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Wei, Yukun. "Slope stability assessment through field monitoring." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239955.
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Deterministic methods have been used in geotechnical engineering for a long period, such as slope stability calculations. However, only applying deterministic methods is subjective and imperfect. There is a demand to develop a systematic methodology to link the assessed slope stability and field measurement data, which is also known as inverse analysis and forward calculation. Based on the Nya Slussen project, this thesis includes the development of a methodology, deterministic calculation for 4 cross sections using finite element program Plaxis 2D and probabilistic calculation for one section. Deterministic analyses showed satisfying results for all the studied cross sections since their factors of safety exceeded the minimum requirement. In probabilistic design, three parameters were found to have the most uncertainties through sensitivity analysis (undrained shear strength of clay, Young’s modulus of clay and friction angle of fill). Inverse analysis was done by testing different values of them in Plaxis and to try to match the displacement components provided by field measurement. After finding the best optimization for all the parameters, forward calculation gave a final factor of safety. It is suggested that both of the methods should be utilized together for better assessment.
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Li, Aiguo, and 李愛國. "Field monitoring of a saprolite cut slope." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29901765.
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Momand, Farid A. "Monitoring Slope Stability Problems Utilizing Electrical and Optical TDR." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1289317906.
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Smith, Alister. "Quantification of slope deformation behaviour using acoustic emission monitoring." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18593.
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Early warning of slope instability will enable evacuation of vulnerable people and timely repair and maintenance of critical infrastructure. However, currently available warning systems are too expensive for wide-scale use or have technical limitations. The acoustic emission (AE) monitoring approach using active waveguides (i.e. a steel tube with granular backfill surround installed in a borehole through a slope), in conjunction with the Slope ALARMS AE measurement system, has the potential to be an affordable early warning system for slope instability. However, the challenge has been to develop strategies to interpret and quantify deformation behaviour from measured AE. The development of an approach to quantify slope deformation behaviour from measured AE will enable the AE monitoring system to provide early warning of slope instability through detecting, quantifying and communicating accelerations in slope movement. Field monitoring and full-scale physical modelling have been conducted to characterise the AE response from the system to both reactivated slope movements and first-time slope failure. Definitive field evidence has been obtained showing AE monitoring can measure slope movements and generated AE rates are proportional to slope displacement rates, which was confirmed through comparisons with both conventional inclinometer and continuous ShapeAccelArray deformation measurements. A field monitoring case study demonstrated that the AE approach can detect very slow slope movements of 0.075 mm/day. In addition, the concept of retrofitting inclinometer casings with active waveguides to convert the manually read instrument to a real-time monitoring system has been demonstrated using a field trial. Dynamic strain-controlled shear tests on active waveguide physical models demonstrated that AE monitoring can be used to quantify slope displacement rates, continuously and in real-time, with accuracy to within an order of magnitude. Large-scale first-time slope failure experiments allowed the AE response to slope failure to be characterised. AE was detected after shear deformations of less than a millimetre in previously un-sheared material, and AE rates increased proportionally with displacement rates as failure occurred. The AE rate-displacement rate relationship can be approximated as linear up to 100 mm/hour and shear surface deformations less than 10-20 mm. At greater velocities and larger deformations the gradient of the relationship progressively increases and is best represented using a polynomial. This is because complex pressure distributions develop along the active waveguide analogous to a laterally loaded pile, and the confining pressures increase. Variables that influence the AE rate-displacement rate relationship have been quantified using physical model experiments and empirical relationships. A framework has been developed to allow AE rate-displacement rate calibration relationships to be determined for any AE system installation. This provides a universal method that can be used by practitioners when installing AE systems, to calibrate them to deliver alarm statuses/warning levels that are related to slope displacement rates. Use of this framework has been demonstrated using a case study example, and decision making protocols have been suggested that use trends in alarms with time to trigger decisions, which could be to send an engineer to inspect the slope, manage traffic, or evacuate people.
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Chandarana, Upasna Piyush, and Upasna Piyush Chandarana. "Optimizing Geotechnical Risk Management Analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625550.
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Mines have an inherent risk of geotechnical failure in both rock excavations and tailings storage facilities. Geotechnical failure occurs when there is a combination of exceptionally large forces acting on a structure and/or low material strength resulting in the structure not withstanding a designed service load. The excavation of rocks can cause unintended rock mass movements. If the movement is monitored promptly, accidents, loss of ore reserves and equipment, loss of lives, and closure of the mine can be prevented. Mining companies routinely use deformation monitoring to manage the geotechnical risk associated with the mining process. The aim of this dissertation is to review the geotechnical risk management process to optimize the geotechnical risk management analysis. In order to perform a proper analysis of slope instability, understanding the importance as well as the limitations of any monitoring system is crucial. Due to the potential threat associated with slope stability, it has become the top priority in all risk management programs to predict the time of slope failure. Datasets from monitoring systems are used to perform slope failure analysis. Innovations in slope monitoring equipment in the recent years have made it possible to scan a broad rock face in a short period with sub-millimetric accuracy. Instruments like Slope Stability Radars (SSR) provide the quantitative data that is commonly used to perform risk management analysis. However, it is challenging to find a method that can provide an accurate time of failure predictions. Many studies in the recent past have attempted to predict the time of slope failure using the Inverse Velocity (IV) method, and to analyze the probability of a failure with the fuzzy neural networks. Various method investigated in this dissertation include: Minimum Inverse Velocity (MIV), Maximum Velocity (MV), Log Velocity (LV), Log Inverse Velocity (LIV), Spline Regression (SR) and Machine Learning (ML). Based on the results of these studies, the ML method has the highest rate of success in predicting the time of slope failures. The predictions provided by the ML showed ~86% improvement in the results in comparison to the traditional IV method and ~72% improvement when compared with the MIV method. The MIV method also performed well with ~75% improvement in the results in comparison to the traditional IV method. Overall, both the new proposed methods, ML and MIV, outperformed the traditional inverse velocity technique used for predicting slope failure.
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Logan, Kenneth Scott. "Analysis of Wireless Tiltmeters for Ground Stability Monitoring." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32009.
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Tiltmeters can be used in the mining environment to monitor slope stability by making use of gravitational force to measure angles of inclination relative to horizontal. Tiltmeters typically use accelerometers, which output a voltage measurement that can be related to angle of tilt. Though wireless tiltmeters already exist today, they lack certain ruggedness and sensitivity preventing use in mines. The purpose of this project was to investigate the feasibility of using already existing wireless tiltmeters in the mining setting. Additionally, a new wireless tiltmeter was designed which could be specially tailored for the needs of monitoring hazardous rock bodies in both surface and underground mines. By recording angles of any slope, either in a surface mine or underground, over extended periods of time, changes in readings can infer instabilities in the rock mass underlying the slope being measured. By placing many tiltmeters in a mesh on a surface slope or underground roof, rib, or other face, the entire surface can be monitored. Compared to the measurements of a single point using one instrument, a dense network can be extremely useful in detecting rock movement.
Many monitoring techniques are in use already in mines. Traditional methods of monitoring, though undeniably useful, are often time consuming. By utilizing wireless devices that transmit data back to a single location, data acquisition and analysis time can be minimized, saving the mine employee hours as well as down time. As surface mines continue to deepen, and underground mines continue to progress further from the surface, the extent of necessary monitoring continues to increase: this widening range will require greater time for proper monitoring, unless an automated system is implemented. With proper wireless equipment, real time monitoring of an entire mine is possible.Master of Science
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Forward, Troy Andrew. "Quasi-Continuous GPS Steep Slope Monitoring: A Multi-Antenna Array Approach." Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/409.
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This thesis investigates the design, implementation and validation of a multi-antenna GPS system to monitor the displacement of deforming slopes. The system utilises a switched antenna array design allowing data from multiple antennas to be sampled sequentially by one GPS receiver. The system provides quasi-continuous GPS observations that can produce a precise and reliable coordinate time-series of the movement of the slope under consideration. GPS observations and particularly those concerned with the monitoring of steep slopes, are subject to systematic errors that can significantly degrade the quality of the processed position solutions. As such, this research characterises the data in terms of multipath effects, the spectrum of the coordinate time-series, and the carrier to noise power density ratio of the raw GPS observations. Various GPS processing parameters are then investigated to determine optimal processing parameters to improve the precision of the resulting coordinate time-series. Results from data stacking techniques that rely on the daily correlation of the repeating multipath signature find that the GPS data actually decorrelates somewhat from day to day. This can reduce the effectiveness of stacking techniques for the high precision monitoring of steep slopes. Finally, advanced stochastic models such as elevation angle and carrier-to-noise weighting are investigated to optimise the precision of the coordinate time-series data. A new in-line stochastic model is developed based on weighting GPS observations with respect to the level of systematic error present within the data. By using these advanced types of stochastic models, reductions to the noise level of the coordinate time-series of approximately 20 and 25 percent are possible in the horizontal and height components respectively.Results from an extensive field trial of this system on a deforming high-wall of an open-pit mine indicate that approximately 135mm of displacement occurred over the 16-week field trial. The precision of the coordinate time-series for surface stations approaches ±4.Omm and ±5.4mm in the horizontal and height components respectively. For sub-surface stations next to the mine wall, coordinate precision has been determined as ±4.9mm.component and ±7.6mm in the height component respectively.
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Forward, Troy Andrew. "Quasi-Continuous GPS Steep Slope Monitoring: A Multi-Antenna Array Approach." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Spatial Sciences, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11914.
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This thesis investigates the design, implementation and validation of a multi-antenna GPS system to monitor the displacement of deforming slopes. The system utilises a switched antenna array design allowing data from multiple antennas to be sampled sequentially by one GPS receiver. The system provides quasi-continuous GPS observations that can produce a precise and reliable coordinate time-series of the movement of the slope under consideration. GPS observations and particularly those concerned with the monitoring of steep slopes, are subject to systematic errors that can significantly degrade the quality of the processed position solutions. As such, this research characterises the data in terms of multipath effects, the spectrum of the coordinate time-series, and the carrier to noise power density ratio of the raw GPS observations. Various GPS processing parameters are then investigated to determine optimal processing parameters to improve the precision of the resulting coordinate time-series. Results from data stacking techniques that rely on the daily correlation of the repeating multipath signature find that the GPS data actually decorrelates somewhat from day to day. This can reduce the effectiveness of stacking techniques for the high precision monitoring of steep slopes. Finally, advanced stochastic models such as elevation angle and carrier-to-noise weighting are investigated to optimise the precision of the coordinate time-series data. A new in-line stochastic model is developed based on weighting GPS observations with respect to the level of systematic error present within the data. By using these advanced types of stochastic models, reductions to the noise level of the coordinate time-series of approximately 20 and 25 percent are possible in the horizontal and height components respectively.Results from an extensive field trial of this system on a deforming high-wall of an open-pit mine indicate that approximately 135mm of displacement occurred over the 16-week field trial. The precision of the coordinate time-series for surface stations approaches ±4.Omm and ±5.4mm in the horizontal and height components respectively. For sub-surface stations next to the mine wall, coordinate precision has been determined as ±4.9mm.component and ±7.6mm in the height component respectively.
