Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sludge - Sanitation'

The feasibility of faecal sludge treatment by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was studied using first, untreated primary sludge from a sewage treatment works treating only domestic sewage, and then actual faecal sludge. The primary sludge was diluted in the ratio 1:20 - 1:10 while the faecal sludge was diluted in to the ratio 1:6. The UASB reactor treating the primary sludge had a volume of 15 litres and was operated at a mean hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9.8 h, at a temperature of 37 °C, and at an organic loading rate (OLR) in the range of 5.6 - 15.0 kg COD/m\d. The UASB reactor treating the faecal sludges had a volume of 50 litres and was operated at a mean HRT of 12.1 h, at ambient temperatures in the range of 23.0 - 31.2 °C, and at OLR in the range of 1 2 .5 -2 1 .5 kg COD/nr\d. The first experiment involving the untreated primary sludge was run for 114 days while the second was run for 119 days. The results from both experiments indicate that it is feasible to treat faecal sludges using the UASB reactor. The average removal efficiencies obtained for the first experiment were: 78% for COD, 62% for total solids (TS), 75% for total volatile solids (TVS) and 91% for total suspended solids (TSS). The pH was in the range of 6.9 - 7.4. With regards to faecal sludges, the average removal efficiencies were: 71% for COD, 61% for TS, 74% for TVS and 73% for TSS. The removal efficiencies are comparable to those obtained for a UASB reactor treating for domestic sewage. High removal efficiencies were obtained in a much shorter time compared to UASB reactors treating domestic sewage. The COD concentration in the effluents is too high for direct discharge and hence a form of post-treatment would be necessary. The calculated volume of methane in the biogas collected ranged from 4 - 8 1/kg COD, not accounting for practical losses.

More than 80 per cent of wastewater from human activities is discharged into the rivers or sea without any pollution removal, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to halve this proportion and increase recycling and reuse globally by 2030. Treatment plants in Sub-Saharan Africa often fail due to lack of operating funds, poor regulation and poor design that does not take into account human factors. The failure of treatment plants can also be put down partly to the funding structures for management, which are often dependent on the disposal tariffs charged. Without sufficient regulation and enforcement, which is often lacking in Sub-Saharan Africa, this often leads to illegal disposal of faecal sludge. Due to the nutrient content and energy potential of wastewater, there is increasing focus on reuse of faecal sludge in ways that can contribute funds for maintenance and incentivise good management of treatment facilities. This research investigates potential designs for the re-use of faecal sludge in small cities in Sub-Saharan Africa to ensure proper treatment. Conducting two case studies using qualitative and quantitative methods, the research looks at the potential for re-use to be scaled up in Sunyani, Ghana and Mzuzu, Malawi, and whether different designs can ensure good management. Building upon the research investigation into how previous designs have failed in case studies, the research also investigates the use of agent-based modelling (ABM) as a modelling approach to explore social and technical aspects of sanitation systems to predict how different designs and management approaches can work. In Sunyani, biogas was the most acceptable option to customers whilst also providing a good business model to fund faecal sludge treatment, either as a decentralised system at public toilets where the fresh sludge is better for biogas production, or centrally at the existing disposal site. The success of biogas as a model that can fund maintenance and ensure good management would depend on the faecal sludge quality of public toilet sludge in the city and the investment level required and how any operating approach would work between the government and private sector. In Mzuzu, two main approaches to faecal sludge re-use exist currently: the implementation of Skyloos as above ground household toilets which provide compost, and a central disposal site from which compost is illegally harvested. At disposal, farmers remove sludge from the ponds and apply it untreated directly onto agricultural land. At times, private sector emptying services do not use the ponds, but also apply untreated sludge to agricultural land. Skyloos were found to have varying levels of success from different Non- Governmental Organisation (NGO) projects, with key sustainability issues being the availability of financing mechanisms, management between landlords and tenants and the trust of and engagement with implementing organisations. Existing approaches to waste management and re-use were found to be inaccessible and not working when implemented for the poorest and people with disabilities. Adopting re-use of faecal sludge in agriculture in Malawi would require improved marketing of sanitation options, financing options for households to incentivize adopting the technology, not targeting to poorest households and people with disabilities, and an improved management model for the treatment site to ensure safe disposal and production of compost. Looking at ABM as a way of modelling faecal sludge treatment systems in Sub- Saharan Africa, two models of different approaches in Mzuzu were developed to look at scaling up Skyloo toilets and managing the treatment plant. Both models demonstrate the potential of ABM to incorporate social and technical aspects into predicting the performance of different designs and approaches. The success and use of modelling depends on the quality of data that can be collected before implementing system approaches. Overall the thesis presents different models of treatment and re-use that can work and contribute to operating and maintenance of systems. It is unlikely that any design system will be so profitable that the treatment and re-use of sludge will be able to ensure good management without regulation, so the success of designs depends on relationships between the government and private sector and households in small cities.

Improving the hydraulic performance of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is an important management strategy to not only ensure protection of public health and the environment, but also to maximize the potential reuse of valuable resources found in the treated effluent. To reuse effluent from WSPs, a better understanding of the factors that impact the hydraulic performance of the system is needed. One major factor determining the hydraulic performance of a WSP is sludge accumulation, which alters the volume of the pond. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was applied to investigate the impact of sludge layer geometry on hydraulic performance of a facultative pond, typically used in many small communities throughout the developing world. Four waste stabilization pond cases with different sludge volumes and distributions were investigated. Results indicate that sludge distribution and volume have a significant impact on wastewater treatment efficiency and capacity. Although treatment capacity is reduced with accumulation of sludge, the latter may induce a baffling effect which causes the flow to behave closer to that of plug flow reactor and thus increase treatment efficiency. In addition to sludge accumulation and distribution, the impact of water surface level is also investigated through two additional cases. Findings show that an increase in water level while keeping a constant flow rate can result in a significant decrease in the hydraulic performance by reducing the sludge baffling effect, suggesting a careful monitoring of sludge accumulation and water surface level in WSP systems.

