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Journal articles on the topic 'Slovakia World War, 1939-1945'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Żarna, Krzysztof. "Selected aspects of historical policy towards the Slovak National Uprising in the Slovak Republic." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 18, no. 2 (December 2020): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2020.2.8.

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The Slovak Republic is a state that was formed as a result of the disintegration of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1993. Slovaks do not have rich traditions of their own statehood. For nearly a thousand years, the Slovak lands were within the sphere of influence of Hungary and they formed a common state with the Czechs, although the latter had a dominant position. The only period of owning one’s own statehood was during 1939- 1945, i.e. the functioning of the Slovak State / Slovak Republic. However, it was a country under the influence of the Third Reich. The article concerns selected aspects of the historical policy towards the Second World War appearing in the political discourse in the Slovak Republic. Issues that evoke extreme emotions have been analyzed: the Slovak National Uprising and the Slovak State / Slovak Republic. The activities of the People’s Party – Our Slovakia, which was the only one that refers to the tradition of the Slovak state in 1939-1945 and attacks the Slovak National Uprising were also analyzed. Transcripts were analyzed from meetings of the Slovak National Council, press articles and programs of individual political parties as well as statements of politicians with particular emphasis on the People’s Party – Our Slovakia. The article uses a comparative method and a case study.

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Lônčíková, Michala. "The end of War, the end of persecution? Post-World War II collective anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia." History in flux 1, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/flux.2019.1.8.

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Contrary to the previous political regime of the Slovak state (1939–1945), official policy had significantly changed in the renewed Czechoslovakia after the end of World War II, but anti-Jewish sentiments and even their brachial demonstrations somewhat framed the everyday reality of Jewish survivors who were returning to their homes from liberated concentration camps or hiding places. Their attempts to reintegrate into the society where they had used to live regularly came across intolerance, hatred and social exclusion, further strengthened by classical anti-Semitic stereotypes and prejudices. Desired capitulation of Nazi Germany and its satellites resulted also in the end of systematic Jewish extermination, but it did not automatically lead to a peaceful everyday life. This paper focuses on the social dynamics between Slovak majority society and the decimated Jewish minority in the first post-World War II years and analyses some crucial factors, particular motivations and circumstances of the selected acts of collective anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia. Moreover, the typological diversity of the specific collective atrocities will be discussed.

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Luchkanyn, Serhii. "Romania in the Second World War 1939–1945: unknown facts and new views on the problem." European Historical Studies, no. 9 (2018): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.09.79-95.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of different views in Romanian historiography on the participation of I. Antonescu, along with Germany, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia and Finland, in the war against the USSR, starting from June 22, 1941. It is known that the decision to join the anti-Soviet war was taken by I. Antonescu alone, without any consultation with any political group, or even with the king Mihai, who has learned from the BBC radio that Romania had entered the war with the USSR. First, the war was proclaimed as a “sacred war” against Bolshevism for the return of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, received full support from the king and from the leaders of the “historical parties”, as well as from a wide range of the population. However, in August 1941, at the request of Hitler, having already military rank of Marshal, Ion Antonescu decided to continue the war in the East, which has been completely unfounded (the territory to the East of the Dniester never belonged to Romania). The modern Romanian historiographers emphasize that the continuation of the anti-Soviet war on the other side of the Dniester, which led to large (and useless) human losses, has become one of Antonescu’s greatest mistakes. The article also raises the issue of the Holocaust in Romania during the Second World War (suppressed during the communist years), the decline in the scale of the tragedy in that period. It is noted that the arrest of I. Antonescu on August 23, 1944 was the merit of the young king, Mihai I, and his entourage, and not the Communist Party of Romania represented by Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu.

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Gajdoš, Marian, and Stanislav Konečný. "Ukrainian National Schools in Slovakia between 1945 and 1960." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2019-0002.

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Abstract The authors present the formation and development of the Ukrainian national education system in Slovakia after the World War II, which was determined by its results and new political conditions. The founding of Russian schools in Eastern Slovakia did not correspond to the wishes of part of the Ruthenian population, and their preference was a source of permanent tension. The authors of this article analyse the personnel, material and technical problems related to the development of Ukrainian (Russian) schools as well as the activities of political and state authorities in their solution. The introduction of the Ukrainian language as the language of instruction disrupted the consolidation in this area and increased dissatisfaction in many municipalities. The efforts to persuade people or various administrative obstacles could not prevent the change of the language of instruction from Ukrainian to Slovak.

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5

Mihálová, Lucia. "Theatrical Reflections of the Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945) in the 21st Century." Slovenske divadlo /The Slovak Theatre 66, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 176–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sd-2018-0011.

