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Journal articles on the topic 'Sludge - Sanitation'
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1
Velkushanova, Konstantina V., Lungi Zuma, and Chris Buckley. "Mechanical properties of faecal sludge." Gates Open Research 3 (October 17, 2019): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13049.1.
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On-site sanitation facilities contribute to the majority of toilet facilities in developing countries as full waterborne sanitation is not feasible or affordable. The characteristics of faecal sludge vary greatly between different locations and types of onsite sanitation facilities and at the same time their understanding is crucial for improvement of the existing faecal sludge management services. The Pollution Research Group (PRG), within the School of Chemical Engineering in the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal have been focussing on the analysis of faecal sludge from different on-site sanitation, such as urine diversion and dehydration toilets, wet and dry ventilated improved pit latrines at household and community levels and unimproved pit latrines. This study was undertaken between 2012 and 2014 and focussed on the characteristics of faecal sludge obtained from different on-site sanitation facilities in the Durban metro area in South Africa. Sampling methods were developed and applied for different depth levels of the pits for each on-site sanitation facility. The analysis followed the PRG standard operation procedures for properties such as: moisture content, total solids, ash content, pH, chemical oxygen demand, density, nutrient contents and thermal properties.
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Sudrajat, Agus, Sudarno, and Yanuar Luqman. "Scheduled Faecal Sludge Service (SFSS) for Sustainable Faecal Sludge Management in Cilacap." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 06031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020206031.
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In accordance with the 6’th Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), that ensurin availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all and with the launch of the 100-0-100 movement by Indonesian Government, which is a program to achieve the 100% accesss for water, 0% for slums, and 100% accesss to proper sanitation, Cilacap government need to work harder to achieve 100% accesss to proper sanitation especially in faecal sludge management that still needs to be improved. More than 98% households in Cilacap are using on-site sanitation system, without periodicaly emptied, and its causing problems in public health, and has impact for environmental and economic nearby communities. This study was held in Cilacap, a municipal in Central Java, Indonesia, using secondary data and literature review. This study aims to analyze feseability of the plan of implementation Scheduled Faecal Sludge Service (SFSS). Based on analysis, Cilacap are feasible to implementing SFSS as long as Cilacap could ensure to repair all gaps that shown in Gap analysis. Data of sludge service areas in cilacap, operating patterns, SFSS implementation procedures, and financial calculations must be made on preparation stage of SFSS.
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Hastuti, Elis, Rydha Riyana, Benny Joy, Unang Supratman, and R. Pamekas. "Integrated Community Onsite Sanitation System for Close Loop Faecal Management." E3S Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124901005.
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The achievement of safe sanitation access is about 7.42 % in 2018, that indicates high risk of faecal contamination from unmanaged onsite sanitation system and has not been fully supported by faecal sludge service. This paper described the study of characteristic of onsite sanitation and faecal sludge for review potential of integrating of sludge handling with improved communal wastewater treatment. Faecal sludge quality were observed from pit latrines and communal septic tank, then analysis method apply cluster analysis and through close loop approach consider treatment and disposal for resource recovery. The pilot model of combined treatment of wastewater and faecal sludge was developed by anaerobic digester with a maximum 5% sludge loading, then further treatment by biofilter system and sludge drying bed. The quality of treated water can meet COD and nitrogen as effluent standard, biosolid reached a stabilization index of 40 - 60%, water content of 50-60% and less Coliform bacteria content. The characteristics of faecal sludge strength to be handled will be influenced bytechnical aspect or environment. The integrated system could be applied to manage wastewater and faecal sludge and its by products, mainly for rural area has not been catered by faecal sludge service.
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Bassan, M., M. Mbéguéré, T. Tchonda, F. Zabsonre, and L. Strande. "Integrated faecal sludge management scheme for the cities of Burkina Faso." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.156.
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The National Utility for Water and Sanitation in Burkina Faso (ONEA) has recognized the difficulty in providing sewered sanitation to the entire urban population and has opted for a strategy involving onsite sanitation. Most of the country's population is served by onsite systems that generate large amounts of faecal sludge, and are responsible for a high prevalence of water-borne diseases. ONEA and the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) have a collaborative project that aims to establish an enabling environment for the development of the faecal sludge sector at the institutional and technical level. The project's participatory process has allowed the design of a treatment plant adapted to local conditions, and the elaboration of the first institutional framework for faecal sludge management including several new official documents. Several technical studies filled knowledge gaps of faecal sludge characterization, and the feasibility of implementing planted drying beds. Lessons learned are transferable nationally and internationally.
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Jimenez, B., J. A. Barrios, J. M. Mendez, and J. Diaz. "Sustainable sludge management in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0656.
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Worldwide, unsanitary conditions are responsible for more than three million deaths annually. One of the reasons is the low level of sanitation in developing countries. Particularly, sludge from these regions has a high parasite concentration and low heavy metal content even though the available information is limited. Different issues needed to achieve a sustainable sludge management in developing nations are analysed. Based on this analysis some conclusions arise: sludge management plays an important role in sanitation programs by helping reduce health problems and associated risks; investments in sanitation should consider sludge management within the overall projects; the main restriction for reusing sludge is the high microbial concentration, which requires a science-based decision on the treatment process, while heavy metals are generally low; adequate sludge management needs the commitment of those sectors involved in the development and enforcement of the regulations as well as those that are directly related to its generation, treatment, reuse or disposal; current regulations have followed different approaches, based mainly on local conditions, but they favour sludge reuse to fight problems like soil degradation, reduced crop production, and the increased use of inorganic fertilizers. This paper summarises an overview of these issues.
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Strauss, M., S. A. Larmie, and U. Heinss. "Treatment of sludges from on-site sanitation - low-cost options." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 6 (March 1, 1997): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0251.
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An overview of the current literature-based knowledge regarding faecal sludge (FS) treatment along with the results and conclusions from own field research are presented. Issues for further faecal sludge treatment studies are also addressed. The article focuses firstly on the characteristics of the various types of faecal sludge. A set of variables is proposed for minimum faecal sludge determination and faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) design and control. Priority treatment options particularly relevant to developing and newly industrialising countries are listed. They include solids-liquid separation by settling/thickening processes, sludge dewatering and drying in drying lagoons or drying beds, stabilisation ponds, and co-composting with refuse or other bulking/organic material of high carbon content. The results of in-depth monitoring of a faecal sludge treatment plant in Accra, Ghana, are reported. The plant receives septage and public toilet sludge and comprises solids-liquid separation by settling/thickening followed by a series of four ponds for the treatment of the liquid fraction. The four ponds in series all function as anaerobic ponds. Facultative pond conditions do not develop. This appears to be due to the suppression of algal growth through high levels of ammonia (NH3). Final effluent BOD is 300 mg/l as against 2,000 mg/l in the raw sludge mixture and 1,600 mg/l in the sedimentation tank effluent.