Effective management of the excreta or faecal sludge (FS) emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms from the on-plot latrines in urban areas of many low-income countries is critical for the sustainability of urban sanitation. However the literature mentions the lack of an effective management system for urban FS emptying, transport and disposal in the low-income countries. The current management of FS has been fragmented and improper with attendant poor health and environmental pollution problems. In particular, no substantive information was found relating to how far the excreta or sludge removed from the latrines is transported to the disposal points. Also information on household financial needs and their perceptions regarding emptying and transport services was lacking. No study had been done regarding the effects of disposal distance and accessibility on the cost of emptying and transport; neither has work been done on FS reuse implications for emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms. Based on these issues, the research questions and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used to triangulate and ensure the reliability and validity of the findings and analysis. From the analysis of the findings, the thesis concludes on these key issues: i) Emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms of the excreta and FS as well as the costs of these depend on the type of latrines, latrine use and the technology available for emptying and transport. ii) Owing to the nature of latrines and the emptying methods used the disposal of the FS was indiscriminate and much was found closer to its source of generation. iii) FS was in high demand for reuse but lacked appropriate marketing strategy that could match supply with the demand. iv) The Household Centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) approach was found to be limited in content and capacity to effectively address the urban excreta and FS emptying, transport and disposal without the active and full involvement of the municipal and local authorities with clear roles and regulations that address the key processes, linkages, and capacity development issues. Thus, the HCES approach needs periodic review and modifications to take care of the new developments and peculiarities of each urban setting. The study also recommends the need to look at streamlining technologies and developing capacity to address cross-cutting issues in urban sanitation. It further recommends the need for households, the sanitation authorities and practitioners to understand the links between latrine technology in terms of type, size, use and location vis-à-vis the required emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms in the urban areas of the low-income countries.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 laperutaneto_j_me_botfca.pdf: 1510258 bytes, checksum: f88f2af3fb61d4a1517b0357317acec0 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
No ano de 2005 foi realizado, em área da Estação de tratamento de Esgoto da Fazenda Experimental Lageado, campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Botucatu, SP, experimento com lodos de esgoto, proveniente da própria estação do Lageado, da estação de tratamento de esgoto da SABESP, no município de Franca-SP, e com lodo do tratamento de água, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Água da SABESP no município de Botucatu-SP, tendo por objetivo, a avaliação dos efeitos causados pela aplicação desses resíduos em Neosolo Quartzarênico e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico , irrigados com água tratada fornecida pela SABESP e por água residuária da própria estação de tratamento do Lageado. As variáveis analisadas foram : pH, acidez potencial, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), soma de bases (SB), saturação em bases (V%), P(resina), Al3+, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O experimento foi constituído de tratamentos, os quais foram montados ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2x3x2, sendo 3 épocas, dois tipos de solo, 3 tipos de lodo, 2 tipos de água, com 3 repetições por tratamento, resultando no total 108 amostras. Os tratamentos foram preparados em recipientes de 9,50 litros, contendo uma mistura de 70% do volume de solo e os 30 % restantes de lodo. 2 O lodo da ETE-Lageado apresentou para a maioria dos elementos estudados, teores médios maiores, que os do lodo da ETE-Franca e ETA-Botucatu que foram semelhantes. Os teores da maioria dos elementos variam com a época, para os três lodos, sendo seus comportamentos explicados por modelos polinomiais de segunda ordem na quase totalidade. Os lodos podem ser aplicados ao solo, uma vez que os níveis dos nutrientes, foram considerados de médio para alto de acordo com Raij et al. (1996), e os níveis de Cu e Zn não se apresentaram tóxicos (U.S.EPA,1996).
An experiment using sludge from Lageado sewage farm, from SABESP sewage farm in the city of Franca-SP and sludge from SABESP waterworks in the city of Botucatu-SP was carried out in Lageado Experimental Farm, campus of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in the year of 2005, with the purpose of assessing the effects caused by the application of these residues to quartzose sand and oxisol irrigated with purified water supplied by SABESP and residuary water from Lageado waterworks. The analysed variables were: pH, potencial acidity, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base addition (BA), base saturation (V%), P(resin), Al+3, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The experiment consisted of treatments, which were assembled at random, in a 3x2x3x2 factorial scheme, being respectively: 3 time, 2 types of soil, 3 4 types of sludge, 2 types of water, with three repetitions for each treatment, resulting in a total of 108 samples. The treatments were prepared in 9,5 liter containers with a mixture of 70% of the soil volume and 30 % of sludge. The sludge from the Lageado sewage farm presented, for most of the analysed elements, higher average contents than the ones from Franca sewage farm and Botucatu waterworks that were both similar. The amount of most elements varies according to time for all of 3 types of sludge, their behavior being explained through second order polynomial models almost in its totality. The sludges may be used as a soil conditioner, since the levels of the nutrients were considered as average to high according to Raij et al. (1996) and Cu an Zn levels havenþt showed as being toxic (USEPA, 1996). 1 1 kKey words: sludge; soil - chemical properties, wasted waters, sanitation.

Os vírus entéricos humanos são encontrados no esgoto e em subprodutos dos processos de tratamento. Recentemente vem sendo recomendados como indicadores de qualidade microbiológica em normas da legislação brasileira e também nas de outros países, mas ainda com parâmetros a definir. O objetivo do estudo é a avaliação e a comparação entre métodos clássicos e moleculares aplicados à detecção de vírus entéricos em amostras de água de reúso e de lodo, visando subsidiar a legislação brasileira. Ensaios de semeadura experimental de protótipos de rotavírus e de adenovírus foram realizados nas matrizes ambientais e os vírus detectados por métodos clássicos (cultivo celular e reação de imunoperoxidase) e moleculares (PCR/nested-PCR, RT-PCR e ICC-PCR), determinando-se os limites de detecção de cada método para cada matriz. A pesquisa de rotavírus e adenovírus presentes naturalmente em 25 amostras de água de reúso e em 25 de lodo possibilitou a comparação dos métodos propostos. O ICC-PCR mostrou ser o método mais factível a ser aplicado na área de saneamento.
Human enteric viruses are common contaminants of raw sewage and subproducts of sewage treatment processes. In recent years, those viruses were recommend as new microbiological indicators in different matrices in Brazilian legislation and others countries, although some questions should be elucidated. At present, the aim was to evaluate and compare the efficiencies of standard and molecular virological methods for detection of human enteric viruses in sludge and reclaimed water samples. Rotavirus and adenovirus were experimentally spiked in the proposed matrices and virus recovery and detection limits established for each method and matrice. Viruses naturally presented in 25 samples of sludge and 25 samples of reclaimed water were assayed by all methods and results evaluated and compared for statistical significance. From all methods evaluated, ICC-PCR showed to be the most suitable for virus surveillance in sludge and reclaimed water.

Esta dissertação apresenta a metodologia para o Projeto de Engenharia de Reatores Anaeróbios de Fluxo Ascendente com Manta de Lodo para tratamento de esgoto sanitário. A metodologia desenvolvida apresenta os parâmetros de cálculo e os condicionamentos técnicos físicos envolvidos no projeto e construção da unidade de tratamento. O trabalho contém uma proposta de protocolo para o projeto, construção e operação do Reator UASB.
This disquisition presents a methodology for the Project of Anaerobic Reactors Engineering of Sludge Blanket for sanitary sewage treatment. The methodology developed presents the calculus parameters and physic technical involved in the project and construction in the treatment unit. The work contains a protocol propose for the project, construction and operation of UASB Reactor.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-07-19T13:51:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2295083 bytes, checksum: e20fa5c46199252b1023df7551ab39d9 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T13:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2295083 bytes, checksum: e20fa5c46199252b1023df7551ab39d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18
The water treatment process creates a high amount of sludge. Because of that, sludge disposal alternatives should be studied based on technical, economic, environmental, social and political aspects. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of water treatment plant sludge in the composition of substrates for production of seedlings from typical plants of the Caatinga vegetation. Experiments composed of angico, aroiera and sabiá seedling production were carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraiba (IFPB) - Sousa campus, state of Paraíba, Brazil, between February and May 2015. For each plant species, an experiment using randomized block design was performed. Each experiment consisted of 5 substrates (S1: 70% soil + 30% bovine manure + 0% WTP sludge; S2: 65% soil + 25% bovine manure + 10 % WTP sludge; S3: 60% soil + 20% bovine manure + 20% WTP sludge; S4: 55% soil + 15% bovine manure + 30% WTP sludge and S5: 50% soil + 10% bovine manure + 40% WTP sludge) and 4 repetitions. The evaluated characteristics were: germination (G), stem diameter (SD), shoot height (H), length of the main root (LMR), dry weight of shoot (DWS), dry mass of roots (DMR) total dry matter (TDM), ratio between shoot height and stem diameter (H/SD), ratio between dry weight of shoot and dry mass of roots (DWS/DMR) and Quality Dickson Index (QDI). For the angico seedlings, it was found high values of SD, H, DWS, TDM and H/SD when the substrates 2, 3, 4 and 5 were used. For the other variables, similar results were observed. The aroeira seedlings presented high values of SD when substrates 3, 4 and 5 were used, which is similar to the other studied characteristics. With regard to the sabiá seedlings, there was not substrate influence over the variables. The studied water treatment plant sludge can be used as part of substrates for angico, aroeira and sabiá seedlings production, composing up to 40%.
