Academic literature on the topic 'Slope Monitoring'
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Journal articles on the topic "Slope Monitoring"
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OSHIMA, Tadashi, and Takeshi AMISHIMA. "Slope Monitoring System." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 140, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.140.154.
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Wong, Leslie, Susanga Costa, Tanvirul Islam, Jon Missen, Nicole Anderson, Wing Kong Chiu, and Jayantha Kodikara. "Remote monitoring techniques for rehabilitated slope." E3S Web of Conferences 347 (2022): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234703007.
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AGL Loy Yang has been intensively engaged and involved in research in the area of rehabilitated mining slopes. A proposal was raised to turn the Loy Yang mine pit into a lake after decommission (in three decades) to achieve safe and stable rehabilitation of the mines. The slope stability of these rehabilitated slopes is one of the major concerns. The slopes are hardly failed spontaneously. Instead, they usually provide indications of distress (cracks and erosion) over some time. Therefore, an ongoing monitoring system may provide valuable time to mitigate the progression of the failure. Distributed optical fibre sensing (DOFS) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are emerging new and innovative technologies for remote monitoring a large civil structure for early warnings, alerts and decision making. Both DOFS and UAV have been recently deployed at Loy Yang rehabilitated trial site. The preliminary results have demonstrated their reliability and practicality for these rehabilitated slope monitoring techniques. These remote sensing techniques are compared and discussed in terms of slope monitoring application.
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Yang, Pan, Shu Dong Zhang, Jun Mei Guo, Cheng Xuan Ma, You Cheng Shen, and Jun Yang. "Application of Slope Safety Automatic Monitoring Technology in the Project of Road No.1 in Republic of Congo." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 1429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.1429.
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Slope safety has been well concerned by the society in recent years. Slope displacement monitoring is an important subject of slope safety and its research has been developing rapidly. In this article, we draw up a pilot slope safety automatic monitoring scheme for the project of Road No.1 in Republic of Congo, which depends on real-time displacement monitoring. This scheme uses fixed inclinometer as its main appliance and achieves wireless data transmission. During this process, we considered both local climate and the characteristics of high slopes along the road, and finished a series of work including monitoring position selection, critical slip surface prediction and finally monitoring system establishment. Our ultimate objective is to achieve real-time monitoring of slope situation, and furthermore set up the relationship among slope displacement, rainfall and time. With the derived relationship we would be able to forecast the development of slope deformation and possible danger caused by the slopes.
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Hearn, G. J., and T. Hunt. "B5 Slope movement monitoring." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 24, no. 1 (2011): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/egsp24.9.
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Kokocňska-Pakiet, Elzbieta. "Monitoring of soil structure." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012055.
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Abstract Based on data from the Central Office of Construction Supervision, there were 5455 construction disasters in Poland between 2008 and 2019. Four thousand twenty-three disasters were caused by random events, of which 110 were caused by landslides. Most of these events took place in 2010, when there were up to 94 disaster-related landslides. Landslides have been occurring with different intensity, significantly influencing the current structure of the Earth surface. In natural conditions, without human intrusion, these phenomena have a character of long-term processes that activate depending on the changes of natural external conditions such as ground saturation with water, area deforestation, high degradation or slopes erosion. Everyone who had contact with landslides knows that it is not a sudden phenomenon, but a process - chain of events occurring one after another and developing with time. This phenomenon forces constant necessity of getting more detailed knowledge of the processes mechanism and character and phenomena occurring inside the slopes. That is why slope monitoring plays such an important role in understanding the mechanism of landslides. In Poland, most structures of this type belong to the second or third geotechnical category in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy (2012). The law obliges the owner of the land on which this type of structure is located to perform inspections and monitoring of its condition. The monitoring of the slope protecting the liquid waste landfill facility located at the food processing plant was analysed in the article. In 1997, the slope was subject to a construction disaster in consequence of washout by the Oder River and too high irrigation of the ground structure. Following the disaster, the slope with the waste reservoirs slid into the river polluting it. Since the reconstruction, the slope is subject to constant monitoring of the external geometry and checking the condition of the ground building the dam. The paper discusses the applied monitoring methods and shows the methodology of conducting the measurements. The results of slope settlement were analysed and compared with model calculations. In conclusion, modern monitoring techniques were shown, which could be applied to this type of structures.
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Santana, Lucas Santos, Gabriel Araújo e. Silva Ferraz, João Paulo Barreto Cunha, Mozarte Santos Santana, Rafael de Oliveira Faria, Diego Bedin Marin, Giuseppe Rossi, Leonardo Conti, Marco Vieri, and Daniele Sarri. "Monitoring Errors of Semi-Mechanized Coffee Planting by Remotely Piloted Aircraft." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061224.
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Mechanized operations on terrain slopes can still lead to considerable errors in the alignment and distribution of plants. Knowing slope interference in semi-mechanized planting quality can contribute to precision improvement in decision making, mainly in regions with high slope. This study evaluates the quality of semi-mechanized coffee planting in different land slopes using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) and statistical process control (SPC). In a commercial coffee plantation, aerial images were collected by a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) and subsequently transformed into a digital elevation model (DEM) and a slope map. Slope data were subjected to variance analysis and statistical process control (SPC). Dependent variables analyzed were variations in distance between planting lines and between plants in line. The distribution of plants on all the slopes evaluated was below expected; the most impacted was the slope between 20–25%, implementing 7.8% fewer plants than projected. Inferences about the spacing between plants in the planting row showed that in slopes between 30–40%, the spacing was 0.53 m and between 0 and 15% was 0.55 m. This denotes the compensation of the speed of the operation on different slopes. The spacing between the planting lines had unusual variations on steep slopes. The SCP quality graphics are of lower quality in operations between 30–40%, as they have an average spacing of 3.65 m and discrepant points in the graphics. Spacing variations were observed in all slopes as shown in the SCP charts, and possible causes and implications for future management were discussed, contributing to improvements in the culture installation stage.
