Academic literature on the topic 'Sludge - Sanitation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sludge - Sanitation"
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Velkushanova, Konstantina V., Lungi Zuma, and Chris Buckley. "Mechanical properties of faecal sludge." Gates Open Research 3 (October 17, 2019): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13049.1.
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On-site sanitation facilities contribute to the majority of toilet facilities in developing countries as full waterborne sanitation is not feasible or affordable. The characteristics of faecal sludge vary greatly between different locations and types of onsite sanitation facilities and at the same time their understanding is crucial for improvement of the existing faecal sludge management services. The Pollution Research Group (PRG), within the School of Chemical Engineering in the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal have been focussing on the analysis of faecal sludge from different on-site sanitation, such as urine diversion and dehydration toilets, wet and dry ventilated improved pit latrines at household and community levels and unimproved pit latrines. This study was undertaken between 2012 and 2014 and focussed on the characteristics of faecal sludge obtained from different on-site sanitation facilities in the Durban metro area in South Africa. Sampling methods were developed and applied for different depth levels of the pits for each on-site sanitation facility. The analysis followed the PRG standard operation procedures for properties such as: moisture content, total solids, ash content, pH, chemical oxygen demand, density, nutrient contents and thermal properties.
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Sudrajat, Agus, Sudarno, and Yanuar Luqman. "Scheduled Faecal Sludge Service (SFSS) for Sustainable Faecal Sludge Management in Cilacap." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 06031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020206031.
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In accordance with the 6’th Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), that ensurin availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all and with the launch of the 100-0-100 movement by Indonesian Government, which is a program to achieve the 100% accesss for water, 0% for slums, and 100% accesss to proper sanitation, Cilacap government need to work harder to achieve 100% accesss to proper sanitation especially in faecal sludge management that still needs to be improved. More than 98% households in Cilacap are using on-site sanitation system, without periodicaly emptied, and its causing problems in public health, and has impact for environmental and economic nearby communities. This study was held in Cilacap, a municipal in Central Java, Indonesia, using secondary data and literature review. This study aims to analyze feseability of the plan of implementation Scheduled Faecal Sludge Service (SFSS). Based on analysis, Cilacap are feasible to implementing SFSS as long as Cilacap could ensure to repair all gaps that shown in Gap analysis. Data of sludge service areas in cilacap, operating patterns, SFSS implementation procedures, and financial calculations must be made on preparation stage of SFSS.
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Hastuti, Elis, Rydha Riyana, Benny Joy, Unang Supratman, and R. Pamekas. "Integrated Community Onsite Sanitation System for Close Loop Faecal Management." E3S Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124901005.
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The achievement of safe sanitation access is about 7.42 % in 2018, that indicates high risk of faecal contamination from unmanaged onsite sanitation system and has not been fully supported by faecal sludge service. This paper described the study of characteristic of onsite sanitation and faecal sludge for review potential of integrating of sludge handling with improved communal wastewater treatment. Faecal sludge quality were observed from pit latrines and communal septic tank, then analysis method apply cluster analysis and through close loop approach consider treatment and disposal for resource recovery. The pilot model of combined treatment of wastewater and faecal sludge was developed by anaerobic digester with a maximum 5% sludge loading, then further treatment by biofilter system and sludge drying bed. The quality of treated water can meet COD and nitrogen as effluent standard, biosolid reached a stabilization index of 40 - 60%, water content of 50-60% and less Coliform bacteria content. The characteristics of faecal sludge strength to be handled will be influenced bytechnical aspect or environment. The integrated system could be applied to manage wastewater and faecal sludge and its by products, mainly for rural area has not been catered by faecal sludge service.
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Bassan, M., M. Mbéguéré, T. Tchonda, F. Zabsonre, and L. Strande. "Integrated faecal sludge management scheme for the cities of Burkina Faso." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.156.
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The National Utility for Water and Sanitation in Burkina Faso (ONEA) has recognized the difficulty in providing sewered sanitation to the entire urban population and has opted for a strategy involving onsite sanitation. Most of the country's population is served by onsite systems that generate large amounts of faecal sludge, and are responsible for a high prevalence of water-borne diseases. ONEA and the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) have a collaborative project that aims to establish an enabling environment for the development of the faecal sludge sector at the institutional and technical level. The project's participatory process has allowed the design of a treatment plant adapted to local conditions, and the elaboration of the first institutional framework for faecal sludge management including several new official documents. Several technical studies filled knowledge gaps of faecal sludge characterization, and the feasibility of implementing planted drying beds. Lessons learned are transferable nationally and internationally.
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Jimenez, B., J. A. Barrios, J. M. Mendez, and J. Diaz. "Sustainable sludge management in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0656.
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Worldwide, unsanitary conditions are responsible for more than three million deaths annually. One of the reasons is the low level of sanitation in developing countries. Particularly, sludge from these regions has a high parasite concentration and low heavy metal content even though the available information is limited. Different issues needed to achieve a sustainable sludge management in developing nations are analysed. Based on this analysis some conclusions arise: sludge management plays an important role in sanitation programs by helping reduce health problems and associated risks; investments in sanitation should consider sludge management within the overall projects; the main restriction for reusing sludge is the high microbial concentration, which requires a science-based decision on the treatment process, while heavy metals are generally low; adequate sludge management needs the commitment of those sectors involved in the development and enforcement of the regulations as well as those that are directly related to its generation, treatment, reuse or disposal; current regulations have followed different approaches, based mainly on local conditions, but they favour sludge reuse to fight problems like soil degradation, reduced crop production, and the increased use of inorganic fertilizers. This paper summarises an overview of these issues.