O processo de tratamento de água gera elevada quantidade de lodo, cuja disposição deve ser estudada em função de aspectos técnicos, econômicos, ambientais, sociais e políticos. Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização do lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Água na composição de substratos para produção de mudas de plantas da Caatinga. Na Fazenda Experimental do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba - Campus Sousa (6° 50‟ 33” S e 38° 17‟ 54” W, 264 m de altitude), no período de fevereiro a maio de 2015, realizou-se experimentos consistindo da produção de mudas de angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth) Brenan), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) e sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth). Foi realizado para cada uma dessas espécies, um experimento em Delineamento de Blocos Casualizados, constituído por 5 substratos (S1: 70% solo + 30% esterco bovino + 0% lodo de ETA; S2: 65% solo + 25% esterco bovino + 10% lodo de ETA; S3: 60% solo + 20% esterco bovino + 20% lodo de ETA; S4: 55% solo + 15% esterco bovino + 30% lodo de ETA e S5: 50% solo + 10% esterco bovino + 40% lodo de ETA) e 4 repetições. As características avaliadas foram: Emergência (E), Diâmetro do Coleto (DC), Altura da Parte Aérea (H), Comprimento da Raiz Principal (CRP), Massa Seca da Parte Aérea (MSPA), Massa Seca das Raízes (MSR), Massa Seca Total (MST), Relação Altura da Parte Aérea/Diâmetro do Coleto (H/DC), Relação Massa Seca da Parte Aérea/Massa Seca das Raízes (MSPA/MSR) e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). Constatou-se para mudas de angico, resultados superiores de DC, H, MSPA, MST e H/DC, quando utilizou-se os substratos 2, 3, 4 e 5, enquanto nas demais variáveis observou-se resultados semelhantes. Nas mudas de aroeira, verificou-se resultados superiores de DC ao utilizar os substratos 3, 4 e 5, sendo semelhante as demais características estudadas. Já em relação às mudas de sabiá, não houve influência dos substratos em nenhuma variável. O lodo da Estação de Tratamento de Água estudado pode ser utilizado na composição do substrato, compondo até 40%, para produção de mudas de angico, aroeira e sabiá.

Orientador: Raimundo Leite Cruz
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Banca: Tarlei Arriel Botrel
Resumo: No ano de 2005 foi realizado, em área da Estação de tratamento de Esgoto da Fazenda Experimental Lageado, campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Botucatu, SP, experimento com lodos de esgoto, proveniente da própria estação do Lageado, da estação de tratamento de esgoto da SABESP, no município de Franca-SP, e com lodo do tratamento de água, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Água da SABESP no município de Botucatu-SP, tendo por objetivo, a avaliação dos efeitos causados pela aplicação desses resíduos em Neosolo Quartzarênico e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico , irrigados com água tratada fornecida pela SABESP e por água residuária da própria estação de tratamento do Lageado. As variáveis analisadas foram : pH, acidez potencial, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), soma de bases (SB), saturação em bases (V%), P(resina), Al3+, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O experimento foi constituído de tratamentos, os quais foram montados ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2x3x2, sendo 3 épocas, dois tipos de solo, 3 tipos de lodo, 2 tipos de água, com 3 repetições por tratamento, resultando no total 108 amostras. Os tratamentos foram preparados em recipientes de 9,50 litros, contendo uma mistura de 70% do volume de solo e os 30 % restantes de lodo. 2 O lodo da ETE-Lageado apresentou para a maioria dos elementos estudados, teores médios maiores, que os do lodo da ETE-Franca e ETA-Botucatu que foram semelhantes. Os teores da maioria dos elementos variam com a época, para os três lodos, sendo seus comportamentos explicados por modelos polinomiais de segunda ordem na quase totalidade. Os lodos podem ser aplicados ao solo, uma vez que os níveis dos nutrientes, foram considerados de médio para alto de acordo com Raij et al. (1996), e os níveis de Cu e Zn não se apresentaram tóxicos (U.S.EPA,1996).
Abstract: An experiment using sludge from Lageado sewage farm, from SABESP sewage farm in the city of Franca-SP and sludge from SABESP waterworks in the city of Botucatu-SP was carried out in Lageado Experimental Farm, campus of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in the year of 2005, with the purpose of assessing the effects caused by the application of these residues to quartzose sand and oxisol irrigated with purified water supplied by SABESP and residuary water from Lageado waterworks. The analysed variables were: pH, potencial acidity, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base addition (BA), base saturation (V%), P(resin), Al+3, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The experiment consisted of treatments, which were assembled at random, in a 3x2x3x2 factorial scheme, being respectively: 3 time, 2 types of soil, 3 4 types of sludge, 2 types of water, with three repetitions for each treatment, resulting in a total of 108 samples. The treatments were prepared in 9,5 liter containers with a mixture of 70% of the soil volume and 30 % of sludge. The sludge from the Lageado sewage farm presented, for most of the analysed elements, higher average contents than the ones from Franca sewage farm and Botucatu waterworks that were both similar. The amount of most elements varies according to time for all of 3 types of sludge, their behavior being explained through second order polynomial models almost in its totality. The sludges may be used as a soil conditioner, since the levels of the nutrients were considered as average to high according to Raij et al. (1996) and Cu an Zn levels havenþt showed as being toxic (USEPA, 1996). 1 1 kKey words: sludge; soil - chemical properties, wasted waters, sanitation.
Mestre

Water scarcity is a global concern that impacts many developing countries, forcing people to depend on unclean water sources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs. Wastewater is an alternative water source that contains nutrients needed for crop growth. Wastewater reuse for agriculture can cause public health problems because of human exposure to pathogens. Pathogen monitoring is essential to evaluate the compliance of wastewater with established World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) wastewater reuse guidelines. Indicator organisms are commonly used to detect pathogens in water and wastewater because they are quick and easy to measure, non-pathogenic, and have simple and inexpensive methods of detection. The objective of this research was to develop a modified double agar layer assay method that can be conducted in the field to quantify bacteriophage to assess the quality of wastewater for agricultural reuse. Results from the modified double agar layer assay were used to investigate the potential of somatic coliphage as an indicator organism for assessing the potential presence of enteric viruses in developing world treated wastewater, and to use the criteria of a good indicator organism to compare the potential of two commonly used indicator organisms, somatic coliphage and fecal coliforms, as an indicator of enteric viruses in wastewater. A modified EPA double agar layer method was developed and deployed in a developing world rural community to effectively quantify the concentration of somatic coliphage in a community managed wastewater treatment system composed of a Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor followed by two maturation lagoons. The modified method served as a good indicator of enteric viruses in the water. Somatic coliphages were easily detected and quantified in the field setting using a modified double agar layer method. Somatic coliphage was found to be a potential indicator for enteric viruses rather than fecal coliforms because of their similarity in characteristics and resistances to wastewater treatment. The concentration of somatic coliphage was only reduced by 1.05 log units across the two series maturation lagoon system. Previous literature suggested removal would range from 2.1 to 4.6 log units. Influent wastewater (previously treated by an UASB reactor) had a concentration of 4.38 E+06 PFU/ 100 mL (standard deviation = ±3.7E+06, n = 9) and the treated effluent contained 3.90 E+05 PFU/100 mL (standard deviation = ± 4.5E+05, n = 8) of somatic coliphages. Results suggest that somatic coliphage is a good potential indicator for enteric viruses in wastewater but further research needs to be done.

Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Isaac
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:03:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Haak_Wando_M.pdf: 4830827 bytes, checksum: 311caf27f5b5da6d03f6312ef08d15bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Estações de tratamento de água (ETA) geram resíduos durante o processo de potabilização da água bruta. Esse resíduo onera as companhias de saneamento, no que tange o tratamento e disposição final. O tratamento do lodo é constituído de processos de separação sólido-líquido, cuja eficiência - quanto à maximização do teor de sólidos da torta (lodo desaguado) e melhor qualidade da água recuperada no processo - é dependente do adequado condicionamento químico, em geral obtido pela ação de polímeros. A super- dosagem ou a sub-dosagem desse produto ocasiona perda de qualidade, tanto da torta, quanto da água eliminada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar através de estudo de bancada, a viabilidade técnica e econômica do condicionamento químico na adequação de processo de tratamento de lodo de ETA, visando melhor desempenho na fase de desaguamento, tendo em vista a disposição final dos resíduos gerados durante o tratamento. Foram relacionadas medidas de potencial redox com controle de dosagem e consumo de polímero catiônico de alto e muito alto peso molecular, de baixa, média e alta densidade de carga e polímero aniônico de alto peso molecular, com baixa e média densidade de carga, com e sem oxidação química com cloro e permanganato de potássio. Na investigação experimental os resultados referentes ao tempo de filtração, indicaram os polímeros catiônicos de alto peso molecular, de baixa e média e alta carga como sendo mais eficientes. Para valores de potencial redox entre -57mV e 75mV, os polímeros catiônicos, em sua maioria, apresentaram consumos de 6,0 a 10,0 (kg/tms), em lodo não oxidado. A oxidação do lodo com permanganato de potássio ou cloro para valores entre -11mV e +11mV foi significativa, com redução da dosagem de polímeros catiônicos para valores de 4,0 a 7,0 (kg/tms), proporcionando economia de 30%. Considerando-se as correlações encontradas, tendo em mãos, sondas confiáveis de pH e potencial redox, é possível automatizar um determinado sistema de dosagem para oxidação do lodo
Abstract: Water treatment plants (WTP) generate waste during the process of potabilization of raw water. This residue burdens the sanitation companies, with regard to treatment and final disposal. The sludge treatment process consists of solid-liquid separation, whose efficiency - as to maximize the solids cake (dewatered sludge) and better quality of the reclaimed water in the process - is dependent on proper chemical conditioning, usually obtained by action of polymers. Over dosage or under dosage of those products causes loss of quality of both, cake and eliminated water. The aim of this work is to verify the technical and economical feasibility of the chemical conditioning at the fitting of sludge treatment process at a WTP, through work bench study, aiming at better performance during the dewatering, looking at the treatment final discharge of residues. Measures of redox-controlled dispensing were related to consumption of cationic polymer of high and very high molecular weight, of low, medium and high charge density and anionic polymer of high molecular weight, of low and medium charge density, with and without chemical oxidation with chlorine and potassium permanganate. At the primary investigation of percolating time, the cationic polymers of high molecular weight with low, medium and high charge, proved to be more efficient. For potential redox values between -57mV and 75mV, most of the cationic polymers consumed from 6.0 to 10.0 (kg/tms), in non-oxidized sludge. There was a significant oxidation of sludge with potassium permanganate or chlorine for values between -11 and +11mV, reducing the dosage of cationic polymers to values from 4.0 to 7.0 (kg/tms), providing a 30% economy. Taking into account the correlations found, using reliable pH and redox potential probes, it is possible to automate a system of dosage for the sludge oxidation
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-11-21T18:44:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_Oliveira_2017.pdf: 9262589 bytes, checksum: 3fb1bbeebfa29a7ba5d96ebca839b34d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T18:44:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_Oliveira_2017.pdf: 9262589 bytes, checksum: 3fb1bbeebfa29a7ba5d96ebca839b34d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-01
Periodically several types of waste are produced and discarded in landfills. Among that waste there is the sewage sludge one of the biggest issues from environmental and financial perspective of sanitation companies. This study has as primary goal to evaluate the potencial production of sanitary sewage sludge briquettes and charcoal to be used as fuel, as well as to perform its physical and chemical characterization. The incorporation effect of the cooking residual oil by immersion method and in form of an additive incorporated directly into the briquette mixture composition was also evaluated. This fuel may be used in a combustion furnace boiler or biomass thermoelectric plants, which has same purpose as coal and wood. Fuel and mechanical characteristics of those briquettes as well as superior calorific value, ash content, volatile materials, fixed carbon, thermogravimetric analyzes and resistance to axial compression until the rupture were evaluated. There was experimental planning methodology known in the literature to verify the factors that interfere in the briquette production and its properties, as well as characterize briquette and raw materials. To investigate the best raw material proportions in the briquettes production and verify moisture effects and binder, a factorial experiment was performed under a randomized complete block design (DBC), maintaining a constant pressure (5 tons). This plan had as non-immersed briquettes blocks (1), and immersed ones (2) at 160 oC for a time of 100 seconds. After a negative effect on immersion process, due to low mechanical strength, a Plackett-Burman (PB) design was performed to evaluate moisture, binder, mixture, pressure effects as well as additive on mechanical briquettes resistance. This plan allowed to verify the variable effects in a reduced number of tests, PB (12) with a triple central point, totalizing a 15 tests matrix. Once the identification of most significant variables in the briquettes production, a larger number of trials and levels were planned, being central rotational compound (DCCR) design, applied on most significant variables of PB plan and additive, these plans showed best quantities and conditions required for briquettes production in terms of operations, transportation and storage as well as better energy efficiency. The best mixing condition that produced the briquette with the highest calorific value was 85% sewage sludge, 2.50% humidity, 7.50% additive and 8.75-ton pressure, besides a power 15.566 MJ.kg-1, capable of withstanding a pressure of 41.19 MPa (420 kgf cm-2) and a density of 1.311 g.cm-3, until rupture, thus the best briquette for transportation and handling. This work provides a suggested route to use sanitary sewage sludge in combination with charcoal fines to produce fuel in the form of briquettes. Besides these characteristics, morphological and compositional properties were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FITIR) with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) as well as mechanical properties, visual analysis, granulometry tests and mechanical resistance. In this study with briquettes, power and mechanical resistance were investigated. With the test results, it was verified that sanitary sewage sludge has similar calorific value to other materials used for briquettes manufacture, being an excellent raw material for energy power by combustion in the form proposed by this study.