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Zewde, Abraham Amenay, Zifu Li, and Zhou Xiaoqin. "Improved and promising fecal sludge sanitizing methods: treatment of fecal sludge using resource recovery technologies." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.268.
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Abstract The global challenges that face sustainable sanitation services in developing countries are the lack of fecal sludge (FS) management; this is due to the rapid urbanization and population growth as it generates enormous quantities of fecal sludge. The extensive use of unimproved sanitation technologies is one of the main reasons for environmental and public health concerns. In dispersed rural areas, isolated slums or in urban areas where a sewerage system is costly, a decentralized wastewater system can be used. Therefore centralized management of decentralized wastewater systems along with proper institutional framework treatment of fecal sludge can be used to enhance the economies of developing countries from resource recovery. The discovery of new ways to inactivate pathogens contained in human waste is key in improving access to sanitation worldwide and reducing the impact of conventional waste management processes on the environment. The entire FS management system should include on-site sanitary treatment methods, collection, and transportation of FS, treatment facilities as well as resource recovery or disposal of the treated end products. This review paper addresses the hygienization of fecal sludge and improved treatment technologies for safe reuse or disposal of the end products and the significant economic revenues attained from the treatments of fecal sludge.
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Wheeler, D., and R. F. Carroll. "The Minimisation of Microbiological Hazards Associated with Latrine Wastes." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0075.
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Investigations of latrine wastes in Botswana were undertaken to verify that sludge stored in a pit latrine chamber for at least one year does not constitute an unacceptable microbiological hazard on handling or reuse. Levels of faecal bacteria, Ascaris, Taenia, Schistosoma and human enteric viruses in sludges which had been stored for periods of more than one year were compared with levels in improperly stored sludges. In all cases, the importance of long term storage was confirmed. However, it is noted that substantial sociological and educational inputs are required if latrine users are to obtain the maximum health and economic benefits of latrine sanitation and sludge reuse, particularly in cultures where there is traditionally little interest in such practices.
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Sharma, Niharika, Sagar Gupta, and Anil Dutt Vyas. "Estimation of fuel potential of faecal sludge in a water scarce city, a case study of Jaipur Urban, India." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.037.
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Abstract Non-sewer sanitation systems are widely implemented for treatment and management of faecal sludge (FS) and septage in developing nations. India became an open defecation free (ODF) country in 2019, with more than 90 million toilets at rural and urban level constructed to achieve this ODF status. Government of India also initiated a faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM) policy in 2017. This paper highlights the policy vision for the state of Rajasthan and predicts options for a safely managed sanitation system through exploring the fuel potential of faecal sludge generated in the city. The intended study is an attempt to valorize faecal sludge into a marketable product through determining the heat capacity of dried faecal sludge from different sources such as pit toilets, septic tanks etc. In the present work in urban Jaipur, which is already a water scarce city, various onsite sanitation systems were targeted to collect FS samples from different locations. It was observed that the FS generated has a high heating value of 13.96 MJ/kg, with total solids ranges from 7 to 9%. For a pragmatic resource recovery option, the experimental data observed is validated with a literature review.
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Sanguinetti, G. S., V. Ferrer, M. C. García, C. Tortul, A. Montangero, D. Koné, and M. Strauss. "Isolation of Salmonella sp. in sludge from septage treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0474.
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Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are an often-used option to treat faecal sludges collected from on-site sanitation systems. Since agricultural use is one of the most attractive options for sludge disposal, specific guidelines on the hygienic sludge quality must be fulfilled, such as for viable helminth eggs and Salmonella sp. Although Salmonella isolation methods are well known for other types of samples, they are not suitable for faecal sludge. The reason can be attributed to the co-existence of a native bacterial sludge flora masking Salmonella development, especially if this bacteria is present at low concentrations. In order to select the best methodology for Salmonella recovery from septage sludge, different culture media were assayed at different incubation periods and temperatures. The proposed methodology for Salmonella recovery from sludge can be summarised as follows: (1) enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth at 43°C, 48 hours, and (2) isolation in XLD agar at 40°C, 24 hours. Identification of suspected colonies by biochemical tests: TSI, LIA, urease and serological confirmation with Group O Antigen.
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Prasad, C. S. Sharada, and Isha Ray. "When the pits fill up: (in)visible flows of waste in urban India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.153.
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Abstract India's flagship program on sanitation and hygiene – the Swachh Bharat Mission – aims to eliminate open defecation and to manage urban waste for a ‘Clean India’. The emptying of toilet pits and the transport of waste are as critical as more toilets are for sustainable sanitation. In unsewered cities of the global South, these services are mainly provided by privately run cleaning trucks. We find that the physical and social mechanisms through which these services are organized are virtually invisible in national fecal sludge and waste management policies. Based on a rich ethnography of cleaning trucks in Bangalore, India, we show that trucking operations dispose of sludge in ways that harm both public health and the environment, and that the caste composition of sanitation work helps to keep it invisible from officials and the public. We draw on the concept of the social role of disgust to explain the seen-and-unseen nature of these trucks. ‘Seeing’ sludge management as it is practiced is essential for understanding how the sanitary city is being produced and for the success of future sanitation reforms. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
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Boot, N. L. D., and R. E. Scott. "Faecal sludge in Accra, Ghana: problems of urban provision." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.441.
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Urban on-site sanitation services present challenges for emptying, transporting, disposing and treating faecal waste. Transfer stations can be used by household-level emptiers to safely dispose of faecal sludge, but they rarely exist. Accra's use of transfer stations has provided an opportunity to research their functioning, as part of broader faecal sludge management arrangements. The paper discusses the benefits offered by use of transfer stations, as well as reasons currently limiting their operation. While costs associated with operating and emptying these stations are passed to householders, an illegal sector thrives offering lower cost emptying services, typically with disposal of faecal sludge directly into the environment. At present, bucket latrines offer sanitation services to low-income households unable to afford higher service levels, such as septic tanks. The local government aims to phase-out all bucket latrines by 2010, but affordable alternatives have not been found. Where limited access to land inhibits investment in permanent facilities, families may abandon household sanitation altogether. The paper concludes that correct use of transfer stations can provide improvements for existing faecal sludge management and reduce indiscriminate dumping. They must be made available to all workers, through effective public-private arrangements for ownership and operation.