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Uglova, Evgenia V., Alexander S. Konorev, and Olga V. Konoreva. "Monitoring of Landslide Slope Stability near Construction Facilities." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.288.
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The article dwells on the matters of monitoring of landslide slope stability near construction facilities. The procedure of field experimental research on landslide slopes and road structures thereon with the use of the vibration-measuring system was examined. The procedure of field experimental research on the sections with various levels of ground watering was described to detect differences in the characteristics of dynamic deformation of the landslide and stable sections of the slope. Amplitude-time characteristics of the vertical and tangential components of the surface vibrations on the microseism level and matching amplitude-frequency characteristics were obtained. The criteria of road structure stability on landslide sections of slopes were identified.
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Ishizawa, Tomohiro, Toru Danjo, and Naoki Sakai. "Real-Time Prediction Method for Slope Failure Caused by Rainfall Using Slope Monitoring Records." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 5 (September 27, 2017): 980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0980.
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The failure time of a slope is predicted by a method based on creep failure theory for slope displacement on natural slopes, embankments, and cutting slopes. These prediction methods employ several equations based on the relationship between the displacement rate (displacement velocity) and time. However, such methods harbor problems because the shape of the tertiary creep curve is affected by many conditions, and it is difficult to identify the phase of tertiary creep. This study examines the time change in the displacement rate of the slope and derives an index for identifying the phase of tertiary creep. Two models of large-scale composite granite slopes were tested by using a large-scale rainfall simulator. In the experiments, the slope displacements were monitored in real time. From these results, inflection points were found in the velocity of the slope displacement. It was found that the corresponding inflection points at different locations in the sliding soil mass occurred with the same timing. This paper discusses the effectiveness of the prediction method for slope failure time by using the inflection points of displacement rate in real-time monitoring records.
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Tao, Zhigang, Chun Zhu, Xiaohui Zheng, and Manchao He. "Slope stability evaluation and monitoring of Tonglushan ancient copper mine relics." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 2018): 168781401879170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018791707.
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Due to natural environmental conditions and the effect of man, geological disasters (landslides, earthquakes, etc.) pose a serious threat to ancient relics distributed across China. In consideration of the current situation at the Tonglushan ancient copper mine relics, and on the basis of hydrology and geological engineering conditions of ancient relics, major factors affecting slope stability of ancient relics are analyzed. In light of major working condition types in the slopes of ancient relics, slope stability in relation to earthquakes and rainfall is analyzed using GeoStudio software with limit equilibrium methods. Results indicate that, with sustained rainfall, all slopes in the current reinforcement measure maintain a suitable stabilization status, but slope stability will sharply decline in response to an earthquake. Therefore, the influence of mining blasting activities on slope stability is analyzed. In view of the deformation characteristics of ancient copper mines, the sliding force remote monitoring and warning system based on the constant resistance and large deformation anchor bolt is adopted to continuously monitor the stability of the west slope of the relics. Monitoring results show that the application of “mechanical gun” instead of “explosive blasting” mining technique in the open-pit mine has effectively reduced the influence of mining disturbance on the stability of the western slope. As slope deformation of the relics can be effectively monitored and controlled, our findings provide a theoretical basis to analyze slope stability in other similar cultural relics.
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Zhang, Zhuomin, Song He, Chaonan He, Yi Chen, and Haobo Shi. "Research on Highway Slope Disaster Automated Monitoring Method Based on Video Image Processing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2095, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2095/1/012042.
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Abstract With the rapid development of China highway transportation network, a lot of highways have risen in the mountainous areas. And the risk of geological disasters is also increasing. Due to the instability of the geological structure and geological changes, slope landslides and collapses frequently occur. However, there is a lack of effective means and tools in the field of highway slope disaster monitoring. For large and important slopes, various information-based monitoring methods are used, but the effects and practicability are not satisfactory. This paper proposes a highway slope disaster automated monitoring research method based on multi-camera video image processing to solve the previous engineering problems of slope video monitoring. It can quickly identify slope disaster events with centimeter-level monitoring accuracy, which can meet the application requirements of highway engineering. Correspondingly, the disaster emergency response capabilities of highway operators can also be supported and improved.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slope Monitoring"
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Wei, Yukun. "Slope stability assessment through field monitoring." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239955.
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Deterministic methods have been used in geotechnical engineering for a long period, such as slope stability calculations. However, only applying deterministic methods is subjective and imperfect. There is a demand to develop a systematic methodology to link the assessed slope stability and field measurement data, which is also known as inverse analysis and forward calculation. Based on the Nya Slussen project, this thesis includes the development of a methodology, deterministic calculation for 4 cross sections using finite element program Plaxis 2D and probabilistic calculation for one section. Deterministic analyses showed satisfying results for all the studied cross sections since their factors of safety exceeded the minimum requirement. In probabilistic design, three parameters were found to have the most uncertainties through sensitivity analysis (undrained shear strength of clay, Young’s modulus of clay and friction angle of fill). Inverse analysis was done by testing different values of them in Plaxis and to try to match the displacement components provided by field measurement. After finding the best optimization for all the parameters, forward calculation gave a final factor of safety. It is suggested that both of the methods should be utilized together for better assessment.
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Li, Aiguo, and 李愛國. "Field monitoring of a saprolite cut slope." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29901765.
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Momand, Farid A. "Monitoring Slope Stability Problems Utilizing Electrical and Optical TDR." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1289317906.
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Smith, Alister. "Quantification of slope deformation behaviour using acoustic emission monitoring." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18593.
