suggested that the south slope has higher soil N transformation rates and soil N availability than the north slope. In addition, in this study it was observed that the significant influential factors of leaf δ15N were temperature, precipitation, leaf N, leaf C ∕ N, soil moisture and silt ∕ clay ratio on the north slope, whereas on the south slope only leaf C ∕ N was related to leaf δ15N. The significant influential factors of soil δ15N were temperature, precipitation, soil moisture and silt ∕ clay ratio on the north slope, whereas on the south slope, mean annual precipitation and soil moisture exerted significant effects. Precipitation exerted contrary effects on soil δ15N between the two slopes. Thus, this study supported our argument that the relationships between leaf and soil δ15N and environmental factors are localized.
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Blenkinsop, Glen M., Ying Liang, Nicholas J. Gallimore, and Michael J. Hiley. "The Effect of Uphill and Downhill Slopes on Weight Transfer, Alignment, and Shot Outcome in Golf." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2017-0310.
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The aim of the study was to examine changes in weight transfer, alignment, and shot outcome during golf shots from flat, uphill, and downhill slopes. Twelve elite male golfers hit 30 shots with a 6-iron from a computer-assisted rehabilitation environment used to create 5° slopes while collecting 3-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of the swing. A launch monitor measured performance outcomes. A shift in the center of pressure was found throughout the swing when performed on a slope, with the mean position moving approximately 9% closer to the lower foot. The golfers attempted to remain perpendicular to the slope, resulting in weight transfer toward the lower foot. The golfers adopted a wider stance in the sloped conditions and moved the ball toward the higher foot at address. Ball speed was not significantly affected by the slope, but launch angle and ball spin were. As the coaching literature predicted, golfers were more likely to hit shots to the left from an uphill slope and to the right from a downhill slope. No consistent compensatory adjustments in alignment at address or azimuth were found, with the change in final shot dispersion resulting from the lateral spin of the ball.
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Bourli, Nicolina, George Iliopoulos, Penelope Papadopoulou, and Avraam Zelilidis. "Microfacies and Depositional Conditions of Jurassic to Eocene Carbonates: Implication on Ionian Basin Evolution." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070288.
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In order to decipher the paleo-depositional environments, during the Late Jurassic to Early Eocene syn-rift stage, at the margins of the Ionian basin, two different areas with exposed long sequences have been selected, Kastos Island (external margin) and Araxos peninsula (internal margin), and were examined by means of microfacies analysis and biostratigraphy. On Kastos Island, based on lithological and sedimentological features, the following depositional environments have been recognized: an open marine/restricted environment prevailed during the Early Jurassic (“Pantokrator” limestones), changing upwards into deep-sea and slope environments during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous (Vigla limestones). The Upper Cretaceous (Senonian limestones) is characterized by a slope environment, whereas during the Paleogene, deep-sea and toe of slope conditions prevailed. In Araxos peninsula, Lower Cretaceous deposits (“Vigla” limestones) were accumulated in a deep-sea environment; Upper Cretaceous ones (Senonian limestones) were deposited in slope or toe of slope conditions. Paleocene limestones correspond to a deep-sea environment. In Araxos peninsula, changes occurred during the Cretaceous, whereas on Kastos Island, they occurred during the Paleocene/Eocene, related to different stages of tectonic activity in the Ionian basin from east to west.
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JI, Xiao-Lei, and Ping YANG. "The effect of bermuda grass root morphology on the displacement of slope." MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927503004.
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During recent years, with the drastic development of highway, lots of slopes are produced which cause the increase of geological disasters including soil erosion on the slope and shallow sliding surface, it makes significant impact on the ecological environment. Adopting ecological protection technique of plant slope protection not only can prevent geological disasters, but also benefit the protection of ecological environment. In the paper, bermuda grass, as one kind of ordinary slope protection plants, was chosen as specimen, and the root-soil composite was regarded as organic system which consists of soil and root system; the effect of root morphology on displacement of slope surface under the function of rain erosion and slope runoff erosion was studied and analyzed by using nonlinearity finite calculation method. The result indicates Bermuda grass root system can defense the rain erosion of slope surface soil, restrain the soil displacement and prevent water and soil erosion of slope.
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Cornard, Pauline H., and Kevin T. Pickering. "Supercritical-flow Deposits and Their Distribution in a Submarine Channel System, Middle Eocene, Ainsa Basin, Spanish Pyrenees." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 576–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.34.
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Abstract Studies of supercritical-flow deposits (SFDs) and their spatial distribution in ancient deep-water systems should provide an additional tool to improve the understanding of the flow dynamics during deposition and the architecture of sandbodies. Outcrop recognition of SFDs in ancient deep-marine environments remains poorly documented, although their study dates back to the 1970s. This paper focusses on the criteria for recognizing SFDs and their distribution in three selected depositional environments from an ancient mid-lower slope to a proximal-basin floor setting in the middle Eocene Ainsa Basin, Spanish Pyrenees. From field observations, six facies associations interpreted as related to supercritical flow are defined. These facies associations are grouped in two categories. The first group includes facies associations related to erosional coarse-grained supercritical-flow bedforms related to meter and centimeter-scale scours and backfilling structures interpreted as large-scale cyclic steps or small-scale cyclic steps, respectively. Erosional coarse-grained supercritical bedforms are observed mainly in relatively high-gradient slopes and relatively confined settings. The second group of facies associations are related to depositional fine-grained supercritical-flow bedforms associated with upflow-dipping sandstone lenses, upflow-stacked wavy bedforms, upflow-stacked sigmoidal bedforms, and plane beds, interpreted as unstable and stable antidunes and upper-flow-regime plane beds. Depositional fine-grained supercritical-flow bedforms are observed mainly in relatively unconfined settings such as lower-slope, break-of-slope and proximal basin-floor environments. Two main SFD trends were observed in the Ainsa Basin in: (i) an axial-lateral direction, showing a decrease in SFDs from channel axis to channel margin, and (ii) a longitudinal proximal–distal direction, showing an increase in SFDs from the Gerbe System (mid-slope environment), to the Banastón System (proximal basin-floor environment), to the Ainsa System (lower-slope environment). From this study, two parameters are recognized as likely playing an important role on whether a flow is under supercritical or subcritical conditions: (i) confinement of the sandbodies, and (ii) slope gradient.
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Jia, Chunfeng, Baoping Sun, Xinxiao Yu, and Xiaohui Yang. "Analysis of Runoff and Sediment Losses from a Sloped Roadbed under Variable Rainfall Intensities and Vegetation Conditions." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 8, 2020): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052077.