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Hafford, Lauren M., Barbara J. Ward, Alan W. Weimer, and Karl Linden. "Fecal sludge as a fuel: characterization, cofire limits, and evaluation of quality improvement measures." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 12 (December 29, 2018): 2437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.005.
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Abstract In many low-income cities, a high proportion of fecal sludge, the excreta and blackwater collected from onsite sanitation systems such as pit latrines, is not safely managed. This constitutes a major danger to environmental and human health. The water, sanitation, and hygiene sector has recognized that valorization of treated fecal sludge could offset the upfront cost of treatment by using it as a fuel source. The few quantitative studies on fecal sludge fuel published to date have focused on heating value, moisture, ash fraction, and heavy metals. However, other factors impacting fuel utility, specifically ash speciation, have not been adequately quantified for fecal sludge. This study contributes to closing that gap and shows the value of more detailed quantification. It first characterizes fecal sludge samples from Colorado and Uganda, confirms that the fuel is better if cofired with other biomass, and outlines a framework for determining safe cofire ratios. Second, the study evaluates two methods for improving fecal sludge as a fuel: carbonization and ash leaching. Carbonization of fecal sludge did not improve fuel quality, but leaching showed promise in ash reduction.
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Siles-Castellano, Ana B., Juan A. López-González, Macarena M. Jurado, María J. Estrella-González, Francisca Suárez-Estrella, and María J. López. "Compost Quality and Sanitation on Industrial Scale Composting of Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 7525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167525.
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Municipal solid waste and sewage sludge are produced in large quantities that are often managed through industrial composting treatment. Because of their origin, composition, and complexity, ensuring adequate stabilization of the organic matter, and sanitation of fecal contaminants during composting is of the utmost significance, and difficult to achieve on an industrial scale. In this study, the operations of six industrial composting facilities that process municipal solid waste and sewage sludge were evaluated from the point of view of the sanitation achieved and the quality of the compost produced. In addition, the results were compared using the model of industrial compost from green waste. Differences between the plants were ascribable to operations other than composting systems. High phytotoxicity and fecal contamination above legislation thresholds were found in compost produced from municipal solid waste. In contrast, compost from sewage sludge were more stable and mature than those produced from green waste, and also had an adequate level of sanitation. The raw material and operational factors are of great relevance to obtain a stable, mature, and pathogen-free compost.
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Radford, J. T., and R. A. Fenner. "Characterisation and fluidisation of synthetic pit latrine sludge." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (February 15, 2013): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.023.
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Half of the world's urban population will live in informal settlements or ‘slums’ by 2030. Affordable urban sanitation presents a unique set of challenges as the lack of space and resources to construct new latrines makes the de-sludging of existing pits necessary, and this is something that is currently done manually, with significant associated health risks. Various mechanised technologies have therefore been developed to facilitate pit emptying, with the majority using a vacuum system to remove material from the top of the pit. However, this results in the gradual accumulation of unpumpable sludge at the bottom of the pit, which eventually fills the latrine and forces it to be abandoned. This study has developed a method for fluidising unpumpable pit latrine sludge, based on laboratory experiments using a harmless synthetic sludge. The implications for sludge treatment and disposal are discussed, and the classification of sludges according to the equipment required to remove them from the latrine is proposed. Finally, further work is suggested, including the ongoing development of a device to physically characterise latrine sludge in-situ within the pit.
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Taweesan, Achara, Thammarat Koottatep, and Chongrak Polprasert. "Effective faecal sludge management measures for on-site sanitation systems." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.010.
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Most cities of developing countries in Asia and Africa still employ on-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks or cesspools to treat toilet wastewaters. The septic tank sludge or faecal sludge (FS) which is highly polluted needs to be periodically removed for further treatment and disposal/reuse. However, due to lack of capital, appropriate technologies and management policies, faecal sludge management (FSM) in several cities has been found to be unsatisfactory, causing environmental pollution and health problems. This study aimed to evaluate existing FSM practices, their strengths and weaknesses, and develop FSM indicators responsible for FSM practices which were: collection efficiency, treatment efficiency, benefit/cost ratio and social satisfaction. Based on data collected from 50 cities in Thailand, factors influencing the efficiency of the FSM indicators were identified and simulated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). An FSM effectiveness diagram was developed and tested with actual data of four cities in Asia having different FSM efficiencies. The findings identified the influencing factors affecting the FSM efficiencies of these tested cities and proposed effective measures for improving FSM practices. The effective FSM measures, as proposed, are recommended for implementation by various cities to minimize environmental pollution and protect public health.
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Nicolle, L., and M. Miller. "Wasting Away: To Sludge or Not to Sludge?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 4 (2001): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/581010.
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Following a century of high standards of sanitation, food and water safety in North America are often taken for granted. Recent outbreaks of illness attributed to food and water contamination, however, have challenged this complacency. Now, sludge is added to the list of concerns. Sewage sludge is the muddy substance that remains after the treatment of municipal sewage. This material includes not only human waste, but also household and industrial toxic wastes disposed of in local sewers. Federal and provincial Canadian regulations support the use of this material as fertilizer, within acceptable guidelines, as does the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States. The safety of sludge, however, is questioned by some individuals and groups. Specifically, the risk of infectious agents and toxins to workers or other exposed individuals, and the potential for heavy metals and organic chemicals to be transferred from sludge-treated fields into crops are concerns.
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Ingallinella, A. M., G. Sanguinetti, T. Koottatep, A. Montangero, and M. Strauss. "The challenge of faecal sludge management in urban areas - strategies, regulations and treatment options." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (November 1, 2002): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0355.
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In urban centres of industrialising countries, the majority of houses are served by on-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks and unsewered toilets. The faecal sludges (FS) collected from these systems are usually discharged untreated into the urban and peri-urban environment, posing great risks to water resources and to public health. Contrary to wastewater management, the development of strategies to cope with faecal sludges, adapted to the conditions prevailing in developing countries, have long been neglected. The authors describe the current situation and discuss selected issues of FS management. A proposal is made for a rational setting of sludge quality or treatment standards in economically emerging countries. The authors stipulate that regulatory setting should take into account local economic, institutional and technical conditions. Defining suitable treatment options as critical control points in securing adequate sludge quality is better than setting and relying on numerical sludge quality standards. A separate section is devoted to the practice and to regulatory aspects of (faecal) sludge use in Argentina. An overview of treatment options, which may prove sustainable in less industrialized countries is provided. Planted sludge drying beds are one of these options. It has been piloted in Thailand for four years and details on its performance and operation are presented along with data on the hygienic quality of treated biosolids.