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Abstract The study deals with forms of the Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945) in Slovak theatre after the year 2000. We currently observe a strong dramaturgical tendency to bring to the stages the reflection of historical events from various historical periods, one of the most depicted being the period of World War II. Its thematics are found in the productions of the original theatrical plays as well as in the dramatisations of literary works. The first part of the study is devoted to delineation of the Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945) in the productions after 2000 (Tiso [Tiso], Stalo sa prvého septembra [It Happened on 1st September], Rabínka [The Female Rabbi], Holokaust [Holocaust], Povstanie [Uprising], Obchod na korze [The Shop on the Parade], Polnočná omša [Midnight Mass], Tichý bič [The Silent Whip], Kým kohút nezaspieva [Until the Cock Sings]). The second part is focused on the analysis of the selected thematic elements offered by the productions falling within this circle and which appear in the new optics of the so-called second generation.

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6

Vehesh, Mykola, and Stepan Vidnyanskyj. "Some Aspects of State-Building Processes in Carpathian Ukraine on the Eve of the Second World War." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 29 (November 10, 2020): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2020.29.201.

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Autonomous Subcarpathian Rus’, and subsequently independent Carpathian Ukraine, existed for an extremely short period of time: from October 1938 to the second half of March, 1939. Despite this fact, there was such a rapid development of political events in the country that the attention of the whole world was drawn to Carpathian Ukraine. This also applies to the researchers who, at the end of the 1930s, began to study the history of Carpathian Ukraine. The declaration of independence on March 14, 1939 was explained by the desire of the Ukrainian population of the region for freedom. However, the disintegration of Czechoslovakia and the declaration of independence by Slovakia were also of great importance for this act. Despite some spontaneity and haste, this historical event in the life of not only Transcarpathian Ukrainians, but of the entire Ukrainian people was of great historical importance. After January 21, 1919, it was the second attempt to declare to the whole world that Ukrainian nation is alive and ready for state life. Although this act of declaration of independence, ratified on March 15, 1939 at the Soim of Carpathian Ukraine, was more symbolic than real politics, it played a large role in forming the self-consciousness of the entire Ukrainian nation. It was during the period of Carpathian Ukraine that a kind of transition from consciousness of Transcarpathian Ruthenians to Transcarpathian Ukrainians ended. In the late 1930s, Carpathian Ukraine was the only state where a small branch of the Ukrainian people proclaimed their independence and declared their desire to live a state life. The Ukrainians who were part of the USSR, as well as the Ukrainians under the control of Poland and Romania didn’t have such opportunity. However, they treated Carpathian Ukraine as an area where an attempt was made to restore Ukrainian statehood. On this basis, it is necessary to consider the formation of the Carpatho-Ukrainian state as the second stage – after the liberation contest of 1918–20’s – in the struggle for the creation of Ukrainian state formation on a separate Ukrainian territory

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Basa, Enikő Molnár. "Multicultural Societies: Kálmán Mikszáth, Pál Závada and Péter Huncik." Hungarian Cultural Studies 5 (January 1, 2012): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2012.74.

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Three Hungarian works, one from the 19th century and two contemporary novels, reflect changing attitudes to ethnicity and nationality questions within Hungary, including the area that became part of Czechoslovakia after World War I. Kálmán Mikszáth’s Tót Atyafiak shows a society in which the various nationalities of Upper Hungary live in harmony. Ethnic problems seem not to be present. Pál Závada’s Jadviga Párnája presents a more complex picture: while the protagonists seem free of nationalistic sentiments, they are conscious of their Slovak roots, their customs and language. A majority in the city and community which forms the backdrop to the story, they are a minority in the larger region of the Hungarian Plain. However, different customs and language are not perceived as setting themselves off from other Hungarians. Outside forces and prejudices do intrude since key sections of the story occur during World War I and its aftermath. The third novel, Péter Hunčik’s Határeset examines the fate of the population of Ipolyság, a town in what is now southern Slovakia. This is an area which still has a large Hungarian population; many families nevertheless have a background that includes Slovak and other nationalities. With the border changes of 1920, 1938 and 1945 lives are disrupted. Communism further complicates the tensions and absurdities fueled by outside forces. The works are testimonies to tolerance because the protagonists most affected are open to other ethnicities, other nationalities.

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Valčo, Michal, Daniel Slivka, Katarina Valčova, Nina I. Kryukova, Dinara G. Vasbieva, and Elmira R. Khairullina. "Samuel Štefan Osusky’s Theological-Prophetic Criticism of War and Totalitarianism." Bogoslovni vestnik 79, no. 3 (2019): 765–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34291/bv2019/03/valco.