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Vegetation plays an important role in reducing soil erosion. By exploring the allocation and coverage of different types of vegetation, we can improve management practices that can significantly reduce soil erosion. In this experiment, we study runoff and sediment losses on a shrub-grass planted, grass planted, and bare slope under different rainfall intensities. Results showed that the runoff generation time for the three subgrade types decreased as rainfall intensity increased (p < 0.05). The slopes planted with either grass or shrub-grass were able to effectively delay runoff generation. As rainfall intensity increased, the runoff amount increased for all treatments, with runoff in the bare slope increasing the most. The runoff reduction rate from the shrub-grass slope ranged from 54.20% to 63.68%, while the reduction rate from the slope only planted with grass ranged from 38.59% to 55.37%. The sediment yield from the bare slope increased from 662.66 g/m2 (15 mm/h) to 2002.95 g/m2 (82 mm/h) with increasing rainfall intensity in the plot. When compared with the bare slope, both the shrub-grass and planted grass slopes were able to retain an additional 0.9 g/m2 to 4.9 g/m2 of sediment, respectively. An accurate relationship between rainfall intensity, sloped vegetation types, and runoff reduction rate was obtained by regression analysis and validated. These results can provide a reference for improving soil and water conservation via improved vegetation allocation on a sloped roadbed.
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Nakaya, Junko, Kazunari Sako, Shunsuke Mitsutani, and Ryoichi Fukagawa. "Hydrological Environment in Subsurface Steep Slope - Groundwater Flow Passageway on Slope Behind Kiyomizudera -." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0080.
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The hydrological environment must be understood before water flow can be adequately controlled to prevent slope failure without impacting unduly on the hydrological mountain slope environment. We conducted field studies to determine current sites and measurement of ground temperature 1 meter deep to clarify groundwater flow passageways on the slope behind the cultural heritage temple Kiyomizudera in Kyoto. Results showed anomalous temperature 1 meter deep bands on the slope and several springs that are extensions of these bands. Several of these bands coincide with terrain deformations such as gullies and slope failure scars indicating the probability of relationships between groundwater flow and topological deformation.
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Xiaoli, Guo, Yan Jiancheng, Li Xueliang, Wen Xin, and Li Xingli. "Study on shaping slope stability of dump in eastern grassland open-pit mine." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 04043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019404043.
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The dumps in the open-pit mining area in the eastern grassland are prone to landslides due to the fragile ecological environment, so it is inevitable to reshape the dump slopes. In order to explore a more scientific method for slope shaping of open-pit mine dump, slope stability analysis were used to compare effect of three types of slope-type (wave-shaped, slope-shaped and step-shaped slope shaping method)in outside dumping site of Baori Hiller open-pit mine. The results show that the slope stability is negatively correlated with the slope angle, and the stability of different shaping slopes is realized as wave-shaped slope (F=2.711)> Slope-shaped slope(F=2.513)>Step-shaped slope(F=1.047), in which the wave type and slope type are all within the safe range, but the step type slope is unstable; in consideration of cost, stability and erosion resistance, it is better to set the slope angle of the dump to 15°.The wave-shaped shaping method of the natural dumping of the excavation field outside the Baori Hiller open-pit mine has the best effect and is worth promoting.
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Jiang, Hao Hao. "Effect Evaluation of Slope Protection for Herbs Based on the Principal Component Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 1181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.1181.
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Slope protection with vegetation is a new technology which is using vegetation to preserve water and soil, so reduce slope instability and corrosion, simultaneously beautify ecological environment. Using vegetation for slope protection can protect slope, and can overcome the shortcoming of traditional slope protection ways.This article takes Northeast Forestry University tree farm as an experimental field. According to climatic conditions of northeast area, soil texture conditions of highway slopes and other conditions, this text selects 6 different common herbs to plant, observes ecology compatibility and preserving soil ability of each kind of plant, then uses mathematical method to appraise slope protection effect of each kind of plant.Results indicate that different type of grass has different slope protection effect.
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Salciarini, Diana, Evelina Volpe, Ludovica Di Pietro, and Elisabetta Cattoni. "A Case-Study of Sustainable Countermeasures against Shallow Landslides in Central Italy." Geosciences 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10040130.
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Traditional technical solutions for slope stabilization are generally costly and very impacting on the natural environment and landscape. A possible alternative for improving slope stability is based on the use of naturalistic engineering techniques, characterized by a low impact on the natural environment and being able to preserve the landscape identity and peculiarities. In this work, we present an application of such techniques for slope stabilization along a greenway located in central Italy, characterized by an extraordinary natural environment. First, 22 potentially unstable slopes have been identified and examined; then, among these, two standard type slopes have been selected. For both of them, an appropriate naturalistic engineering work has been proposed and stability analyses have been carried out. These have been performed by considering different piezometric conditions and using two different approaches: (a) a classical deterministic approach, which adopts deterministic values for the mechanical properties of the soils neglecting any uncertainty, and (b) a probabilistic approach that takes into account a statistical variability of the soil property values by means of their probability density functions (PDFs). The geometry of each slope derives from a digital model of the soil with 1 meter resolution, obtained through Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) survey provided by the Italian Ministry of the Environment. The soil mechanical characteristics and their PDFs are derived from the geotechnical soil property database of the Perugia Province. Results show an increase in slope stability produced by the adopted countermeasures measured in terms of Factor of Safety ( F s ), Probability of Failure (PoF) and efficiency.
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Lahajnar, Leon, Andrej Kos, and Bojan Nemec. "Skiing robot - design, control, and navigation in unstructured environment." Robotica 27, no. 4 (July 2009): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574708004955.
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SUMMARYThe paper describes a skiing robot that is capable of skiing autonomously on a ski slope. The robot uses carving skiing technique. Based on a complex sensory system it is capable of autonomously navigating on the ski slope, avoiding obstacles, and maintaining a stable position during skiing on an unknown ski slope. The robot was tested using simulation in a virtual reality environment as well as on a ski slope.
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de JONG, GERDIEN, and SERGEY GAVRILETS. "Maintenance of genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity: the role of environmental variation." Genetical Research 76, no. 3 (December 2000): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300004729.
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We study genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity maintained by a balance between mutation and weak stabilizing selection. We consider linear reaction norms allowing for spatial and/or temporal variation in the environments of development and selection. We show that the overall genetic variation maintained does not depend on whether the trait is plastic or not. The genetic variances in height and slope of a linear reaction norm, and their covariance, are predicted to decrease with the variation in the environment. Non-pleiotropic loci influencing either height or slope are expected to decrease the genetic variance in slope relative to that in height. Decrease in the ratio of genetic variance in slope to genetic variance in height with increasing variation in the environment presents a test for the presence of loci that only influence the slope, and not the height. We use data on Drosophila to test the theory. In seven of eight pair-wise comparisons genetic variation in reaction norm is higher in a less variable environment than in a more variable environment, which is in accord with the model's predictions.