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Bell, Andrew D. F. "Spatial analysis approaches for the characterisation and monitoring of slope instability and deformation." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676269.
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This thesis focuses on the use of Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) for the monitoring of active slopes. Research into this area has developed an innovative methodological framework of spatial analysis approaches for the characterisation and monitoring of active slope instability sites. Methods implemented include monitoring using TLS derived Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) with scans conducted approximately every two months. Temporal responses of morphological parameters to slope instability and deformation were assessed. A pioneering assessment of TLS deviations over a scanning period of one day was utilised to identify the implications systematic errors have for temporal monitoring analysis. An evaluation of standard and robust statistics, statistics which are not affected by outliers, is presented for the applicability of TLS with implications for terrain evolution and error assessment. In addition to TLS monitoring, Aerial LiDAR (ALS) was assessed for the application of the morphological characterisation on a larger scale from selected sites around the world including the United Kingdom (UK) and Canada. This thesis presents the temporal, statistical and morphological responses of slope deformation over a monitoring period of two years. Rates of movement were found to vary with greatest magnitude occurring during Winter and Spring. Evaluation of error over the one day period identified limited deviation in the acquisition of successive point clouds. The implications for this error assessment illustrated the potential use of robust statistical measures. Temporal morphological assessment resulted in the identification of pre-and post-failure characterisation of slope instability. This resulted in the development of a quasi-empirical model of failure for the selected slopes. Spatial analysis results were validated using Aerial LiDAR and TLS datasets. The overarching impact of this thesis is that it has provided insight into the real world application of TLS monitoring of slope deformation and the benefits of such investigation for partner organisations and their key remits to governmental bodies.
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Hu, Hui [Verfasser]. "Deformation monitoring and modeling based on LiDAR data for slope stability assessment / Hui Hu." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103710689X/34.
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Ureel, Scott Daniel. "Concepts Used to Analyze and Determine Rock Slope Stability for Mining & Civil Engineering Applications." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/325211.
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Slope stability plays an important role in rock engineering. During the design, construction and post design phases of rock slope stability, engineers and geologists need to pay close attention to the rock conditions within the rock slope to prevent slope failures, protect employees and maintain economic profit. This dissertation is based on a general four step procedure to construct and maintain rock slope stability with confidence. These four steps include field investigations, material testing and rock strength database, slope modelling and slope monitoring. The author provides past, present and alternatives methods for each step for the introduced slope stability procedure. Specific topics within each step are investigated displaying results, recommendations and conclusions. Step one involves data collection during field investigations for rock slope design. Orientation of rock core during drilling programs has become extremely pertinent and important for slope stability and underground mining operations. Orientation is needed to provide essential data to describe the structure and properties of discontinuities encountered during the design process to understand favourable and unfavourable conditions within a rock slope and underground openings. This chapter examines and discusses the limitations and benefits of four methods of obtaining borehole discontinuity orientations from drilling programs including clay-imprint, ACT I, II, III Reflex, EZY-MARK, and OBI/ABI Televiewer systems. Results, recommendations and conclusions are provided in this study. During step two to maintain rock slope stability, a rock strength database was created and used to correlate and compare RQD values to rock abrasion, shear strength and other rock characterization methods. Rock abrasion plays a significant role in geotechnical design, tunneling operations and the safety of foundations from scour; however, rock abrasion can be used to develop higher confidence in important parameters such as RQD and hardness. More rock abrasivity research is needed to provide a more accurate and compatible method for all subsurface material properties used in mining and civil engineering projects. This report will provide simple correlations relating abrasion resistance to RQD, UCS, Geological Strength Index (GSI) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of metamorphic rock. Results, discussions and conclusions are provided. Step 3 to determine rock slope stability entails utilizing computer modeling to predict failure conditions and wear rock mass properties. Computer modeling and slope monitoring for rock slopes have become essential to assess factor of safety (FOS) values to predict slope instability and estimate potential failure. When utilizing computer models, the limit equilibrium method (LEM) provides FOS values according to force and moment equilibrium; the shear strength reduction (SSR) technique calculates FOS using stress- and deformation-based analyses. Currently, both methods are prevalent in the engineering industry and applied by geotechnical engineers to analyze and determine stability in rock slopes for mining and civil engineering projects. Slope modeling techniques are then used to observe slope conditions and predict when slope failure may occur (FOS = 1.0). Comparison, results and conclusions are presented. Lastly, the dissertation (step 4: slope monitoring) will investigate past studies of FOS comparisons, review calculation methods and provide procedures and results using remote sensing data. The main objective of the dissertation is to provide engineers with essential information needed to ensure high confidence in factor of safety predictions and how alternative methods can be utilized. Recommendations, future research and conclusions regarding FOS and slope monitoring are provided within the dissertation.
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Codeglia, Daniela. "Development of an acoustic emission waveguide-based system for monitoring of rock slope deformation mechanisms." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33500.
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Hundreds of thousands of landslides occur every year around the world impacting on people's lives. Monitoring techniques able to foresee imminent collapse and provide a warning in time useful for action to be taken are essential for risk reduction and disaster prevention. Acoustic emission (AE) is generated in soil and rock materials by rearrangement of particles during displacement or increasing damage in the microstructure preceding a collapse; therefore AE is appropriate for estimation of slope deformation. To overcome the high attenuation that characterise geological materials and thus to be able to monitor AE activity, a system called Slope ALARMS that makes use of a waveguide to transmit AE waves from a deforming zone to a piezoelectric transducer was developed. The system quantifies acoustic activity as Ring Down Count (RDC) rates. In soil applications RDC rates have been correlated with the rate of deformation, however, the application to rock slopes poses new challenges over the significance of the measured AE trends, requiring new interpretation strategies. In order to develop new approaches to interpret acoustic emission rates measured within rock slopes, the system was installed at two trial sites in Italy and Austria. RDC rates from these sites, which have been measured over 6 and 2.5 years respectively, are analysed and clear and recurring trends were identified. The comparison of AE trends with response from a series of traditional instruments available at the sites allowed correlation with changes in external slope loading and internal stress changes. AE signatures from the limestone slope at the Italian site have been identified as generated in response to variations in the groundwater level and snow loading. At the conglomerate slope in Austria, AE signatures include the detachment of small boulders from the slope surface caused by the succession of freeze-thaw cycles during winter time. Consideration was also given to laboratory testing of specific system elements and field experiments. A framework towards strategies to interpret measured acoustic emission trends is provided for the use of the system within rock slopes.
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Hayati, Noorlaila [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Niemeier, and Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Sörgel. "Slope Movement Monitoring of The Ciloto Landslides Area Using InSAR Techniques / Noorlaila Hayati ; Wolfgang Niemeier, Uwe Sörgel." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1205461973/34.
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Hayati, Noorlaila Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] [Niemeier, and Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Sörgel. "Slope Movement Monitoring of The Ciloto Landslides Area Using InSAR Techniques / Noorlaila Hayati ; Wolfgang Niemeier, Uwe Sörgel." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1205461973/34.
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Hölck, Teuber Carlos Javier. "Open pit geomechanics and mine planning integration: design & economic assessment of a subsurface slope deformation monitoring campaign." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/141034.
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Magíster en Minería. Ingeniero Civil de MinasLa geomecánica y planificación minera son áreas de la minería a cielo abierto íntimamente relacionadas, ya que las restricciones geomecánicas limitan al diseño minero y, así, los planes mineros factibles. El diseño y los planes mineros han de empujar los límites de lo que la geomecánica permite, para asegurar operaciones mineras competitivas y mantener un nivel de riesgo al personal y operaciones aceptable. Luego, se requiere del monitoreo geotécnico para adquirir datos de calidad que permitan un diseño minero de alto nivel. Sin embargo, la relación entre geomecánica y planificación minera no se extiende al diseño e implementación de programas de monitoreo. En general, los programas de monitoreo de deformaciones superficiales son diseñados con posterioridad al inicio de la operación del rajo y cuando se han identificado signos de inestabilidad en la superficie de los taludes. El monitoreo de deformaciones del subsuelo permite alertar sobre fallas en desarrollo semanas antes de que estas se hagan notar en superficie. Luego, se debería diseñar campañas de monitoreo de deformaciones del subsuelo durante el proceso de planificación minera, considerando el diseño minero en la instalación de instrumentos geotécnicos previo a la construcción de la mina. Lo que permitiría registrar el proceso de relajación del macizo a medida que la construcción progresa y adquirir datos más exhaustivos del comportamiento del macizo rocoso (antes que con monitoreo superficial), con el fin de optimizar el diseño de taludes futuros y adoptar medidas correctivas para evitar fallas. En esta tesis, fueron diseñadas una serie de campañas de monitoreo de deformaciones del subsuelo usando In-Place Inclinometers, ShapeAccelArrays y Networked Smart Markers (NSMs) como equipos de monitoreo. Las opciones fueron aplicadas a una mina teórica desarrollada como parte de la tesis y comparadas en términos de costos, cantidad y calidad de los datos recopilados. Los resultados indican a la opción de NSMs cada 2[m] como la más eficiente en cuanto a costos ya que: (1) presenta el menor costo por unidad de datos adquiridos (US$57.21) y (2) 5 veces mayor vida útil, lo que permitiría obtener el doble de datos que la siguiente mejor opción, (3) se financia con un aumento de 2° en el ángulo de talud y (4) aumenta el VAN del proyecto en 3.2%.