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Strauss, M., S. A. Larmie, and U. Heinss. "Treatment of sludges from on-site sanitation - low-cost options." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 6 (March 1, 1997): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0251.
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An overview of the current literature-based knowledge regarding faecal sludge (FS) treatment along with the results and conclusions from own field research are presented. Issues for further faecal sludge treatment studies are also addressed. The article focuses firstly on the characteristics of the various types of faecal sludge. A set of variables is proposed for minimum faecal sludge determination and faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) design and control. Priority treatment options particularly relevant to developing and newly industrialising countries are listed. They include solids-liquid separation by settling/thickening processes, sludge dewatering and drying in drying lagoons or drying beds, stabilisation ponds, and co-composting with refuse or other bulking/organic material of high carbon content. The results of in-depth monitoring of a faecal sludge treatment plant in Accra, Ghana, are reported. The plant receives septage and public toilet sludge and comprises solids-liquid separation by settling/thickening followed by a series of four ponds for the treatment of the liquid fraction. The four ponds in series all function as anaerobic ponds. Facultative pond conditions do not develop. This appears to be due to the suppression of algal growth through high levels of ammonia (NH3). Final effluent BOD is 300 mg/l as against 2,000 mg/l in the raw sludge mixture and 1,600 mg/l in the sedimentation tank effluent.
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Zewde, Abraham Amenay, Zifu Li, and Zhou Xiaoqin. "Improved and promising fecal sludge sanitizing methods: treatment of fecal sludge using resource recovery technologies." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.268.
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Abstract The global challenges that face sustainable sanitation services in developing countries are the lack of fecal sludge (FS) management; this is due to the rapid urbanization and population growth as it generates enormous quantities of fecal sludge. The extensive use of unimproved sanitation technologies is one of the main reasons for environmental and public health concerns. In dispersed rural areas, isolated slums or in urban areas where a sewerage system is costly, a decentralized wastewater system can be used. Therefore centralized management of decentralized wastewater systems along with proper institutional framework treatment of fecal sludge can be used to enhance the economies of developing countries from resource recovery. The discovery of new ways to inactivate pathogens contained in human waste is key in improving access to sanitation worldwide and reducing the impact of conventional waste management processes on the environment. The entire FS management system should include on-site sanitary treatment methods, collection, and transportation of FS, treatment facilities as well as resource recovery or disposal of the treated end products. This review paper addresses the hygienization of fecal sludge and improved treatment technologies for safe reuse or disposal of the end products and the significant economic revenues attained from the treatments of fecal sludge.
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Wheeler, D., and R. F. Carroll. "The Minimisation of Microbiological Hazards Associated with Latrine Wastes." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0075.
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Investigations of latrine wastes in Botswana were undertaken to verify that sludge stored in a pit latrine chamber for at least one year does not constitute an unacceptable microbiological hazard on handling or reuse. Levels of faecal bacteria, Ascaris, Taenia, Schistosoma and human enteric viruses in sludges which had been stored for periods of more than one year were compared with levels in improperly stored sludges. In all cases, the importance of long term storage was confirmed. However, it is noted that substantial sociological and educational inputs are required if latrine users are to obtain the maximum health and economic benefits of latrine sanitation and sludge reuse, particularly in cultures where there is traditionally little interest in such practices.
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Sharma, Niharika, Sagar Gupta, and Anil Dutt Vyas. "Estimation of fuel potential of faecal sludge in a water scarce city, a case study of Jaipur Urban, India." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.037.
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Abstract Non-sewer sanitation systems are widely implemented for treatment and management of faecal sludge (FS) and septage in developing nations. India became an open defecation free (ODF) country in 2019, with more than 90 million toilets at rural and urban level constructed to achieve this ODF status. Government of India also initiated a faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM) policy in 2017. This paper highlights the policy vision for the state of Rajasthan and predicts options for a safely managed sanitation system through exploring the fuel potential of faecal sludge generated in the city. The intended study is an attempt to valorize faecal sludge into a marketable product through determining the heat capacity of dried faecal sludge from different sources such as pit toilets, septic tanks etc. In the present work in urban Jaipur, which is already a water scarce city, various onsite sanitation systems were targeted to collect FS samples from different locations. It was observed that the FS generated has a high heating value of 13.96 MJ/kg, with total solids ranges from 7 to 9%. For a pragmatic resource recovery option, the experimental data observed is validated with a literature review.
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Sanguinetti, G. S., V. Ferrer, M. C. García, C. Tortul, A. Montangero, D. Koné, and M. Strauss. "Isolation of Salmonella sp. in sludge from septage treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0474.
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Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are an often-used option to treat faecal sludges collected from on-site sanitation systems. Since agricultural use is one of the most attractive options for sludge disposal, specific guidelines on the hygienic sludge quality must be fulfilled, such as for viable helminth eggs and Salmonella sp. Although Salmonella isolation methods are well known for other types of samples, they are not suitable for faecal sludge. The reason can be attributed to the co-existence of a native bacterial sludge flora masking Salmonella development, especially if this bacteria is present at low concentrations. In order to select the best methodology for Salmonella recovery from septage sludge, different culture media were assayed at different incubation periods and temperatures. The proposed methodology for Salmonella recovery from sludge can be summarised as follows: (1) enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth at 43°C, 48 hours, and (2) isolation in XLD agar at 40°C, 24 hours. Identification of suspected colonies by biochemical tests: TSI, LIA, urease and serological confirmation with Group O Antigen.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sludge - Sanitation"
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Doku, Isaac Adjei. "Anaerobic treatment of nightsoil and toilet sludge from on-site sanitation systems in Ghana." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3998/.