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Li, Lian Chong, and Shao Hua Li. "Numerical Investigation on Factors Influencing the Time-Dependent Stability of the Rock Slopes with Weak Structure Planes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.177.
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Under the combined effects of various external factors, such as temperature, seepage, alternate wetting and drying and so on, the mechanical properties of rock mass are susceptible to be deteriorated, and its strength characteristics are significantly degraded with time. The mesoscopic damage accumulated inside the rock, contributing the rock slope instability with weak structure planes, generate the time-dependent deformation, and eventually lead to the slope failure. Given the time-dependent deformation of the rock, numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the key factors influencing the long-term stability of slopes. Numerical results show that the catastrophic failure time of slopes is linear to its cohesion, and the bigger cohesion and friction angle increase catastrophic failure time, i.e., the stability of rock slope increase. In addition, the configuration of the intact rock bridge can also influence the time-dependent slope stability. Slope height can significantly affect the slope stability and the maximum horizontal displacement. Differences in rock mass storage environment play an important role in the long-term stability of slopes.
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Nian, Ting Kai, Bo Liu, and Ping Yin. "Seafloor Slope Stability under Adverse Conditions Using Energy Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1445.
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The effects of ocean waves on the stability of seafloor slopes are of great importance in marine environment. The stability of a seafloor slope considering wave-induced pressure is analyzed using the kinematic approach of limit analysis combined with a strength reduction technique. A seafloor slope without waves is considered first. Furthermore, waved-induced pressure is considered to act on the surface of slope as an external load to analyze the effects on the stability of slope by waves. The results show that the adverse effect of waves on slope stability increases with an increase of the wave height as well as a decrease of the water depth.
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Shan, Rong Xiang, and Hai Ping Li. "Researches on Slope Treatment Technologies under Complicated Geological Conditions in High Temperature and Rainy Regions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.940.
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The appearance and development of deformation and loss of stability in the slope of cut is closely related with such interior causes as the qualities of layer rocks. Some external incentives like meteorological conditions, hydrology and process of construction are the main factors leading to the deformation of slope and its development. Three problems of deformation of slope, which is one of the common geographical hazards. The thesis, making an analysis of the geographical environment, the process of deformation and mechanism of destruction on slope of the right cut in Guangle Road K142+320~K142+740, reveals the key factors of deformation and damages of slope and proposes a reasonable realignment methods about slopes, which has achieved a good engineering effect and set a good example for the other similar slopes to be strengthened and improved.
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Nguyen, Danh Thanh, Ngo Van Dau, and Dung Quoc Ta. "The effects of rainfall on the stability of soil slopes in Khanh Vinh district, Khanh Hoa province." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i1.504.
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This study presents a procedure for calculating the change of the safety factor for unsaturated slopes of homogenous, residual soils suffering from rainfall infiltration within Khanh Vinh district, Khanh Hòa province. Rainfall is supposed as a main trigger caused failure of the potential sliding slopes. Rainwater into the slope due to infiltration caused an increase in moisture content and negative pore water pressure; a decrease in matric suction and in shear strength on the failure surface. Thus, slopes are reduced stability and can be failed. Soil permeability and rainfall intensity were found to be the primary factors controlling the instability of slopes due to rainfall, while the initial water table location and slope geometry only played a secondary role. A numerical model of analysis coupled seepage-stability used to simulate the seepage and slope stability under conditions of specific environment such as soil permeability, rainfall intensity, water table location and slope geometry in the study area. The relationships between safety factor and rainfall intensity, soil permeability, angle slope, high slope were identified to provide a good indication for the management of landslide hazards under the effects of rainfall.
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Guo, Hua. "Summary of Slope Ecological Protection Technology." Journal of Architectural Research and Development 5, no. 4 (August 16, 2021): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jard.v5i4.2378.
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It is an important issue for sustainable economic development to give consideration to both project development and environmental protection. At present, we must confront and seriously deal with the problems of rational utilization of resources, protection of the environment and beautification of the environment in engineering construction. This paper describes a variety of slope plant protection technology, which can not only play a good role in slope protection, but also improve the engineering environment and reflect the beauty of natural environment, so as to provide reference for slope ecological protection.
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Ai, Ze Min, Jiao Yang Zhang, Hong Fei Liu, Sha Xue, and Guo Bin Liu. "Influence of slope aspect on the microbial properties of rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soils on the Loess Plateau, China." Solid Earth 9, no. 5 (October 9, 2018): 1157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1157-2018.
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Abstract. Slope aspect is an important topographic factor in the micro-ecosystem environment, but its effect on the microbial properties of grassland rhizospheric soil (RS) and non-rhizospheric soil (NRS) remain unclear. A field experiment was conducted at the Ansai Research Station on the Loess Plateau in China to test the influence of slope aspects (south-facing, north-facing, and northwest-facing slopes, all with Artemisia sacrorum as the dominant species) on RS and NRS microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) contents, and the rhizospheric effect (RE) of various microbial indices. Soil samples were collected from the three slope aspects, including rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric region, and analyzed to determine the various related microbial indices. The results showed that MBC content differed significantly among the slope aspects in RS but not in NRS, and the RE for MBC content in the south-facing slope was larger than that in the north-facing slope. RS total, bacterial, and Gram-positive bacterial PLFA contents in the south-facing slope were significantly lower than those in the north- and northwest-facing slopes, and RS Gram-negative bacterial (G−) and actinomycete PLFA contents in the south-facing slope were significantly lower than those in the north-facing slope. In contrast, NRS total, bacterial, and G− PLFA contents in the north-facing slope were significantly higher than those in the south- and northwest-facing slopes, and NRS fungal and actinomycete PLFA contents in the north- and south-facing slopes were significantly higher than those in the northwest-facing slope. RE for all PLFA contents except fungal in the northwest-facing slope were higher than those in the south-facing slope. Slope aspect significantly but differentially affected the microbial properties in RS and NRS, and the variable influence was due to an evident RE for most microbial properties.
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Francini, Alessandra, Stefania Toscano, Daniela Romano, Francesco Ferrini, and Antonio Ferrante. "Biological Contribution of Ornamental Plants for Improving Slope Stability along Urban and Suburban Areas." Horticulturae 7, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090310.
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Plants can reduce erosion during heavy raining periods and improve slope stability through their root morphology, development, biomass, and architecture. Heavy rains can increase erosion, becoming a danger for traffic and people who live around slopes. The control of slope stability is often required in urban and peri-urban environments, and for this reason ornamental species can be appropriately selected for a dual use, namely improving the aesthetical value of green areas along the urban and suburban roads and mitigating the erosion effects. The species used must have good tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as high and low temperature, drought, pollution and nutrient deficiency. Otherwise, their limited growth can reduce their beneficial effects. Ornamental plants that can be used for reducing the erosion of slopes must be in full growth during periods with a higher incidence of rains and must also be compatible with the temperature ranges in different seasons. These species can be also selected for their ability to avoid erosion and enhance the stability of slopes. In this review, the biological contribution of plants for improving slope stability has been reported and discussed with a special focus attention on the Mediterranean environment. Particular emphasis has been placed on root biomass changes and root growth parameters, considering their role as potential markers for selecting suitable plants to be used for enhancing slope stability. A brief description of planting on slopes and root growth has been also considered and discussed.