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: This article analyzes the thought legacy of Samuel Štefan Osuský (1888–1975), a famous Slovak philosopher and theologian, pertaining to his fight against totalitarianism and war. Having lived during arguably the most difficult period of (Czecho-)Slovak history, which included the two world wars, the emergence of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, its fateful, forceful split by Nazi Germany in 1939, followed by its reestablishment after WWII in 1945, only to be afflicted again by a new kind of totalitarianism on the left, it is no surprise that Osuský aimed his philosophical and theological criticism especially at the two great human ideologies of the 20th century – Fascism (including its German, racial version, Nazism, which he preferred to call ›Hitlerism‹), and Communism (above all in its historical shape of Stalinist Bolshevism). After exploring the human predicament in ›boundary situations,‹ i.e. situations of ultimate anxiety, despair but also hope and trust, religious motives seemed to gain the upper hand, according to Osuský. As a ›rational theist,‹ he attempted to draw from theology, philosophy and science as complementary sources of wisdom combining them in his struggle to find satisfying insights for larger questions of meaning. Osusky’s ideas in his book War and Religion (1916) and article The Philosophy of Bolshevism, Fascism, and Hitlerism (1937) manifest the much-needed prophetic insight that has the potential to enlighten our own struggle against the creeping forces of totalitarianism, right and left that seek to engulf our societies today.

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9

Галушка, Александр. "Church-State Relations in Slovakia in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century (Legal Aspect)." Theological Herald, no. 1(36) (March 15, 2020): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2500-1450-2020-36-1-135-153.

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В статье рассматриваются особенности взаимоотношений государства и религиозных организаций в словакии с 1939 г. по настоящее время. Целью исследования стал всесторонний анализ государственных инициатив, регламентирующих церковногосударственные отношения. кроме отношений государства и православной Церкви, в исследовательскую оптику автора попадает широкая палитра религиозной жизни страны в означенный период. наблюдения автора подкрепляются анализом малодоступных отечественным исследователям словацких источников: государственных законов, статистических данных и результатов переписи населения. в работе показано, что диалог государства и церкви в значительной мере определялся политической ситуацией в стране (независимая словакия под контролем нацистской германии, словакия в составе социалистической чехословакии, независимое государство после Бархатной революции 1989 г.), и прежде всего на уровне законодательства. Этим объясняется предпринятая автором периодизация церковно-государственных отношений в словакии. подобная периодизация, в свою очередь, определила и структуру работы. The article discusses the features of relations between the state and religious organizations in Slovakia in the second half of the twentieth century. The focus is on state initiatives (laws, agreements) regulating the nature of church-state relations. Changes in the political situation in the country (independent Slovakia under the control of Nazi Germany, Slovakia as part of socialist Czechoslovakia, an independent state after the Velvet Revolution of 1989) signifi determined the dialogue between the state and the church - and, above all, at the level of legislation. This explains the periodization of church-state relations in Slovakia undertaken by the author. Such a periodization in turn determined the structure of work. So, talking about the life of religious organizations during the Second World War, the author dwells on the unrealized possibility of concluding a Concordat of Slovakia with the Holy See. In the next period, the Czechoslovak, it was shown how the state tried to use the church to its advantage, either by restricting freedoms or by allowing certain indulgences. In today’s Slovakia, church-state relations are built on the dialogue between two equal partners, and their character is determined, on the one hand, by domestic laws, and on the other, by international treaties (agreements) and domestic treaties and agreements with registered churches and religious organizations. Not limited to only the relations of the state and the Orthodox Church, the author’s research optics recreates wide panorama of religious life in the country. A special place in the work is given to the relationship of the Slovak government with the Vatican, since historically the Roman Catholic Church has occupied and continues to occupy a leading position in the life of the state. The author’s observations are supported by a wide quotation of Slovak sources inaccessible to domestic researchers: state laws, statistical data and population census results.

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HRUBOŇ, ANTON, and PETER MIČKO. "SLOVAKS IN YUGOSLAVIA AND IN ITS TERRITORIES UNDER FOREIGN OCCUPATION DURING WORLD WAR II." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 29 (December 26, 2018): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2018.29.163-175.

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Slovak minority has been co-creating a multicultural character of contemporary Serbia since the first half of the 18th century. The Slovaks living in former Yugoslavia as an integral part of the Yugoslav society also had to experience the turbulent events at the turn of the 1930s and 1940s. After the Axis invasion and destruction of Yugoslavia in April 1941 the Slovak community, historically settled in Bačka, Banat and Srem, was divided into three countries/occupational zones. Slovaks living in Srem became the citizens of independent Croatia, Slovaks living in Bačka became the citizens of the Hungarian Kingdom and Slovaks from Banat lived in territories under direct German occupation. The paper portrays main features of this minority’s political and cultural life in wartime Yugoslavia and its territories under foreign occupation, core problems of existence within changing regimes and the attitude of the Slovak minority towards the Slovak State (Slovak Republic) established on 14 March 1939 with an emphasis on religiously motivated conflicts between the mostly Lutheran Slovak minority in Yugoslavia and the Catholic regime of Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (the ruling and only allowed political party in the Slovak State/Republic).