Open pit geomechanics and mine planning are two closely related areas in the development of an open pit mine since geotechnical constrains limit the possible mine designs and, thus, the feasible mine plans. Mine designs and plans have to push the limits of what rock mass geomechanics allow to assure competitive mine operations, while maintaining acceptable levels of risk to operations and personnel. Therefore, geotechnical monitoring programs are required to acquire good quality data to be used as input for mine design. However, the relation between geomechanics and mine planning does not extend to monitoring programs design and implementation. Generally, surface deformation monitoring programs are designed after the project is in operation and signs of slope instability have been identified on the surface. Subsurface deformation monitoring can alert about developing failures weeks before any sign of instability is noted on the surface. Therefore, subsurface deformation monitoring campaigns should be designed along the mine planning process and considering the mine s design to install geotechnical instrumentation prior to the construction of the slopes. This methodology would allow to register the rock mass relaxation process as construction progresses and to acquire more comprehensive data about rock mass behaviour, in advanced of surface monitoring, towards future slope design optimization and adoption of remedial measurements to avoid failure. In this thesis, a series of subsurface deformation monitoring campaign were designed using In-Place Inclinometers, ShapeAccelArrays and Networked Smart Markers as monitoring devices. All options were applied to a theoretical open pit developed as part of this work. The campaigns were compared in terms of cost, quantity and quality of gathered data. The results showed that the campaign using NSMs installed every 2 meters was the most cost-efficient option as it represented: (1) the lowest cost per unit of gathered data (US$57.21), (2) five times longer lifespan, which allowed to gather twofold the amount of data compared with the next best option, (3) be financing of the campaign through steepening of the slopes by 2° and (4) increase in project s original NPV by 3.2%.
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Shu, Biao. "Rock Slope Stability Investigations In Three Dimensions For A Part Of An Open Pit Mine In USA." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338701.
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Traditional slope stability analysis and design methods, such as limit equilibrium method and continuum numerical methods have limitations in investigating three dimensional large scale rock slope stability problems in open pit mines associated with stress concentrations and deformations arising due to intersection of many complex major discontinuity structures and irregular topographies. Analytical methods are limited to investigating kinematics and limit equilibrium conditions based on rigid body analyses. Continuum numerical methods fail to simulate the detachment of rock blocks and large displacements and rotations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to try some new methods to have a deeper understanding of the open pit mine rock slope stability problems. The intact rock properties and discontinuity properties for both DRC and DP rock formations that exist in the selected open pit mine were determined from tests conducted on rock samples collected from the mine site. Special survey equipment (Professor Kulatilake owns) which has a total station, laser scanner and a camera was used to perform remote fracture mapping in the research area selected at the mine site. From remote fracture mapping data, the fracture orientation, spacing and density were calculated in a much refined way in this dissertation compared to what exist in the literature. Discontinuity orientation distributions obtained through remote fracture mapping agreed very well with the results of manual fracture mapping conducted by the mining company. This is an important achievement in this dissertation compared to what exist in the literature. GSI rock quality system and Hoek-Brown failure criteria were used to estimate the rock mass properties combining the fracture mapping results with laboratory test results of intact rock samples. Fault properties and the DRC-DP contact properties were estimated based on the laboratory discontinuity test results. A geological model was built in a 3DEC model including all the major faults, DRC-DP contact, and two stages of rock excavation. The built major discontinuity system of 44 faults in 3DEC with their real orientations, locations and three dimensional extensions were validated successfully using the fault geometry data provided by the mining company using seven cross sections. This was a major accomplishment in this dissertation because it was done for the first time in the world. Numerical modeling was conducted to study the effect of boundary conditions, fault system and lateral stress ratio on the stability of the considered rock slope. For the considered section of the rock slope, the displacements obtained through stress boundary conditions were seemed more realistic than that obtained through zero velocity boundary conditions (on all four lateral faces). The fault system was found to play an important role with respect to rock slope stability. Stable deformation distributions were obtained for k₀ in the range of 0.4 to 0.7. Because the studied rock mass is quite stable, it seems that an appropriate range for k₀ for this rock mass is between 0.4 and 0.7. Seven monitoring points were selected from the deformation monitoring conducted at the open pit mine site by the mining company using a robotic total station to compare with numerical predictions. The displacements occurred between July 2011 and July 2012 due to the nearby rock mass excavation that took place during the same period were compared between the field monitoring results and the predicted numerical modeling results; a good agreement was obtained. This is a huge success in this dissertation because such a comparison was done for the first time in the world. In overall, the successful simulation of the rock excavation during a certain time period indicated the possibility of using the procedure developed in this dissertation to investigate rock slope stability with respect to expected future rock excavations in mine planning.
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Franch, Flavio Augusto Jacob Parada. "Influência do tipo de revestimento superficial no fluxo não saturado e sua influência na estabilidade de taludes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-26092008-093650/.
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Taludes formados por solos na condição não saturada são muito comuns no Brasil. Nestes casos a poro-pressão de água contribui para a estabilidade desses taludes. Este trabalho pretende avaliar o efeito do tipo de revestimento superficial na alteração do perfil de poro-pressão de água provocado por fluxos gerados a partir de precipitações, evaporação e evapo-transpiração, e conseqüentemente na estabilidade de talude experimental. São apresentadas aqui as características geológico-geotécnica, geomorfológica, climática e pluviométrica de campo experimental implantado na zona leste de São Paulo/SP, onde foram instalados e monitorados tensiômetros, pluviômetro e medidor de nível dágua por um período oito meses. Resultados de ensaios de caracterização, resistência e obtenção das propriedades hidráulicas dos solos que compõem o maciço estudado são analisados, assim como ensaios realizados com a argamassa de revestimento do talude, ensaios para a análise do funcionamento dos tensímetros e tubos tensiométricos utilizados no monitoramento, e outros ensaios realizados in situ. O monitoramento realizado indicou coerência entre precipitações e variação da poropressão de água, e variação do nível dágua do terreno, em ambos os tipos de revestimento superficial, vegetação natural e argamassa, nos dois tipos de solo presentes no maciço. Análises de estabilidade do talude indicaram o efeito do tipo de revestimento superficial e das variações sazonais de poro-pressão de água no fator de segurança ao escorregamento do talude.Slopes formed by unsaturated soils are very common in Brazil. In these cases porewater pressure contribute for the slope stability behavior. This work aims at evaluating the effects of types of superficial coating on the profile of pore-water pressure changes, due to flow generated by precipitation, evaporation and evapotranspiration, and consequently on the stability of a experimental slope. It is presented here the geological-geotechnical, geomorfological, climatic and pluvial characterizations of the experimental field located in the east zone of São Paulo/SP, where have been installed and monitored tensiometers, pluviometer and groundwater level measurer during eight months. Results of tests of characterization, shear strength, and for obtaining the hydraulic properties of the in situ soils are analyzed, as well as the tests carried out with de mortar applied over the slope, as well as the functionality tests for the tensimeters and tensiometric tubes used on the monitoring, as well as other in situ tests. Monitoring indicated coherence between precipitation and change in pore-water pressure profile, and groundwater level, in both types of superficial coatings, natural vegetation and mortar, and in both types of in situ soils. Stability analyzes indicated the effect of the type of superficial coating and of the variation of pore-water pressure profile, during the experiment, on the factor of safety of the experimental slope.
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Kumar, Manoj. "In-situ monitoring of an Omni directional roof vent on a low slope single ply roof to identify most efficient porous underlayment for maximum pressure propagation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33115.
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An experimental study was carried out on a single-ply low-slope roof using a series of different underlayment layers to test and understand distributional characteristics of negative air pressure throughout the roof assembly, when subjected to suction pressure corresponding to different wind speeds. Various underlayments were tested at the Research & Demonstration Facility at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University to develop design guidelines for the installation of recently developed omni-directional roof vent on low slope membrane roofing systems. The newly designed and patented low-pressure roof vent works on Bernoulli and Venturi air flow principals and helps prevent uplift and detachment of the roofing membrane during storm or high wind conditions by creating a negative pressure zone underneath the roof membrane.
The objective of this research is to further develop the Pressure Equalizing Vent System by testing the wind vent in combination with different underlayments and to determine the appropriate tributary area of each vent under dynamic wind conditions.
The determined area of influence of each wind vent therefore serves as a guideline for appropriate spacing of the vents on the roof. It will also suggest the wind speed at which the pressure is lowered and its ability to weather storm events. The pressure sensors permanently installed beneath the membrane will continuously monitor the pressures in and around the wind vent. An additional objective of the research project is to understand the distributional characteristics of negative pressure in various layers of roof assembly in combination with varying underlayment membranes under different suctionals pressure to further develop the Pressure Equalizing Vent System.
The proposal seeks to develop a cost effective roof assembly method, which can withstand the effect of extreme wind through improved understanding of air movement through different layers of roof assembly. The study explores the effect of various underlayments on spatial and distributional character of pressure field on the single ply flat roof deck in combination with omni-directional roof vent system.Master of Science
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Yau, Man Hong. "Vertical displacement measurement using fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for structural health monitoring of bridges." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/72911/2/Man_Hong_Yau_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis developed a practical, cost effective, easy-to-use method for measuring the vertical displacements of bridges using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, which includes the curvature and inclination approaches. These approaches were validated by the numerical simulation tests on a full scale bridge and the laboratory-based tests. In doing so, a novel frictionless FBG inclination sensor with extremely high sensitivity and resolution has also been developed and validated.
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Godois, João Vítor da Silva. "Estudo do comportamento de um escorregamento ativo na Serra da Cantareira - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-16032012-113207/.