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The feasibility of faecal sludge treatment by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was studied using first, untreated primary sludge from a sewage treatment works treating only domestic sewage, and then actual faecal sludge. The primary sludge was diluted in the ratio 1:20 - 1:10 while the faecal sludge was diluted in to the ratio 1:6. The UASB reactor treating the primary sludge had a volume of 15 litres and was operated at a mean hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9.8 h, at a temperature of 37 °C, and at an organic loading rate (OLR) in the range of 5.6 - 15.0 kg COD/m\d. The UASB reactor treating the faecal sludges had a volume of 50 litres and was operated at a mean HRT of 12.1 h, at ambient temperatures in the range of 23.0 - 31.2 °C, and at OLR in the range of 1 2 .5 -2 1 .5 kg COD/nr\d. The first experiment involving the untreated primary sludge was run for 114 days while the second was run for 119 days. The results from both experiments indicate that it is feasible to treat faecal sludges using the UASB reactor. The average removal efficiencies obtained for the first experiment were: 78% for COD, 62% for total solids (TS), 75% for total volatile solids (TVS) and 91% for total suspended solids (TSS). The pH was in the range of 6.9 - 7.4. With regards to faecal sludges, the average removal efficiencies were: 71% for COD, 61% for TS, 74% for TVS and 73% for TSS. The removal efficiencies are comparable to those obtained for a UASB reactor treating for domestic sewage. High removal efficiencies were obtained in a much shorter time compared to UASB reactors treating domestic sewage. The COD concentration in the effluents is too high for direct discharge and hence a form of post-treatment would be necessary. The calculated volume of methane in the biogas collected ranged from 4 - 8 1/kg COD, not accounting for practical losses.
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Mallory, Adrian. "Designing sustainable faecal sludge treatment systems for small cities in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33039.
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More than 80 per cent of wastewater from human activities is discharged into the rivers or sea without any pollution removal, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to halve this proportion and increase recycling and reuse globally by 2030. Treatment plants in Sub-Saharan Africa often fail due to lack of operating funds, poor regulation and poor design that does not take into account human factors. The failure of treatment plants can also be put down partly to the funding structures for management, which are often dependent on the disposal tariffs charged. Without sufficient regulation and enforcement, which is often lacking in Sub-Saharan Africa, this often leads to illegal disposal of faecal sludge. Due to the nutrient content and energy potential of wastewater, there is increasing focus on reuse of faecal sludge in ways that can contribute funds for maintenance and incentivise good management of treatment facilities. This research investigates potential designs for the re-use of faecal sludge in small cities in Sub-Saharan Africa to ensure proper treatment. Conducting two case studies using qualitative and quantitative methods, the research looks at the potential for re-use to be scaled up in Sunyani, Ghana and Mzuzu, Malawi, and whether different designs can ensure good management. Building upon the research investigation into how previous designs have failed in case studies, the research also investigates the use of agent-based modelling (ABM) as a modelling approach to explore social and technical aspects of sanitation systems to predict how different designs and management approaches can work. In Sunyani, biogas was the most acceptable option to customers whilst also providing a good business model to fund faecal sludge treatment, either as a decentralised system at public toilets where the fresh sludge is better for biogas production, or centrally at the existing disposal site. The success of biogas as a model that can fund maintenance and ensure good management would depend on the faecal sludge quality of public toilet sludge in the city and the investment level required and how any operating approach would work between the government and private sector. In Mzuzu, two main approaches to faecal sludge re-use exist currently: the implementation of Skyloos as above ground household toilets which provide compost, and a central disposal site from which compost is illegally harvested. At disposal, farmers remove sludge from the ponds and apply it untreated directly onto agricultural land. At times, private sector emptying services do not use the ponds, but also apply untreated sludge to agricultural land. Skyloos were found to have varying levels of success from different Non- Governmental Organisation (NGO) projects, with key sustainability issues being the availability of financing mechanisms, management between landlords and tenants and the trust of and engagement with implementing organisations. Existing approaches to waste management and re-use were found to be inaccessible and not working when implemented for the poorest and people with disabilities. Adopting re-use of faecal sludge in agriculture in Malawi would require improved marketing of sanitation options, financing options for households to incentivize adopting the technology, not targeting to poorest households and people with disabilities, and an improved management model for the treatment site to ensure safe disposal and production of compost. Looking at ABM as a way of modelling faecal sludge treatment systems in Sub- Saharan Africa, two models of different approaches in Mzuzu were developed to look at scaling up Skyloo toilets and managing the treatment plant. Both models demonstrate the potential of ABM to incorporate social and technical aspects into predicting the performance of different designs and approaches. The success and use of modelling depends on the quality of data that can be collected before implementing system approaches. Overall the thesis presents different models of treatment and re-use that can work and contribute to operating and maintenance of systems. It is unlikely that any design system will be so profitable that the treatment and re-use of sludge will be able to ensure good management without regulation, so the success of designs depends on relationships between the government and private sector and households in small cities.
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Ouedraogo, Faissal Romaric. "Impact of Sludge Layer Geometry on the Hydraulic Performance of a Waste Stabilization Pond." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6344.