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11

Rohwer, Jürgen. "The Wireless World at War, 1939–1945." International History Review 16, no. 3 (September 1994): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1994.9640687.

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Levitus, S., G. Matishov, I. Smolyar, O. K. Baranova, M. M. Zweng, T. Tielking, N. Mikhailov, et al. "World War II (1939-1945) Oceanographic Observations." Data Science Journal 12 (2013): 102–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.13-030.

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13

Axworthy, M. W. A., and Dinu C. Giurescu. "Romania in the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Military History 65, no. 1 (January 2001): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677481.

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Seymour-Ure, Colin. "The world war 1939–1945: the cartoonists' vision." International Affairs 68, no. 2 (April 1992): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623278.

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Willis, Ian. "Camden at War: Second World War, 1939-1945: A Brief Overview." AQ: Australian Quarterly 78, no. 1 (2006): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20638375.

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16

Reid, Brian Holden. "War at any price: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945." History of European Ideas 10, no. 6 (January 1989): 734–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90106-x.

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17

Stelmasiak, Izabela. "Polityczna i pedagogiczna aktywność Janusza Jędrzejewicza na emigracji (1939–1951)." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 25 (March 6, 2019): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2009.25.3.

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The exile years of Janusz Jędrzejewicz (1939-1951), a prominent and reputed educator of the inter-war Poland, deserve much of our attention. After the outbreak of the war, Jędrzejewicz initially took some effort to return to active military duty but these attempts failed to be successful. Along with the evacuation of the government, the Jędrzejewiczs had to leave Poland for Romania and had to remain there as exiles. Dull, everyday routine in exile in Romania was interspersed with Jędrzejewicz’s involvement in teaching maths and in meetings with fellow exiles, the followers of Józef Piłsudzki. The years from July 1940 until the end of the year, Jędrzejewicz and his family spent in Turkey. In the dire straits he was in at the time, to minimize stress and inconvenience in housing, he managed to find some balance and relief in his political and social activity. Jędrzejewicz managed to establish contacts with other exiles, notably Tatar, Caucasian and Ukrainian exiles. As a result of the meetings with the non-Polish émigrés, the concept of the so-called “Międzymorze – Intermarum”, a proposed federation of countries stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, emerged. The years between 1940 and 1942 Jędzerzejowicz and his family spent in Tel-Aviv in Palestine. The local Polish political and military circles were closely associated with former “colonels” and Gen. Sławoj-Składkowski’s supporters and were labelled as “steadfast” or “unyielding”. In a straightforward way, the leadership of this group fell to Jędrzejewicz as the one who was the highest ranking Pilsudski-ite among them. The group became the core of the political movement founded upon a concept that underlined the ideas of the late marshal and represented their supporters in the Near East. Jędrzejewicz was very active in writing articles on social and political subjects and in giving lectures, including notably the one delivered on March 19, 1941 and entitled “On the occasion of the anniversary of the name day of First Marshal of Poland” He was also involved in talks with leaders of local Jewish and Arabic population. The presented concept of “Intermarum” was received with interest by politicians in exile from the Baltics, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary. It also formed an alternative to the realpolitik exercised by the government in exile.An important initiative of the group of the Pilsudski-ites was to publish Biuletyn Informacyjny (News Bulletin), and then to transform it into the official monthly Na Straży (On guard). The editor-in-chief of the periodical was Jędrzejewicz himself (from issue 18th onwards). In the course of time, still in Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem, the Piłsudski-ite groups grew more and more members. These circles, physically far from the government in exile in London and its influence, were thus more independent and formed a sort of a mutation and an alternative to the London-based Związek Pracy Państwowej (State Labour Union). Under the leadership of Janusz Jędrzejewicz, the Piłsudzki-ites in Palestine organized themselves in Związek Pracy dla Państwa (Union of Work for the State). The Polish political scene in exile was going through many dramatic changes and transformations. Political tension was aggravated further by Prof. Kot’s action who had returned from the Soviet Union in mid-1942. He perceived the activity of some of Polish exiles in the Near East as politically detrimental and anti-government. As for Prof Kot’s intense dislike for Jędrzejewicz, it was guided by the two following reasons: the latter’s influence in circles overtly reluctant to accept the stance adopted by the government represented by Gen. Sikorski, and, secondly, his personal grudge and resentment towards the former minister of religious affairs and education (Polish: MriOP). The political situation of the years 1944-1946 was decisive in creating the atmosphere less negative and more cooperative, and ultimately led to the emergence of the idea of a common platform for reconciliation and understanding for all splinter groups of Piłsudski followers. The common denominator for all was to be the Independence League, a political party in exile, of which, until 1947, Jędrzejewicz knew very little about. From 1942 the Jędrzejewiczs lived in Jerusalem, where they enjoyed good rapport and relations with local Arab leaders. Despite some health problems, Jędrzejewicz engaged himself in a series of lectures and continued to edit the periodical Na Straży. Soon, however, he was forced to step down this post due to aggravating health problems. Towards the end of 1946, the former prime minister was transferred to the reserve. This helped Jędrzejewicz to obtain a decision to be moved to Great Britain. Before he left Jerusalem, however, he spent half a year with his family in harsh conditions of El Kantara field hospital, which was also a transit camp for war refugees. The circles of the London-based Pilsudski-ites were very much counting on Jędrzejewicz’s Związek Pracy dla Państwa. The promoters of the Independence League also viewed the former prime minister, who was a one-time trustworthy aide to Marshal Piłsudski, as their potential leader. Jędrzejewicz himself was quite aware of his assets and the position he enjoyed within the hierarchy of values as a Piłsudski-ite and, despite bad health, was ready to support the League. In the first half of 1948, with the help of Jędrzejewicz, the fundamentals of the political program of the Poland’s Independence League were established. However, the following infightings and quarrels as to who was to head the League made Jędrzejewicz step down from the position of the leader of the League. From that time on, his activity was limited to writing articles and the participation in the work for the board of trustees of the London Piłsudski Institute. Jędrzejewicz’s last years of his life were undoubtedly influenced by his poor health (1948-1951). He was repeatedly hospitalized, which was taken advantage of by his political opponents in 1948. His physical state was very much influenced by his mental condition, which was a result the victimization and persecution he experienced between 1939-1943. An emotional shock for him was undoubtedly the news about his son who had been shot by the Germans in 1943, and the death of his former wife, Maria Stattler, in 1944. Eventually, all his energy was directed at administrative and research work. With his participation, or at his initiative, four research institutes were established at the time. The intention was to conduct historical or political science research there. Janusz Jędrzejewicz died on March 16th 1951. In exile, he was unfortunate enough to experience ostracism from fellow Poles, both as a politician and as a man. Still, he was far from shunning the world and, with dignity, he carried out his mission of executing the tasks once set by his Commander. As an exile, he was just as well a good representative of a Piłsudski-ite with a characteristic appropriate system of values that determined his life style. The ongoing internalization of the imponderables of his beloved Commander was though respected in the multi-faceted realities of Polish exile life.