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Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo sobre um caso de movimento rotacional em uma massa de solo coluvionar, localizada na Vila Albertina na zona norte da cidade de São Paulo-SP. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os processos de instabilidade associados a eventos de chuvas, condições de fluxo e ações antrópicas que ocorreram no local. Procurou-se estabelecer as relações de causa e efeito que os eventos pluviométricos têm sobre a estabilidade da encosta; também foram estudadas as alterações causadas pelo homem e as condições de infiltração de água no terreno. Foi realizado um levantamento histórico de escorregamentos ocorridos na região desde a década de 30. Este levantamento histórico constituiu em resgatar aerofotografias, imagens de satélites e reconstituições de plantas topográficas do local. Através deste estudo se constatou que a encosta começou a ser modificada desde a década de 40, com uma possível tentativa de exploração de rochas graníticas. Nos anos 60 foi construída uma fábrica no pé da encosta. Atualmente, o solo desta encosta, que está em movimento, invade o pátio desta fábrica. Na década de 70, a área de escorregamento começou a ser ocupada por moradores, que construíram suas casas sobre esta encosta. Esta ocupação foi desordenada e acelerou o processo de instabilização da encosta; até o ano de 2004 viviam no local 600 famílias. No início da década de 80, a encosta apresentou grandes movimentações. Para que estes movimentos fossem cessados, realizaram-se obras de contenção, foram executados retaludamentos, instalações de drenos profundos e drenagens superficiais através de canaletas e escadas hidráulicas. Ainda na década de 80, retirou-se uma grande camada de solo da encosta para cobrir o aterro sanitário da Vila Albertina, localizado no terreno vizinho a encosta. Esta remoção deixou parte do terreno plano, causado o acumulo de águas pluviais. As águas, que antes escoariam superficialmente, passaram a se infiltrar no terreno. Para a caracterização e obtenção dos parâmetros de resistência dos solos da região, foram coletadas três amostras indeformadas: uma na crista do escorregamento e duas no pé da encosta. Neste local, foram identificados um solo coluvionar e um solo residual mais jovem. A encosta foi instrumentada através de marcos superficiais, inclinômetros que também serviram de medidores de nível d\'água e tensiômetros.This paper presents a study on a rotational movement in a colluvial soil mass located at Vila Albertina, northern region of São Paulo City. The main purpose of this work is to study the processes of instability related to rainfalls, conditions of flow and human actions that occurred at the site. It was intended to establish cause and effect relations pluviometric events have over the stability of the slope. It also studies alterations caused by men and water infiltration conditions on the land. A historical survey of ground sliding data on the region since the 1930s was gathered. This survey was composed of retrieved material such as aerial photographs, satellite images and topographic plans reconstitutions of the location. By means of this study, it was possible to verify that the slope started to be modified since the1940s, with a possible attempt of granite rocks exploitation. In the 60s, a factory was built on the bottom of the slope. Nowadays, the soil of this slope, which is in movement, is invading the courtyard of this factory. In the 70s, the sliding area started to be occupied by inhabitants, who built their homes on this slope. This disorderly occupancy accelerated the instability of the slope; until 2004, 600 families were living in the location. In the beginning of the 80s, the slope presented considerable movements. In order to stop them, contention constructions were executed, as well as re-sloping, installation of deep drains and superficial drainage by channels and hydraulic stairs. Still in the 80s, a great layer of the slopes soil was taken to cover Vila Albertinas sanitary landfill, located at land nearby. This removal left part of the ground plain, causing an accumulation of pluvial water. The pluvial water, which would superficially drain, started to infiltrate into the ground. To characterize and acquire the regions soil resistance parameters, three undisturbed samples were collected: one at the top of the sliding and two at the bottom of the slope. In this area, colluvial and a more recent residual soil were identified. The slope was monitored by superficial indicators, tensiometers and inclinometers that were also used to measure the water level.
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Abeykoon, A. Gedara Tharindu Bhagya Bandara. "Developing an economical and reliable real-time warning system for rainfall-induced individual landslides." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/227324/1/A%20Gedara%20Tharindu%20Bhagya%20Bandara_Abeykoon_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This project was a step forward in developing a reliable, economical and accurate real-time warning system for rainfall-induced individual landslides based on physical-based, optimised slope monitoring and statistical and numerical approaches. The physical-based system involved experimental and numerical analyses in implementing a low-cost slope monitoring system in critical slopes in North Maleny, evaluating parameters of tilt angle (and tilt rate), the volumetric water content of soil and rainfall. The thesis further investigated auxiliary landslide prediction approaches, including rainfall intensity–duration thresholds and analytical time to failure predictions to enhance the accuracy and reliability of outcomes.
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Nader, Alizeibek Saleimen. "Monitoramento de taludes via radar SSR como indicador chave de desempenho geotécnico integrado às atividades primárias da cadeia de valor mineral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-04032013-153034/.
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O avanço da tecnologia da informação e da aplicação de computadores na indústria de mineração permitiu a automatização de várias atividades da cadeia de valor mineral (CVM). As atividades da cadeia de valor mineral podem ser divididas em atividades de suporte e em atividades primárias. Os sistemas ERP (Enterprise and Resource Planning) têm fornecido por muitos anos a plataforma para a integração eficiente das atividades de suporte da mineração. No entanto, apesar dos avanços obtidos com a aplicação dos computadores em nichos técnicos específicos, não se conseguiu até o presente momento, integrar efetivamente as atividades primárias da cadeia de valor mineral. As principais razões para isto, são tanto as incertezas existentes no processo produtivo, que diferentemente de outros setores industriais são intrínsecas ao negócio da mineração, quanto as dificuldades para se medir e gerenciar convenientemente os indicadores chave de desempenho (KPIs-Key Performance Indicators), relevantes à cadeia de valor mineral. A medição e controle dos KPIs é fundamental para a quantificação dos eventuais benefícios da aplicação de tecnologia e do potencial de retorno do investimento em recursos humanos e financeiros, necessários à integração das atividades primárias da cadeia de valor mineral. Esta tese não se propõe a integrar a cadeia de valor mineral, mas a demonstrar como a integração da atividade geotécnica da CVM gera benefícios tangíveis, que permitem antever os benefícios de sua completa integração e assim a tese avança a um ponto do controle geotécnico que é o monitoramento da estabilidade de taludes em minas em operação, para demonstrar que a aplicação de metodologias de monitoramento e controle adequadas, impactam positivamente nos KPIs e consequentemente nas atividades da cadeia de valor mineral, relacionadas a eles. O objetivo desta tese é também o de comprovar a importância do monitoramento eficaz dos KPIs para a integração das atividades geotécnicas da cadeia de valor mineral exemplificando seu impacto na eficiência, qualidade e economicidade dos processos envolvidos e assim, comprovar a eficaz possibilidade de integração destas atividades da cadeia de valor mineral e a possibilidade de extrapolação da integração para o restante da mesma. Neste sentido o trabalho desenvolve-se primeiramente no intuito de determinar os principais KPIs controlados em algumas das mais importantes empresas de mineração brasileiras. Pela correta identificação das métricas e do contexto gerencial em que estes estão inseridos é possível demonstrar a importância e o impacto de seu mapeamento e medição para a gestão efetiva do negócio da mineração. Uma nova tecnologia de monitoramento de taludes que faz uso de equipamentos de radar imageadores é apresentada e explicada, assim como vários exemplos de sua utilização ao redor do mundo são descritos, ressaltando-se os resultados obtidos e sua influência na medição e gerenciamento dos KPIs envolvidos. Finalmente, uma nova metodologia escalonada e com pontos de decisão é proposta para a integração da cadeia de valor mineral e aplicada a dois projetos desenvolvidos pelo autor, que são apresentados e discutidos para demonstrar e comprovar os benefícios econômicos advindos de sua aplicação. Para esses projetos, o autor planejou e executou a coleta de dados, procedeu a suas análises, avaliou seus impactos econômicos e comprovou a relevância do estudo realizado.The advance of information technology and computer application to the mining industry has allowed the automation of several activities of the mineral value chain (MVC). The activities of the mineral value chain can be divided in support and primarily activities. ERP (Enterprise and Resource Planning) systems have provided, for many years, the platform for the efficient integration of the support activities in mining. Despite all the advance gathered with the application of computers to specific technical niches, the effective integration of the primarily activities of the mineral value chain has not been obtained to date. The main reasons for this fact are the uncertainties existent in the production process that differently from other industrial sectors, are intrinsic to the mining business, as well as the difficulties to measure and manage the key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to the mineral value chain. The measurement and control of KPIs is fundamental for quantifying the eventual benefits of the application of technology and the potential for the return of the investments in human and financial resources, needed to integrate the primarily activities of the mineral value chain. This thesis is not aimed at integrating the mineral value chain, but to demonstrate how the integration of the geotechnical activity of the MVC generates tangible benefits that allow foreseeing the benefits of its complete integration, so this thesis reaches a point of the geotechnical control that is the slope stability monitoring of operational mines, in order to demonstrate that the application of adequate methodologies of monitoring and control, impact positively on the KPIs and consequently on the activities of the mineral value chain related to them. The objective of this thesis is also to prove the importance of the effective monitoring of KPIs for the integration of the geotechnical activities of the mineral value chain and its impact in the efficiency, quality and economics of the processes involved, in order to prove the effective possibility of the integration of this activity of the mineral value chain thus demonstrating the possibility to extrapolate the integration results to the remaining chain inter-activities. In this sense, the work is developed primarily with the aim of determining the main KPIs that are controlled in some of the most important Brazilian mining companies. Through the correct identification of the metrics and management context in which they are inserted, it is possible to demonstrate the importance and impact of their mapping and measurement for the effective management of the mining business. A new technology for slope monitoring that uses imaging radar equipment is presented and explained as well as several examples of its utilization around the world are described, emphasizing the results obtained and their influence for the measurement and management of the involved KPIs. Finally, a new staggered methodology, with decision points is proposed for the integration of the mineral value chain and applied to two projects developed by the author, which are presented and discussed in order to demonstrate and to prove the economic benefits obtained from its application. For these projects, the author planned and executed the data collection, data analysis, economic assessment and proved the relevance of the work performed.
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Štainerová, Lenka. "Návrh zajištění hlubokého zářezu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227640.
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The aim is to design economical and above all safe securing a deep notch, both in the construction phase and throughout the use of the building. In the first part of the thesis Background research will be given an idea of the construction of the geotechnical point of view. The second part will contain the geotechnical design calculation. The third part will be proposed safety recommendations in terms of geotechnical monitoring.
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Fernandes, Mariana Alher. "Estudo dos mecanismos de instabilização em um talude de solo arenoso não saturado localizado na região Centro-Oeste Paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-28112016-093540/.