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Improving the hydraulic performance of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is an important management strategy to not only ensure protection of public health and the environment, but also to maximize the potential reuse of valuable resources found in the treated effluent. To reuse effluent from WSPs, a better understanding of the factors that impact the hydraulic performance of the system is needed. One major factor determining the hydraulic performance of a WSP is sludge accumulation, which alters the volume of the pond.
In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was applied to investigate the impact of sludge layer geometry on hydraulic performance of a facultative pond, typically used in many small communities throughout the developing world. Four waste stabilization pond cases with different sludge volumes and distributions were investigated.
Results indicate that sludge distribution and volume have a significant impact on wastewater treatment efficiency and capacity. Although treatment capacity is reduced with accumulation of sludge, the latter may induce a baffling effect which causes the flow to behave closer to that of plug flow reactor and thus increase treatment efficiency. In addition to sludge accumulation and distribution, the impact of water surface level is also investigated through two additional cases. Findings show that an increase in water level while keeping a constant flow rate can result in a significant decrease in the hydraulic performance by reducing the sludge baffling effect, suggesting a careful monitoring of sludge accumulation and water surface level in WSP systems.
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Nkansah, Andrews. "Management of faecal sludge in the urban areas of low-income countries : a case of Tamale, Ghana." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/5561.
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Effective management of the excreta or faecal sludge (FS) emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms from the on-plot latrines in urban areas of many low-income countries is critical for the sustainability of urban sanitation. However the literature mentions the lack of an effective management system for urban FS emptying, transport and disposal in the low-income countries. The current management of FS has been fragmented and improper with attendant poor health and environmental pollution problems. In particular, no substantive information was found relating to how far the excreta or sludge removed from the latrines is transported to the disposal points. Also information on household financial needs and their perceptions regarding emptying and transport services was lacking. No study had been done regarding the effects of disposal distance and accessibility on the cost of emptying and transport; neither has work been done on FS reuse implications for emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms. Based on these issues, the research questions and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used to triangulate and ensure the reliability and validity of the findings and analysis. From the analysis of the findings, the thesis concludes on these key issues: i) Emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms of the excreta and FS as well as the costs of these depend on the type of latrines, latrine use and the technology available for emptying and transport. ii) Owing to the nature of latrines and the emptying methods used the disposal of the FS was indiscriminate and much was found closer to its source of generation. iii) FS was in high demand for reuse but lacked appropriate marketing strategy that could match supply with the demand. iv) The Household Centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) approach was found to be limited in content and capacity to effectively address the urban excreta and FS emptying, transport and disposal without the active and full involvement of the municipal and local authorities with clear roles and regulations that address the key processes, linkages, and capacity development issues. Thus, the HCES approach needs periodic review and modifications to take care of the new developments and peculiarities of each urban setting. The study also recommends the need to look at streamlining technologies and developing capacity to address cross-cutting issues in urban sanitation. It further recommends the need for households, the sanitation authorities and practitioners to understand the links between latrine technology in terms of type, size, use and location vis-à-vis the required emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms in the urban areas of the low-income countries.
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Laperuta, Neto Jayme [UNESP]. "Estudo do uso de lodo de estações de tratamento de água e de esgoto urbano nas propriedades químicas do solo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93775.
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
No ano de 2005 foi realizado, em área da Estação de tratamento de Esgoto da Fazenda Experimental Lageado, campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Botucatu, SP, experimento com lodos de esgoto, proveniente da própria estação do Lageado, da estação de tratamento de esgoto da SABESP, no município de Franca-SP, e com lodo do tratamento de água, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Água da SABESP no município de Botucatu-SP, tendo por objetivo, a avaliação dos efeitos causados pela aplicação desses resíduos em Neosolo Quartzarênico e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico , irrigados com água tratada fornecida pela SABESP e por água residuária da própria estação de tratamento do Lageado. As variáveis analisadas foram : pH, acidez potencial, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), soma de bases (SB), saturação em bases (V%), P(resina), Al3+, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O experimento foi constituído de tratamentos, os quais foram montados ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2x3x2, sendo 3 épocas, dois tipos de solo, 3 tipos de lodo, 2 tipos de água, com 3 repetições por tratamento, resultando no total 108 amostras. Os tratamentos foram preparados em recipientes de 9,50 litros, contendo uma mistura de 70% do volume de solo e os 30 % restantes de lodo. 2 O lodo da ETE-Lageado apresentou para a maioria dos elementos estudados, teores médios maiores, que os do lodo da ETE-Franca e ETA-Botucatu que foram semelhantes. Os teores da maioria dos elementos variam com a época, para os três lodos, sendo seus comportamentos explicados por modelos polinomiais de segunda ordem na quase totalidade. Os lodos podem ser aplicados ao solo, uma vez que os níveis dos nutrientes, foram considerados de médio para alto de acordo com Raij et al. (1996), e os níveis de Cu e Zn não se apresentaram tóxicos (U.S.EPA,1996).