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Ou, Xiang Ping, Si Quan Zhou, Ze Hua Wang, Kun Ruan, and Bo Li. "Application and Research of Slope Flexible Protection System in Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.344.
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According to the project, this paper discusses the constitution and site construction plan of the slope flexible protection system, and analyzes its design mechanism. Under different geological conditions and different environment, it compares slop flexible protection system with other slope treatment methods in design, construction, and economic effect. This paper concludes when it can achieve the best practicality, applicability, and economic effect.
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Stacey, Cooper D., D. Gwyn Lintern, John Shaw, and Kim W. Conway. "Slope stability hazard in a fjord environment: Douglas Channel, Canada." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 500, no. 1 (2020): 427–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp500-2019-191.
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AbstractDouglas Channel is a 140 km-long fjord system on Canada's west coast where steep topography, high annual precipitation and glacially over-deepened bathymetry have resulted in widespread slope failures. A 5 year project involving numerous marine expeditions to the remote area produced a comprehensive assessment of the magnitude and frequency of slope failures in the region. A classification scheme is presented based on morphology and failure mechanism: (1) debris flows are the most common in all parts of the fjord – they are often small with a subaerial component where fjord wall slope is very high or tend to exceed volumes of 106 m3 where fjord wall slope is lower, allowing for accumulation of marine sediments; (2) large failures of oversteepened glacial sediments occurring at transgressive moraines and glaciomarine plateaus following deglaciation – the largest is at Squally Channel with an estimated volume of 109 m3; (3) fjord wall failures that involve bedrock slump or rock avalanche; (4) translation of marine sediments; (5) composite/other slides; and (6) two scallop-shaped sackungen, or deep-seated gravitational slope deformations of granodiorite with volumes exceeding 60 × 106 m3. The postglacial marine sedimentary record shows evidence of large-scale slope failures of all styles that were especially active following deglaciation. The Holocene marks a transition to a lower frequency and change to primarily debris flows and smaller rock slides. Slope failures that may be capable of generating tsunamis and may be damaging to coastal infrastructure have occurred in all parts of Douglas Channel through much of the Holocene. Here we present a morphological analysis with volume estimates and age control using multibeam bathymetry, high-resolution sub-bottom data and sediment cores. The study details an extensive analysis of slope failures in a fjord network that can be extended to other fjord environments.
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Feng, Zhengwei, and Longbin Lin. "Study on Slope treatment and Greening construction technology of Road Engineering." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016504005.
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Slope greening is an important part of road engineering construction. Its main purpose is to improve the ecological environment on the side of the road and improve its ability to resist geological disasters.The engineering features of this paper are long road engineering, large area of slope treatment. It analyzes the technical difficulties in the construction of slope greening project, such as large excavation depth, more stone slopes along the road, serious exfoliation of external soil and less nutrients in the soil. In view of the above technical difficulties, the key construction techniques such as excavation and filling slope construction, external soil direct seeding, spray seeding of external soil with hanging net, slope maintenance, combination of skeleton protection and plant slope protection are studied. It ensured the quality of the project and provided reference for the construction of related projects.
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Chai, Jianwei, Hua Ai, and Ting Liu. "Thermo-mechanical coupling analysis and software development." Thermal Science 25, no. 4 Part B (2021): 3199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2104199c.
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In order to quickly and accurately grasp the law of freeze-thaw reaction of permafrost slopes, based on the hydro-thermal-mechanical coupling theory, relying on MATLto compile a finite element program that can reflect the multi-field coupling mechanism of the soil. This test is in good agreement with the classic test, which verifies the reliability of the program. Based on this, the paper developed a set of water-thermal-mechanical coupling analysis software for permafrost slopes that can run independently and is easy to operate. The software?s functions and development process are introduced. The response characteristics of frozen soil slopes under freezing and thawing are analyzed in combination with the example papers. The results show that the slope temperature, moisture, stress and displacement are obviously different at different times. The maximum shear stress band appears at the freezing-thawing interface of the slope. The horizontal displacement of the slope is basically the same along the slope when the freezing is completed. At the end of the thawing period, the upper part and the lower part are large. The horizontal displacement and unfrozen water content of the slope during the thawing period are larger than those during the freezing period, but the maximum shear stress is small and the stability of permafrost in the warm season is poor. It has important application value for freeze-thaw calculation of frozen soil slope engineering.
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Xiaolei, JI, XU Lanlan, and YANG Guoping. "Influence of Root Morphology on Ecological Slope Protection." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 04036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019804036.
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Ecological slope protection is of great importance for preventing the water and soil loss on bare slopes, improving the ecological environment, and realizing the sustainable ecosystem development. The root-soil composite slope consisting of homogenous soil mass and oleander root system was taken as the study object. Based on the mechanics principle of soil reinforcement by roots in ecological slope protection, the influences of the lateral root quantity of plants and included angle between main root and lateral root on the slope protection were investigated via the finite element (FE) software ABAQUS. The simulation results show that the larger the quantity of lateral roots, the more obvious the displacement reduction of the soil mass on the slope surface will be. The slope protection effect varies with the root morphology, the included angle between main root and lateral root is an important factor influencing the slope protection effect of plants, and the slope protection effect at included angle of 30° is apparently superior to that at 90°. The research results can provide a theoretical support for the plant selection in the ecological slope protection.
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Barboux, Chloé, Reynald Delaloye, and Christophe Lambiel. "Inventorying slope movements in an Alpine environment using DInSAR." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39, no. 15 (June 16, 2014): 2087–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3603.
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Sengani, Fhatuwani, and François Mulenga. "Application of Limit Equilibrium Analysis and Numerical Modeling in a Case of Slope Instability." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 26, 2020): 8870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218870.
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The application of limit equilibrium analysis and numerical simulation in case of slope instability is described. The purpose of the study was to use both limit equilibrium methods (LEMs) and numerical simulations (finite element method (FEM)) to understanding the common factor imposing the selected slope into slope instabilities. Field observations, toppling analysis, rotational analysis, and numerical simulations were performed. The results of the study showed that the selected unstable slopes were associated with the sliding types of toppling; it was observed that the slopes were governed by tension cracks and layered soil mass and dominated with approximately two joints sets throughout. The simulated factor of safety (FoS) of the slopes composed of clay soil was denoted to be prone to slope instability while others were categorized as moderately stable. The simulated FoS of the slopes correlated very well with the visual observations; however, it is anticipated that properties of soil mass and other characteristics of the slopes contributed largely to the simulated FoS. The sensitivity of the model was further tested by looking into the effect of the slope angle on the stability of the slope. The results of the simulations showed that the steeper the slope, the more they become prone to instability. Lastly, Phase 2 numerical simulation (FEM) showed that volumetric strain, shear stress, shear strain, total displacement, and σ1 and σ3 components of the slope increase with the stages of the road construction. It was concluded improper road construction, steepness of the slope, slope properties (soil types), and multiple geological features cutting across are the common mechanisms behind the slope instability.