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Early warning of slope instability will enable evacuation of vulnerable people and timely repair and maintenance of critical infrastructure. However, currently available warning systems are too expensive for wide-scale use or have technical limitations. The acoustic emission (AE) monitoring approach using active waveguides (i.e. a steel tube with granular backfill surround installed in a borehole through a slope), in conjunction with the Slope ALARMS AE measurement system, has the potential to be an affordable early warning system for slope instability. However, the challenge has been to develop strategies to interpret and quantify deformation behaviour from measured AE. The development of an approach to quantify slope deformation behaviour from measured AE will enable the AE monitoring system to provide early warning of slope instability through detecting, quantifying and communicating accelerations in slope movement. Field monitoring and full-scale physical modelling have been conducted to characterise the AE response from the system to both reactivated slope movements and first-time slope failure. Definitive field evidence has been obtained showing AE monitoring can measure slope movements and generated AE rates are proportional to slope displacement rates, which was confirmed through comparisons with both conventional inclinometer and continuous ShapeAccelArray deformation measurements. A field monitoring case study demonstrated that the AE approach can detect very slow slope movements of 0.075 mm/day. In addition, the concept of retrofitting inclinometer casings with active waveguides to convert the manually read instrument to a real-time monitoring system has been demonstrated using a field trial. Dynamic strain-controlled shear tests on active waveguide physical models demonstrated that AE monitoring can be used to quantify slope displacement rates, continuously and in real-time, with accuracy to within an order of magnitude. Large-scale first-time slope failure experiments allowed the AE response to slope failure to be characterised. AE was detected after shear deformations of less than a millimetre in previously un-sheared material, and AE rates increased proportionally with displacement rates as failure occurred. The AE rate-displacement rate relationship can be approximated as linear up to 100 mm/hour and shear surface deformations less than 10-20 mm. At greater velocities and larger deformations the gradient of the relationship progressively increases and is best represented using a polynomial. This is because complex pressure distributions develop along the active waveguide analogous to a laterally loaded pile, and the confining pressures increase. Variables that influence the AE rate-displacement rate relationship have been quantified using physical model experiments and empirical relationships. A framework has been developed to allow AE rate-displacement rate calibration relationships to be determined for any AE system installation. This provides a universal method that can be used by practitioners when installing AE systems, to calibrate them to deliver alarm statuses/warning levels that are related to slope displacement rates. Use of this framework has been demonstrated using a case study example, and decision making protocols have been suggested that use trends in alarms with time to trigger decisions, which could be to send an engineer to inspect the slope, manage traffic, or evacuate people.
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Chandarana, Upasna Piyush, and Upasna Piyush Chandarana. "Optimizing Geotechnical Risk Management Analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625550.
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Mines have an inherent risk of geotechnical failure in both rock excavations and tailings storage facilities. Geotechnical failure occurs when there is a combination of exceptionally large forces acting on a structure and/or low material strength resulting in the structure not withstanding a designed service load. The excavation of rocks can cause unintended rock mass movements. If the movement is monitored promptly, accidents, loss of ore reserves and equipment, loss of lives, and closure of the mine can be prevented. Mining companies routinely use deformation monitoring to manage the geotechnical risk associated with the mining process. The aim of this dissertation is to review the geotechnical risk management process to optimize the geotechnical risk management analysis. In order to perform a proper analysis of slope instability, understanding the importance as well as the limitations of any monitoring system is crucial. Due to the potential threat associated with slope stability, it has become the top priority in all risk management programs to predict the time of slope failure. Datasets from monitoring systems are used to perform slope failure analysis. Innovations in slope monitoring equipment in the recent years have made it possible to scan a broad rock face in a short period with sub-millimetric accuracy. Instruments like Slope Stability Radars (SSR) provide the quantitative data that is commonly used to perform risk management analysis. However, it is challenging to find a method that can provide an accurate time of failure predictions. Many studies in the recent past have attempted to predict the time of slope failure using the Inverse Velocity (IV) method, and to analyze the probability of a failure with the fuzzy neural networks. Various method investigated in this dissertation include: Minimum Inverse Velocity (MIV), Maximum Velocity (MV), Log Velocity (LV), Log Inverse Velocity (LIV), Spline Regression (SR) and Machine Learning (ML). Based on the results of these studies, the ML method has the highest rate of success in predicting the time of slope failures. The predictions provided by the ML showed ~86% improvement in the results in comparison to the traditional IV method and ~72% improvement when compared with the MIV method. The MIV method also performed well with ~75% improvement in the results in comparison to the traditional IV method. Overall, both the new proposed methods, ML and MIV, outperformed the traditional inverse velocity technique used for predicting slope failure.
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Logan, Kenneth Scott. "Analysis of Wireless Tiltmeters for Ground Stability Monitoring." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32009.
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Tiltmeters can be used in the mining environment to monitor slope stability by making use of gravitational force to measure angles of inclination relative to horizontal. Tiltmeters typically use accelerometers, which output a voltage measurement that can be related to angle of tilt. Though wireless tiltmeters already exist today, they lack certain ruggedness and sensitivity preventing use in mines. The purpose of this project was to investigate the feasibility of using already existing wireless tiltmeters in the mining setting. Additionally, a new wireless tiltmeter was designed which could be specially tailored for the needs of monitoring hazardous rock bodies in both surface and underground mines. By recording angles of any slope, either in a surface mine or underground, over extended periods of time, changes in readings can infer instabilities in the rock mass underlying the slope being measured. By placing many tiltmeters in a mesh on a surface slope or underground roof, rib, or other face, the entire surface can be monitored. Compared to the measurements of a single point using one instrument, a dense network can be extremely useful in detecting rock movement.