Periodicamente são gerados diversos tipos de resíduos e descartados em aterros sanitários. Dentre estes, o lodo de esgoto sanitário que é um dos maiores problemas do ponto de vista ambiental e financeiro das empresas de saneamento. Neste contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar a potencialidade da produção de briquetes de lodo de esgoto sanitário e finos de carvão vegetal para o uso como combustível, bem como realizar sua caracterização física e química. Também foi avaliado o efeito da incorporação do óleo residual de cozinha pelo método da imersão e na forma de aditivo incorporado diretamente na mistura da composição do briquete. A aplicabilidade desse combustível poderá ser em forno de combustão de caldeiras ou termoelétricas de biomassa, tendo a mesma finalidade do carvão e da madeira. Para conhecer as características combustíveis e mecânicas dos briquetes, foram avaliados o poder calorífico superior, o teor de cinzas, os materiais voláteis, o carbono fixo, análises termogravimétricas e a resistência à compressão axial até a ruptura. Foi empregada a metodologia de planejamentos experimentais, conhecida na literatura, para verificar os fatores que interferem na produção do briquete e suas propriedades, além de realizar a caracterização do briquete e das matérias primas. Para investigar quais as melhores proporções de matéria prima na produção dos briquetes os efeitos da umidade e do aglutinante, realizou-se um experimento fatorial sob o delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), mantendo-se a pressão constante (5 toneladas). Este planejamento teve como blocos os briquetes não-imersos (1), e os imersos (2) a 160 oC por um tempo de 100 segundos. Após verificar um efeito negativo no processo de imersão, devido à baixa na resistência mecânica, um planejamento de Plackett-Burman (PB) foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos das variáveis umidade, aglutinante, mistura, pressão e o aditivo na resistência mecânica dos briquetes. Esse planejamento permitiu verificar os efeitos das variáveis por meio de um número reduzido de ensaios, PB (12) com uma triplicata no ponto central, totalizando uma matriz de 15 ensaios. Após a identificação das variáveis mais significativas na parte da produção dos briquetes, realizou-se um planejamento com um número maior de ensaios e níveis, sendo este o delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), aplicado as variáveis mais significativas do planejamento de PB e o aditivo. Esses planejamentos permitiram determinar quais as melhores quantidades e condições necessárias para produção de briquetes, em termos de operações, transporte e armazenagem, e do melhor poder energético. A melhor condição de mistura que proporcionou a produção do briquete com maior poder calorífico foi de 85% de lodo de esgoto sanitário, 2,50% de umidade, 7,50% de aditivo e 8,75 ton de pressão, além de um poder calorífico de 15,566 MJ kg-1, foi capaz de suportar, até a ruptura, uma pressão de 41,19 MPa (420 kgf cm-2) com uma densidade de 1,311 g cm-3. Sendo assim este o briquete mais indicado para o transporte e manipulação. Esse trabalho fornece a rota sugerida para a utilização do lodo de esgoto sanitário em combinação com finos de carvão vegetal para a produção de combustível em forma de briquetes. Além destas características, estudaram-se as propriedades morfológicas e composicional por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), da Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Energia (EDS) e da Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FITIR) com refletância total atenuada (ATR). Também as propriedades mecânicas, análises visuais, ensaios de granulometria e resistência mecânica. Neste estudo com briquetes, foram investigados em especial o poder energético e a resistência mecânica. Com os resultados dos ensaios, verificou-se que o lodo de esgoto sanitário possui poder calorífico similar ao de outros materiais utilizados para fabricação de briquetes, sendo uma excelente matéria prima para geração de energia por combustão na forma proposta neste estudo.

Orientadores: Durval Rodrigues de Paula Junior, Sylvio Luis Honório
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T17:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguiar_RosaHelena_D.pdf: 2411611 bytes, checksum: cc0a7bb404d742457c915d8126132bf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O saneamento além de ser importante para a preservação dos recursos naturais representa uma ação preventiva eficaz para a melhoria do bem estar e da qualidade de vida da população nas questões relacionadas à saúde pública. A prática do uso de água residuária tem grandes vantagens, sobremaneira no aporte de nutrientes às plantas, fator que contribui para um crescimento mais rápido. Nesta pesquisa optou-se por utilizar o girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) ornamental que foi irrigado com águas residuárias. Objetivou-se a viabilidade do uso da área com disposição de esgoto tratado em reatores anaeróbios, por meio da avaliação do seu desenvolvimento e da sua produtividade durante três diferentes épocas de semeadura, visando reduzir os custos com nutrientes. Realizou-se esse experimento na área experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola FEAGRI/UNICAMP, e foram avaliados cinco diferentes experimentos, dois deles por meio de reuso de efluentes de reatores - Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) e Reator Anaeróbio Compartimentado (RAC) associado a filtros anaeróbios, enquanto que os outros foram constituídos de: Testemunha, sem qualquer tipo de irrigação; com irrigação, utilizando somente água tratada, e com água tratada em área fertilizada com NPK. Foram avaliados respostas fitomorfológicas da cultura, assim como: diâmetro dos caules (DC); altura das plantas (HP); diâmetro dos capítulos (DCp); massa seca dos caules e das folhas (MS); número de folhas (NF) e sua produtividade. Os sistemas modulares (UASB e RAC) de tratamento de esgoto apresentaram um bom desempenho, com elevados valores de remoção de SSed (98,72; 98,36%), e DQO (72,37; 75,79%) não havendo diferença significativa entre os sistemas de tratamento. Constatou-se também que os canteiros com tratamentos com reuso de efluentes promoveram alteração na fertilidade do solo, com o aumento nos valores de saturação por bases (V%) na profundidade de 0 - 20 cm. Analisando os efeitos sobre a cultura nos três plantios, verificou-se um melhor desenvolvimento nos canteiros com os tratamentos do efluente, quando comparado com os demais tratamentos principalmente no segundo e terceiro plantio. Sistemas modulares de tratamento de esgotos associados ao reuso agrícola de seus efluentes podem agregar valores à produção agrícola, podendo ser utilizado inclusive no período de chuvas e em locais onde há escassez de água pluvial
Abstract: Sanitation is also important for the preservation of natural resources, represents an effective preventive action to improve the well-being and quality of life of the population on issues related to public health. The practice of using wastewater has great advantages, particularly in the supply of nutrients to plants, factor that contributes to a faster growth. In this research we decided to use the Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) ornamental that was irrigated with wastewater. The viability of the use of the area with provision of treated sewage in anaerobic reactors, by assessing their development and their productivity during three different periods of sowing to reduce costs with nutrients. This research was developed in the experimental area of the Faculty of agricultural engineering FEAGRI/UNICAMP, and evaluated five different treatments, two of them by means of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactors (UASB) and Anaerobic Reactor Chambered (ARC) associated with anaerobic filters, while the others were made up of: witness, without any kind of irrigation; with irrigation, using only treated water and treated water in the area fertilized with NPK. Fitomorfológicas culture responses were evaluated as: diameter of stems (DS); plant height (HP); diameter of the chapters (DCp); dry mass of stems and leaves (DM); number of leaves (NF) and your productivity. Modular systems (UASB and ARC) sewage treatment showed a good performance, with high values of removing SSed (98.72; 98.36), and COD (72.37; 75.79) with no significant difference between the treatment systems. It was noted also that the flower beds with wastewater reuse treatments promoted change in the fertility of the soil, with the increase in base saturation values (V%) at the depth of 0-20 cm. Analyzing the effects on culture in three plantations, there was a better development in the flower beds with the effluent treatments, when compared with the other treatments mainly in the second and third planting. Modular wastewater treatment system associated with the agricultural reuse of wastewater can add value to their agricultural production, and can be used throughout the year even in places where there is scarcity of rainwater
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

No que tange o saneamento, cresce a opinião entre a comunidade técnico-científica de que é necessário que a água seja gerida levando em conta a complexidade de seu ciclo hidrológico e que o esgoto e os resíduos sejam vistos como fontes de recursos. É nesses preceitos que se baseia o saneamento ecológico. Neste trabalho é avaliado o desempenho de uma tecnologia de saneamento ecológico, operada tratando esgoto doméstico real e projetada para atender à demanda de uma família de três pessoas e promover a reciclagem de nutrientes. O sistema é composto por 3 reservatórios que atuam como um reator anaeróbio, um decantador e um alagado construído de fluxo vertical ascendente. O sistema apresentou remoção global de DQO de 88,6% ± 6,3% com concentração final de 80 ± 35 mg O2.L-1 e as remoções de nutrientes foram insignificantes. Como o fósforo é o nutriente mais difícil de ser tratado biologicamente, e, como o lodo de Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA) é um tipo de resíduo sólido que carece de manejo e tratamento adequado, propõe-se também uma tecnologia inovadora para as situações em que é necessário remover grandes cargas de fósforo. Essa tecnologia consiste no reaproveitamento do lodo de ETA como adsorvente, utilizando-o como meio de preenchimento de alagados construídos. Primeiramente, foram feitos ensaios em mesa giratória com solução padrão e foram obtidas as isotermas de Freundlich e Langmuir para 4 diferentes valores de pHs. A adsorção foi favorecida em pHs ácidos e a capacidade máxima de adsorção variou entre 1,44 mg P.g-1 a 4,76 mg P.g-1. Posteriormente, foi avaliado o desempenho desse lodo tratando esgoto real. Para isso, adicionou-se um estágio complementar de tratamento no sistema apresentado anteriormente. A aplicação do lodo como meio de preenchimento do alagado construído apresentou bom desempenho e levou à conclusão que o tempo de vida útil do sistema seria entre 1,6 e 9,7 anos. Por fim, busca-se trazer contribuições que transcedam a esfera da técnica; por essa razão é apresentada uma reflexão analítica conceitual com o intuito de analisar o processo sócio histórico de formação do paradigma tradicional do saneamento, baseado no referencial teórico das ciências sociais da tecnologia (DOSI, 1982; FEENBERG, 1992, 1999, 2003). A partir disso intenta-se vislumbrar uma alternativa de futuro e avaliar as potencialidades e limitações do saneamento ecológico para construção de outro paradigma sanitário.