An experiment using sludge from Lageado sewage farm, from SABESP sewage farm in the city of Franca-SP and sludge from SABESP waterworks in the city of Botucatu-SP was carried out in Lageado Experimental Farm, campus of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in the year of 2005, with the purpose of assessing the effects caused by the application of these residues to quartzose sand and oxisol irrigated with purified water supplied by SABESP and residuary water from Lageado waterworks. The analysed variables were: pH, potencial acidity, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base addition (BA), base saturation (V%), P(resin), Al+3, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The experiment consisted of treatments, which were assembled at random, in a 3x2x3x2 factorial scheme, being respectively: 3 time, 2 types of soil, 3 4 types of sludge, 2 types of water, with three repetitions for each treatment, resulting in a total of 108 samples. The treatments were prepared in 9,5 liter containers with a mixture of 70% of the soil volume and 30 % of sludge. The sludge from the Lageado sewage farm presented, for most of the analysed elements, higher average contents than the ones from Franca sewage farm and Botucatu waterworks that were both similar. The amount of most elements varies according to time for all of 3 types of sludge, their behavior being explained through second order polynomial models almost in its totality. The sludges may be used as a soil conditioner, since the levels of the nutrients were considered as average to high according to Raij et al. (1996) and Cu an Zn levels havenþt showed as being toxic (USEPA, 1996). 1 1 kKey words: sludge; soil - chemical properties, wasted waters, sanitation.
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Umeda, Luana de Cássia. "Métodos clássicos e moleculares para avaliação da qualidade virológica de lodo de esgoto e de água de reúso: determinação da eficiência e limites de detecção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-09112012-115558/.
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Os vírus entéricos humanos são encontrados no esgoto e em subprodutos dos processos de tratamento. Recentemente vem sendo recomendados como indicadores de qualidade microbiológica em normas da legislação brasileira e também nas de outros países, mas ainda com parâmetros a definir. O objetivo do estudo é a avaliação e a comparação entre métodos clássicos e moleculares aplicados à detecção de vírus entéricos em amostras de água de reúso e de lodo, visando subsidiar a legislação brasileira. Ensaios de semeadura experimental de protótipos de rotavírus e de adenovírus foram realizados nas matrizes ambientais e os vírus detectados por métodos clássicos (cultivo celular e reação de imunoperoxidase) e moleculares (PCR/nested-PCR, RT-PCR e ICC-PCR), determinando-se os limites de detecção de cada método para cada matriz. A pesquisa de rotavírus e adenovírus presentes naturalmente em 25 amostras de água de reúso e em 25 de lodo possibilitou a comparação dos métodos propostos. O ICC-PCR mostrou ser o método mais factível a ser aplicado na área de saneamento.Human enteric viruses are common contaminants of raw sewage and subproducts of sewage treatment processes. In recent years, those viruses were recommend as new microbiological indicators in different matrices in Brazilian legislation and others countries, although some questions should be elucidated. At present, the aim was to evaluate and compare the efficiencies of standard and molecular virological methods for detection of human enteric viruses in sludge and reclaimed water samples. Rotavirus and adenovirus were experimentally spiked in the proposed matrices and virus recovery and detection limits established for each method and matrice. Viruses naturally presented in 25 samples of sludge and 25 samples of reclaimed water were assayed by all methods and results evaluated and compared for statistical significance. From all methods evaluated, ICC-PCR showed to be the most suitable for virus surveillance in sludge and reclaimed water.
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Costa, Ernani de Souza. "Proposta de Protocolo para Projeto de Engenharia de Reatores Anaeróbios de Fluxo Ascendente com Manta de Lodo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7513.
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Esta dissertação apresenta a metodologia para o Projeto de Engenharia de Reatores Anaeróbios de Fluxo Ascendente com Manta de Lodo para tratamento de esgoto sanitário. A
metodologia desenvolvida apresenta os parâmetros de cálculo e os condicionamentos técnicos físicos envolvidos no projeto e construção da unidade de tratamento. O trabalho contém uma proposta de protocolo para o projeto, construção e operação do Reator UASB.This disquisition presents a methodology for the Project of Anaerobic Reactors Engineering of Sludge Blanket for sanitary sewage treatment. The methodology developed presents the calculus parameters and physic technical involved in the project and construction in the treatment unit. The work contains a protocol propose for the project, construction and operation of UASB Reactor.
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Augusto, José. "Lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Água na composição de substratos para produção de mudas de plantas da Caatinga." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9126.
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The water treatment process creates a high amount of sludge. Because of that, sludge disposal alternatives should be studied based on technical, economic, environmental, social and political aspects. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of water treatment plant sludge in the composition of substrates for production of seedlings from typical plants of the Caatinga vegetation. Experiments composed of angico, aroiera and sabiá seedling production were carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraiba (IFPB) - Sousa campus, state of Paraíba, Brazil, between February and May 2015. For each plant species, an experiment using randomized block design was performed. Each experiment consisted of 5 substrates (S1: 70% soil + 30% bovine manure + 0% WTP sludge; S2: 65% soil + 25% bovine manure + 10 % WTP sludge; S3: 60% soil + 20% bovine manure + 20% WTP sludge; S4: 55% soil + 15% bovine manure + 30% WTP sludge and S5: 50% soil + 10% bovine manure + 40% WTP sludge) and 4 repetitions. The evaluated characteristics were: germination (G), stem diameter (SD), shoot height (H), length of the main root (LMR), dry weight of shoot (DWS), dry mass of roots (DMR) total dry matter (TDM), ratio between shoot height and stem diameter (H/SD), ratio between dry weight of shoot and dry mass of roots (DWS/DMR) and Quality Dickson Index (QDI). For the angico seedlings, it was found high values of SD, H, DWS, TDM and H/SD when the substrates 2, 3, 4 and 5 were used. For the other variables, similar results were observed. The aroeira seedlings presented high values of SD when substrates 3, 4 and 5 were used, which is similar to the other studied characteristics. With regard to the sabiá seedlings, there was not substrate influence over the variables. The studied water treatment plant sludge can be used as part of substrates for angico, aroeira and sabiá seedlings production, composing up to 40%.