Full textAbstract:
A presença de encostas com solos na condição não saturada é muito comum na região Sudeste brasileira devida às características climáticas e hidrogeológicas regional. Neste caso, o mecanismo de instabilização pode ser basicamente descrito pela redução da coesão aparente provocada pela infiltração da água da chuva, causada pela diminuição ou até mesmo a anulação dos efeitos da sucção matricial, tornando o talude instável. O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo dos mecanismos instabilizadores em um talude de corte composto por solo residual arenoso localizado na Rodovia Luis Augusto de Oliveira (SP-215) no km 179+300 LE, próximo ao município de Ribeirão Bonito, Brasil. Neste trabalho foi realizado um levantamento dos dados e das propriedades do solo (física, mecânica e hidráulica) da área piloto utilizando métodos de investigação geológico-geotécnica de superfície (levantamento topográfico de detalhe, caminhamentos) e de subsuperfície (sondagem a trado e poços com coleta de amostras); ensaios de laboratório e de campo (índices físicos do solo, resistência ao cisalhamento, permeabilidade); instrumentação e monitoramento (piezômetro, pluviômetro e tensiômetro) e modelagem numérica (análises da infiltração da água da chuva e de estabilidade de talude). Na área investigada ocorrem solos residuais dos arenitos eólicos da Formação Botucatu (Grupo São Bento, Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná) de idade jurássico-cretácea. As modelagens numéricas realizadas no programa GeoStudio versão 2012 (Seep/W e Slope/W) confirmaram que é possível ocorrer deslizamentos rasos de solo somente pela redução da sucção e perda de coesão aparente. As modelagens do fluxo da água infiltrada no talude apresentaram resultados divergentes das leituras registradas pelos tensiômetros instalados no talude monitorado e os fatores de segurança mostraram serem bem superiores ao unitário, mesmo ocorrendo chuvas de alta intensidade pluviométrica. Estas modelagens numéricas também permitiram estabelecer a configuração geométrica crítica (altura e inclinação) para os taludes de corte em solo residual arenoso da Formação Botucatu.The presence of slopes with soil in the unsaturated condition is very common in Brazil\'s Southeast region due to climate and regional hydrogeological characteristics. In this case, the instability mechanism can be basically described by the apparent cohesion loss caused by the rainfall infiltration that induced by the reduction or even annulling the effect of matric suction, making the slope conditionally unstable. This paper presents a study of instabilizing mechanisms in a cut slope composed of sandy residual soil located on Highway Luis Augusto de Oliveira (SP-215) at km 179 + 300 LE, near Ribeirão Bonito, Brazil. This work was carried out a survey of the data and soil properties (physical, mechanical and hydraulic) of pilot area using geological and geotechnical research techniques of surface (topographic survey) and subsurface (soil sampling and hand auger drilling); laboratory and field tests (physical indices soil, shear strength, permeability); instrumentation and monitoring (piezometer, rain gauge and tensiometer) and numerical modelling (analysis of rainfall infiltration and slope stability). In the investigated area occur residual soils of aeolian sandstones of Botucatu Formation (São Bento Group, Paraná Sedimentary Basin) Jurassic- Cretaceous age. The numerical modelling performed in GeoStudio version 2012 (Seep/W and Slope/W) confirmed that it is possible to have shallow soil slips just reducing the suction loss and apparent cohesion. The modelling of the infiltrated water flow on the slope showed conflicting results of the readings recorded by tensiometers installed on the monitored slope and the safety factors shown to be well above the unit, even occurring high intensity rainfall. These numerical models also allowed to establish the geometric critical configuration (height and slope angle) for cut slopes in a sandy residual soil of Botucatu Formation.
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Norcliffe, Brian Andrew Woodfield. "A study of a digital image based monitoring system for slopes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20684.pdf.
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Dick, Graham John. "Development of an early warning time-of-failure analysis methodology for open pit mine slopes utilizing the spatial distribution of ground-based radar monitoring data." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45185.
Full textAbstract:
Slope surface deformation monitoring in open pit mines is an essential component of day-to-day operations, playing a key role in assisting mine operators in maintaining safety and production schedules. The introduction of ground-based radar within the past decade to complement conventional geodetic monitoring programs provides near real-time deformation measurements over a broad coverage area; this allows geotechnical engineers to observe the distribution of pit wall movements and their progression over time. However, when a slope deformation alarm and/or accelerating deformation trend is observed in the radar measurements, common practice is to arbitrarily select a single or small cluster of pixels for analysis rather than following a systematic procedure that utilizes the full coverage. In addition, the absence of a methodical means of efficiently carrying out “Time-of-Failure” (TOF) analyses in real time can limit the effectiveness of the early warning, pressuring the geotechnical engineer to provide action response recommendations based on a partial and/or subjective assessment.
This thesis presents a new systematic multi-pixel selection technique termed the “percent deformation method” where a benchmark pixel is methodically chosen within the deforming slope and multiple surrounding pixels are selected based on a percentage of the benchmark deformation. The percent deformation method was applied to eight slope failures captured by GroundProbe Slope Stability Radar (SSR) and detailed back-analyses conducted for each case using both the inverse-velocity and the SLO TOF analysis methods. The percent deformation multi-pixel selection technique was then incorporated into a newly proposed real-time TOF analysis procedure designed for use with ground-based radar measurements.
The utilization of the percent deformation method in the proposed real-time TOF analysis methodology gives more reliable results than current practice by providing recommendations for pixel selections, data filtering, where and how to undertake TOF analyses, and presenting TOF results in real time. It is hoped that the addition of a more rigorous, methodical treatment of radar monitoring data when faced with a critical slope instability will reduce uncertainty and increase confidence in any trigger action response decisions, helping to ensure a safer work environment.
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O'Shea, Thomas A. "Using an Inventory of Unstable Slopes to Prioritize Probabilistic Rockfall Modeling and Acid Base Accounting in Great Smoky Mountains National Park." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3952.
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An inventory of unstable slopes along transportation corridors and performance modeling are important components of geotechnical asset management in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM). Hazards and risk were assessed for 285 unstable slopes along 151 miles of roadway. A multi-criteria model was created to select fourteen sites for two-dimensional probabilistic rockfall simulations and Acid Base Accounting (ABA) tests. Simulations indicate that rock material would likely enter the roadway at all fourteen sites. ABA test results indicate that influence of significant acid-producing potential is generally confined to slaty rocks of the Anakeesta Formation and graphitic schist of the Wehutty Formation. The research illustrates an approach for prioritizing areas for site-specific investigations towards the goal of improving safety in GRSM. These results can help park officials develop mitigation strategies for rockfall, using strategies such as widening ditches and encapsulating acidic rockfall material.
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Brito, Gilmar Gonçalves de. "Modelo de monitoramento de deslizamento de encostas por meio de sensor multiparamétrico." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=947.
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Fenômenos de deslizamentos de encostas ocorrem em todo o mundo em diversas condições climáticas e de terrenos, custando bilhões de dólares e produzindo milhares de mortes, agravando problemas ambientais, econômicos e políticos. Um
problema sério que se associa à questão dos deslizamentos de encostas é o crescimento populacional e a ocupação desordenada das encostas, caracterizando os deslizamentos como uma questão geopolítica e econômica. Ações para mitigar os problemas decorrentes desses fenômenos de deslizamentos incluem o Monitoramento Ambiental das áreas de maior susceptibilidade e o Manejo da População, quando submetidas a elevado risco de deslizamento. Os processos de
monitoração consistem na coleta de um conjunto de sinais e parâmetros, provenientes do solo das encostas, que possam ser usados para o reconhecimento das dinâmicas dos solos. Combinando os sinais provenientes do solo e parâmetros
que reflitam os fatores climáticos e antrópicos, causadores de desestabilizações e deslizamentos, torna-se possível utilizar estes dados combinados em modelos de avaliação de risco para realizar a Predição de Deslizamentos. No Contexto
Brasileiro, existe uma forte relação entre chuvas intensas e deslizamentos de encostas, devido aos fenômenos de escoamento de águas infiltradas no solo e na erosão decorrente, sendo, portanto, o monitoramento preditivo das primeiras camadas do solo um importante recurso para a detecção das áreas de eminente risco de deslizamento. Diversas abordagens para a monitoração dos solos foram
apresentadas internacionalmente, sendo estas abordagens baseadas em diversas tecnologias, como exemplos podem ser citadas as técnicas de ondas acústicas no solo, detectores de umidade relativa e pluviometria seletiva. Essas abordagens
podem tirar proveito do recente paradigma de Redes Sensores, baseados em dispositivos computacionais móveis de baixo consumo, movidos a baterias, que podem formar redes de trocas de dados baseadas em redes sem fio, permitindo a
conexão de diversos sensores de solo, espalhados ao longo das encostas, formando um sistema de coleta destes dados de sensores em tempo real para posterior processamento e avaliação de riscos. Frente ao exposto, este trabalho propõe um sistema de monitoramento baseado em rede sensores, capaz de estimar o risco eminente de deslizamento. O sistema proposto considerou quatro dimensões do problema de desenvolvimento e prototipação do sistema de monitoramento: (1) Proposição de um Ambiente de Simulação Física, a partir da criação de um ambiente de testes em laboratório utilizando escala reduzida; (2) Reconhecimento tecnológico e refinamento de propostas de sistemas pré-existentes, que tenham a mesma finalidade, já descritos na literatura, sejam eles projetos acadêmicos ou sistemas já comercialmente disponíveis; (3) Desenvolvimento de um Sensor
Inteligente Multiparamétrico; (5) desenvolvimento de uma Rede de Monitoramento para coleta de dados vindos da encosta e processamento local. Este trabalho apresenta, como contribuição técnico-científica principal, um ambiente de simulação e monitoração, sendo este ambiente relevante para estudos das dinâmicas dos deslizamentos, bem como para a prototipação de redes de monitoração para aplicações em ambientes reais, para geração de informação sobre os riscos de deslizamento, uteis para as atividades de contingenciamento dos defeitos de deslizamento por parte da Defesa Civil.Landslides occur around the world, in various conditions of weather and terrain, costing billions of dollars, causing thousands of deaths and worsening environmental, economic and political problems. A serious question associated with landslides is the disordered of human occupation - characterizing a geopolitical and economic issue. Actions to mitigate the problems arising from this phenomenon include environmental monitoring of the areas of greatest susceptibility for managing the higher risk population. The monitoring processes consist of recognizing soil dynamics and climatic factors, responsible for causing destabilization and landslides. In the Brazilian context, there is a strong relationship between heavy rains and landslides, since the phenomenon of runoff water infiltrated the soil and produces erosion. Therefore, a predictive monitoring of the first soil layers is an important feature for detecting areas of imminent risk of slippage. Several approaches for monitoring were presented internationally, they are based on different technologies, such as acoustic waves in the soil; detectors of relative humidity and rainfall selective analysis. All these approaches are anchored in the paradigm of remote sensing and smartsensor networks. Based on that, this paper proposes a model to estimate the imminence of of landslides risk. The proposed model is built on four pillars: (i) proposing a physics simulation environment, from the creation of a laboratory scale test environments, (ii) recognizing the technology and refinement of pre-existing models, (iv) developing of multiparametric smart sensor and (v) developing of a peer-to-peer network of sensors. This study aggregates to the scientific and technical contribution a framework for monitoring, useful for studying of landslides dynamics. Such framework is crucial for prototyping monitoring networks to be used by civil defense.