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Lloret, Eva, María José Salar, Josefa Blaya, and José Antonio Pascual. "Two-stage mesophilic anaerobic–thermophilic digestion for sludge sanitation to obtain advanced treated sludge." Chemical Engineering Journal 230 (August 2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.066.
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Kohlitz, Jeremy Paul, Rokhima Rostiani, Nurul Indarti, Janina Murta, and Juliet Willetts. "Sludge removal enterprises in Indonesia: factors affecting entrepreneurial success." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.085.
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Abstract Faecal sludge removal is critical for the long-term functionality of on-site sanitation facilities and sustained sanitation outcomes. Private enterprises are important players in providing sludge removal services in Indonesia and other countries where government does not do so. However, the extent to which sludge removal entrepreneurs can fulfil this role depends on the viability, or success, of their enterprises. This paper investigates factors linked to the success of sludge removal enterprises in Indonesia, including traits of the entrepreneurs, characteristics of the enterprises and contextual challenges. These factors and levels of success were examined from data collected from structured interviews with 24 sludge removal enterprises across six cities in Indonesia. This research found that higher levels of success were significantly associated with entrepreneurs that had previous work experience of any kind, made higher upfront investments and did not involve their family members in the management of the enterprise. Participants most frequently identified high costs of capital, high levels of competition and insufficient time to spend on the enterprise as challenges to success. These findings provide important evidence for how civil society organisations and governments in Indonesia and elsewhere may best provide a conducive enabling environment for enterprise roles in sludge removal.
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Mkude, Isabela T., Tolly Mbwette, Richard J. Kimwaga, and Sara Gabrielsson. "Material Flow Analysis as a Decision Supporting Tool for Faecal Sludge Resource Recovery: Mathematical Formulation and Quantification." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v38i1.499.
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In this work, a conceptual framework for faecal sludge (FS) management and resource recovery in Dar es Salaam city was developed. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) approach was used to assess and quantify the current materials and nutrients to support on decisions for nutrient recovery and minimize environmental pollution in three unplanned settlements of Manzese, Keko and Kipawa in Dar es Salaam city. Nitrogen and Phosphorus were chosen as indicators for the evaluation of the process. The results showed that about 75% of the Dar es Salaam city population relies on pit latrines and 15% connected to septic tanks, translating to a large amount of faecal sludge being contained onsite. The situational analysis study on faecal sludge management (FSM) showed that the collection, treatment and proper disposal of FS are the major challenges that pose risks to public health. Currently, 57% of faecal sludge generated in Dar es Salaam is disposed to the environment inappropriately. Onsite Sanitation Systems in all study areas are the main polluters, discharging large quantity of nutrients to the environment. About 37.7% of faecal sludge is with large amount of nutrients emptied from onsite sanitation systems discharged to the environment and through seepage to the groundwater.
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Philip, H., S. Maunoir, A. Rambaud, and L. S. Philippi. "Septic Tank Sludges: Accumulation Rate and Biochemical Characteristics." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0205.
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A three year field and investigative study carried out on 33 individual sanitation systems showed that the frequency of septic tank emptying could be at least 5 years, corresponding to a sludge accumulation rate of 0.21/user.day. This value should be included in the calculation of septic tank sizing. Other data showed within a septic tank the methanogenesis is only effective after 2 years of operation. Thereby a septic tank should not be desludged before this period of time. At last, among all the physico-chemical parameters monitored to study the sludge quality, the best indicators of system failures were both the solids (TS and VS) and soluble matter (COD and some VFA). Then, biochemical study of septic tank sludge showed that the main hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase, phosphatase, protease, lipase and urease) are present in septic tank sludges and linked to the insoluble particles. Their solubilization with different solvents (buffers, surfactants…) showed each enzyme was linked in a different way.
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Dey, Digbijoy, A. T. M. Ridwanul Haque, Babar Kabir, and Sharmin Farhat Ubaid. "Fecal indicator and Ascaris removal from double pit latrine content." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 6 (August 22, 2016): 972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.214.
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Since May 2006, the BRAC Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Programme in Bangladesh has enabled more than 30 million people to achieve hygienic sanitation, contributing to an increase in sanitation coverage from 33 to 83% in programme areas and rapid progress towards universal access. In rural areas, most families have single pit latrines that need to be emptied when full. Since 2007, BRAC has promoted the use of hygienic double-pit latrines. Use of double-pit latrines, where appropriate, is also recommended in the Bangladeshi Draft National Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy. More than 800,000 double-pit latrines are in use in BRAC WASH areas, delaying the need for emptying and allowing time for the fecal matter to decompose while the resting pit is sealed. This paper focuses on a study undertaken by BRAC WASH to treat and safely use fecal material from double pit latrines as an organic fertilizer for rice and other crops. The study investigated the removal of pathogens from pit waste through simple solar drying and conducted analysis on nutrient properties of fecal sludge. The study showed a significant positive impact on developing organic fertilizer from fecal sludge.
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Kumwenda, Save, Chisomo Msefula, Wilfred Kadewa, Bagrey Ngwira, and Tracy Morse. "Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3931802.
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Use of Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) sludge is becoming popular due to increasing price of organic fertilizers in Malawi; however, there is little evidence on the associated risks. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) was done to determine health risks associated with use of EcoSan. Pathogens considered includedEscherichia coli (E. coli),Salmonella,and soil transmitted helminths (STHs). Exponential and Beta Poisson models were used to estimate the risk from helminthic and bacterial pathogens, respectively. Main exposure pathways were through poor storage of sludge, contamination of foods during drying, walking barefoot on the ground contaminated with sludge, pit emptying without protection, and application of sludge in the fields. Estimated annual risk forAscaris lumbricoides, Taenia, andhookworms was approximately over 5.6 × 10−1for both Fossa Alternas (FAs) and Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDTs). Risk fromE. coliandSalmonellawas 8.9 × 10−2and above. The risks were higher than WHO acceptable risk for use of faecal sludge in crops of 10−4infections per year. Promoters and users of EcoSan latrines need to consider advocating for strict guidelines to reduce the risk.
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I V, Starostina, Kosukhin M M, Simonov M M, and Starostina Yu.L. "Research of the opportunity to use sludge wastes of ferrovanadium production as pigments for silicate paints." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11880.