Many monitoring techniques are in use already in mines. Traditional methods of monitoring, though undeniably useful, are often time consuming. By utilizing wireless devices that transmit data back to a single location, data acquisition and analysis time can be minimized, saving the mine employee hours as well as down time. As surface mines continue to deepen, and underground mines continue to progress further from the surface, the extent of necessary monitoring continues to increase: this widening range will require greater time for proper monitoring, unless an automated system is implemented. With proper wireless equipment, real time monitoring of an entire mine is possible.Master of Science
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Forward, Troy Andrew. "Quasi-Continuous GPS Steep Slope Monitoring: A Multi-Antenna Array Approach." Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/409.
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This thesis investigates the design, implementation and validation of a multi-antenna GPS system to monitor the displacement of deforming slopes. The system utilises a switched antenna array design allowing data from multiple antennas to be sampled sequentially by one GPS receiver. The system provides quasi-continuous GPS observations that can produce a precise and reliable coordinate time-series of the movement of the slope under consideration. GPS observations and particularly those concerned with the monitoring of steep slopes, are subject to systematic errors that can significantly degrade the quality of the processed position solutions. As such, this research characterises the data in terms of multipath effects, the spectrum of the coordinate time-series, and the carrier to noise power density ratio of the raw GPS observations. Various GPS processing parameters are then investigated to determine optimal processing parameters to improve the precision of the resulting coordinate time-series. Results from data stacking techniques that rely on the daily correlation of the repeating multipath signature find that the GPS data actually decorrelates somewhat from day to day. This can reduce the effectiveness of stacking techniques for the high precision monitoring of steep slopes. Finally, advanced stochastic models such as elevation angle and carrier-to-noise weighting are investigated to optimise the precision of the coordinate time-series data. A new in-line stochastic model is developed based on weighting GPS observations with respect to the level of systematic error present within the data. By using these advanced types of stochastic models, reductions to the noise level of the coordinate time-series of approximately 20 and 25 percent are possible in the horizontal and height components respectively.Results from an extensive field trial of this system on a deforming high-wall of an open-pit mine indicate that approximately 135mm of displacement occurred over the 16-week field trial. The precision of the coordinate time-series for surface stations approaches ±4.Omm and ±5.4mm in the horizontal and height components respectively. For sub-surface stations next to the mine wall, coordinate precision has been determined as ±4.9mm.component and ±7.6mm in the height component respectively.
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Forward, Troy Andrew. "Quasi-Continuous GPS Steep Slope Monitoring: A Multi-Antenna Array Approach." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Spatial Sciences, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11914.
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This thesis investigates the design, implementation and validation of a multi-antenna GPS system to monitor the displacement of deforming slopes. The system utilises a switched antenna array design allowing data from multiple antennas to be sampled sequentially by one GPS receiver. The system provides quasi-continuous GPS observations that can produce a precise and reliable coordinate time-series of the movement of the slope under consideration. GPS observations and particularly those concerned with the monitoring of steep slopes, are subject to systematic errors that can significantly degrade the quality of the processed position solutions. As such, this research characterises the data in terms of multipath effects, the spectrum of the coordinate time-series, and the carrier to noise power density ratio of the raw GPS observations. Various GPS processing parameters are then investigated to determine optimal processing parameters to improve the precision of the resulting coordinate time-series. Results from data stacking techniques that rely on the daily correlation of the repeating multipath signature find that the GPS data actually decorrelates somewhat from day to day. This can reduce the effectiveness of stacking techniques for the high precision monitoring of steep slopes. Finally, advanced stochastic models such as elevation angle and carrier-to-noise weighting are investigated to optimise the precision of the coordinate time-series data. A new in-line stochastic model is developed based on weighting GPS observations with respect to the level of systematic error present within the data. By using these advanced types of stochastic models, reductions to the noise level of the coordinate time-series of approximately 20 and 25 percent are possible in the horizontal and height components respectively.Results from an extensive field trial of this system on a deforming high-wall of an open-pit mine indicate that approximately 135mm of displacement occurred over the 16-week field trial. The precision of the coordinate time-series for surface stations approaches ±4.Omm and ±5.4mm in the horizontal and height components respectively. For sub-surface stations next to the mine wall, coordinate precision has been determined as ±4.9mm.component and ±7.6mm in the height component respectively.
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Bell, Andrew D. F. "Spatial analysis approaches for the characterisation and monitoring of slope instability and deformation." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676269.
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This thesis focuses on the use of Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) for the monitoring of active slopes. Research into this area has developed an innovative methodological framework of spatial analysis approaches for the characterisation and monitoring of active slope instability sites. Methods implemented include monitoring using TLS derived Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) with scans conducted approximately every two months. Temporal responses of morphological parameters to slope instability and deformation were assessed. A pioneering assessment of TLS deviations over a scanning period of one day was utilised to identify the implications systematic errors have for temporal monitoring analysis. An evaluation of standard and robust statistics, statistics which are not affected by outliers, is presented for the applicability of TLS with implications for terrain evolution and error assessment. In addition to TLS monitoring, Aerial LiDAR (ALS) was assessed for the application of the morphological characterisation on a larger scale from selected sites around the world including the United Kingdom (UK) and Canada. This thesis presents the temporal, statistical and morphological responses of slope deformation over a monitoring period of two years. Rates of movement were found to vary with greatest magnitude occurring during Winter and Spring. Evaluation of error over the one day period identified limited deviation in the acquisition of successive point clouds. The implications for this error assessment illustrated the potential use of robust statistical measures. Temporal morphological assessment resulted in the identification of pre-and post-failure characterisation of slope instability. This resulted in the development of a quasi-empirical model of failure for the selected slopes. Spatial analysis results were validated using Aerial LiDAR and TLS datasets. The overarching impact of this thesis is that it has provided insight into the real world application of TLS monitoring of slope deformation and the benefits of such investigation for partner organisations and their key remits to governmental bodies.