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Casdorph, Paul D., and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (September 2000): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568882.

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Brooks, Jennifer E., and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." Journal of Southern History 67, no. 1 (February 2001): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070140.

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Fairclough, Adam, and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (February 2001): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652307.

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Burds, Jeffrey. "Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II, 1939—1945." Politics & Society 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 35–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601108329751.

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Hilton, Claire. "Mill Hill Emergency Hospital: 1939–1945." Psychiatric Bulletin 30, no. 3 (March 2006): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.30.3.106.

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Have you ever wondered why the well-known Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale was named after a suburb of North London? Little known to most psychiatrists or to local people in Mill Hill, a major part of the Maudsley Hospital was evacuated there from central London during the Second World War. Mill Hill School had been evacuateden masseto St Bees in Cumberland. The vacant buildings were requisitioned by the Emergency Medical Service for the Maudsley Hospital. Much innovative psychiatric treatment and research took place there throughout the war with a star-studded cast, including some outstanding clinicians and researchers. This brief review of historical sources aims to give a flavour of the clinical work of the Mill Hill Maudsley.

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23

Hrynovets, V. "Lviv University Dental School during World War II." Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2020, no. 2b (December 2020): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2020.02b.065.

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The article demonstrates the development of Lviv University Dental School during World War II. The peculiarity is that during World War II 1939—1945 Lviv University School, despite significant losses, continued to function fully at the Lviv State Medical Institute.

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24

Klynina, Tetiana. "Information war. The USA and Great Britain during World War II (1939 - 1945)." Skhid, no. 2(142) (June 3, 2016): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2016.2(142).70479.

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25

Hajkowski, Thomas. "The BBC, the Empire, and the Second World War, 1939-1945." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 22, no. 2 (June 2002): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439680220133765.

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Scheck, Raffael, and Tim Ripley. "The Wehrmacht. The German Army in World War II 1939-1945." German Studies Review 27, no. 3 (October 2004): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141020.

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BRODIE, THOMAS. "German Society at War, 1939–45." Contemporary European History 27, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000255.