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Mathavakkannan, Suresh. "Techniques to assess volume status and haemodynamic stability in patients on haemodialysis." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/4811.
Full textAbstract:
Volume overload is a common feature in patients on haemodialysis (HD). This contributes significantly to the cardiovascular disease burden seen in these patients. Clinical assessments of the volume state are often inaccurate. Techniques such as interdialytic blood pressure, relative blood volume monitoring, bioimpedance are available to improve clinical effectives. However all these techniques exhibit significant shortcomings in their accuracy, reliability and applicability at the bed side. We evaluated the usefulness of a dual compartment monitoring technique using Continuous Segmental Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (CSBIS) and Relative Blood Volume (RBV) as a tool to assess hydration status and determine dry weight. We also sought to evaluate the role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) as a volume marker in dialysis patients. The Retrospective analysis of a historical cohort (n = 376, 55 Diabetic) showed a significant reduction in post-dialysis weights in the first three months of dialysis (72.5 to 70kg, p<0.027) with a non-significant increase in weight between months 6-12. The use of anti-hypertensive agents reduced insignificantly in the first 3 months, increased marginally between months 3-6 and significantly increased over the subsequent 6 months. The residual urea clearance (KRU) fell and dialysis times increased. The cohort was very different to that dialysing at Tassin and showed a dissociation between weight reduction and BP control. This may relate to occult volume overload. CSBIS-RBV monitoring in 9 patients with pulse ultrafiltration (pulse UF) showed distinct reproducible patterns relating to extra cellular fluid (ECF) and RBV rebound. An empirical Refill Ratio was then used to define the patterns of change and this was related to the state of their hydration. A value closer to unity was consistent with the attainment of best achievable target weight. The refill ratio fell significantly between the first (earlier) and third (last) rebound phase (1.97 ± 0.92 vs 1.32 ± 0.2). CSBIS monitoring was then carried out in 31 subjects, whilst varying dialysate composition, temperature and patient posture to analyse the effects of these changes on the ECF trace and to ascertain whether any of these interventions can trigger a change in the slope of the ECF trace distinct to that caused by UF. Only, isovolemic HD caused a change in both RBV and ECF in some patients that was explained by volume re-distribution due to gravitational shifts, poor vascular reactivity, sodium gradient between plasma and dialysate and the use of vasodilating antihypertensive agents. This has not been described previously. These will need to be explored further. The study did demonstrate a significant lack of comparability of absolute values of RECF between dialysis sessions even in the same patient. This too has not been described previously. This is likely to be due to subtle changes in fluid distribution between compartments. Therefore a relative changes must be studied. This sensitivity to subtle changes may increase the usefulness of the technique for ECF tracking through dialysis. The potential of dual compartment monitoring to track volume changes in real time was further explored in 29 patients of whom 21 achieved weight reductions and were able to be restudied. The Refill Ratio decreased significantly in the 21 patients who had their dry weights reduced by 0.95 ± 1.13 kg (1.41 ± 0.25 vs 1.25 ± 0.31). Blood pressure changes did not reach statistical significance. The technique was then used to examine differences in vascular refill between a 36oC and isothermic dialysis session in 20 stable prevalent patients. Pulse UF was carried out in both these sessions. There were no significant differences in Refill Ratios, energy removed and blood pressure response between the two sessions. The core temperature (CT) of these patients was close to 36oC and administering isothermic HD did not confer any additional benefit. Mean BNP levels in 12 patients during isovolemic HD and HD with UF did not relate to volume changes. ANP concentrations fell during a dialysis session in 11 patients from a mean 249 ± 143 pg/ml (mean ± SD) at the start of dialysis to 77 ± 65 pg/ml at the end of the session (p<0.001). During isolated UF levels did not change but fell in the ensuing sham phase indicating a time lag between volume loss and decreased generation. (136±99 pg/ml to 101±77.2 pg/ml; p<0.02) In a subsequent study ANP concentrations were measured throughout dialysis and in the post-HD period for 2 hours. A rebound in ANP concentration was observed occurring at around 90 min post-HD. The degree of this rebound may reflect the prevailing fluid state and merit further study. We have shown the utility of dual compartment monitoring with CSBIS-RBV technique and its potential in assessing volume changes in real time in haemodialysis patients. We have also shown the potential of ANP as an independent marker of volume status in the same setting. Both these techniques merit further study.
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Paul, Anne. "Modélisation numérique des déformations d'un édifice volcanique : applications au Mont St Helens." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10006.
Full textAbstract:
La mesure des déplacements de surface liés â l'activité volcanique est une méthode très utilisée dans la surveillance et l'étude des volcans actifs. De nombreux modèles mécaniques ont été réalisés pour tenter de déduire la structure interne de ces données de déplacements, et notamment pour localiser les chambres magmatiques. Mais ils négligent tous le caractère fortement hétérogène et discontinu des édifices volcaniques. Un nouveau modèle permettant précisément l'étude des milieux hétérogènes et fracturés est utilisé. Son hypothèse de base est que l'édifice se comporte comme s'il était constitué d'un assemblage de blocs se déplaçant les uns par rapport aux autres. L'éruption très bien documentée du Mont St Helens (1980) sert de test pour cette méthode de blocs, en permettant de comparer déplacements calculés et déplacements mesurés. Quatre modèles bi-dimensionnels de ce volcan sont construits à partir d'une coupe géologique nord-sud. Chacun d'eux permet de tester l'effet d'un paramètre du modèle (géométrie, conditions aux limites, coefficient de frottement entre blocs, chemin de sollicitation). L'intrusion d'un dôme de lave à l'intérieur du flanc nord est simulée par l'application d'une montée en pression incrémentale puis les modèles sont soumis à une accélération horizontale simulant un séisme. Les résultats de cette modélisation mettent en évidence la dépendance des modes de déformation et de rupture vis à vis du coefficient de frottement entre les blocs. On obtient un assez bon accord avec les observations pour la plus faible des deux valeurs de ce coefficient testées (O. S). La rupture du flanc nord en grand glissement de terrain se produit aussi bien sous la seule influence de la montée en pression que sous pression et séisme combinés. Mais le second type de chargement donne un meilleur accord des résultats avec la réalité, et confirme ainsi qu'un séisme était bien à l'origine de l'éruption. Enfin, on discute, à la lumière de ces résultats, de la possibilité d'appréhender les structures internes et les mouvements du magma, à partir des mesures de déplacements de surface
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Lo, Yuan Chang, and 羅元彰. "The Study of Slope Monitoring System." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95667183538369720568.
Full textAbstract:
碩士聖約翰科技大學
電子工程系碩士班
101
This literature described a new system to detect soil erosion by using a Micro Control Unit (MCU) combined with accelerated G-sensor and electronic compass sensor as the detection point where the sensors were placed at the edge of the slope. The sensors detect changes in the angle bearings and azimuths of the slope. Data collected at the detection point will then be calculated by MCU via RS485 and Zigbee. Results obtained by the receiver will get integrated and stored into the Embedded system. Through the Internet, these data will be incorporated into the website to be analyzed instantly. The receiver software utilized Visual C# to establish automated detection system. If something out of the norm happened, the system will then signal the rest of the sensors to transmit the data collected at the respective detection point at once. This helps to improve pre-warning efficiency, which in turn decreases human casualties and property losses caused by soil erosion.
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Osasan, Kayode Stephen. "Open-cast mine slope deformation and failure mechanisms interpreted from slope radar monitoring." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12867.
Full textAbstract:
The monitoring of open-pit mine slopes using radar systems is becoming more and more common. The output from radar monitoring is the displacement of the full slope surface after each radar scan, allowing displacements, velocities and acceleration to be determined. The displacement trends obtained from radar monitoring are a representation of the deformation taking place within the mine slope. The research deals with the analysis of the displacement trends in order to understand the slope deformation behaviour. The main objectives of this research work were:
To interpret the deformation behaviour and failure mechanisms of open-cast mine slopes based primarily on displacement data from radar monitoring; and
To develop a method using the radar displacement data for predicting the time to failure of open-cast mine slopes.
The research established that slope failure is preceded by the gradual accumulation of deformation within the slope. Identifying where the deformation is taking place, the magnitudes and state of the deformation is crucial in understanding and interpreting the slope deformation and failure mechanisms. The main accomplishments of the research include:
The interpretation of deformation and failure mechanisms from radar displacement data of both stable and unstable open-cast mine slopes. The interpretation of deformation was used in classifying the deformation behaviour of unstable open-cast mine slopes into five main stages, consisting of three pre-failure stages and two post-failure stages. From the displacement data, two types of deformation behaviour of stable slopes were also identified;
The development of a simple model for estimating the threshold values for the cumulative rate of displacement. The cumulative rate of displacement threshold determines when mine personnel and equipment must evacuate the unstable area of the slope. The model can also be used to effectively identify the deformation state of open-cast mine slopes; and
The development of a Slope Failure Prediction Model (SFPM) for estimating the time to failure of open-cast mine slopes. The model was effective in predicting the time to failure when validated with four case examples of open cast mine slope failures. The development of the SFPM is a novel approach which provides an automated prediction of time to failure.
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GONG, GUAN-YU, and 龔冠宇. "The Study of Monitoring Real-Time of Slope Displacement by Photographic Monitoring." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5d9jzz.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
105
The slope areas in Taiwan often cause disasters due to nature factors. Through the real-time monitoring could prevent and reduce the damage. The disaster usually happened in a sudden, therefore, how to obtain the actual scene has been an important issue. Among the methods of slope monitoring, photogrammetry has higher flexibility and lower cost. Photogrammetry normally function by cameras capturing high-resolution images and providing high-precision terrain data. However, regular shooting by using cameras couldn’t achieve long-term slopes monitoring. A single camera only presents two-dimensional images, even though the image could be immediately viewing. To allow the camera obtaining the information and status, here in the experiment we will discuss how to set up multiple cameras and establish the best three-dimensional point cloud. This study has developed a set of monitor system to solve the problem above. The study showed the practicality of this system in indoor simulation testing area. Plus, the system would be transferred to the testing area, and completed the pre-operation requirements of cameras. From terms of monitoring experiment, the study select the data of 4th Jun,2017 to analyze the rainfall changing of soil surface in the testing area. By using the point cloud modeling, the study calculated the changing of displacement and slope profile in the testing area.