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Hu, Hui [Verfasser]. "Deformation monitoring and modeling based on LiDAR data for slope stability assessment / Hui Hu." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103710689X/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Slope Monitoring"
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Schenderlein, William. Ground water quality monitoring program: Colorado western slope. [Denver, Colo.?]: Colorado Division of Water Resources, Office of the State Engineer, 1993.
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Austin, Bradford. Ground water monitoring activities, west slope of Colorado. [Denver, Colo.?]: Agricultural Chemicals Program, Water Quality Control Division, Colorado Dept. of Public Health and Environment, 1998.
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Kline, Thomas C. North Slope amphidromy assessment: Final report. [Fairbanks: University of Alaska, Coastal Marine Institute, 1999.
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Service, United States Forest, and Technology & Development Program (U.S.), eds. Simplified user's guide to time-domain-reflectometry monitoring of slope stability. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Technology & Development Program, 2009.
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Zabuski, Lesław. Projektowanie i wykonanie automatycznych systemów kontroli zboczy, na przykładzie zbocza osuwiskowego w Tresnej. Gdańsk: Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN, 1992.
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Cruden, D. M. Monitoring the south peak of Turtle Mountain, 1980 to 1985. Edmonton: The Division, 1986.
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Kneteman, Jeff. Harlequin duck monitoring in the northern east slopes of Alberta: 1998-2000 preliminary results. [Edmonton]: Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, 2000.
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Singla, Sumant. Demonstration project 103: Design & construction monitoring of soil nail walls : project summary report. [Washington, D.C.]: Office of Infrastructure, Federal Highway Administration, 1999.
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Sharon, Robert, and Erik Eberhardt, eds. Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring. CSIRO Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486311002.
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Although most mining companies utilise systems for slope monitoring, experience indicates that mining operations continue to be surprised by the occurrence of adverse geotechnical events. A comprehensive and robust performance monitoring system is an essential component of slope management in an open pit mining operation. The development of such a system requires considerable expertise to ensure the monitoring system is effective and reliable.
Written by instrumentation experts and geotechnical practitioners, Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring is an initiative of the Large Open Pit (LOP) Project and the fifth book in the Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design series. Its 10 chapters present the process of establishing and operating a slope monitoring system; the fundamentals of pit slope monitoring instrumentation and methods; monitoring system operation; data acquisition, management and analysis; and utilising and communicating monitoring results. The implications of increased automation of mining operations are also discussed, including the future requirements of performance monitoring.
Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring summarises leading mine industry practice in monitoring system design, implementation, system management, data management and reporting, and provides guidance for engineers, geologists, technicians and others responsible for geotechnical risk management.
Book chapters on the topic "Slope Monitoring"
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Wyllie, Duncan C. "Movement monitoring." In Rock Slope Engineering, 443–62. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315154039-16.
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Wyllie, Duncan C. "Movement monitoring." In Rock Slope Engineering, 443–62. Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315154039-15.
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Changwei, Yang, Zhang Jingyu, Lian Jing, Yu Wenying, and Zhang Jianjing. "Seismic Array Monitoring Results Analysis." In Slope Earthquake Stability, 19–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2380-4_2.
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Corominas, J., J. Moya, A. Ledesma, J. Rius, J. A. Gili, and A. Lloret. "Monitoring of the Vallcebre landslide, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain." In Slope Stability Engineering, 1239–44. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203739600-107.
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Petro, L., E. Polaščinová, and P. Wagner. "Evaluation of stream-like landslide activity based on the monitoring results." In Slope Stability Engineering, 1217–22. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203739600-103.
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Vladut, T. I. "Microseismic slope monitoring in surface mines." In Geotechnical Stability in Surface Mining, 385–94. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003079286-59.
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Xu, Jinhua, Li Chen, Yafen Song, and Chao Wang. "Numerical analysis of slope stability." In Advances in Civil Engineering: Structural Seismic Resistance, Monitoring and Detection, 648–53. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003310884-86.
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Gu, Fuji, Yu Liu, Jie Zhao, Guoqin Yan, and Long Qian. "Monitoring and forecast analysis of expressway slope." In Advances in Geology and Resources Exploration, 487–93. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308584-69.
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Zhang, Zhiyong. "Characterization and Monitoring of an Unstable Rock Face by Microseismic Methods." In Civil and Environmental Engineering for the Sustainable Development Goals, 97–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99593-5_8.
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AbstractUnstable rock slopes are likely to cause rockfalls, threatening human lives and properties, industrial activities, and transportation infrastructures in mountain areas. There is an increasing demand to forecast and mitigate the potential damage of rockfalls by developing a reliable early warning system. In this thesis, an unstable mountain slope in northern Italy was selected as the research target. A microseismic monitoring network has been operating since 2013 as a field research laboratory to study the microseismic monitoring technique in the perspective of developing rockfall early warning systems. Locating microseismic events is a basic step of this technique to obtain the location of developing cracks as possible precursors of rockfalls. However, it is still a challenging task due to the heterogeneity of fractured rock slopes. The main purpose of this thesis is to address the issues related to event localization for microseismic monitoring strategy applied to the unstable rock face. Graphical Abstract
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Ma, Pengcheng, Jiwu Lan, and Han Ke. "Field Monitoring of a Geogrid Reinforced MSW Slope." In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics Volume 2, 724–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2224-2_90.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Slope Monitoring"
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Saunders, Peter, Joseph Mukendi Kabuya, A. Torres, and Richard Simon. "Post-blast slope stability monitoring with slope stability radar." In 2020 International Symposium on Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/2025_30.
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Elmouttie, Marc, Xun Luo, Peter Dean, J. Duan, and J. Malos. "Slope monitoring using sensor fusion." In SSIM 2021: Second International Slope Stability in Mining Conference. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/2135_11.
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O’Neil, Gregg, and Alan Samchek. "Satellite-Based Monitoring of Slope Movements on TransCanada’s Pipeline System." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27356.