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Li, Jiu Ming, Xiao Bo Xiong, and Ai Hua Tao. "The Application and Analysis of Reinforcing Mechanism with Vet. for Slope Ecological Protection in Highway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.423.
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Slope biotechnique has become a significant method to protect slopes. Vetiveria zizanioides has many biological characteristics, such as resistance to overhead flooding injury; withstand drought, pain resistance and tachyauxesis. The root system has high tensile strength, well adaptability and other features. Through the joint effects of root system and micro-ecological environment, the slope can be well reinforced and protected. This paper studies the basic properties of vetiveria zizanioides and the principle of water and soil maintenance. The tensile strength of single root and the force mechanism of eco-reinforced slope are analyzed. Research shows that vetiveria zizanioides also has many excellent engineering parameters, such as tensile strength and shear strength. With the large and deep pierced root system, the soil mass is effectively fixed, which limits the shift of shallow soil of slopes. Vetiveria zizanioides is easy to grow. Meanwhile, it can control soil erosion effectively and maintain the stability of the highway slope. Therefore, this plant has a greater value in the field of highway slope protection.
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Conceição, Murilo Pereira da Silva, Camilla Maria Torres Pinto, Fernando Antonio Leite Vieira Lima, and Sandro Lemos Machado. "Influence of soil-atmosphere interactions and unsaturated soil properties on slope stability." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133703019.
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Results of coupled slope stability analysis performed on two urban slopes in Salvador-BA, considering suction variations due to soil-atmosphere interactions over the years of 2016 and 2018 are presented. Boundary conditions, unsaturated soil shear strength and hydraulic parameters were determined by surveying the local topography, analysing climatic and hydrological data, and gathering undisturbed soil samples from the slopes. Soil characterization, saturated and suction controlled triaxial tests and permeability, evaporation and soil water retention curve tests were performed. The simulation of the slope stability over time was performed using SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. A “soil-climate interaction function” and a modifier function were used as two distinct approaches to model the interactions between soil and the environment. The Vanapalli et al. (1996) [1] and Fredlund et al. (1978) [2] models were used to fit the cohesion versus suction curves. The most severe stability conditions were obtained in modelling considering the modifier function for soil-atmosphere interaction and Vanapalli et al. (1996) [1] model for slope 2 and the model of Fredlund et al. (1978) [2] for slope 1.
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Abe, Takafumi, Kenta Okuyama, Tsuyoshi Hamano, Miwako Takeda, Minoru Isomura, and Toru Nabika. "Hilly environment and physical activity among community-dwelling older adults in Japan: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e033338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033338.
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ObjectivesWe investigated whether a moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) level and walking time were associated with a hilly environment in rural Japanese older adults.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingUnnan city, Ohnan and Okinoshima towns in Shimane, Japan.ParticipantsData were collected from 1115 adults from the Shimane CoHRE study, who were aged 60 years and older and living in rural Japan in 2012.MeasuresWe measured the total time spent on MVPA and walking using a Japanese short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The land slope in 400 or 800 m network buffers was assessed using the geographic information system. A multivariable Poisson regression model examined the prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CIs of walking time or MVPA levels meeting the WHO guideline (>150 min/week) in the land slope categories (low, middle and high), adjusted for confounders.ResultsEngaging in the recommended level of MVPA was significantly associated with middle land slope (PR=1.07; p=0.03) and high land slope (PR=1.06; p=0.07) compared with low land slope in the 400 m network buffer, as well as with middle land slope (PR=1.02; p=0.48) and high land slope (PR=1.04; p=0.25) compared with the low land slope in the 800 m network buffer. Walking time was significantly associated with middle land slope (PR=1.13; p=0.04) and high land slope (PR=1.17; p=0.01) compared with low land slope in the 400 m network buffer, and with middle land slope (PR=1.09; p=0.16) and high land slope (PR=1.17; p<0.01) compared with low land slope in the 800 m network buffer. The sensitivity analysis found only a positive association between walking time and land slope in the 400 and 800 m network buffers.ConclusionsThis study showed that a hilly environment was positively associated with walking time among older adults living in rural Japan.
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Kipper, R., A. Tamm, P. Tenjes, and E. Tempel. "The effect of environment on the fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S308 (June 2014): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316010401.
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AbstractWe study the effect of environment to fundamental relation of elliptical galaxies. We find that superclusters, filaments and groups give noticeable effect to slope of velocity dispersions while little to luminosity slope.
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Wang, Feng Shan, Li Fa Wu, Quan Bing Rong, and Hong Jun Zhang. "Pregnant Environment Analysis Model of Earthquake-Induced Underground Engineering Slope Based on Gray Relation and Variation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2494.
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Complicated and variational relation among the factors of the pregnant environment, resulted that, it was hard to orderly sentence the connection from the pregnant risk factors to the overall slope safety. Through differentiating risk relational factors into the extreme variation, same directional matrix was established for the pregnant environment safety of earthquake-induced underground engineering slope. Gray relation Analysis Model was established on the pregnant environment of earthquake-induced underground engineering slope, which was integrated with entropy information of same directional matrix. Model calculated out the gray relation degree and variation coefficient among the sample data sequence of the observed units, and finally sentenced the overall safety of underground engineering slope systemically. Example showed that toward the multi-objective decision-making problem for the safety assessment of underground engineering slope, model possessed with a scientific, simple, practical feature, whose outcome revealed the full status of the slope pregnant environment.
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Chiu, Yi-Fang, Karen Forrest, and Travis Loux. "Relationship Between F2 Slope and Intelligibility in Parkinson's Disease: Lexical Effects and Listening Environment." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, no. 2S (July 15, 2019): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-msc18-18-0098.