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The article considers the urgent problem of formation, storage and recycling of sludge materials of various compositions, generated as a result of industrial enterprises wastewater treatment and sanitation. It is pointed out that in spite of a lot of designs concerning the wastewater neutralization sludges recycling, the share of their efficient usage is still negligible. So, one of the most relevant trends of nature protection activity and the rational use of natural resources is developing a technology of these wastes reclamation and applying them for useful products manufacturing. The research of chemical, mineral and grain composition of ferrovanadium production sludge wastes, generated at waste waters neutralization at the «EVRAZ Vanadii Tula», Tula, Russia, has been carried out. A method of obtaining pigments for silicate paints on the basis of these sludges has been considered. The influence of the sludges' thermal treatment conditions on their mineral composition and the properties of paints based on them has been evaluated. The pigments content varies from 1 to 3 %. It has been demonstrated that the most promising is the usage of initial sludges and heat-treated at temperature 1000°С sludges as pigments for high-performance silicate paints.
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Carry, Charles W., James F. Stahl, Blair E. Hansen, and Philip L. Friess. "Sludge Management and Disposal Practices of the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles (USA)." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0097.
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The County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (Districts) operate a network of six wastewater treatment plants called the Joint Outfall System (JOS) which treat a wastewater flow of approximately 22.3 m3/s (510 mgd). Centralized sludge processing for the JOS is performed at the largest plant in the system, the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP). Sludge is anaerobically digested, dewatered in scroll centrifuges, and either composted and sold to a private company which produces bagged soil amendment products or codisposed with refuse at a site which recovers energy from landfill gas with a 46 net megawatt steam turbine power plant. Future sludge handling will include dehydration followed by incineration for most of the sludge now landfilled. JWPCP accomplishes an environmentally sound and cost effective balance of solids disposal to the air, land and water.
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Manfio, Denise Vazquez, Adriano Luiz Tonetti, and David Matta. "Dewatering of septic tank sludge in alternative sludge drying bed." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 4 (July 16, 2018): 792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.276.
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Abstract In dewatering of septic tank sludge, the sludge drying bed is one of the main techniques used, but it demands a great deal of area and time for the removal of sludge cake. Modification of this system using permeable pavements and polymer can minimize such problems, facilitating the management of sludge when decentralized sanitation is used. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the dewatering of septic tank sludge using conventional sludge drying bed (CSDB) and a sludge drying bed with permeable pavement (SDBPP). At the same time of dewatering, the volume drained by the SDBPP was 37.4 ± 4.6% higher than that obtained in the CSDB. Therefore, a lower drying bed could be used. It was found that the use of synthetic polymer allowed dewatering to occur in less time, but did not interfere in the solids content of the sludge cake. The reuse of the pavement was proven possible, but required large volumes of water and mechanical equipment.
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Marks, R. F. "Appropriate Sanitation Options for Southern Africa." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0003.
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An overview is given of the present types of sanitation systems used in both rural and urban areas in Southern Africa, with particular reference to Zimbabwe. On-site and off-site dry sanitation methods are described, including different types of pit latrines, with special reference to the Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine. Wet systems with on or off-site disposal methods are briefly described, and details are given of two methods of off-site disposal which are widely used in Zimbabwe, viz Waste Stabilisation Ponds (WSP) and the Modified Activated Sludge (MAS) system for biological nutrient removal. The difficulties of implementing low-cost and incremental sanitation systems are mentioned, and suggestions are made of ways to overcome these difficulties.
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Kalulu, Khumbo, Bernard Thole, Theresa Mkandawire, and Grant Kululanga. "Resource-Efficient Characterisation of Pit Latrine Sludge for Use in Agriculture." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094702.
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Resource recovery through reuse of by-products of the sanitation chain presents a great potential towards ensuring universal access to safely managed sanitation. Many developing countries are faced with uncertainty over public and environmental health concerns associated with use of faecal sludge in agriculture. Due to resource constraints, limited data exists on the characteristics of faecal sludge to inform proper and safe use in agriculture. Despite predictive characterisation being demonstrated to be a resource-efficient approach to generate data in other fields, its application in agricultural resource recovery from faecal sludge is lacking in the literature. This paper explored predictive modelling as a less resource-intensive approach for characterisation of nutrients and pathogens in faecal sludge. Specifically, it investigated the extent to which gravimetric parameters could predict nutrients and pathogens in pit latrine sludge from informal settlements in the cities of Malawi. The study explored predictive models to estimate total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP), E.coli and helminth eggs from gravimetric parameters (total solids [TS] and total volatile solids [TVS]) in pit latrine sludge. The models developed in the study allow substantially reliable estimation of TAN (R2pred = 75.4%) and TP (R2pred = 78.2%); they also provide moderately reliable predictions for E.coli (R2pred = 69.1%) and helminth eggs (R2pred = 74.3%) from total solids. Since total solids are easy and inexpensive to measure, the models present an option that can reduce resource requirement for characterisation of pit latrine sludge for informed decision-making when using pit latrine sludge in agriculture. In the absence of data on faecal sludge characteristics at the national level, the models provide a starting point for estimation of pathogens and nutrients in sludge for agricultural use. However, stepwise refinement of the models needs to be done through their validation for different types of sludge and inclusion of spatially available demographic, technical and environmental (SPA-DET) data.
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Frenoux, Clément, and Alicia Tsitsikalis. "Domestic private fecal sludge emptying services in Cambodia: between market efficiency and regulation needs for sustainable management." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 1 (August 7, 2014): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.219.
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Over the past decades, in developing countries, several urban sanitation management models have been promoted, showing various results, often poor, as regards reducing negative environmental, public health impacts and in reaching access to sanitation for all. Many studies and reports highlight that solutions should be found by promotion of on-site and decentralized sanitation approaches including fecal sludge management (FSM). However, few papers have either offered a comprehensive analysis of FSM services, regarding both demand from households and services provision from public and/or private operators. Based on field research in Cambodia, this paper aims to fill this gap. It is built on a large survey conducted in three cities in 2011. Results showed that the Cambodian FSM sector is dominated by private mechanical extraction and transportation operators (ETO). The FSM market looks economically efficient with reasonable fees. It also offers a reasonably high level of service quality including profitability of businesses, although the FSM market is also characterized by strong negative environmental externalities that are not considered. Consequently, this paper advocates an integrated urban sanitation approach that aims at exploring in more detail how to integrate gradually and complementarily private mechanical ETOs and households practices into a more complex sanitation urban model raising the key issue of financing the externalities' costs.