Regarding sanitation, there is a growing consensus among the technical-scientific community that water must be managed considering the complexity of its hydrological cycle and that sewage and waste should be considered as sources of resources. It is in these precepts that ecological sanitation is based. In this work the performance of an ecological sanitation technology, operated by treating domestic sewage and designed to meet the demand of a family of three people and promote the recycling of nutrients, is evaluated. The system consists of 3 stages that act as an anaerobic reactor, a decanter and an upflow constructed wetland. The system had a total COD removal of 88.6 ± 6.3% with a final concentration of 80 ± 35 mg O2.L-1 and nutrient removals were insignificant. As phosphorus is the most difficult nutrient to be treated biologically, and since water treatment plant (WTP) sludge is a type of solid waste that still lacks proper management and treatment in Brazil, it is also proposed an innovative technology for situations where it is necessary to remove large loads of phosphorus. This technology consists in the reuse of the WTP sludge as an adsorbent, using it as a constructed wetland filling material. First, rotary table tests with stock solution were taken and the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were obtained for 4 different pH values. Adsorption was favored at acidic pHs and the maximum adsorption capacity ranged from 1.44 mg P.g-1 to 4.76 mg P.g-1. Subsequently, the performance of this sludge treating sewage was evaluated. To this end, a further stage of treatment was added in the system shown above. The application of the sludge a constructed wetland filling material presented good performance and led to the conclusion that the useful life of the system would be between 1.6 and 9.7 years. Finally, we seek to bring contributions that transcend the technical sphere; for this reason, a conceptual analytical reflection is presented with the purpose of analyzing the socio-historical process of formation of the traditional sanitation paradigm, based on the theoretical reference of the social sciences of technology (DOSSIER, 1982; FEENBERG, 1992, 1999, 2003). From this it is tried to glimpse an alternative of future and to evaluate the potentialities and limitations of the ecological sanitation to the construction of another sanitary paradigm.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2297217 bytes, checksum: c4fa5bf1f93ca4a1e0ad0cc29003ac6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23
This work involved the production of biosolids by means of lime treatment and green house drying of UASB reactor sludge, the use of these biosolids to produce Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings, and an approach of microbiological risk assessment to estimate human health risks (occupational risks) associated with the production of the seedlings. In trials conducted in an experimental site in Viçosa - MG, three lots of biosolids attaining to Class A and B standard qualities (according to the criteria of the Brazilian regulation on biosolids use in agriculture) were produced, and the following variables were monitored:: moisture content, pH, total solids, viable helminth eggs, Salmonella spp., total coliforms, and E. coli. Based on the results of helminth eggs and E.coli, the limed sludge (adding 50% CaO in relation to the sludge dry weight) reached Class B standard within 12 days in Lot 1 and seven days in lots 2 and 3; Class A biosolids was reached after 70, 62 and 29 days respectively in lots 1, 2 and 3. Regarding the green house dried sludge, Class B was achieved in lots 1, 2 and 3 within 42, 35 and 56 days, respectively; Class A standard was achieved only after 100 days in Lot 1 but was not reached after 80 and 62 days in lots 2 and 3, respectively. In both cases (lime and green house treatment) biosolids handling was not feasible before 40 days storage due to high humidity, and this required additional conditioning procedures in order to plant the eucalyptus seedlings in plastic tubes. The sludge drying in the green house resulted in biosolids with better agricultural properties than those produced by lime treatment. The sowing and growth of the eucalyptus seedlings were carried out in nursery and greenhouse facilities at the Federal University of Viçosa. The eucalyptus seedlings were planted in polypropylene tubes containing biosolids (limed and dried, Classes A and B) and Plantmax mixed in different proportions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of biosolids). Each treatment received four replications in plots with 10 seedlings each, which were arranged in a complete randomized design. Altogether 800 seedlings were planted (2 types of biosolids x 2 classes of biosolids x 5 proportions of biosolids / substrate x 4 replicates x 10 seedlings per replicate). 90 days after sowing, the following parameters were measured in the saplings: survival, height, stem diameter and dry biomass (aerial and root).. In general, the best seedling s developments were obtained with 50% biosolids + 50% Plantmax and/or 75% biosolids + 25% Plantmax. Overall, the biosolids produced in the greenhouse promoted better results than the limed sludge.The quantitative microbiological risk assessment was based on the construction of exposure scenarios for the use of biosolids in the cultivation of tree seedlings, using those treatments with 100% of biosolids (limed and dried, classes A and B) and those that resulted in the highest agronomic yield. The results suggested that this activity involves occupational risk (arising from involuntary ingestion of biosolids particles), in particular risks of helminth infection in continuing activities of seedlings planting and transplanting. However, due to limitations inherent to and some assumptions made in this study, the risks may have been overestimated.