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Purpose There is a complex relationship between speech production and intelligibility of speech. The current study sought to evaluate the interaction of the factors of lexical characteristics, listening environment, and the 2nd formant transition (F2 slope) on intelligibility of speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD). Method Twelve speakers with PD and 12 healthy controls read sentences that included words with the diphthongs /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, and /aʊ/. The F2 slope of the diphthong transition was measured and averaged across the 3 diphthongs for each speaker. Young adult listeners transcribed the sentences to assess intelligibility of words with high and low word frequency and high and low neighborhood density in quiet and noisy listening conditions. The average F2 slope and intelligibility scores were entered into regression models to examine their relationship. Results F2 slope was positively related to intelligibility in speakers with PD in both listening conditions with a stronger relationship in noise than in quiet. There was no significant relationship between F2 slope and intelligibility of healthy speakers. In the quiet condition, F2 slope was only correlated with intelligibility in less-frequent words produced by the PD group. In the noise condition, F2 slope was related to intelligibility in high- and low-frequency words and high-density words in PD. Conclusions The relationship between F2 slope and intelligibility in PD was affected by lexical factors and listening conditions. F2 slope was more strongly related to intelligibility in noise than in quiet for speakers with PD. This relationship was absent in highly frequent words presented in quiet and those with fewer lexical neighbors.
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Kubitz, J. A., P. Goodrum, and T. Bohrmann. "THE DOSE-RESPONSE HILL SLOPE USED IN THE AQUATIC TOXICITY MODULE OF OIL SPILL MODELS SHOULD BE MUCH STEEPER." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 940–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.940.
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ABSTRACT One useful tool for assessing the potential adverse effects of oil spills on aquatic and marine environments are computational models that calculate the transport, fate and effects of substances. The use of computational models is authorized by 43 CFR 11, and has been codified in the Natural Resources Damage Assessment for Coastal and Marine Environments (NRDAM/CME). The code in the NRDAM/CME is incorporated into modules that compute how a spilled substance moves through a marine environment and affects biological resources. This paper describes an apparent error in one module of the NRDAM code, the one that calculates the mortality rate of exposed organisms to concentrations that are less than the medial lethal concentration (LC50) of a mixture of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons. Based on a review of the original publication, we have concluded the original mean “hill slopes” range from 4.34 to 24.16, which are much greater than the slope (functions) of 1.1 to 1.7 that are used in a module of the NRDAM/CME code. The use of a probit slope function as a logistic slope has the effect of overestimating the mortality rate for marine species exposed to low hydrocarbon concentrations and underestimating mortality of marine species exposed to concentrations greater than the LC50. The “shallow” slope function also calculates a much lower threshold concentration at which adverse effects are expected, than is supported by slope values indicated by the original source. The error in the slope of this module may also explain, in part, why field personnel have not observed fish kills when the NRDAM/CME has predicted mortalities occurred.
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Chu, Lin, Tiancheng Sun, Tianwei Wang, Zhaoxia Li, and Chongfa Cai. "Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Erosion and a Quantitative Analysis of its Determinants in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 8486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228486.
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As the most typical ecologically fragile area in South China, the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) suffers from water and soil loss, which has threatened the local ecological environment. Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion and exploring its determinants are of great significance in preventing soil erosion and maintaining ecological sustainability in the TGRA. This study investigates the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion and quantitatively identifies the determinants in the TGRA based on the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) and geographical detector method. This study concluded that the soil erosion status generally improved from 1990 to 2015, showing an increasing trend from 1990 to 2000 and a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2010. Slope, land use, and vegetation coverage were the dominant individual factors affecting soil erosion in the TGRA. For the interaction factor, the combinations of land-use type and slope and vegetation coverage and slope were the key determinants, explaining 68.7% and 63.1% of the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion in the TGRA from 1990 to 2015, respectively. Moderate and higher levels of soil erosion occurred in areas where the slope was greater than 25°. Among the land-use types, dry land and bare land were prone to soil erosion. These findings reveal that land-use type and vegetation coverage should be considered for the effective prevention of soil erosion, and cultivation on sloped farmland should be prohibited, especially on slopes higher than 25° in the TGRA.
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Arif, Rabia, Faiza Akram, Tazeen Jamil, Hamid Mukhtar, Siu Fai Lee, and Muhammad Saleem. "Genetic Variation and Its Reflection on Posttranslational Modifications in Frequency Clock and Mating Type a-1 Proteins in Sordaria fimicola." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1268623.
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Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) occur in all essential proteins taking command of their functions. There are many domains inside proteins where modifications take place on side-chains of amino acids through various enzymes to generate different species of proteins. In this manuscript we have, for the first time, predicted posttranslational modifications of frequency clock and mating type a-1 proteins in Sordaria fimicola collected from different sites to see the effect of environment on proteins or various amino acids pickings and their ultimate impact on consensus sequences present in mating type proteins using bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, we have also measured and walked through genomic DNA of various Sordaria strains to determine genetic diversity by genotyping the short sequence repeats (SSRs) of wild strains of S. fimicola collected from contrasting environments of two opposing slopes (harsh and xeric south facing slope and mild north facing slope) of Evolution Canyon (EC), Israel. Based on the whole genome sequence of S. macrospora, we targeted 20 genomic regions in S. fimicola which contain short sequence repeats (SSRs). Our data revealed genetic variations in strains from south facing slope and these findings assist in the hypothesis that genetic variations caused by stressful environments lead to evolution.
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Abe, Takafumi, Kenta Okuyama, Tsuyoshi Hamano, Miwako Takeda, Masayuki Yamasaki, Minoru Isomura, Kunihiko Nakano, Kristina Sundquist, and Toru Nabika. "Assessing the Impact of a Hilly Environment on Depressive Symptoms among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 4520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094520.
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Although some neighborhood environmental factors have been found to affect depressive symptoms, few studies have focused on the impact of living in a hilly environment, i.e., land slope, on depressive symptoms among rural older adults. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether a land slope is associated with depressive symptoms among older adults living in rural areas. Data were collected from 935 participants, aged 65 years and older, who lived in Shimane prefecture, Japan. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and defined on the basis of an SDS score ≥ 40. Land slopes within a 400 m network buffer were assessed using geographic information systems. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of depressive symptoms were estimated using logistic regression. A total of 215 (23.0%) participants reported depressive symptoms. The land slope was positively associated with depressive symptoms (OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01–1.08) after adjusting for all confounders. In a rural setting, living in a hillier environment was associated with depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults in Japan.
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Salween, Salmah, Khairul Anuar Mohd Nayan, and Mohammad Omar Faruk Murad. "Evaluation on the Stability of Slope at Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment (FKAB) using Slope/w." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 28, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2016-28-09.
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Adamenko, Y., and M. Ambroziak. "Assessment of the slips resistance by engineering of the mountain-ski complex." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 36 (May 15, 2009): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2009.36.2944.
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Article is based on researches exogenous processes on mounting skiing resorts, methods of an estimation of stability of slopes, design precautionary actions, as a basis which engineering calculations and the time forecast of change of balance of the geological environment serve. Key words: resort, slope, stability, landslip, exposition.