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Jiménez, B., C. Maya, and M. Galván. "Helminth ova control in wastewater and sludge for advanced and conventional sanitation." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.555.
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Worldwide, the most important reuse of wastewater, in volume, is agricultural irrigation. Therefore, there is a need to properly treat wastewater for such purpose, considering the removal of pathogens while leaving suitable amounts of nutrients and other compounds to increase productivity. Helminth ova are one of the main targeted pathogens in the new guidelines for water reuse in agriculture and aquaculture issued in 2006 by the World Health Organization. However, relatively little research has been done recently on how to remove and inactivate helminth ova from wastewater and sludge and recommendations given several decades ago are still used, but when put into practice, particularly in developing countries, produce unsatisfactory results. One problem is that these criteria were developed using inaccurate analytical techniques and the other is the large number and variety of helminth ova species found in wastewater and sludge from the developing world. In fact, the few technological options to remove and inactivate helminth ova come from research performed using wastewater and sludge with low helminth ova content, and refer almost only to Ascaris (one type of helminth). This paper summarises recent research work and results from practical experience concerning helminth ova control for advanced and conventional sanitation.
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Mamera, Matthew, Johan J. van Tol, Makhosazana P. Aghoghovwia, and Gabriel T. Mapetere. "Community Faecal Management Strategies and Perceptions on Sludge Use in Agriculture." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 4128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114128.
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Most people in rural areas in South Africa (SA) rely on untreated drinking groundwater sources and pit latrine sanitations. A minimum basic sanitation facility should enable safe and appropriate removal of human waste, and although pit latrines provide this, they are still contamination concerns. Pit latrine sludge in SA is mostly emptied and disposed off-site as waste or buried in-situ. Despite having knowledge of potential sludge benefits, most communities in SA are reluctant to use it. This research captured social perceptions regarding latrine sludge management in Monontsha village in the Free State Province of SA through key informant interviews and questionnaires. A key informant interview and questionnaire was done in Monontsha, SA. Eighty participants, representing 5% of all households, were selected. Water samples from four boreholes and four rivers were analyzed for faecal coliforms and E.coli bacteria. On average, five people in a household were sharing a pit latrine. Eighty-three percent disposed filled pit latrines while 17% resorted to closing the filled latrines. Outbreaks of diarrhoea (69%) and cholera (14%) were common. Sixty percent were willing to use treated faecal sludge in agriculture. The binary logistic regression model indicated that predictor variables significantly (p ˂ 0.05) described water quality, faecal sludge management, sludge application in agriculture and biochar adaption. Most drinking water sources in the study had detections ˂ 1 CFU/100 mL. It is therefore imperative to use both qualitative surveys and analytical data. Awareness can go a long way to motivate individuals to adopt to a new change.
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Remington, Claire, Catherine Bourgault, and Caetano C. Dorea. "Measurement and Modelling of Moisture Sorption Isotherm and Heat of Sorption of Fresh Feces." Water 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020323.
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The drying (or dewatering) of fresh feces and fecal sludge is a productive step in the management of sanitation, waste treatment, and resource recovery services. An improved understanding of fresh feces and fecal sludge drying would contribute to the development and deployment of fecal sludge management services. However, there is a lack of available literature on the fundamental drying characteristics of fresh feces. In response to this gap, this work shares experimental results for equilibrium moisture content of fresh feces at different water activity levels (aw) and proposes the use of the Guggenheim, Anderson, and de Boer (GAB) model for predicting aw, calculating the heat of sorption, and estimating the corresponding energy requirements for drying of fresh feces. This is the first time this work has been done with fresh feces. The total heat of evaporation was significant up to a moisture content of about 0.2 kg water per kg dry solids. In addition to informing drying process design, the sorption isotherm can be used to predict microbial activity, which could improve the management of feces and fecal sludge from a public health perspective. These data in turn will be used to promote access to dignified, safe, and sustainable sanitation.
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Starkl, M., T. A. Stenström, E. Roma, M. Phansalkar, and R. K. Srinivasan. "Evaluation of sanitation and wastewater treatment technologies: case studies from India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.099.
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This paper reports about the results of an evaluation of selected sanitation systems in India. The following sanitation systems were evaluated: septic tanks, communal Ecosan systems, biogas toilets, solid immobilized biofilters, multiple stage filtration and decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS). The evaluation has been based on an initial assessment looking at whether the systems comply with their intended benefits, and more in depth evaluations on cultural, economic and/or hygienic aspects where the initial assessment has not provided sufficient knowledge. The evaluation showed that all sanitation systems were well accepted by the users. The highest hygienic risk is present in septic tanks, where sludge handling poses a high risk for persons handling it.
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Halcrow, G., T. Yetsho, N. Nguyen, and G. Tshering. "Developing behaviour change communication for improving faecal sludge management in Bhutan." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 1 (December 13, 2013): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.131.
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Approaches to improve faecal sludge management practices and on-site sanitation services can better be supported through an understanding of the behavioural determinants and consumer preferences for the services. This practice paper describes a process in Bhutan in which stakeholders collaborated to carry out formative research to identify motivations and barriers to improved septic tank management by building owners in Thimphu City. Using a sanitation behaviour change framework, the findings focused on prioritised behavioural determinants of knowledge of septic tank management and services, willingness to pay and the use of enforcements. The research findings were then used to develop a practical yet evidence-based behaviour change communication strategy for the City in 2012 that aimed to improve safe and timely emptying practices, improve services and increase demand from households, business and institutions.
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Templeton, Michael R. "Pitfalls and progress: a perspective on achieving sustainable sanitation for all." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 1, no. 1 (2015): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ew00087k.
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This article provides a perspective on the reasons behind why we have not yet achieved sustainable sanitation for all, i.e. universal access to some form of improved toilet and sludge management services, and presents research needs and strategies for moving closer to this goal.
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Gros, Meritxell, Lutz Ahrens, Lotta Levén, Alina Koch, Sahar Dalahmeh, Emelie Ljung, Göran Lundin, Håkan Jönsson, David Eveborn, and Karin Wiberg. "Pharmaceuticals in source separated sanitation systems: Fecal sludge and blackwater treatment." Science of The Total Environment 703 (February 2020): 135530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135530.
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Getahun, Samuel, Santiago Septien, Jaime Mata, Tosin Somorin, Ian Mabbett, and Christopher Buckley. "Drying characteristics of faecal sludge from different on-site sanitation facilities." Journal of Environmental Management 261 (May 2020): 110267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110267.