Este trabalho envolveu a produção de biossólidos a partir do tratamento de lodo de reator UASB por meio de caleação e secagem em estufa, seu uso para produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urophylla e a avaliação de risco microbiológico à saúde humano (risco ocupacional) associado à produção das mudas em viveiro. Em experimentos conduzidos na Unidade de Tratamento de Esgotos e Utilização de Efluentes da Violeira (Viçosa MG), foram produzidos três lotes de biossólidos visando à obtenção de padrão de qualidade Classes A e B (Resolução CONAMA 375/2006); tendo sido avaliadas as seguintes características: teor de umidade, pH, sólidos totais, ovos viáveis de helmintos, Salmonella spp., coliformes totais e E. coli. Com base nos resultados de ovos de helmintos e E.coli, o biossólido caleado (adição de 50% de CaO em relação ao peso do lodo em base seca) atingiu padrão Classe B com 12 dias no Lote 1 e sete dias nos lotes 2 e 3; a condição de biossólido Classe A foi alcançada aos 70, 62 e 29 dias, respectivamente, nos lotes 1, 2 e 3. No tratamento em estufa, a Classe B foi alcançada nos lotes 1, 2 e 3 com 42, 35 e 56 dias, respectivamente; a condição de Classe A demandou 100 dias para o Lote 1 e não foi alcançada aos 80 e 62 dias de acompanhamento nos lotes 2 e 3, respectivamente. Em ambos os processos de higienização, não foi viável a manipulação do biossólido antes de 40 dias de armazenamento devido à elevada umidade, o que demandou procedimentos adicionais de condicionamento do biossólido para o plantio de mudas de eucalipto em tubetes. O tratamento do lodo por secagem em estufa resultou em biossólidos com propriedades agronômicas melhores do que o produzido por caleação. O plantio e o cultivo das mudas de eucalipto foram realizados em instalações (viveiro e casa de vegetação) da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. As mudas de eucalipto foram plantadas em tubetes de polipropileno, contendo biossólidos (caleado e de estufa, Classes A e B) e substrato Plantmax misturados em diferentes proporções (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de biossólidos). Cada tratamento recebeu quatro repetições em parcelas compostas por 10 mudas, as quais foram dispostas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Ao todo foram plantadas 800 mudas (2 tipos de biossólidos x 2 classes de biossólidos x 5 proporções biossólidos / substrato x quatro repetições x 10 mudas por repetição). Decorridos 90 dias após o semeio, foram verificados os seguintes parâmetros nas mudas: sobrevivência, altura, diâmetro do colo e massa de matéria seca (aérea e raiz). Em geral, as misturas com 50% biossólidos + 50% substrato Plantmax e, ou com 75% biossólidos + 25% substrato Plantmax proporcionaram os melhores desenvolvimentos das mudas de eucalipto. Em termos gerais, o biossólido produzido em estufa promoveu melhores resultados do que o biossólido caleado. A avaliação quantitativa de risco microbiológico foi realizada com base na construção de cenários de exposição para o uso de biossólidos no cultivo de mudas de espécies arbóreas, tendo sido utilizados os tratamentos com 100% de biossólidos (caleado e seco em estufa, classes A e B) e aqueles que resultaram em maior eficiência agronômica. Os resultados sugerem que essa atividade implica risco ocupacional (ingestão involuntária de partículas de biossólidos), principalmente risco de infecção helmíntica em atividades continuadas de plantio e transposição das mudas. Pondera-se, entretanto, que em função de limitações e pressupostos assumidos neste estudo, os eventuais riscos possam ter sido superestimados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:04:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jairo Pinto de Oliveira.pdf: 2727767 bytes, checksum: 3b1352014d87848112176e085bb84c8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Effluents are released daily into water bodies without any treatment with high levels of oil and grease (OG) and are a huge environmental problem. These residues are potentially available may be used for energy recovery, such as oil usage for the production of biodiesel. As the biggest barrier to the production of biodiesel involves the cost of raw materials, grease traps of restaurants, industries and wastewater treatment plants can be used as feedstock for biofuel production, since they have large amounts of oil and grease without cost. However, residual oils and greases contain high levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and as the preferred route for the production of biodiesel transesterification is alkaline, may be formed soap as a final product, impairing the separation of glycerol and decreasing the reaction yield. Thus, the acidic and enzymatic transesterification can present as promising alternatives, since it can catalyze the modification of both triglycerides and free fatty acids. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using four types of oily waste sanitation (skimmings of grease from a University Restaurant, a Food Industry, a Station Wastewater Treatment and Sludge pits and septic tanks); characterize the physicochemical properties of oils and greases extracted and evaluate processes involving generation of biodiesel acid catalyst (H2SO4) and enzyme (immobilized Candida antarctica). The residues studied showed high levels of oil and grease and physicochemical characterization showed high levels of acidity, saponification and humidity. Were detected and quantified the major saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The production of biodiesel from raw materials from grease traps showed high levels of conversion, greater than or equal 90%, which shows that both catalysts (H2SO4 and lipase Candida antarctica) are presented in the efficient esterification of raw waste acidic. The best conversion was found to be 96.5% using the lipid material from the grease trap the University Restaurant UFES catalyzed enzymatically at 50 ° C and molar ratio of 1:9 (oil: alcohol)
Efluentes são lançados diariamente em corpos d água sem nenhum tipo de tratamento com elevados teores de óleos e graxas (OG) e constituem um enorme problema ambiental. Estes resíduos potencialmente disponíveis podem ser utilizados para o aproveitamento energético, como o uso de óleo para a produção de biodiesel. Como a maior barreira para produção de biodiesel envolve o custo de matéria prima, caixas de gordura de restaurantes, indústrias e de estações de tratamento de efluentes podem ser utilizados como matéria prima para produção de biocombustível, pois apresentam grandes quantidades de óleos e graxas sem nenhum custo. No entanto, óleos e graxas residuais contêm altos teores de ácidos graxos livres (AGL), e como a via preferencial para a produção de biodiesel é a transesterificação alcalina, pode ocorrer a formação de sabão como produto final, prejudicando a separação do glicerol e diminuindo o rendimento da reação. Desta forma, a transesterificação enzimática e ácida podem se apresentar como alternativas promissoras, visto que podem catalisar a modificação tanto de triglicerídeos como de ácidos graxos livres. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de utilização de quatro tipos de resíduos oleosos do saneamento (Escumas de caixas de gordura de um Restaurante Universitário, de uma Indústria de Alimentos, de uma Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes e de Lodos de Fossas e Tanques Sépticos), caracterizar as propriedades físico-químicas dos óleos e graxas extraídos, bem como avaliar processos de geração de biodiesel envolvendo catalisador ácido (H2SO4) e enzimático (Candida antarctica imobilizada). Os resíduos estudados apresentaram altos teores de óleos e graxas e a caracterização físico-química mostrou elevados índices de acidez, saponificação e umidade. Foram detectados e quantificados os principais ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). A produção do biodiesel a partir das matérias primas provenientes de caixas de gordura apresentaram altos níveis de conversões, maior ou igual 90%, o que demonstra que ambos os catalisadores (H2SO4 e a lipase Candida antarctica) apresentam-se eficientes na esterificação de matérias primas residuais ácidas. A melhor conversão encontrada foi de 96,5% utilizando o material lipídico proveniente da caixa de gordura do Restaurante Universitário da UFES catalisado enzimaticamente a 50ºC e razão molar 1:9 (óleo:álcool)

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017