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Liu, Yishuo, Qiangxun Wang, Jiantao Guo, Wenyuan Gao, and Jingge Li. "Study on Construction Technology of Tunnel Entrance on High Steep Slope of Sichuan-Tibet Railway." E3S Web of Conferences 276 (2021): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127602022.
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The geological environment along the Sichuan-Tibet railway has the characteristics of plate splitting, frequent geological disasters, complex topography, large topography, cold climate, high cold and anoxia, etc. It is recognized by the world as one of the most difficult projects so far. Based on the construction of the tunnel entrance on the high and steep slope of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, this paper conducts research on the construction of the tunnel construction, the reinforcement of the tunnel entrance and the protection of high and steep slopes. The integrated” tunnel entrance reinforcement system and the “carbon fiber lightweight active protection net” technology for slope protection are expected to provide a reference for the construction of the tunnel entrance of the Sichuan-Tibet railway high and steep slope.
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Bao, Xueying, and Haiwen Li. "Study on the Evaluation Method of Subgrade Slope Green Protection Effect in Dry-Hot Valley of Sichuan-Tibet Railway." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (June 27, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7159582.
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In view of the harsh environment in the dry-hot valley of Sichuan-Tibet railway and the important role of the green protection of the subgrade slope in railway construction and ecological restoration, this paper evaluates the effect of the green protection of the subgrade slope in dry-hot valleys of the Sichuan-Tibet railway. First, an evaluation index system for the green protection effect of railway subgrade slopes is established in terms of the soil matrix quality, vegetation community quality, and protection performance of the slopes. Second, game theory is adopted to combine the improved-group-analytic-hierarchy-process method and the vector-angle-cosine method and thus determine the weight of each evaluation index. Moreover, the membership-cloud-gravity-center method is used to evaluate the green protection level of the railway subgrade slope, and an evaluation cloud map is drawn with the help of MATLAB software to further analyze the evaluation. Finally, a section subgrade slope of the DHV area of the Sichuan-Tibet railway is selected as the evaluation object, and the green protection effect is evaluated to verify the applicability and effectiveness of the model. The study provides a theoretical basis for the protection of subgrade slopes and ecological restoration in the DHV area.
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Susilawati, Susilawati, and Veronika Veronika. "Kajian Rumput Vetiver Sebagai Pengaman Lereng Secara Berkelanjutan." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 22, no. 2 (December 27, 2016): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v22i2.12886.
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Flores is the island in the NTT province, which has a row of volcanoes, with the mountainous topography. Transportation is state road, along the coast with high cliffs on the other side. That often causes problems during the rainy season as several landslides. Various methods are used to overcome this landslide. Studies on vetiver grass as slope protection done to secure the slopes on a sustainable basis. First, an evaluation done for the slope construction along the slope safety from Nangaroro to Aegela, which are using vetiver grass as a safety slopes in addition to other security structures. It is also done for the same job of the road from Ende to Nangaroro and Ende-Detusoko. This study covers the technical aspects, ecological, construction and sustainability of the infrastructure that has been built. Furthermore, it is done the literature study to find more appropriate method, environmentally friendly and sustainable in securing these slopes problematic. From the literature studies and the field survey done, it can be concluded and recommended several models of eco-friendly structural design of vetiver grass and geotextile for slope protection, which is based on technical-meet standard strength, ecologically-friendly environment, locally-developed local wisdom, so it is easy to construct.
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Sun, Peijin, Wei Lu, Yan Song, and Zongchao Gu. "Influences of Built Environment with Hilly Terrain on Physical Activity in Dalian, China: An Analysis of Mediation by Perceptions and Moderation by Social Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 4900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244900.
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Neighborhood built environment may influence residents’ physical activity, but evidence of non-major Chinese cities is lacking. We investigated the impact of five socio-demographic characteristics, 10 objectively assessed environment characteristics, eight perceived neighborhood attributes, and social environment on physical activity and health outcomes (sense of community, body mass index, as well as self-reported health status). We also examined (1) five conceptually comparable perceived neighborhood attributes as mediators of the relationship between objective environment attributes and physical activity; (2) other perceived indicators and social environment as moderators of those relationships, using the mediation analysis in regression. Objectively assessed residential density, land use mix, street connectivity, and accessibility were curvilinearly and/or linearly related to physical activity. The slope of terrain was inversely associated with body mass index (BMI). None of the perceived attributes were found as mediators probably due to the weak associations between subjective and objective environments. High density facilitated physical activity but hindered the sense of community. Further, the perceived aesthetic and safety were associated with physical activity. Additionally, social environment moderated the positive associations of all perceived environments (except for slope) and sense of community. The present study demonstrated that both physical and social environment attributes significantly correlated with physical activity in Dalian.
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Galih C, Yudho Dwi, Gati Sri Utami, and Arrina Khanifa. "The Influence of Structural Structures on Slope Stability at PT. Energi Batubara Lestari, South Kalimantan)." PROMINE 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/promine.v7i1.1059.
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PT. Energi Batubara Lestari (EBL) is a coal mine that uses an open pit mining system, so it requiresslope security to create a safe and conducive mining environment. This study aims to analyze slopestability, the method used in this study is the boundary equilibrium method. The geological structure atPT. EBL has solids, sand lithology, loose sand, clay and coal, has a strong impact on slope stabilitybecause the more gaps, the more incoming water it will more easily affect weathered rocks so thatthey experience landslides. Slope stability analysis on the highwall side of the A-A side gets the FK1,851 value, the B-B side highwall side obtained by FK 1,676 and the highwall side of the C-obtainedside FK 1.54 indicates that the highwall slope is safe. And on the lowwall side the A-A side is obtainedFK 1,198, on the B-B side lowwall 'FK values obtained 0.94, and the C-C side lowwall side' is obtainedFK 1.27, indicating that on lowwall slopes in critical conidi. To make a stable or safe slope the slopegeometry is designed in lowwall areas with a high change and overall slope so that FK results areobtained: A-A design side 'lowwall slope 1,478, B-B design side' 1,447 lowwall slope while design sideC-C 'slope lowwall 1,497.
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Winkler, Antoniony S., Jaqueline T. da Silva, José M. B. Parfitt, Claudia F. A. Teixeira-Gandra, Germani Conceço, and Luis C. Timm. "Surface drainage in leveled land: Implication of slope." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 2 (February 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n2p77-82.
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ABSTRACT In the lowlands of Rio Grande do Sul, land leveling is mostly carried out with no slope for the purpose of rice production. In this environment, soils with a low hydraulic conductivity are predominant owing to the presence of a practically impermeable B-horizon near the surface. Land leveling leads to soil accommodation resulting in the formation of depressions where water accumulates after heavy rainfalls, subsequently leading to problems with crops implanted in succession to rice, such as soybeans. The objective of this research was to quantify the areas and volumes of water accumulation in soil as a function of the slope of land leveling. Five typical leveled lowland areas were studied as a part of this research. The original areas presented slopes of 0, 0.20, 0.25, 0.28 and 0.40%, which were used to generate new digital elevation models with slopes between 0 and 0.5%. These newly generated digital models were used to map the depressions with surface water storage. In conclusion, land leveling with slopes higher than 0.1% is recommended to minimize problems with superficial water storage in rice fields.