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Furlong, Claire, Shirish Singh, Nitesh Shrestha, Mingma Gyalzen Sherpa, Christoph Lüthi, Fiona Zakaria, and Damir Brdjanovic. "Evaluating financial sustainability along the sanitation value chain using a financial flow simulator (eSOSView™)." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 11 (September 18, 2020): 2220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.456.
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Abstract A majority of the world's population use onsite sanitation systems, which store or treat excreta close to where it is generated. Sludge from these systems needs to be managed through a series of stages, known as the sanitation value chain. There is a huge diversity of service providers, not only within each part of the chain, but also along the chain bridging the different components. These service providers are linked not only by the flow of materials, but also by the transfer of money. Therefore for this system to be considered financially sustainable all services from the toilet to reuse or disposal need to be considered. A tool has been developed (eSOSView™) to simulate, evaluate, and optimise the financial flows along and within the sanitation value chain. In this paper eSOSView™ was tested, validated (using existing data), and piloted (including data collection). This paper demonstrates how eSOSView ™ can be used to evaluate different financial flow models, to assess financial sustainability in different parts of the sanitation value chain and optimise the financial sustainability along the sanitation value chain.
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Ahring, B. K., Z. Mladenovska, R. Iranpour, and P. Westermann. "State of the art and future perspectives of thermophilic anaerobic digestion." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 10 (May 1, 2002): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0357.
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The state of the art of thermophilic digestion is discussed. Thermophilic digestion is a well established technology in Europe for treatment of mixtures of waste in common large scale biogas plants or for treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Due to a large number of failures over time with thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge this process has lost its appeal in the USA. New demands on sanitation of biosolids before land use will, however, bring the attention back to the use of elevated temperatures during sludge stabilization. In the paper we show how the use of a start-up strategy based on the actual activity of key microbes can be used to ensure proper and fast transfer of mesophilic digesters into thermophilic operation. Extreme thermophilic temperatures of 65°C or more may be necessary in the future to meet the demands for full sanitation of the waste material before final disposal. We show data of anaerobic digestion at extreme thermophilic temperatures.
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Gold, Moritz, Daniel Isaac Waya Ddiba, Alsane Seck, Patrick Sekigongo, Alassane Diene, Serigne Diaw, Seydou Niang, Charles Niwagaba, and Linda Strande. "Faecal sludge as a solid industrial fuel: a pilot-scale study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.089.
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Revenues from faecal sludge (FS) treatment end products could offset treatment costs and contribute to financially viable sanitation. In urban sub-Saharan Africa, energy-producing resource recovery has the potential to generate greater revenue than use as soil conditioner. In contrast with wastewater sludge, the technical feasibility of using dried FS as solid fuel in industries has not been investigated. This study evaluated it through characterization of dried FS from drying beds and by assessing the combustion performance in two pilot-scale kilns, in Kampala and Dakar. Results from the fuel characterization demonstrate that dried FS had comparable fuel characteristics as wastewater sludge considering calorific value and ash content. The calorific values and ash contents were 10.9–13.4 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) and 47.0–58.7%, respectively. Results from pilot-scale experiments suggest that dried FS can be effective in providing energy for industries. Temperatures in pilot-scale kilns fueled by FS were 800 °C, sufficient for curing of clay bricks, and 437 °C, sufficient for waste oil regeneration. In Kampala and Dakar, an estimated 20,000 tons of FS DM per year accumulate. Tapping the industrial fuel market and financial benefits could be realized through optimization of onsite sanitation and treatment technologies.
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Moya, Berta, Ruben Sakrabani, and Alison Parker. "Realizing the Circular Economy for Sanitation: Assessing Enabling Conditions and Barriers to the Commercialization of Human Excreta Derived Fertilizer in Haiti and Kenya." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113154.
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Efficient fecal sludge management solutions are especially challenging in densely populated urban informal settlements, where space is limited and land tenure uncertain. One solution is to collect and treat human excreta to produce soil conditioners for use in agriculture, through container-based sanitation, thus realizing the circular economy for sanitation. This study focused on container-based sanitation ventures that produce and sell fertilizers from human excreta. Stakeholder interviews showed that challenges faced by these ventures were similar: unclear regulations on the use of fertilizers derived from source-separated excreta, undeveloped markets for organic fertilizers, difficulties in securing secondary sources of organic matter for composting as well as complex transport and distribution logistics. The findings of this study emphasized the need for clear policies with respect to human excreta derived fertilizer, as well as institutional involvement in order to incentivize the sale and use of human excreta derived fertilizer locally to ensure that sustainable and safely managed sanitation systems are available in urban areas.
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Selelman, Amour, Tolly S. A. Mbwette, Sara Gabrielsson, and Richard Kimwaga. "Reviewing the Potential and Constraints of Modified Technology Options for Faecal Sludge Management in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v38i2.509.
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Cities in the developing world face the challenge of safe management of faecal sludge because of rapid population growth that overwhelms the sanitation infrastructure and services. In developing countries, only 50% of faecal sludge (FS) generated is safely managed the remaining portion is haphazardly disposed of in the environment risking public health and environment. In response to the urgent need for safely managed sanitation services, technological options for containment, desludging and transportation of FS are being modified. This paper reviewed current desludging practices and the potential of modified technological options for addressing FSM at containment, desludging, and transportation in Dar es Salaam unplanned urban settlements. The paper reviewed; water seal squat pan, Urine Diversion Dry Toilet (UDDT), split slabs, pre-installed suction hose, and the container-based sanitation (CBS) for containment stage. Others are the hand tools, sludge digger, the excrevator, rammer, and the eVac for desludging; and small pick-up truck and motorized tricycle and transfer stations for transfer and transportation of FS. Based on technical feasibility, social and environmental context of Dar es Salaam, the reviewed modified technology options have the potential of addressing FSM challenges in unplanned urban settlements in Dar es Salaam. However, institutional arrangement particularly the absence of the modified technologies in the menu of recommended technological options affects their upscaling. Paradoxically, most of the technologies have not been vigorously tried in the field to inform policy choice. Improvement of FSM with the application of modified technological options will require improvement in enabling environment for their operation and continuous modification. The major research gaps have also been identified in this review.
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Das, Priyam, and Julia Crowley. "Sanitation for all: a Panglossian perspective?" Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.011.