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The actions, attitudes and experiences of German society between 1939 and 1945 played a crucial role in ensuring that the Second World War was not only ‘the most immense and costly ever fought’ but also a conflict which uniquely resembled the ideal type of a ‘total war’. The Nazi regime mobilised German society on an unprecedented scale: over 18 million men served in the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, and compulsoryVolkssturmduty, initiated as Allied forces approached Germany's borders in September 1944, embraced further millions of the young and middle-aged. The German war effort, above all in occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, claimed the lives of millions of Jewish and gentile civilians and served explicitly genocidal ends. In this most ‘total’ of conflicts, the sheer scale of the Third Reich's ultimate defeat stands out, even in comparison with that of Imperial Japan, which surrendered to the Allies prior to an invasion of its Home Islands. When the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945 Allied forces had occupied almost all of Germany, with its state and economic structures lying in ruins. Some 4.8 million German soldiers and 300,000 Waffen SS troops lost their lives during the Second World War, including 40 per cent of German men born in 1920. According to recent estimates Allied bombing claimed approximately 350,000 to 380,000 victims and inflicted untold damage on the urban fabric of towns and cities across the Reich. As Nicholas Stargardt notes, this was truly ‘a German war like no other’.

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Tikhomirov, Sergey. "1939-1945: Environmental Aspects of the War in Europe." Review of Central and East European Law 31, no. 1 (2006): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598806x111622.

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AbstractWorld War II made it clear that the realization of the potential of existing military technology and methods for using it—along with the extraction of natural resources during the prosecution of the war—constitute a man-made burden for the environment threatening the sustainability of the ecosystems of the combatant countries. The discovery of this danger to the environment was made possible by the implementation of the doctrine of "total destruction" that was conducted under Hitler's direction.The subsequent sixty years have shown, however, that progress in society has been too slow with respect to the subordination of military expediency to environmental sensibility and the adoption of measures toward the ecologization of armed combat. An important strategic resource for resolving the environmental problem of armed conflicts—time—is being lost much more quickly than states are taking steps aimed at the elimination of the threat that was revealed by World War II and that has increased multifold in the six intervening decades.Using historical hindsight, the author proposes his own view of the problem from the perspective of international law.

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Hillman, John. "Bolivia and British Tin Policy, 1939–1945." Journal of Latin American Studies 22, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015467.

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During the Second World War, Bolivia became the single most important source of tin for the Allies. As with other Latin American countries who were placed in the position of supplying essential raw materials,1 Bolivia confronted a situation where the operation of normal market forces was suspended. Access to Axis markets was denied, and prices were set through government intervention, often at widely divergent levels in different markets. As a result, the impression was created that the poor producers were prevented from enjoying a wartime bonanza by exploitative collusion on the part of the rich consumers.

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Krome, Frederic, and Clive Coultass. "Images for Battle: British Film and the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Military History 56, no. 3 (July 1992): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986000.

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OLLERENSHAW, PHILIP. "War, Industrial Mobilisation and Society in Northern Ireland, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 16, no. 2 (May 2007): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307003773.

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AbstractArchive-based regional studies can contribute much that is new to the economic, political and social history of the Second World War. This paper considers the process of industrial mobilisation in Northern Ireland, a politically divided region which was part of the United Kingdom but which had its own government. It examines the changing administrative framework of war production, the debate on military and industrial conscription, the role of women and the economic implications of geographical remoteness from London. The paper adds to our limited knowledge of regional mobilisation and contributes to a neglected aspect of the history of Northern Ireland.

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Samasuwo, Nhamo. "Food Production and War Supplies: Rhodesia's Beef Industry during the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Southern African Studies 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070306206.

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Gábriš, Tomáš. "The Legacy of Socialist Constitutionalism in Slovakia: The Right of the Slovak Nation to Self-Determination." Russian Law Journal 9, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2021-9-2-70-91.

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Albeit in 1918 the Slovak nation voluntarily became a “branch” of the single Czechoslovak nation and of the unitary Czechoslovak state, the connection with the Czechs was rather perceived as a strategic move until the Slovak nation develops its capacity for the execution of its own right to self-determination. In the context of Czechoslovakia being under pressure of Hitler’s Germany in 1938, Slovak autonomists managed to exploit the situation and Slovakia was granted autonomy within Czechoslovakia. Soon thereafter, in March 1939, an “independent” Slovak State was created, in fact being under direct control of Nazi Germany. The authoritarian political regime of the War-Time Slovakia was soon rejected by Slovaks themselves and the Slovak nation was rather willing to sacriﬁce its independence in order to return to the democratic regime of Czechoslovakia in 1945. Still, there were attempts to change the position of Slovaks and Slovakia within Czechoslovakia, which eventually materialized in the form of the federalization of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1968/69, giving Slovaks for the ﬁrst time (apart from the Hitler-sponsored statehood in 1939–1945) their formal republican statehood, albeit only within a system of limited socialist federalism. Still, this allowed for a relatively simple change of this formal statehood into an internationally recognized independent Slovak Republic in 1993. The socialist constitutional recognition of self-determination of the Slovak nation in the form of a Socialist Republic thus paved the way to the currently existing Slovakia, hence making it the most important legacy of the (Czecho-)Slovak socialist history.