O processo de tratamento de água gera elevada quantidade de lodo, cuja disposição deve ser estudada em função de aspectos técnicos, econômicos, ambientais, sociais e políticos. Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização do lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Água na composição de substratos para produção de mudas de plantas da Caatinga. Na Fazenda Experimental do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba - Campus Sousa (6° 50‟ 33” S e 38° 17‟ 54” W, 264 m de altitude), no período de fevereiro a maio de 2015, realizou-se experimentos consistindo da produção de mudas de angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth) Brenan), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) e sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth). Foi realizado para cada uma dessas espécies, um experimento em Delineamento de Blocos Casualizados, constituído por 5 substratos (S1: 70% solo + 30% esterco bovino + 0% lodo de ETA; S2: 65% solo + 25% esterco bovino + 10% lodo de ETA; S3: 60% solo + 20% esterco bovino + 20% lodo de ETA; S4: 55% solo + 15% esterco bovino + 30% lodo de ETA e S5: 50% solo + 10% esterco bovino + 40% lodo de ETA) e 4 repetições. As características avaliadas foram: Emergência (E), Diâmetro do Coleto (DC), Altura da Parte Aérea (H), Comprimento da Raiz Principal (CRP), Massa Seca da Parte Aérea (MSPA), Massa Seca das Raízes (MSR), Massa Seca Total (MST), Relação Altura da Parte Aérea/Diâmetro do Coleto (H/DC), Relação Massa Seca da Parte Aérea/Massa Seca das Raízes (MSPA/MSR) e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). Constatou-se para mudas de angico, resultados superiores de DC, H, MSPA, MST e H/DC, quando utilizou-se os substratos 2, 3, 4 e 5, enquanto nas demais variáveis observou-se resultados semelhantes. Nas mudas de aroeira, verificou-se resultados superiores de DC ao utilizar os substratos 3, 4 e 5, sendo semelhante as demais características estudadas. Já em relação às mudas de sabiá, não houve influência dos substratos em nenhuma variável. O lodo da Estação de Tratamento de Água estudado pode ser utilizado na composição do substrato, compondo até 40%, para produção de mudas de angico, aroeira e sabiá.
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Laperuta, Neto Jayme 1979. "Estudo do uso de lodo de estações de tratamento de água e de esgoto urbano nas propriedades químicas do solo /." Botucatu: [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93775.
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Orientador: Raimundo Leite CruzBanca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Banca: Tarlei Arriel Botrel
Resumo: No ano de 2005 foi realizado, em área da Estação de tratamento de Esgoto da Fazenda Experimental Lageado, campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Botucatu, SP, experimento com lodos de esgoto, proveniente da própria estação do Lageado, da estação de tratamento de esgoto da SABESP, no município de Franca-SP, e com lodo do tratamento de água, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Água da SABESP no município de Botucatu-SP, tendo por objetivo, a avaliação dos efeitos causados pela aplicação desses resíduos em Neosolo Quartzarênico e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico , irrigados com água tratada fornecida pela SABESP e por água residuária da própria estação de tratamento do Lageado. As variáveis analisadas foram : pH, acidez potencial, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), soma de bases (SB), saturação em bases (V%), P(resina), Al3+, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O experimento foi constituído de tratamentos, os quais foram montados ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2x3x2, sendo 3 épocas, dois tipos de solo, 3 tipos de lodo, 2 tipos de água, com 3 repetições por tratamento, resultando no total 108 amostras. Os tratamentos foram preparados em recipientes de 9,50 litros, contendo uma mistura de 70% do volume de solo e os 30 % restantes de lodo. 2 O lodo da ETE-Lageado apresentou para a maioria dos elementos estudados, teores médios maiores, que os do lodo da ETE-Franca e ETA-Botucatu que foram semelhantes. Os teores da maioria dos elementos variam com a época, para os três lodos, sendo seus comportamentos explicados por modelos polinomiais de segunda ordem na quase totalidade. Os lodos podem ser aplicados ao solo, uma vez que os níveis dos nutrientes, foram considerados de médio para alto de acordo com Raij et al. (1996), e os níveis de Cu e Zn não se apresentaram tóxicos (U.S.EPA,1996).
Abstract: An experiment using sludge from Lageado sewage farm, from SABESP sewage farm in the city of Franca-SP and sludge from SABESP waterworks in the city of Botucatu-SP was carried out in Lageado Experimental Farm, campus of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in the year of 2005, with the purpose of assessing the effects caused by the application of these residues to quartzose sand and oxisol irrigated with purified water supplied by SABESP and residuary water from Lageado waterworks. The analysed variables were: pH, potencial acidity, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base addition (BA), base saturation (V%), P(resin), Al+3, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The experiment consisted of treatments, which were assembled at random, in a 3x2x3x2 factorial scheme, being respectively: 3 time, 2 types of soil, 3 4 types of sludge, 2 types of water, with three repetitions for each treatment, resulting in a total of 108 samples. The treatments were prepared in 9,5 liter containers with a mixture of 70% of the soil volume and 30 % of sludge. The sludge from the Lageado sewage farm presented, for most of the analysed elements, higher average contents than the ones from Franca sewage farm and Botucatu waterworks that were both similar. The amount of most elements varies according to time for all of 3 types of sludge, their behavior being explained through second order polynomial models almost in its totality. The sludges may be used as a soil conditioner, since the levels of the nutrients were considered as average to high according to Raij et al. (1996) and Cu an Zn levels havenþt showed as being toxic (USEPA, 1996). 1 1 kKey words: sludge; soil - chemical properties, wasted waters, sanitation.