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Abstract At the deadline for meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2.1 billion (109) people had gained access to improved sanitation and 95 countries were able to meet the MDG sanitation target. However, 2.4 billion still lacked improved sanitation facilities. India is among those countries where open defecation stubbornly persists. Despite decades of government spending on the construction of toilets, and the recent Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to eradicate open defecation, toilet use remains a challenge. To draw attention to the deep deficits in sanitation services in smaller Indian cities, we explore what motivates sanitation uptake by the urban poor. Household survey data from 13 low-income settlements combined with interviews, focus-group discussions, and transect walks in three cities in central India allowed us to examine factors that influenced resource-constrained households' toilet ownership and toilet use versus open defecation. Our findings indicate that in urban settings, toilet ownership could, in fact, deter open defecation given the presence of other key conditions. Programs to build toilets under the SBM could, therefore, see favorable outcomes in cities provided there is a broadening of access to sanitation to include fecal sludge management. Our findings also underscore the importance of coproducing basic services.
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Komakech, Hans C., Francis Moyo, Oscar Veses Roda, Revocatus L. Machunda, Kyla M. Smith, Om P. Gautam, and Sandy Cairncross. "What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 3328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183328.
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Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 sets an ambitious target of leaving no-one without adequate and equitable sanitation by 2030. The key concern is the lack of local human and financial capital to fund the collection of reliable information to monitor progress towards the goal. As a result, national and local records may be telling a different story of the proportion of safely managed sanitation that counts towards achieving the SDG. This paper unveils such inconsistency in sanitation data generated by urban authorities and proposes a simple approach for collecting reliable and verifiable information on access to safely managed sanitation. The paper is based on a study conducted in Babati Town Council in Tanzania. Using a smartphone-based survey tool, city health officers were trained to map 17,383 housing units in the town. A housing unit may comprise of two or more households. The findings show that 5% practice open defecation, while 82% of the housing units have some form of sanitation. Despite the extensive coverage, only 31% of the fecal sludge generated is safely contained, while 64% is not. This study demonstrates the possibility of using simple survey tools to collect reliable data for monitoring progress towards safely managed sanitation in the towns of global South.
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Vialkova, Elena, Marina Zemlyanova, and Anna Pesheva. "Effective Sediment Treatment of Urban Sewage by Microwave Radiation." Materials Science Forum 871 (September 2016): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.223.
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In this paper, we propose a method of treating wastewater and sludge by microwave radiation. Many Russian scientists are studying microwave effect on the properties of water and sladge and they are solving the practical application of microwave technology in the treatment of wastewater and sludge. Research carried out at the department “Water supply and sanitation”, Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Russia), confirm changing properties of water and sediments. So too studies confirmed the economic feasibility of the use of microwave radiation for treatment plants having small capacity.
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Ketema, Atekelt Abebe, and Guenter Langergraber. "Statistical validation of the CLARA Simplified Planning Tool." Water Supply 16, no. 1 (August 18, 2015): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.125.
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The CLARA Simplified Planning Tool (CLARA-SPT) supports economic planning of water supply and sanitation system alternatives by applying life-cycle cost (LCC) principles. The cost functions used in the tool were developed based on standard designs, bills of quantities and a database of country-specific unit rates. In order to make reasonable economic comparison among system alternatives, the simulations of the tool should be able to predict costs of actual systems efficiently. In this paper, various statistical validation measures were employed to evaluate the simulation accuracy of the CLARA-SPT for eight water supply and nine sanitation technologies commonly implemented in Ethiopia. After evaluating the simulated outputs against observed cost data, appropriate corrective measures were introduced for technologies that did not replicate reality fairly. Costs of seven water supply and six sanitation technologies were able to be represented by the CLARA-SPT with good accuracy. Disinfection was however mimicked fairly. In addition, poor simulation accuracy was identified for three sanitation technologies (i.e. UDDT, Composting toilet and Faecal sludge collection). Therefore, the tool developers are advised to correct internal design assumptions of these three sanitation technologies to improve the simulation accuracy of the CLARA-SPT.
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Harada, H., N. T. Dong, and S. Matsui. "A measure for provisional-and-urgent sanitary improvement in developing countries: septic-tank performance improvement." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.715.
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Although many cities have planed to develop sewerages in developing countries, sewerage establishment still requires huge investment and engineering efforts. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities may contribute the betterment of urban sanitation before sewerage establishment. The purpose of this study is to propose a measure to improve urban sanitation in areas where a sewerage development plan is proposed but has not been yet established, based on a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. We found that 90.5% of human excreta flowed into septic tanks. However, 89.6% of septic tanks have never been desludged in the past and their performance was observed to be at a low level. The study also showed that if they introduce regular desludging with a frequency of once a year, they can eliminate 72.8% of COD loads from septic tanks. It was indicated that the performance can be dramatically recovered by regular desludging, which could contribute urban sanitation improvement in Hanoi. In conclusion, the performance recovery of septic tanks by regular desludging was proposed as a provisional-and-urgent measure for urban sanitation improvement, together with the septage treatment in sewage sludge treatment facilities, which should be established earlier than other facilities of sewage treatment systems.
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Putri, Prathiwi Widyatmi. "A Decentralised Approach to Wastewater Management in the Urbanising Region: The Case of Jakarta, Indonesia." Urbanisation 2, no. 2 (November 2017): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747117740439.
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State-led and market-oriented approaches to sanitation development in Jakarta have favoured the construction of large-scale centralised sewerage systems. This development approach is not always suitable because the principles of modern infrastructure underlying the technological systems are not applicable in informal settlements scattered over the metropolis. Due to spatial fragmentation within the built environment, diverse socio-economic and fragile geo-ecological conditions in different settlements and the city as a whole, Jakarta needs to adopt a decentralised approach to wastewater management. This article examines governmental dynamics in Jakarta and analyses a sanitation project to introduce improved septic tanks and community sludge-hauling enterprises. The presence of (international) NGOs and civil society organisations is often vital to help communities enrich their technical knowledge of environmental problems and expand their sociopolitical networks. Nevertheless, local initiatives provide a limited response to community sanitation needs and sanitation problems beyond the neighbourhood level. This article argues that the introduction of decentralised sanitation systems requires a new form of state-led infrastructure provision, which involves the (transformative) participation of local actors. In doing so, it extends the notion of decentralised wastewater management beyond purely technological concerns.
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Scaglia, Barbara, Giuliana D'Imporzano, Gilberto Garuti, Marco Negri, and Fabrizio Adani. "Sanitation ability of anaerobic digestion performed at different temperature on sewage sludge." Science of The Total Environment 466-467 (January 2014): 888–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.114.
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