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Pun, Sirjana. "How Radar Technology Changed the Course of the World after World War II - Science and Technology." Unity Journal 2 (August 11, 2021): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v2i0.38847.

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After the independent invention of radar in the early 1930s, the development of radar went rapidly during World War II (1939-1945) when both Axis and Allied forces relied on the system to get an edge over the other. Ever since the war, radar technology has substantially increased in its innovation and capability throughout the years. This paper examines the progress of radar technology following World War II (1939-1945) with an aim to provide a landscape of the prevalent radar system during the war which was mono-pulse tracking radar systems and moving-target indication (MTI) system. After a thorough background study of the past radar system, the paper highlights application of the newer developed Phased Array Radar System which was formulated out through the implementation of the improved capabilities of both prevalent systems. Moreover, the paper provides a brief overview of the modular system and formulates a time frame relating to the development of radar research. Thus, the paper, later on, foresees the prominent future where phased array systems could be expanded to civilian and non-civilian technological research by providing thorough research and comparative analysis. Phased array systems are found to a prominent possible cheaper alternative for the civilian and non-civilian system. It shows prominence to be an effective useful tool for radar systems.

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Prozorova, I., G. Arutyunyan, V. Adamov, and S. Buryachenko. "Diplomacy of the Polish Republic before and during the Second World War." Diplomatic Service, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2002-03.

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The Article is devoted to the activities of the foreign policy system of the Polish Republic before and during the Second world war. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Polish government in exile (1939–1945) and its participation in the preparation of the Warsaw uprising.

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Ebu Abdullah, Cahdan. "WORLD WAR II PERIOD OF 1939-1945 EVENTS, MILITARY, POLITICAL AND ACCELERATED DEV." Route Educational and Social Science Journal 4, no. 16 (January 1, 2017): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.707.

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Manjola Sulaj et al.,, Manjola Sulaj et al ,. "The Ethnic Greek Minority Newspapers in Albania during World War II (1939-1945)." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 2049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun2020192.

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Morton, Desmond, and J. L. Granatstein. "The Last Good War: An Illustrated History of Canada in the Second World War, 1939-1945." International Journal 60, no. 4 (2005): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204104.

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Ajayi, Abiodun. "Contribution to Britain’s War Efforts in Osun Division of Western Nigeria, 1939–1945." Journal of African Military History 4, no. 1-2 (October 26, 2020): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680966-bja10005.

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Abstract Although no real battle was fought in Nigeria during the Second World War (1939–1945), the burden of the war was much felt by Nigerians. They made significant contributions to the war effort; a method through which the British shifted the burden of the war onto their colonial subjects. This strategy had caught the attentions of many scholars, and various discussions have centered on its origin, purpose and operation at provincial and Nigeria wide level. Thus, contributions at the Districts and Division levels have always been subsumed into colony-wide studies, and by that fact remained unresearched. This paper focuses the effects of the imperial coping strategy on the Yoruba society with Osun Division as a case study. The study adopts historical approach, which depends on written, oral, and archival sources. However, it is hoped that, with due attention being given to the efforts of the people at a local level, the impact of the Second World War on African social order will be better understood.

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Jones, Edgar, Ian Palmer, and Simon Wessely. "War pensions (1900–1945): changing models of psychological understanding." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 4 (April 2002): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.4.374.

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BackgroundWar pensions are used to examine different models of psychological understanding. The First World War is said to have been the first conflict for which pensions were widely granted for psychological disorders as distinct from functional, somatic syndromes. In 1939 official attitudes hardened and it is commonly stated that few pensions were awarded for post-combat syndromes.AimsTo re-evaluate the recognition of psychiatric disorders by the war pension authorities.MethodOfficial statistics were compared with samples of war pension files from the Boer War and the First and Second World Wars.ResultsOfficial reports tended to overestimate the number of awards. Although government figures suggested that the proportion of neurological and psychiatric pensions was higher after the Second World War, our analysis suggests that the rates may not have been significantly different.ConclusionsThe acceptance of psychological disorders was a response to cultural shifts, advances in psychiatric knowledge and the exigencies of war. Changing explanations were both a consequence of these forces and themselves agents of change.

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Rudinsky, Norma. "The Context of the Marxist-Leninist View of Slovak Literature 1945-1969." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 505 (January 1, 1986): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1986.99.

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This paper resulted from an attempt to explore factors determining or underlying the "Marxificalion" of Slovak literature after 1945-- an attempt motivated by a hunch that certain Marxisl-Leninisl principles had provided a different insight into Slovak literature from that provided by the liberal, democratic "aesthetic appreciation" school of criticism in prewar Czechoslovakia. The idea that Slovak literary criticism has thrived, relatively, since World War II is by no means new and was advanced, for example, by emigre crilics.