The World Health Organisation (WHO) and World Bank (WB) state that worldwide access to sanitation has improved with countries in the north having 100% access to sanitation. However, only 64% of the world's population has access to improved sanitation. Sub-Saharan Africa has a noticeable improvement with South Africa improving from 73% in 2010 to 74% in 2014. They further estimate that $260 billion is lost globally each year due to lack of adequate water supply and sanitation. Universal access to water and sanitation would result in an estimated $32 billion in economic benefits per year globally from reductions in health care costs and increased productivity from reduced illness. Sub-Saharan Africa loses an estimated 4.3% ($US694 billion) of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year due to lack of adequate water supply and sanitation. Furthermore, the UNDP (2015) indicates that sanitation is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), however many regions are performing poorly in attaining their declared sanitation targets. South African has not reached its target but it is maintaining its commitment to the provision of sanitation as a basic human right. However, it has left the responsibility to local government to work out how this should be done with no legislation. Currently there is no policy on sanitation and municipalities only develop by-laws that serve as guidelines in managing waste and providing the service. The available literature on this subject speaks very little about the knowledge and understanding that the communities have with regard to faecal sludge management and no study at all deals with the perceptions of people on this issue, particularly around Polokwane Municipality. It is for these reasons that the study was aimed at investigating the perceptions of Polokwane residents regarding alternative faecal sludge management. Methodologically the study used qualitative research approach where in face-to-face interviews and focus group interviews were conducted around Polokwane Municipality. Among the participants interviewed were Ward Councillors, Community Development Workers, Ward Committees and Traditional Authorities. These stakeholders were intentionally chosen as they are at the coalface of service delivery on a daily basis and they are part of the forums that interact with the Municipality on basic services and other related community matters. Data for this study were analysed using thematic data analysis approach. vi  The findings of this study suggest that the “concerned residents” under Polokwane Municipality see themselves being victims and vulnerable to controllable health threats. In addition, the study discovered that the majority of participants were aware of the delegated sewage maintenance duties on the Polokwane Municipality. This study findings further indicated that there is a growing concern among municipal authorities and communities‟ especially in Africa and South Africa in particular, to improve the inadequate faecal management. The objectives of the study were among others to determine the perceptions and awareness of the Polokwane Local Municipality residents regarding alternative faecal sludge management methods. Indeed, it has been discovered that some of the residents are aware of various management methods but expect authority to develop policies and improve the inadequate methods that are currently used in managing faecal sludge. The study among others discovered that this study should be used as a point of reference for municipal projects administration, i.e. for the development of Integrated Development Plan (IDP) on the water and sanitation and faecal sludge management in future. The Ministry of environmental health and management at Polokwane Local Municipality should organise solid and integrated awareness with the community to ensure a healthy environment for all. The study further realised that there is a need to equip most of residents in Polokwane Local Municipality with knowledge on how best man can improve environmental health, as well as how worse can a person destroy the environment. It should be an important task for the Polokwane Local Municipality to ensure that residents understand the faecal sludge management enterprise developments in the area to reduce the incompleteness of the perceptions among the residents. Various faecal sludge methods should be adopted and encouraged among the Polokwane Local Municipality residents in order to promote the preference for the sanitation methods. Key words: Sanitation, Faecal sludge, Faeces, Health hazards and Sub-Saharan Africa

Aiming for sustainable sanitation systems can provide benefits among a vast range of Sustainable Development Goals. In this study the sustainability of potential options for renovating or upgrading thewastewater treatment plant in Tupiza, a rapidly growing city in theSouthern highlands of Bolivia, was evaluated. The local context was characterized by increasing issues of flooding which in recent years has destroyed important wastewater treatment infrastructure and polluted sources of water for several downstream communities. Three system options consisting of different treatment technologies were evaluated against four criteria of sustainability; health,technical, environmental and financial and institutional. A "conventional" option consisting of waste stabilization ponds was compared against two more options with added steps of treatment, such as constructed wetlands, anaerobic reactors and alkaline and ammonia treatment of sludge. Social acceptance and demand of reuse of treated wastewater and sludge in agriculture was evaluated using qualitative research analysis. Results indicate that the systems with added treatment steps could help improve several areas of sustainability such as risks of disease transmission, space efficiency, treatment capacity and efficiency as well as enable safe reuse of sludge and wastewater in agriculture. Implementation of funding mechanisms covering the entire sanitation service chain as well as flood mitigation measures resulted essential in ensuring the long-term functionality of such improvements. This project was intended as a pre-study and identified several areas of future research including additional evaluation of nutrient content in effluent, investigation of a possible certification process for recycled byproducts from the wastewater treatment plant, risk assessment of floods of different magnitudes, evaluation of the long-term economic impact of having improved systems and evaluationof local institutional capacity surrounding the sanitation service chain in Tupiza.
Hållbara sanitetssystem för med sig många fördelar som kan främja majoriteten av de globala hållbarhetsmålen. I denna studie utreds hållbarheten i potentiella alternativ för renovering eller uppgradering av ett avloppsreningsverk i Tupiza, en snabbt växande stad i södra Bolivias högland. Den lokala kontexten präglades av en tilltagande översvämmningsproblematik som de senaste åren bidragit till förstörelse av central infrastruktur for avloppsvattenrening samt påföljande vattenföroreningar i samhällen nedströms reningsverket. Tre systemalternativ beståendes av olika reningstekniker utreddes utefter fyra hållbarhetskategorier; hälsa, teknologi, miljö samt finansiell/institutionell. Ett konventionellt alternativ som utgjordes av stabiliseringsdammar jämfördes mot två mer avancerade alternativ med ytterligare reningssteg såsom anlagd våtmark, anaerobiska reaktorer samt alkali- och ammoniakbehandling av slam. Social acceptans och efterfrågan för återanvändning av behandlat avloppsvatten och slam inom lantbruket utreddes i en kvalitativ forskningsstudie. Resultaten tyder på att system med fler reningssteg kan främja flera hållbarhetsområden såsom risk för överföring av sjukdomar, yteffektivitet, reningskapacitet och effektivitet samt möjliggöra säkert återanvändande av slam och avloppsvatten i jordbruket. Implementering av mekanismer för finansiering som täcker hela sanitetskedjan samt åtgärder mor översvämningar visade sig vara centrala för att säkerställa långsiktig funktion av sådana förbättringar. \\\\Det här projektet var menat som en förstudie och identifierade flertalet områden för vidare forskning såsom ytterligare utvärdering av näringsinnehåll i utgående vatten, utredning av möjlig certifieringsprocess för återvunna produkter från avloppsreningsverket, analys av översvämningsrisker av olika magnituder, utvärdering av den indirekta ekonomiska effekten av att ha system med fler reningssteg samt utvärdering av lokal institutionell kapacitet för hela servicekedjan för sanitet i Tupiza.
En este estudio se evaluó la sostenibilidad de opciones potenciales para renovar o mejorar la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de Tupiza, una ciudad de rápido crecimiento en las tierras altas del sur de Bolivia. En los últimos años, el contexto local se ha caracterizado por la ocurrencia de lluvias de mayor intensidad. Estas ocasionaron inundaciones que en efecto causaron daños importantes en la infraestructura de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR). El deterioro de la infraestructura provocó el derrame de aguas residuales al río y la contaminación del agua en las comunidades ubicadas en la cuenca baja. Trés opciones de sistemas de tecnologías de tratamiento de aguas residuales para la renovación y/o mejoro de la planta de Tupiza fueron evaluadas considerando cuatro criterios de sostenibilidad: Salud, tecnolgía, ambiental y financiera/institucional. Por otra parte la aceptación social y demanda de reúso de aguas residuales y lodos tratados en la agricultura se evaluaron mediante un análisis de investigación cualitativa. La opción convencional que consiste en estanques de estabilización de desechos, se comparó con dos otras alternativas que incluyen pasos adicionales de tratamiento, como son humedales artificiales, reactores anaeróbicos y tratamiento de lodos con urea y cal. Los resultados indican que los sistemas de pasos adicionales de tratamiento podrían ayudar a mejorar diferentes aspectos de sostenibilidad, como los riesgos de transmisión de enfermedades, la eficiencia espacial,  la capacidad y eficiencia de tratamiento y la posibilidad de reutilización segura de lodos y aguas residuales en la agricultura. La implementación de mecanismos de financiación que cubren toda la cadena de servicios de saneamiento, así como las medidas de mitigacióin de inundaciones se mostraron esenciales para garantizar la funcionalidad a largo plazo de tales mejoras. La tesis es un estudio preliminar e identificó varias áreas de investigación futuras, la evaluación adicional del contenido de nutrientes en el efluente, la investigación de un posible proceso de certificación de subproductos reciclados de la PTAR, la evaluación de riesgos de inundaciones de diferentes magnitudes, la evaluación del impacto económico a largo plazo de la implementación de sistemas con pasos adicionales de tratamiento y la evaluación  de capacidad institucional local a lo largo de la cadena de servicios de sanemiento.