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Mphathiwa, Naani. "Design principles for a survey slope monitoring system." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11712.
Full textAbstract:
When slope angles are designed during open pit optimisation, there is a risk factor applied to steepen the slopes. The steepening of slope angles has implications on the safety and economics of the mining operation. The steeper the slope angles, the greater the probability of slope failure and also the higher the benefit of cost saving during waste stripping. The challenge facing the mining engineers involved in open pit design is to maximize the economic benefits of the project without putting the mine workers and the mining equipment at the risk of rock falls. This challenge is addressed by striking a balance between safety of the operation and the cost savings. The ideal situation is to have a slope monitoring system that will predict slope failure by detecting any ground movement before the actual failure occurs. This will allow for the application of the risk factor with a high degree of confidence knowing that the risk will be adequately mitigated with a slope monitoring system.
The objective of this research report is to provide guidelines on how to design an optimal survey slope monitoring system. It is the author’s view that for a survey monitoring system to yield desirable results, it should adhere to survey principles such as working from the whole to part and cross checking always. The research report covers all aspects of the survey monitoring systems such as survey control network design, beacon construction, equipment selection, data management, procedures and personnel involved in slope monitoring. The report was compiled with guidance from published papers by various authors and discussions with mine surveyors and geotechnical engineers involved in slope stability monitoring. The findings used for analysis are from Jwaneng Mine. The design strategy outlined in this report can be used as a guideline for setting up a new slope monitoring system or to optimise an existing monitoring setup.
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Men-YingWang and 王曼穎. "The Monitoring and Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slope." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45736962207710265088.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
土木工程學系碩博士班
100
In this study, two shallow slope sites had been chosen at Tai-20, to install the monitoring equipment. The soil tensiometer, soil moisture sensor, rain gauge, and inclinometer were installed in these sites. The monitoring data was collected, and the sensors were checked monthly. The relationship of matric suction and volumetric water content can be fit the soil water characteristic curve by the numerical software, MATLAB, in this study. The finite element analysis program, ABAQUS, is used for seepage and stability analysis of the unsaturated slope using the soil water characteristic curve. The fitting result of the relationship between the matric suction and volumetric water content is well agreement with four difference soil water characteristic curve models. Both the numerical analysis and monitoring results show that the volumetric water content of the shallow slopes increased, and the matric suction of shallow slope decreased significantly after rainfalls. The matric suction gradually recovered after cessation of rainfalls. Sliding of the shallow slope begins to occur when the matric suction is decreasing. The monitoring system and the numerical analysis are able to interpret the behavior of the shallow slope after rainfalls.
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Mendes, Filipe Peixoto. "Cost-effective robot for steep slope crops monitoring." Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/122398.
Full textAbstract:
This project aims to develop a low cost, simple and robust robot able to autonomously monitorcrops using simple sensors. It will be required do develop robotic sub-systems and integrate them with pre-selected mechanical components, electrical interfaces and robot systems (localization, navigation and perception) using ROS, for wine making regions and maize fields.
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Doo, Gee-chau, and 杜居巢. "A Study on Monitoring and Interpretation of Slope Movements." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93247749037940574714.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
91
In-situ ground monitoring technique has been used frequently as a direct means for examining the stability of slopes. Ground monitoring activities usually collect a large volume of data of various kinds, which may require special cares in the interpretation of the results. The study herein discusses an example of the interpretation from a long-term ground-monitoring program. The monitoring program has been carried out since March of 2000, in an area located between mileages 28K+900 and 31K+500 along the Province Road 18 (or called Mt. Ali Road). The study discusses the results of inclinometer data based on individual displacements in A and B directions, overall displacements and their azimuths, as well as the possible distortions of the inclinometer tubes. With careful examinations on local variations in the direction and magnitude of the recorded ground deformations, the results appeared to provide a better interpretation on the stratification of material layers and the location of slip surfaces. By comparing with the results of on-site reconnaissance, the study found the source erosion of the south tributary of Doo-zuo Creek along the slope toe has a significantly detrimental effect on the stability of slopes in the study area. Based on on-site situations, the study has set up a device to simulate the deformation of inclinometer tubing within soil strata. The indoor simulation testing was used to examine the magnitude and direction of lateral displacement of soil strata, as well as the distortion of inclinometer tubing. The results of the simulation verified the patterns of measurement on-site, and would provide a basis for interpretation of slope movements from inclinometer data.
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Yeh, Chih-Hsiang, and 葉致翔. "An Automatic Information System for Slope Monitoring Using TDR." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21364067610678374090.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系
91
Recently the role which Geotechnical Monitoring System play becomes important gradually in construction business and the capability of slope monitoring sensors are developed and improved with the progression of science and technology. The available traditional instruments are mostly based on electronic sensors and generate digital signals which are certainly capable for automatic motoring. But the automation of tradition instruments is seldom applied due to its high cost and unstable. By using TDR technology, the goals in this reach are to improve the disadvantages and promote the application of automatic monitoring system. TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) monitoring technology can not only solve the problems of current slope monitoring system, but also reduce the cost greatly. TDR device is an electronic machine which can generate one dimension electromagnetic wave. The principles of discontinuous isolating medium and discontinuous geometric interface are applied on slope monitoring engineering. The research is divided by three parts, Data acquisition, Data process, and Networking service respectively. First part of this research, Campbell’s product named “CR10X” is used for collecting TDR raw data and a modem is adopted as remote connection. Second part, a Java program is established for data process and it is the core in this monitoring system. The primary task of this part is to parse monitoring data to database and backup raw data simultaneously. The third part, according to the characteristics of networking, the connection between the main server and client terminals on the internet is desired to be constructed. The main mission of the connection is to access the monitoring system for purposes anytime and anywhere. Conclusively, this study hopes to improve current slope monitoring technology and to reach the state of complete automation.
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Po-YaoHuang and 黃柏堯. "The Installation of Landslide Monitoring of Unsaturated Soil Slope." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98376737170657186157.
Full text
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Hsiao, Cheng-Hsi, and 蕭承熙. "Development of Wireless Alarm Modules to Railway Slope Monitoring." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tjpe48.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
106
Rock fall is a common geo-disaster that threatens people’s properties and lives in Taiwan. For the sake of train safety, a rock fall protection fence, named ultra-light fence, was built along a slope where a railway track is passing by. Sensors with on-board gyroscope and accelerometer were installed and placed on the posts of the fence to record the tilt angle of the rock fall protection fence. The data were analyzed and uploaded to Internet in real time, and applied in websites and Apps. When the data reaches the threshold, alarm signals will be sent out in terms of light, sound, and text message, etc.
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Chen, Jie-Wen, and 陳玠文. "A Study on Mechanism of Slide through Slope Monitoring System." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13178142926508617895.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
89
A Study on Mechanism of Slide through Slope Monitoring System Taiwan is located in the conjunction area between Eurasia Plate and Philippine Sea Plate. As a result, the geology condition of the island is complex and the earthquake activity is frequent. In addition, Taiwan is subjected to a great amount of rainfalls each year; most of them are concentrated in the summer season. Due to the inherited reasons as well as other human factors, the hill slopes in the island are vulnerable and landslide incidents occurred occasionally. Despite the causes may be complicated, it is worthwhile to study the mechanism and the inter-related factors of any potential landslides by the installation of proper monitoring measures. Once the mechanism can be fully understood, a simple and practical warning system can be set up and unnecessary losses can be mitigated. Typhoon Herbert swept the entire island and brought abundance of rainfalls at the end of July 1996. During that time, significant landslides occurred in a hilly area (50 ha), called “Woo-Wan-Tzai” of Chiai County, which had caused lots of subsidence and cracks of a local main traffic artery, Province Road No.18, between the mileage 28K+900 and 31K+500. The study has initiated since the beginning of 2000 by installing several slope monitoring equipment and providing persistent monitoring of ground movements, groundwater conditions and rainfalls. With the aid of theoretical analysis and laboratory testing, the study found the relation between the slope movements and the rainfall, as well as the groundwater conditions are intimated. The monitoring results showed the natural creep of the hill slopes can be up to 0.015-0.400 mm/day, with no obvious rainfall being recorded. If slope movement increases noticeably, the required accumulated rainfall should be at least about 100-270mm. The study concluded the mechanism of slide for the mid and southern slopes was attributed to the infiltration of rainfall, which tended to increase the driving force and soften the shear resistance of the sliding mass due to soaking. In addition, the increase of groundwater level further decreased the effective stress and hence the shearing resistance along the sliding surface. However, rainfall had less effects on the fluctuation of groundwater lever in the northern slopes. The movements of these slopes were mainly due to the increase of driving weight and the softening of shear resistance of sliding mass as the results of rain water infiltration.
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Thomas, Huw Gareth. "Slope stability prism monitoring: a guide for practising mine surveyors." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10456.
Full textAbstract:
In designing an open pit mine to optimise an orebody, numerous considerations are made. These include geological, geotechnical, mining method and equipment selection considerations. To achieve the optimisation of an orebody depends on sound mine design principles and adherence to the mining sequence with employee’s health and safety being of paramount importance. Mining steeper slope angles for economic gain, mining slope angles steeper than design or ignoring the presence of weak geological structures may seriously increase the likelihood of slope instability leading to slope failure and possible mineral loss (sterilisation), property damage, mine closure, accidents and fatalities. It is not the objective of slope design to eliminate all slope instability, as slope failures can prove desirable to verify design assumptions. Slope failures are desirable as long as they can be predicted and managed and that the risk to personnel, equipment and production is mitigated to a tolerable level. Slope stability monitoring is an important tool in confirming the mine design. Slope stability monitoring in the field of mine surveying has ensured the continuous advancement of state-of-the-art spatial measurement technology and techniques. Today’s survey instruments enable the mine surveyor to measure slope movement to a high degree of accuracy and with confidence. It is essential that the slope stability monitoring equipment selected is capable of measuring the degree of movement as determined by the geotechnical engineer. The requirements for a slope stability monitoring system are outlined in this research report with guidelines for establishing and maintaining a slope stability monitoring system. The guidelines have been compiled based on the findings of operational reviews of slope stability monitoring systems. This research report should serve as a reference to mine surveyors involved in slope stability monitoring, focusing primarily on prism monitoring.