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MacKenzie, John M. "The British Empire and the First World War; An Imperial World at War: Aspects of the British Empire’s War Experience, 1939–1945." Round Table 106, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2017.1278923.

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Kendal, Brian. "A Brief Description of the Major Second World War Navigational Aids." Journal of Navigation 45, no. 1 (January 1992): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010481.

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During the 1939–1945 conflict, the development of navigational aids, particularly for the purpose of bombing the opposing nation, took place at an unprecedented rate. The life of any system was only the period of time it took scientists of the opposing nation to determine the nature of the aid and devise an appropriate countermeasure. So much so that in several cases, the time from conception to operational service could be measured in months.

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BRODIE, THOMAS. "Between ‘National Community’ and ‘Milieu’: German Catholics at War, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 26, no. 3 (May 29, 2017): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777317000169.

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This article examines German Catholics’ sense of community and identity during the Second World War. It analyses how far they were able to reconcile their religious faith with support for Nazism and the German war effort and questions the extent to which Catholicism in the Rhineland and Westphalia represented either a sealed confessional subculture or a homogenising Nazified ‘national community’ (Volksgemeinschaft). The article argues that, in their pure forms, neither of these analytical paradigms accounts for the complexities of German Catholics’ attitudes during this period, which were far more contested and diverse than outlined by much existing historiography. Religious socialisation, Nazi propaganda and older nationalist traditions shaped Catholics’ mentalities during the Third Reich, creating a spectrum of opinion concerning the appropriate relationship between these influences and loyalties. At the level of lived experience, Catholics’ memberships of religious and national communities revealed themselves to be highly compatible, a tendency which in turn exerted a restraining influence on church–state conflict in wartime Germany.

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R, SAFEED. "Second World War and Its Repercussions: Impetus on Poverty in Travancore." GIS Business 14, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i3.4672.

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In the first half of the twentieth century the world witnessed two deadliest wars and it directly or indirectly affected the countries all over the world. The First World War from 1914-1918 and the Second World War from 1939-1945 shooked the base of the socio-economic and political structure of the entire world. When compared to the Second World War, the First World War confined only within the boundaries of Europe and has a minimal effect on the other parts of the world. The Second World War was most destructive in nature and it changed the existing socio-economic and political setup of the world countries.

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Holbrook, Wendell P. "British Propaganda and the Mobilization of the Gold Coast War Effort, 1939–1945." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (October 1985): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028784.

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This article examines the nature and impact of the most extensive propaganda campaign mounted in a British West African colony during the Second World War. An avalanche of war information and appeals to the people of the Gold Coast was channelled through a new communications network which included radio broadcasting, information bureaux, and mobile cinema presentations. The innovative wartime publicity scheme was not enough to produce a completely voluntary war effort; however, the campaign was responsible for irreversibly changing mass communications techniques in the territory. The propaganda drive used in the war mobilization provided a pool of experienced propagandists and a successful structural model which proved valuable both to post-war governments charged with pre-independence political education, community development and public services, and, somewhat ironically, to anti-colonialist post-war party politics.

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ROBERTS, GEOFFREY. "Ideology, calculation, and improvisation: spheres of influence and Soviet foreign policy 1939–1945." Review of International Studies 25, no. 4 (October 1999): 655–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599006555.

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This article examines Soviet foreign policy during the Second World War in the light of new evidence from the Russian archives. It highlights the theme of spheres of influence and the relationship between the pursuit of this goal by the USSR and the outbreak of the Cold War. It argues that the Cold War was the result of an attempt by Moscow to harmonise spheres of influence and postwar cooperation with Britain and the United States with the ideological project of a people’s democratic Europe.

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Hadley, Michael L. "Book Review: Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two." International Journal of Maritime History 18, no. 2 (December 2006): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871406018002110.

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SPÄTH, JENS. "The Unifying Element? European Socialism and Anti-Fascism, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 25, no. 4 (October 14, 2016): 687–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000400.

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Far too often studies in contemporary history have concentrated on national stories. By contrast, this article analyses wartime discourses about and practices against fascism in France, Germany and Italy in a comparative and – as far as possible – transnational perspective. By looking at individual biographies some general aspects of socialist anti-fascism, as well as similarities and differences within anti-fascism, shall be identified and start to fill the gap which Jacques Droz left in 1985 when he ended hisHistoire de l'antifascisme en Europewith the outbreak of the Second World War. To visualise the transnational dimension of socialist anti-fascism both in discourse and practice different categories shall be considered. These include historical analyses and projects for the post-war order in letters, newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and books, acts of solidarity like mutual aid networks set up by groups and institutions and forms of collaboration in resistance movements.

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Buchanan, Andrew N. "Washington's ‘silent ally’ in World War II? United States policy towards Spain, 1939–1945." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 7, no. 2 (June 2009): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14794010902868199.

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