Mestre
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Hadley, Sakira N. "Assessment of a Modified Double Agar Layer Method to Detect Bacteriophage for Assessing the Potential of Wastewater Reuse in Rural Bolivia." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4500.
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Water scarcity is a global concern that impacts many developing countries, forcing people to depend on unclean water sources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs. Wastewater is an alternative water source that contains nutrients needed for crop growth. Wastewater reuse for agriculture can cause public health problems because of human exposure to pathogens. Pathogen monitoring is essential to evaluate the compliance of wastewater with established World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) wastewater reuse guidelines. Indicator organisms are commonly used to detect pathogens in water and wastewater because they are quick and easy to measure, non-pathogenic, and have simple and inexpensive methods of detection.
The objective of this research was to develop a modified double agar layer assay method that can be conducted in the field to quantify bacteriophage to assess the quality of wastewater for agricultural reuse. Results from the modified double agar layer assay were used to investigate the potential of somatic coliphage as an indicator organism for assessing the potential presence of enteric viruses in developing world treated wastewater, and to use the criteria of a good indicator organism to compare the potential of two commonly used indicator organisms, somatic coliphage and fecal coliforms, as an indicator of enteric viruses in wastewater.
A modified EPA double agar layer method was developed and deployed in a developing world rural community to effectively quantify the concentration of somatic coliphage in a community managed wastewater treatment system composed of a Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor followed by two maturation lagoons. The modified method served as a good indicator of enteric viruses in the water. Somatic coliphages were easily detected and quantified in the field setting using a modified double agar layer method. Somatic coliphage was found to be a potential indicator for enteric viruses rather than fecal coliforms because of their similarity in characteristics and resistances to wastewater treatment. The concentration of somatic coliphage was only reduced by 1.05 log units across the two series maturation lagoon system. Previous literature suggested removal would range from 2.1 to 4.6 log units. Influent wastewater (previously treated by an UASB reactor) had a concentration of 4.38 E+06 PFU/ 100 mL (standard deviation = ±3.7E+06, n = 9) and the treated effluent contained 3.90 E+05 PFU/100 mL (standard deviation = ± 4.5E+05, n = 8) of somatic coliphages. Results suggest that somatic coliphage is a good potential indicator for enteric viruses in wastewater but further research needs to be done.
Books on the topic "Sludge - Sanitation"
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Assistance, Massachusetts Dept of Environmental Protection Office of Technical. Septage receiving facility eliminates odors. [Boston, Mass.]: Office of Technical Assistance, Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1993.
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Velkushanova, Konstantina, Linda Strande, Mariska Ronteltap, Thammarat Koottatep, Damir Brdjanovic, and Chris Buckley, eds. Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780409122.
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Faecal sludge management is recognized globally as an essential component of city-wide inclusive sanitation. However, a major gap in developing appropriate and adequate management and monitoring for faecal sludge is the ability to understand and predict the characteristics and volumes of accumulated faecal sludge, and correlations to source populations. Since standard methods for sampling and analysing faecal sludge do not currently exist, results are not comparable, the actual variability is not yet fully understood, and the transfer of knowledge and data between different regions and institutions can be challenging and often arbitrary. Due to this lack of standard analytical methods for faecal sludge, methods from other fields, such as wastewater management, and soil and food science are frequently applied. However, these methods are not necessarily the most suitable for faecal sludge analysis, and have not been specifically adapted for this purpose. Characteristics of faecal sludge can be different than these other matrices by orders of magnitude. There is also a lack of standard methods for sampling, which is complicated by the difficult nature of in situ sampling, the wide range of onsite sanitation technologies and potential sampling locations, and the diverse heterogeneity of faecal sludge within onsite containments and within cities. This illustrates the urgent need to establish common methods and procedures for faecal sludge characterisation, quantification, sampling, and modelling. The aim of this book is to provide a basis for standardised methods for the analysis of faecal sludge from onsite sanitation technologies, for improved communication between sanitation practitioners, and for greater confidence in the generated data. The book presents background information on types of faecal sludge, methods for sample collection, health and safety procedures for handling, case studies of experimental design, an approach for estimating faecal sludge at community to city-wide scales, modelling containment and treatment processes, recipes for simulants, and laboratory methods for faecal sludge analysis currently in use by faecal sludge laboratories. This book will be beneficial for researchers, laboratory technicians, academics, students and sanitation practitioners. ISBN13: 9781780409115 eISBN: 9781780409122
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Tayler, Kevin. Faecal Sludge and Septage Treatment: A Guide for Low and Middle Income Countries. Practical Action Publishing, 2016.
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Tayler, Kevin. Faecal Sludge and Septage Treatment: A Guide for Low and Middle Income Countries. Practical Action Publishing, 2017.