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Li, Chia-Ming, and 李嘉銘. "The Study on Slope Slip Monitoring by Continual Close-Range Image." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31318061684675166037.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
環境資訊科技碩士學位學程
97
This road in Taiwan mountainous area, slope slip can directly affect the driving security. In this research, we use establish the CCD camera to do continuously photograph make mountainous area road slope monitoring in the road slope high place position, mainly selects the method which the single camera continuously photographs to do fast continuously obtains the image material. Retrieve the different time two images bigger differences quantity in the image which the single camera continuously photographs, uses the "time-base-line-parallax" to get the difference quantity in the different time, and automatically detects the image difference eigenvalue. Considered that the camera possibly has the inclined situation, is distinguishes the camera incline situation by the space resection. And discusses between its different because of the control point the geometry relations, calculates tendency of the side slope glide. In this research, designs the image slope slip monitoring system, we hoped can achieve approaches request which near realtime cognoscible, provides using of the mountainous area slope slip monitoring.
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Yu, Tzu-Ming, and 余子鳴. "Monitoring Technology Automation and Permeability Measurement of Unsaturated Colluvium Soil Slope." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19062632237243579074.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
98
In Taiwan, the reservoir watersheds are often located in a high rainfall intensity region where the colluvium soil slope is weak and unstable. Landslide takes place frequently in such geology conditions. Therefore, preventing the landslide is worthy of further study. Using an automatic monitoring system is an essential method to assess the slope condition and provide early warning. The colluvium soil is usually unsaturated and locates above the groundwater table. This study adopts the Guelph permeameter to measure the permeability of colluvium soils that located on a slope nearby the Shihmen reservoir. In addition, the rainfall intensity in this region is monitored to study the relationship between the rainfall data and soil hydraulic conductivity. Further, the matric suction of unsaturated soil is evaluated by a monitoring system. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the operational characteristics of the system. The advantages and shortcomings of each monitor device are then discussed. The results indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated colluvium soil varies at various rainfall intensities. In addition, this conductivity and the field water content are closely related. Systematic measurement indicates that the length of the transmission line also affects the noise of electronic signals. Moreover, the tensiometer and water mark used for measuring the matric suction of the soil exhibit different behavior at different soil water contents. At low water content or for dry soil, the porous ceramic probe of tensiometer becomes unsaturated and then malfunctioned. The water mark system does not encounter this problem. On the other hand, at high soil water content the water mark cannot correctly measure the matric suction. The tensiometer, in contrast, can clearly indicate its variations.
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Kao, Chia-Bin, and 高嘉彬. "Matric Suction and Displacement Monitoring and Seepage Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slope." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/947453.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
95
Usually the groundwater level in the slope is deep under ground surface. The soil above the groundwater level is unsaturated and the characteristic of mechanics will be affected by the interaction behavior of soil particles, pore water and pore air. The situation can not be explained by the traditional saturated soil mechanics. The unsaturated soils Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was presented by Fredlund et al.(1978).In this thesis, one of the important parameters is the matric suction that is defined as . After rainfall, shallow slip failure might happen on the slope because of the rainfall infiltration through the surface of the slope. Rainfall infiltration forms a wetting band lowering the matric suction and causes a nearly flat shallow failure plane. This study focuses on the field monitoring of slope displacement, groundwater level and matric suction of a well instrumented slope. The measured results are then used to understand their relationship and investigate the engineering behavior of the unsaturated soil slope. Besides, computer program ABAQUS is used to analyze the suction variation due to rainfall infiltration of a hypothetical case. Results shows that the matric suction decreases in a very short time near the surface. The main reason is that the surface suction is affected by rainfall infiltration most directly and quickly. When the depth increases, the decrease amount of the matric suction tends to slow down. This trend agrees with the behavior observed from field monitoring.
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Lin, Hong-Jhang, and 林鴻彰. "Matric Suction and Displacement Monitoring and Stability Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slope." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23834690199929185589.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
96
The purpose of this research is to monitor the slope displacement 、groundwater level, and matric suction. The results are then used to study the influence by rainfall infiltration. This study also uses program STABLE Win to analyze the effect on the unsaturated soil slope stability due to soil matric suction changes. The monitoring results illustrate that rainfall infiltration can soften the colluvium and shale when immersed in water, resulting in the reduction of shear strength and the development of potential slip surfaces. In general, displacements measured along the inclinometer installed inside the retaining pile are significantly less than displacements measured in soils and rocks behind the wall. This finding shows that the retailing wall system works well in controlling the deformation. The results of groundwater measurement show that the slide surface is free of long term soaking because the monitored groundwater level remains below the slide surface at all times. In general, shallow soil in the slope is unsaturated. The maximum matric suction of 83 kPa has been recorded near the surface when the region does not get any rainfall for a prolonged period. This value is close to the tensiometer limiting value 90 kPa. After heavy rainfall surface soil’s suction falls quickly to 0 kPa. The increase of matric suction is consistent with the decrease in the degree of saturation under drying condition. The decrease of matric suction is also consistent with the increase in the degree of saturation under wetting condition. The amount of suction changes exhibits a decreasing trend as the depth increases from 0 to 1m. Matric suction would vanish after consistent rainfall and cause the maximum displace to occur at the top of the inclinometer near the ground surface. The analytical results agrees with the behavior observed from field monitoring.
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CHIEH-MING, CHEN, and 陳杰明. "An Investigation to Road Development in A Relation of Slope Monitoring Works." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52248208043848003121.
Full textAbstract:
碩士明新科技大學
土木工程與環境資源管理系碩士班
103
This research project is mainly focused on road development plan for Hsin-chu County living area leading to the Hsinchu County Liaison (A∕Section, B∕Section) road improvement works in a case of discussing the slope measured by the amount of work that obtained in accordance with the characteristics of the work area during construction, the review of the variability to ensure the safety of the slope during construction. This study is to observe 8 slope characteristics in order to ensure the slop stability, during the road development work period.The results showed that the inclinometer value measured in this study were within the safe limits of change, where the fourth monitoring point guard appeared twice to reach the warning range, the continued observation is carried and found the value returned within safe limits, it is noted that the values was due to excavation works section of the slope of the resulting changes in the locality due after the project is completed, it is becoming safe and stable condition.
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Chiang, Chung Kuo, and 宗國強. "Slope stability monitoring and warning pattern of Taiwan railwayK97+600~K98+500." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32112451357148142788.
Full textAbstract:
碩士明新科技大學
土木工程與環境資源管理系碩士班
103
Because of the rapid growth of the national economy, transportation increasingly frequent, so that the carrying capacity in the hillside could be supercharged. And the geographical environment in Taiwan belonging to the island climate, the structure is affected by high temperature and humidity, coupled with the impact of acid rain, air pollution, and natural hazards. The chances of damage to the hillside will be increased. To maintain the safety and operation, it is an urgent task to perform the security monitoring and evaluation for the hillside, and to develop further maintenance and reinforcement. After the landslide hazard range of 3.1 km in the third highway, causing enormous shock in the traffic conservation units. Suppose bridges or hillside in the railway to happen similar incidents, it will cause great damage to the track and the safety of people and vehicles. It is a very important issue how to perform the safety assessment ensure driving safe in the railway. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a real-time monitoring mechanism for the railway safety. A railway safety monitoring real-time warning system consist of tilt meters, displacement meters and digital cameras via a 3G network transmission had been well developed in this work. The wall-body tiltmeter is used to measure the tilt amount of track structure. Moreover, a cable-displacement meter used to detect the amount of displacement, and the railway surrounding circumstances can be watch by CCD digital cameras. All monitoring data (including live video) are transmited into the system via 3G internet transmission. The established instant alert system combining with automated real-time alert notification function, automatically judgement and storage according to the monitoring data, and immediately start warning lights when monitoring data exceeds the alert value; and provide text message notification via mobile phone. This planned monitoring and warning system had been installed at the Xinfeng K97 +600 ~ K98 +500 section in the western railway line of Taiwan Railways Administration. The field monitoring results show that the system can effectively monitor whether abnormal change occurred in the hillside of the track structure. While a landslide event occurred surrounding the railway track, it did help maintenance unit to taking emergency responses in a timely manner to ensure the safety of passenger lives and trains.
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Cheng, Ching-Hao, and 張晉豪. "Evaluating Wreless Sensoring Network and ad-hoc application of slope monitoring applicability." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53251095316294167205.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
土木工程研究所
95
It becomes a very important topic t monitor the structure of slope for protecting, avoiding and decreasing natural disaster along with high development of slope. slope development has become a trend while facing overdevelopment of most plain recent years. Yet, 921 Earthquake caused a lot change on geography and terrain features and made more serious disasters after downpour, which may not cause so much damage in past. The traditional monitoring equipment cannot satisfy the request of immediate response. Although the traditional monitoring system is able to provide complete situation report, yet it cannot remind manager to timing of taking response. This research is aim to provide a simple, effective and immediate alarm system to lower the affection as much as possible by sensor signs before disasters happens and take reaction at once.
50
Chien, Yu-Chun, and 簡裕峻. "Development of Monitoring and Warning Method Against Rainfall Induced Shallow Slope Failure." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k6yqu6.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系所
105
Typhoons usually bring heavy rains in Taiwan during summer. Rainfall induced landslides are usually shallower and cause a lot of casualties. Traditionally, we used rainfall intensity and its duration as a warning method but it is localized and without mechanical analysis. In recent years, many researchers used numerical method to simulate rainfall infiltration with slope stability analysis, but the initial and boundary conditions selected did not reflect the actual condition and they were not verified and compared to the field monitoring data. With the widespread of electronic devices, many electronically based sensors are available. In this research, a soil moisture sensor and an inclinometer were integrated into a sensor stick which can be inserted to a slope. This sensor stick was capable of measuring soil moisture at different depths and the displacement of the slope surface. The measured data would be transmitted wirelessly to the server through the Internet. In this way, the analysis of the data based on unsaturated soil mechanics and slope stability analysis theory can efficiently help understand the stabilization of a slope.