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TransCanada owns and operates over 38,000 km of pipeline throughout North America, which cross over 3,300 slopes and 1,200 watercourses. Ground movements on slopes at river crossings are an important pipeline hazard across Canada and especially within the Alberta system. These movements have led to several past pipeline ruptures and the development of a relatively extensive slope monitoring program. Historically, ground movement impacts are an industry-wide problem. The results of a 1998 study by the Gas Research Institute reported that external force damage from natural forces, including ground movement, was responsible for approximately 12 percent of all incidents reported on U.S. onshore pipelines between 1985 and 1994. Of all natural force incidents, ground movement accounted for approximately 29 percent of the total, on average. Furthermore, of all fires or explosions resulting from pipeline incidents, ground movements were reported responsible for about 5 percent of the total. In a similar study of Alberta pipeline failures and incidents between 1980 and 1997 (EUB, 1998), ground movement was the cause of 56 ruptures, or 3.5 percent of the total. Until recently, monitoring of the progress of slope movements was reactive and undertaken in a traditional fashion, using primarily slope inclinometers and/or ground surveys. Recently, however, TransCanada has adopted a proactive approach for the management of ground movements. Consistent with the management of other pipeline hazards, such as corrosion, ground movements are cast in a risk-based framework. The application of DInSAR technology, Differential Interferometry applied to satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, fits well within the proactive approach and has proven successful in measuring ground movements on ROW slopes to sub-centimetre accuracy. In 2000, a Pipeline Research Committee International (PRCI) study was carried out on a TransCanada Right of Way (RoW) that compared conventional slope indicator readings with DInSAR technology and proved the capability of the technology. TransCanada has begun to use DInSAR technology in this program of monitoring Alberta slopes. Typically, TransCanada monitors slope movements at 53 sites with frequency of readings between bi-annually and 4 times per year using conventional methods. Since 2001, 14 slopes on the TransCanada system have been instrumented using DInSAR methods and monitoring of movements using interferometric methods is continuing.
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Armstrong, Jorge, Robert Sharon, Chad Williams, and Bradley Ross. "Risk-based slope monitoring framework." In 2020 International Symposium on Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/2025_01.
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Yi, Wen, Yonghe Wang, Bing Yi, and Peng Yin. "A Case Study of Slope Monitoring for Highway Cut Slope." In GeoHunan International Conference 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/47627(406)16.
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Zhang, Yucheng, Guanghua Yang, and Haiying Hu. "Research on deformation characteristics of slope based on slope monitoring." In 2011 Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2011.5987708.
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Taylor, Keith, Parwant Ghuman, and Adrian McCardle. "Operational mine monitoring with InSAR." In First Asia Pacific Slope Stability in Mining Conference. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1604_48_taylor.
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Xiao, Yong, Vineet R. Kamat, and SangHyun Lee. "Monitoring Excavation Slope Stability Using Drones." In Construction Research Congress 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481264.017.
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Marr, W. Allen. "Instrumentation and Monitoring of Slope Stability." In Geo-Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412787.222.
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Mrlina, J. "Monitoring Hazardous Open Pit Mine Slope." In 74th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating EUROPEC 2012. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20148183.
Full textReports on the topic "Slope Monitoring"
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Couture, R., and W. Sladen. Slope movement monitoring. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/293170.
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Stuart, N. J., and T. Vladut. Microseismic data processing associated with monitoring of mine slope instabilities. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304938.
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Choe, B.-H., A. Blais-Stevens, S. Samsonov, and J. Dudley. RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) InSAR preliminary observations of slope movements in British Columbia, Alberta, and Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331099.
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The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC)mp;gt;'s Public Safety Geoscience Program (PSGP) has collaborated with the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) to assess the performance of new RCM data for monitoring slope movements. The PSGP has the mandate to study natural hazards and provide baseline geoscience information to help stakeholders and decision-makers mitigate against potential risk. This report provides preliminary results observed from new RCM InSAR data acquired over 21 sites in British Columbia (BC), Alberta (AB), and Nunavut (NU) from April 2020 to September 2021. , In some cases, comparisons with RCM imagery were made with RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1 observations. A total of 13 sites in BC, two sites in AB, and six sites in NU that are located close to communities and/or infrastructure were investigated. From these, we acquired a total of 1235 RCM single look complex (SLC) images of HH polarization (ascending: 514, descending: 721) from April 2020 to September 2021. Most were acquired with 3 m very-high-resolution and/or 5 m high-resolution modes. Based on the preliminary observations, the advantages and limitations of RCM InSAR for landslide monitoring are highlighted.
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Habib, Ayman, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin, and Raja Manish. Road Ditch Line Mapping with Mobile LiDAR. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317354.
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Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas requiring excavation of long-term sediment accumulation. High-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) provide an opportunity for effective monitoring of roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. This study evaluated the applicability of mobile LiDAR for mapping roadside ditches for slope and drainage analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units was performed. These MLMS included an unmanned ground vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a portable backpack system along with its vehicle-mounted version, a medium-grade wheel-based system, and a high-grade wheel-based system. Point cloud from all the MLMS units were in agreement in the vertical direction within the ±3 cm range for solid surfaces, such as paved roads, and ±7 cm range for surfaces with vegetation. The portable backpack system that could be carried by a surveyor or mounted on a vehicle and was the most flexible MLMS. The report concludes that due to flexibility and cost effectiveness of the portable backpack system, it is the preferred platform for mapping roadside ditches, followed by the medium-grade wheel-based system. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulders, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data, and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulder, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively.