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Zakaria, Fiona. Rethinking Faecal Sludge Management in Emergency Settings: Decision Support Tools and Smart Technology Applications for Emergency Sanitation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Zakaria, Fiona. Rethinking Faecal Sludge Management in Emergency Settings: Decision Support Tools and Smart Technology Applications for Emergency Sanitation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Zakaria, Fiona. Rethinking Faecal Sludge Management in Emergency Settings: Decision Support Tools and Smart Technology Applications for Emergency Sanitation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Zakaria, Fiona. Rethinking Faecal Sludge Management in Emergency Settings: Decision Support Tools and Smart Technology Applications for Emergency Sanitation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Biscan, Benjamin, Sergio Pérez Monforte, Lars Schöbitz, and Anthony Kilbride. SFD Promotion Initiative: Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003218.
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The Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) graphic is an advocacy tool that aims to assist technical and non-technical stakeholders to implement plans and programs related to urban sanitation. The SFD methodology is increasingly being used to analyze the extent of safely managed sanitation in urban areas, providing a valuable picture of the prevailing sanitation conditions, from containment to disposal. As such, it is a widely recognized advocacy and decision support tool that aims to understand, communicate, and visualize how wastewater and fecal sludge move within a city or town. As stated on the SuSanA website, the SFD methodology offers “a new and innovative way to engage sanitation experts, political leaders, and civil society in coordinated discussions about excreta management in their city”. The production and publication of an SFD report for Cap-Haitien (Haiti) would help to visualize the current sanitation situation in the city, resulting in a potential to shift current activities and efforts towards more efficient investments in the places along the sanitation chain that need more attention, improving the urban sanitation situation and the surrounding environment of the city. The structure of this SFD report consists of an executive summary and the SFD report. The latter includes: i) general city information describing its main characteristics; ii) sanitation service outcomes, with a thorough explanation of the SFD graphic outcome and the assumptions made; iii) the service delivery context analysis, which contains information on the regulatory framework of water and sanitation at country and city levels, and describes the city plans, budget and future projects to improve the sanitation situation and; iv) a detailed description of the surveys, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted, as well as the key stakeholders involved, field visits carried out and references used to develop this SFD report.
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Madrigal Barquero, Diana, and Sergio Pérez Monforte. SFD Promotion Initative: Canton of Alajuela, Costa Rica. Edited by Lars Schöbitz. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003217.
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The Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) graphic is an advocacy tool that aims to assist technical and non-technical stakeholders to implement plans and programs related to urban sanitation. The SFD methodology is increasingly being used to analyze the extent of safely managed sanitation in urban areas, providing users and stakeholders with a valuable picture of the prevailing sanitation condition, from containment to disposal. As such, it is a widely recognized advocacy and decision support tool that aims to understand, communicate, and visualize how wastewater and fecal sludge move within a city or town. As stated on the SuSanA website, the SFD methodology offers “a new and innovative way to engage sanitation experts, political leaders, and civil society in coordinated discussions about excreta management in their city.” The production and publication of an SFD report for Alajuela (Costa Rica) would help to visualize the current sanitation situation in the city, resulting in a potential to shift current activities and efforts towards more efficient investments in the places of the sanitation chain that need more attention, thereby improving the urban sanitation situation and the surrounding environment of the city. The structure of this SFD report consists of an executive summary and the SFD report. The latter includes: i) general city information describing its main characteristics; ii) sanitation service outcomes, with a thorough explanation of the SFD graphic outcome and the assumptions made; iii) the service delivery context analysis, which contains information on the regulatory framework of water and sanitation at country and city levels, also describing the city plans, budget and future projects to improve the sanitation situation; and iv) a detailed description of the surveys, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted, as well as the key stakeholders involved, field visits carried out and references used to develop this SFD report.
Book chapters on the topic "Sludge - Sanitation"
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Zakaria, Fiona. "eSOS™ - emergency Sanitation Operation System." In Rethinking Faecal Sludge Management in Emergency Settings, 13–26. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429344381-2.
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Zakaria, Fiona. "Decision support system for the provision of emergency sanitation." In Rethinking Faecal Sludge Management in Emergency Settings, 141–66. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429344381-8.
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Mawioo, Peter Matuku. "Innovative approaches to emergency sanitation: The concept of the emergency sanitation operation system - eSOS®." In Novel Concepts, Systems and Technology for Sludge Management in Emergency and Slum Settings, 51–62. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023227-3.
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Zakaria, Fiona. "Development and validation of a financial flow simulator for the sanitation value chain." In Rethinking Faecal Sludge Management in Emergency Settings, 167–84. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429344381-9.
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Mawioo, Peter Matuku. "Microwave technology as a viable sanitation technology option for sludge treatment." In Novel Concepts, Systems and Technology for Sludge Management in Emergency and Slum Settings, 63–72. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023227-4.
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Mawioo, Peter Matuku. "Emergency sanitation: A review of potential technologies and selection criteria." In Novel Concepts, Systems and Technology for Sludge Management in Emergency and Slum Settings, 13–49. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023227-2.
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Barreto, André Baxter, Gabriel Rodrigues Vasconcellos, and Breno Henrique Leite Cota. "Sludge drying reed beds: A key ecotechnology for a sustainable sanitation infrastructure in Brazil." In Circular Economy and Sustainability, 129–59. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821664-4.00031-5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Sludge - Sanitation"
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Paraschiv, Gabriela-Mihaela. "ORGANISMS AND MICROORGANISMS COMMUNITIES ANALYSIS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE BEFORE AND AFTER THE SANITATION PROCEDURE." In SGEM2011 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2011/s20.151.
Full textReports on the topic "Sludge - Sanitation"
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Jayathilake, N., P. Drechsel, B. Keraita, S. Fernando, and M. A. Hanjra. Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2019.211.
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