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Song, Xiaoruan, Miansong Huang, Shiqin He, Gaofeng Song, Ruozhu Shen, Pengzhi Huang, and Guanfang Zhang. "Erosion Control Treatment Using Geocell and Wheat Straw for Slope Protection." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 10, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5553221.
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Slope failure triggered by soil erosion under rainfall remains one of the most difficult problems in geotechnical engineering. Slope protection with planting vegetation can be used to reinforce the soil and stabilize the slope, but the early collapse of the planting soil before the complete growth of plants becomes a major issue for this method. This paper has proposed a composite soil treatment and slope protection method using the geocell structures and the wheat straw reinforcement. The geocell structures improve the stability of the planting soil and provide a stable and fixed environment for the vegetation, while the wheat straw reinforces the soil and also increases the fertility. The authors have performed a total of 9 experiments in this work that are classified into three groups, i.e., the unsupported slopes, the geocell reinforced, and the geocell and wheat straw composite reinforced with a consideration of three different rainfall intensities. The progressive slope failure development during the rainfall was assessed, as well as the soil erosion, the slope displacement, and the water content. The results show that the slope failure increases as the rainfall continues, and the soil degradation increases with the intensity of rainfall. The soil treatment using geocell improves the slope stability, but the geocell and wheat straw composite reinforcement has the best erosion control and slope protection.
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Whittall, John, Erik Eberhardt, and Scott McDougall. "Runout analysis and mobility observations for large open pit slope failures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 3 (March 2017): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0255.
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Objectively forecasting the runout of a potential open pit slope failure, in addition to identifying the failure itself, is a critical component of a mine’s risk management plan. Recent losses arising from large open pit slope failures demonstrate shortcomings in current practice. A dataset of 105 pit slope failures was compiled to compare open pit runout trends against established empirical runout relationships for natural landslides. Fahrböschung angle versus volume and Fahrböschung angle versus slope angle relationships provide reasonable runout estimates. Open pit slopes have the advantage of removing the influence of morphological features, vegetation, and liquefiable substrates while controlling the travel path angle and roughness. In such a controlled environment, landslide mobility has a strong sensitivity to slope angle, material properties, and fall height, and is only modestly sensitive to volume. A grouping of highly mobile open pit slope cases involving weathered, saturated, collapsible rock mass materials exceed expected runout distances when compared with established runout trends. This suggests mobility for these weaker rock masses is controlled by pore pressures mediating basal friction. The result is that two different runout exceedance trends are observed based on whether the unstable rock mass involves fresh, strong rocks or weathered weak rocks.
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Bao, Roberto, Henko De Stigter, and Tjeerd C. E. Van Weering. "Diatom fluxes in surface sediments of the Goban Spur continental margin, NE Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Micropalaeontology 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2000): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.19.2.123.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Continental slopes are presumed key areas for deposition of organic carbon exported from the shelf. Analysis of across-slope differences in diatom and silicoflagellate fluxes recorded in bottom sediments of the Goban Spur margin, a typical North Atlantic slope environment, was carried out to test if they can provide information on the magnitude of advection of material from the shelf into deeper waters. Total diatom and silicoflagellate accumulation rates showed strong across-slope differences. Minimum values are recorded at the shelf break where maximum surface productivity conditions occur while the deeper sampling stations record fluxes as high as 183×106 valves cm–2 ka–1. While high diatom fluxes show a clear correspondence with the activity of a permanent bottom nepheloid layer operating in the region, they do not correlate with productivity patterns observed in the water column. Diatom assemblages are mainly composed of Chaetoceros resting spores and Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Grunow ex Hustedt, typical indicators of spring bloom conditions in the area. The absence of clear across-slope trends in the diatom assemblages is interpreted as the effect of random mixing driven by the strong hydrodynamic regime provoked by the activity of the bottom nepheloid layer. The dominance of Chaetoceros resting spores across the slope is related to important exportation of shelf-derived production. However, due to the broad ecological tolerances of the main taxa composing the diatom assemblages, they do not allow precise estimations on the magnitude of the primary vertical flux vs. the secondary lateral flux in this slope environment. Use of the tychoplanktonic and benthic diatoms, which are restricted to the neritic realm, allows only the estimation of the minimum amount of shelf-derived diatoms reaching the slope sediments (at least 13% of the total diatom assemblage for the upper slope area of the Goban Spur). This study shows that major limitations exist for the use of diatoms preserved in surface sediments of this area as tracers of shelf-derived production transported to the continental slope.
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Popa, Livia, Cristina E. Panaiotu, and Eugen Grădinaru. "An early Middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes and cement crusts-dominated reef from North Dobrogea (Romania): facies, depositional environment and diagenesis." Acta Geologica Polonica 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agp-2014-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A well-developed Triassic carbonate platform is exposed in the eastern part of the Tulcea Unit, in the Cimmerian North Dobrogean Orogen, southeastern Romania. Facies analysis of the 200 m thick succession of lower Middle Anisian limestones exposed in a large limestone quarry south of the village of Mahmudia suggests a transition from upper slope towards toe-of-slope carbonate facies, reflecting sea-level fluctuations and tectonic tilting. The slope is dominated by in situ microbialites in the upper portion, consisting of reefal boundstone facies, and by molluscan coquina and cement boundstones. A key role is played by the cosmopolitan micro-encruster Tubiphytes, which became common in the aftermath of the mass extinction at the Permian/Triassic boundary, and by autochthonous micrite and synsedimentary marine cement. The absence of metazoan reef builders, such as sponges and corals, reflects the fact that microbes were the first organisms to recover after the Permian/Triassic crisis under unusual marine conditions and that their main role in reef formation was sediment stabilization along the upper slopes. The lower slope is mostly detrital, being dominated by platform-derived bioclastic rudstones and crinoidal floatstones, which are interbedded with basinal carbonate hemipelagics. The toe-of-slope is composed of pelagic wackestones framed by thin tongues of intraclast breccia. All these observations are in agreement with the slopeshedding model described for the Pennsylvanian microbial margin in Asturias (northern Spain) and the Anisian- Ladinian flat-topped, steep-rimmed Latemar platform (Dolomites, Italy). As most of the Anisian reefs were described from western and eastern Tethys (Southern Alps, Hungary, China), the occurrence of the early Middle Anisian Tubiphytes-reef from North Dobrogea (Romania) contributes to resolving the puzzle of the geographic distribution of reef recovery in the Middle Triassic.