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Cooper, Christopher, Jacob McDonald, and Eric Starkey. Wadeable stream habitat monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2018 baseline report. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286621.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Wadeable Stream Habitat Monitoring Protocol collects data to give park resource managers insight into the status of and trends in stream and near-channel habitat conditions (McDonald et al. 2018a). Wadeable stream monitoring is currently implemented at the five SECN inland parks with wadeable streams. These parks include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), and Congaree National Park (CONG). Streams at Congaree National Park chosen for monitoring were specifically targeted for management interest (e.g., upstream development and land use change, visitor use of streams as canoe trails, and potential social walking trail erosion) or to provide a context for similar-sized stream(s) within the park or network (McDonald and Starkey 2018a). The objectives of the SECN wadeable stream habitat monitoring protocol are to: Determine status of upstream watershed characteristics (basin morphology) and trends in land cover that may affect stream habitat, Determine the status of and trends in benthic and near-channel habitat in selected wadeable stream reaches (e.g., bed sediment, geomorphic channel units, and large woody debris), Determine the status of and trends in cross-sectional morphology, longitudinal gradient, and sinuosity of selected wadeable stream reaches. Between June 11 and 14, 2018, data were collected at Congaree National Park to characterize the in-stream and near-channel habitat within stream reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) and McKenzie Creek (CONG004). These data, along with the analysis of remotely sensed geographic information system (GIS) data, are presented in this report to describe and compare the watershed-, reach-, and transect-scale characteristics of these four stream reaches to each other and to selected similar-sized stream reaches at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Chattahoochee National Recreation Area. Surveyed stream reaches at Congaree NP were compared to those previously surveyed in other parks in order to provide regional context and aid in interpretation of results. edar Creek’s watershed (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) drains nearly 200 square kilometers (77.22 square miles [mi2]) of the Congaree River Valley Terrace complex and upper Coastal Plain to the north of the park (Shelley 2007a, 2007b). Cedar Creek’s watershed has low slope and is covered mainly by forests and grasslands. Cedar Creek is designated an “Outstanding Resource Water” by the state of South Carolina (S.C. Code Regs. 61–68 [2014] and S.C. Code Regs. 61–69 [2012]) from the boundary of the park downstream to Wise Lake. Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ (CONG001) is located just downstream (south) of the park’s Bannister Bridge canoe landing, which is located off Old Bluff Road and south of the confluence with Meyers Creek. Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ (CONG002 and CONG003, respectively) are located downstream of Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ where Cedar Creek flows into the relatively flat backswamp of the Congaree River flood plain. Based on the geomorphic and land cover characteristics of the watershed, monitored reaches on Cedar Creek are likely to flood often and drain slowly. Flooding is more likely at Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ than at Cedar Creek ‘upstream.’ This is due to the higher (relative to CONG001) connectivity between the channels of the lower reaches and their out-of-channel areas. Based on bed sediment characteristics, the heterogeneity of geomorphic channel units (GCUs) within each reach, and the abundance of large woody debris (LWD), in-stream habitat within each of the surveyed reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001–003) was classified as ‘fair to good.’ Although, there is extensive evidence of animal activity...
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Evans, Julie, Kendra Sikes, and Jamie Ratchford. Vegetation classification at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mojave National Preserve, Castle Mountains National Monument, and Death Valley National Park: Final report (Revised with Cost Estimate). National Park Service, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279201.
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Vegetation inventory and mapping is a process to document the composition, distribution and abundance of vegetation types across the landscape. The National Park Service’s (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) program has determined vegetation inventory and mapping to be an important resource for parks; it is one of 12 baseline inventories of natural resources to be completed for all 270 national parks within the NPS I&M program. The Mojave Desert Network Inventory & Monitoring (MOJN I&M) began its process of vegetation inventory in 2009 for four park units as follows: Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE), Mojave National Preserve (MOJA), Castle Mountains National Monument (CAMO), and Death Valley National Park (DEVA). Mapping is a multi-step and multi-year process involving skills and interactions of several parties, including NPS, with a field ecology team, a classification team, and a mapping team. This process allows for compiling existing vegetation data, collecting new data to fill in gaps, and analyzing the data to develop a classification that then informs the mapping. The final products of this process include a vegetation classification, ecological descriptions and field keys of the vegetation types, and geospatial vegetation maps based on the classification. In this report, we present the narrative and results of the sampling and classification effort. In three other associated reports (Evens et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2020c) are the ecological descriptions and field keys. The resulting products of the vegetation mapping efforts are, or will be, presented in separate reports: mapping at LAKE was completed in 2016, mapping at MOJA and CAMO will be completed in 2020, and mapping at DEVA will occur in 2021. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) and NatureServe, the classification team, have completed the vegetation classification for these four park units, with field keys and descriptions of the vegetation types developed at the alliance level per the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). We have compiled approximately 9,000 existing and new vegetation data records into digital databases in Microsoft Access. The resulting classification and descriptions include approximately 105 alliances and landform types, and over 240 associations. CNPS also has assisted the mapping teams during map reconnaissance visits, follow-up on interpreting vegetation patterns, and general support for the geospatial vegetation maps being produced. A variety of alliances and associations occur in the four park units. Per park, the classification represents approximately 50 alliances at LAKE, 65 at MOJA and CAMO, and 85 at DEVA. Several riparian alliances or associations that are somewhat rare (ranked globally as G3) include shrublands of Pluchea sericea, meadow associations with Distichlis spicata and Juncus cooperi, and woodland associations of Salix laevigata and Prosopis pubescens along playas, streams, and springs. Other rare to somewhat rare types (G2 to G3) include shrubland stands with Eriogonum heermannii, Buddleja utahensis, Mortonia utahensis, and Salvia funerea on rocky calcareous slopes that occur sporadically in LAKE to MOJA and DEVA. Types that are globally rare (G1) include the associations of Swallenia alexandrae on sand dunes and Hecastocleis shockleyi on rocky calcareous slopes in DEVA. Two USNVC vegetation groups hold the highest number of alliances: 1) Warm Semi-Desert Shrub & Herb Dry Wash & Colluvial Slope Group (G541) has nine alliances, and 2) Mojave Mid-Elevation Mixed Desert Scrub Group (G296) has thirteen alliances. These two groups contribute significantly to the diversity of vegetation along alluvial washes and mid-elevation transition zones.
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Petrie, John, Yan Qi, Mark Cornwell, Md Al Adib Sarker, Pranesh Biswas, Sen Du, and Xianming Shi. Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-019.
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Blowing snow accounts for a large part of Illinois Department of Transportation’s total winter maintenance expenditures. This project aims to develop recommendations on the design and placement of living snow fences (LSFs) to minimize snowdrift on Illinois highways. The research team examined historical IDOT data for resource expenditures, conducted a literature review and survey of northern agencies, developed and validated a numerical model, field tested selected LSFs, and used a model to assist LSF design. Field testing revealed that the proper snow fence setback distance should consider the local prevailing winter weather conditions, and snow fences within the right-of-way could still be beneficial to agencies. A series of numerical simulations of flow around porous fences were performed using Flow-3D, a computational fluid dynamics software. The results of the simulations of the validated model were employed to develop design guidelines for siting LSFs on flat terrain and for those with mild slopes (< 15° from horizontal). Guidance is provided for determining fence setback, wind characteristics, fence orientation, as well as fence height and porosity. Fences comprised of multiple rows are also addressed. For sites with embankments with steeper slopes, guidelines are provided that include a fence at the base and one or more fence on the embankment. The design procedure can use the available right-of-way at a site to determine the appropriate fence characteristics (e.g., height and porosity) to prevent snow deposition on the road. The procedure developed in this work provides an alternative that uses available setback to design the fence. This approach does not consider snow transport over an entire season and may be less effective in years with several large snowfall events, very large single events, or a sequence of small events with little snowmelt in between. However, this procedure is expected to be effective for more frequent snowfall events such as those that occurred over the field-monitoring period. Recommendations were made to facilitate the implementation of research results by IDOT. The recommendations include a proposed process flow for establishing LSFs for Illinois highways, LSF siting and design guidelines (along with a list of suitable plant species for LSFs), as well as other implementation considerations and identified research needs.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Evaluation of hanging-garden endemic-plant monitoring at Southeast Utah Group national parks, 2013–2020. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294868.
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Hanging gardens are the most common type of spring at Arches National Park (NP) and Natural Bridges National Monument (NM). They are also present at Canyonlands National Park, but hanging gardens are rare off the Colorado Plateau. Their cliffside setting provides stable access to water without flood disturbance. This combination provides unique habitat that is rich in endemic plant species. The diffuse, seeping emergence of water makes measuring springflow impossible at most sites. Park managers have an interest in monitoring hanging gardens—especially as the climate warms and aridity and water demand both increase. The Northern Colorado Plateau Net-work (NCPN) proposed methods for monitoring seven perennial endemic-plant species at hanging gardens as indicators of spring health and proxies for water availability. Because hanging gardens occur on bedrock outcrops, systematic or random sampling was not possible due to safety concerns and potential resource damage on steep, wet slopes. Examining eight years (2013–2020) of data, this report evaluates the suitability of endemic-plant count data at hanging gardens as a monitoring indicator. It also provides our first evaluation of status and trends at NCPN hanging gardens. The seven species included in monitoring were Rydberg’s thistle (Cirsium rydbergii), Kachina daisy (Erigeron kachinensis), alcove death camas (Zigadenus vaginatus), alcove bog orchid (Habenaria zothecina), cave primrose (Primula specuicola), alcove columbine (Aquilegia micrantha), and Eastwood’s monkeyflower (Mimulus eastwoodiae). Six of the seven species were found at each park. Up to 500 individuals of each species were counted at 42 hanging gardens in Arches NP, 14 hanging gardens in Natural Bridges NM, and 3 hanging gardens in Canyonlands NP. Larger populations were divided into count classes of 501–1,000, 1,001–10,000, and more than 10,000 individuals. Counts from two independent observers and from back-to-back years of sampling were compared for repeatability. Repeatability in count classes was less than 50% for Kachina daisy and Eastwood’s monkeyflower, which both propagate vegetatively via ramets and/or stolons. Repeatability was greater than 90% for only one species, Rydberg’s thistle. The remaining species were categorized in different classes between 15–40% of the time. Independent-observer comparisons were only available for 6.6% of the dataset, but these observations suggested that (1) observer bias was present and (2) the observer with more experience working in hanging gardens generally had higher counts than the observer with less experience in this system. Although repeatability was variable, it was within the range reported by other studies for most species. The NCPN, in discussion with park staff, has elected to make some modifications to the protocol but will continue using endemic plant counts as an indicator of hanging-garden health to maintain a biological variable as a complement to our physical-response data. This is due to their high value to park biodiversity and the difficulty of developing a more robust approach to monitoring in these sites. Endemic-plant monitoring will continue for the five species with the highest repeatability during pilot monitoring and will focus on detecting changes in smaller populations. Most hanging gardens have more than one endemic species present, so several populations can be tracked at each site. Our period of record is relatively brief, and the distribution of endemic-plant populations in different count classes at these sites has not yet shown any statistical trends over time. Be-cause of the large count classes, our methods are more sensitive to showing change in smaller populations (fewer than 500 individuals). Small populations are also of greatest concern to park managers because of their vulnerability to declines or extirpation due to drought. Over-all, more sites had endemic-plant populations of fewer than 100 individuals at the end...
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Huntley, D., D. Rotheram-Clarke, R. Cocking, J. Joseph, and P. Bobrowsky. Current research on slow-moving landslides in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (IMOU 5170 annual report). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331175.
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Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.
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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.